PIPINGFUNDAMENTAL

PIPE: It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows. It is a very important component for any industrial plant. And its engineering plays a major part in overall engineering of a Plant.

The term Piping means not only pipe but includes components like fittings, flanges, valves, bolts, gaskets, bellows etc

We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to the other two tanks we need to connect pipes

To solve these problems we need the pipe components, which are called PIPE FITTINGS

Pipes are all straight pieces.

We need some branch connections

We need some bend connections

PIPEFITTING

There are various types of fittings for various purposes, some common types are Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches, Reducers/Expanders, C li Couplings, Ol Olets, etc.

SCREWED FITTINGS

For pipe design < 2.5in

WELDED FITTINGS

When connection are to be permanent and on high pressure and high temperature lines Lighter Easier for insulation

Anyway, the pipes and fittings are in place, but the ends are yet to be joined with the Tank nozzles.

We now have to complete the end connections. These, in piping term, we call

TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.

FLANGES
Flanges provide a bolted, separable joint in piping. The most of valves have flanged ends and must have a companion or matching g flange g attached. A g gasket is then inserted between them, and the bolts are tightened to form a flanged joint. When to use Flanges? Where there is a clear need for removal of valves or equipment, i for f access of f maintenance, i or for f blinding. bli di Because all flanged connections are potential leak source, their use should be kept to the minimum needed for safe and reasonably convenient operation and maintenance.

GASKET FLANGE 1 FLANGE 2 BOLT NUT BOLT-NUT PIPE 1 PIPE 2

Pipe - Flanged connection

Flange Material: Flanges are made of carbon steel forging having a highly refined grain structure and generally excellent physical properties. g in 300 p pound and higher g pressure p classes can be made Flanges of Chrome-Molybdenum Forged steel. Bolts & Gaskets: The most commonly used bolts for flanges in refinery piping are the ASTM A193 Gr.B7 Stud bolts which fall into the high strength group group. The temperature range is from 29C 29 C to 454 454C C A gasket is a thin circular disc, made up of soft compressive material. The most of valves have flanged ends and must have a companion or matching flange attached. A gasket is then inserted between them, and the bolts are tightened to form a flanged joint

If we want to control the flow fromTank-1 to other tanks, we need some arrangement to stop the flow if needed

These are flanged joints This is a welded joint

To control the flow in a pipe line we need to fit a special component. That is called - VALVE

VALVES

To stop/regulate the flow of fluids and gasses

To control the flow of liquids Lift to allow full, unobstructed flow and lower to stop it completely

To control the flow of liquids and gases. The globe valve is installed so that the pressure is on the disk, which assists the spring in the cap to make a tight closure. Yield less seat leakage compared to gate valve

Operated by the pressure and velocity of line flow. No external means of control or operation.

Other than valves another important line component of pipe line is a filter, which cleans out derbies from the flowing fluid. This is called a

STRAINER

When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may also like know the parameters like, pressure, temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.

Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements. There can be numerous variants. All depend on piping designers preference and judgement.

The pipe sizes are selected Pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected. Types of pipe fitting are planned Types of Valves are planned Types of instruments required are planned

We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and Instrumentation Drawing Drawing, in short P&ID P&ID.

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PIPEDRAWING
SINGLE-LINE DRAWING

FORMER SINGLE-LINE DRAWING SYMBOLS

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Example of Single Line Drawing

All pipes bent in more than one plane (multi layers) easier to understand Isometric pipe drawing

Orthographic pipe drawing Represent the piping, either straight or bent, in one plane/single layer

Crossings

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Pipe Connections

Pipe Fittings

Valve Symbols

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Threaded / Flanged / Welded

Tee (T)

Short Radius (SR) Elbow

Long Radius (SR) Elbow

DOUBLE-LINE DRAWING

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Summary:
Double Line Drawing

Single Line Drawing

Ken Youssefi

UC Berkeley

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COORDINATE AXES FOR ISOMETRIC PIPING DRAWINGS

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Top or bottom Left or right

Z Y Z Y X -Y -Z X

Rear or front

z-axis

-X

x-axis

y-axis

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SELECTIONOFPIPINGMATERIALS
Materials selection for achievement of metallurgical stability shall be made on the basis of design condition and to resist possible p against g fire, , corrosion, , operating p g condition, , service etc. exposures

(1) METALLIC (i) FERROUS (ii)NON-FERROUS

(2) NON-METALLIC (i) ORGANIC (ii) INORGANIC

(3)COMPOSITES

FERROUS Carbon Steel Low Alloy Steels Stainless Steels

NON-FERROUS Nickel Monel Brasses

ORGANIC Plastics Thermo-Plastics Thermo-Setting

INORGANIC Ceramics Graphite Glass

PipingMaterialsandProperties

Source: Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions

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PipingMaterialsandProperties(Continue)

Source: Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions.

PipingMaterialsandProperties(Continue)
Ferrous Metals and Alloys
The ferrous-metal piping systems comprising wrought carbon and alloy steels including stainless steels are the most widely used and the most completely covered by national standards.

Carbon Steel
Common, cheapest, and versatile metal used in industry. High tensile strength in the 345 to 485 Mpa with good ductility, that most commonly used in the chemical-process industries Drawback = limited corrosion resistance, not recommended to operate under cryogenic condition lower than -100oC. It is routinely used for most organic chemicals and neutral or basic aqueous solutions at moderate temperatures. Storage of concentrated sulfuric acid and caustic soda [up to 50 percent and 55C (130F)]. Commonly used in services with corrosion rates of 0.13 to 0.5 mm/y (5 to 20 mils/y), with added thickness (corrosion allowance) to assure the achievement of desired service life.

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Carbon Steel Designations

TYPE OF CARBON STEEL Plain carbon Low-carbon Low carbon steel (0.06 to 0.20% carbon) Medium-carbon steel (0.20 to 0.50% carbon) High-carbon steel NUMBER SYMBOL 10XX 1006 to 1020 Toughness and less strength Toughness and strength Less toughness and greater hardness Improves machinability Increases strength and hardness but reduces ductility Improves surface finish Chains, rivets, shafts, and pressed steel products Gears, axles, machine parts forgings, bolts and nuts Saws, drills, knives, razors, finishing tools and music wire Threads, splines, and machined parts PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES COMMON USES

1020 to 1050

1050 and over 11XX 12XX

Sulfurized (free-cutting) (f ) Phosphorized

Manganese steels

13XX

Stainless Steels They are heat & corrosion resistant, noncontaminating and easily fabricated into complex shapes. There are three groups of Stainless steels, viz, Martensitic, Ferritic & Austenitic. Various codes, symbols in piping design are: ASME - American society of mechanical engg. API - American petroleum institute. ANSI - American National Standards institute.

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Alloy Steel
Contain one or more alloying agents to improve mechanical and corrosionresistant properties over those of carbon steel. A typical low-alloy grade [American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 4340] contains 0.40% C, 0.70% Mn, 1.85% Ni, 0.80% Cr, and 0.25% Mo. Ni increases toughness and improves low-temperature properties and corrosion resistance. Cr improve hardness, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, and resistance to oxidation. Mo provides strength at elevated temperatures. The addition of small amounts of alloying materials greatly improves corrosion resistance to atmospheric environments but does not have much effect against liquid corrosives. In acid or alkaline solutions, corrosion is about equivalent to that of carbon steel. However, the greater strength permits thinner walls in process equipment made from low-alloy steel.

AISI Designation System for Alloy Steel

TYPE OF STEEL Manganese Steel Molybdenum Steels

ALLOY APPROXIMATE ALLOY SERIES CONTENT (%) 13xx Mn 1.6 - 1.9 40xx 41xx 43xx 44xx 46xx 47xx 48xx 50xx 51xx E51100 E52100 61xx Mo 0.15-0.3 Cr 0.4-1.1; Mo 0.08 - 0.35 Ni 1.65-2; Cr0.4-0.9;Mo 0.2-0.3 Mo 0.45 - 0.6 Ni 0.7-2; Mo 0.15-0.3 Ni 0.9-1.2;Cr0..35-0.55;Mo0.15-0.4 Ni3.25-3.75;Mo 0.2-0.3 Cr 0.3--0.5 Cr 0.7-1.15 C 1.0;Cr 0.9-1.15 C 1.0; Cr 0.9 1.15 Cr 0.5 - 1.1; V0.1-0.15

PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES Improve surface finish High Strength

COMMON USES

Axles, forgings, gears Cams, mechanical parts

Chromium Steels

Hardness Great Strength and toughness

Gears, Shafts, bearings springs, connecting rods

Chromium - vanadium steel

Hardness and Strength

Punches and Dies, Pistons Rods, Gears, Axles

Nickel-ChromiumMolybdenum Steels

86xx 87xx 88xx

Ni 0.4-0.7;Cr 0.4-0.6;Mo 0.15-0.25 Rust resistance, hardness Food Containers Ni 0.4-0.7;Cr 0.4-0.6;Mo 0.2-0.3 Ni 0.4-0.7;Cr 0.4-0.6;Mo 0.3-0.4 and strength Surgical equipment

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Stainless Steel
More than 70 types of stainless steel. Iron-based, with 1230% chromium, 0-22% nickel, minor amounts of carbon, niobium (columbium), copper, molybdenum, selenium, tantalum, and titanium. Famous in the process industries. Heat- and corrosion-resistant, non-contaminating, and easily fabricated into complex shapes.

Stainless Alloys

Martensitic

Ferritic

Austenitic

Martensitic Stainless Steel

12 - 20 % chromium with controlled amounts of carbon and other additives. Type 410 is a typical member of this group. By heat treatment can increase tensile strength from 550 to 1,380 Mpa. Used in mildly corrosive environments (atmospheric, fresh water, and organic exposures).

Ferritic Stainless Steel

15 - 30 % chromium low carbon content (0.1 %). Higher chromium content improves the corrosive resistance. Although it is not g reducing g acids such as HCl but mildly y corrosive recommended to use against solutions and oxidizing media are handled without harm. Type 430 is a typical example and widely used in nitric acid plants. The strength of ferritic stainless can be increased by cold working but not by heat treatment. Resistant to high-temperature oxidation up to 800C (1,500F).

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Austenitic Stainless Steel

The most corrosion-resistant of the three groups. Contain 16-26 % chromium and 6-22% nickel. Carbon is kept low (0.08% maximum) precipitation. p to minimize carbide p Work hardening can increase the tensile strength up to 2,000 MPa (300,000 lbf/in2). Austenitic stainless steels are tough and ductile but not easy to machine. Heavy cuts and high speeds are essential.

ASTM NUMBER A-53 A 106 A-106 A-333 A-335 A-335 A-335 A-335 A-312 A-312 A-312 A-312 A-333

TYPE Gr. A,B Gr. A,B Gr AB Gr. 1 P1 P11 P5 P9 304 316 321 347 Gr. 3

MATERIAL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON MOLY CARBON MOLY CARBON MOLY CARBON MOLY STAINLESS STAINLESS STAINLESS STAINLESS NICKEL

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