IS : 4457 - 1982

Indian Standard-

( Reaffirmed 1996 )

SPECIFICATION FOR CERAMIC UNGLAZED VITREOUS ACID RESISTING TILES

( First Revision )
First Reprint MAY 1990

UDC 691.42-131:666.774

Q Copyright 1982 BUREAU

MANAK

OF
I:IIAVAN,

INDIAN
3 BAHADUR 110002

STANDARDS
SHAH ZAPAR MARC

NEWDELHI

Cr5

December

1982

IS :4457-1982

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR CERAMIC UNGLAZED VITREOUS ACID REhbTING TILES

( Fht Revision.~)
Flooring and Plhering
SHRI

Sectional Committee, BDC 5

Chairman 0. P. MEAL 04/56 Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi 1lOOi 6 Representing Members SHRI E. T. ANTIA Concrete Association of India, Bombay SHRI M . G. DANDAVATE ( Alternate ) SHIUS. K. BANERJEE National Test House, Calcutta SHRI P. R. DAS ( Alternate ) BRIG P. M. BHATIA Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta Arwy Industries, Ahmadabad SHRI DINWH A. CHOKSHI SHRI RASIKLALA. CHOK~HI( Alternate ) Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nasik DIRECTOR RESEARCH OFFICER, MA~RIAI, TESTINGDIVISION ( Alternate ) DR V. S. GUPTA The Fertilizer ( Planning & Development ) India Ltd, Sindri SHRI K. V. GURUSWAMY Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SIW G. V. PANGARKAR( Alternate ) Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways ) JOINTDIRECTOR ( ARCH ), RDSG DEPUTYDIRB~~R ( ARCH ), RDSO ( Alternate ) Modern Tiles & Marbles, New Delhi SHRI s. c. KAWOR SHRI A. C. KAPOOR( Alternate ) Builders Association of India, Bombay !&RI C. P. KAPANI SHRI G. P. LAHIRI Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi SHIU T. S. E~HAGAT ( Alternute ) Bhor Industries Ltd, Bombay SW K. E. S. MANI SHRI RAMESH D. PA% ( Alternate ) (Continued on page 2 ) Q Copyright 1982 BURBAU OF INDiAN STANDARDS This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and reproduction in whole oi in part by any means except with written permission of the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said act.

IS:4457-1982
( Continuedfrompage Members DR MOHAN RAI I ) Representing
Cent~~or~ulding Research Institute ( CSIR ),

DR R. K. JAIN ( Alternate ) SHRI M. V. MU~JGAPPAN Coromandel Prodorite Pvt Ltd, Madras &RI R. S~UNIVASAN ( Alternate ) SHRI 0. P. RATRA National Buildings Organization, New Delhi SHRI D. B. SEN lndian Institute of Architects, Bombay SHRI S. B. SHIROMANY ( Alternate ) Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters LT-COL M. P. SHARMA . SHRI A. P. JAIN ( Alternate ) SHRI A. K. SHRIVASTAVA Public Works Department, Govt of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow SHRI DAR~HANSINGH ( Alternate ) Publihcazro$sDepartment, Govt of Tamil Nadu, SUP@RINTEND~& ENGINEER ( PLANNINGAND DWIGNS CIRCLE ) EXECUTIVE ENGINEER( BUILDING CENTRE DIVISION) (Alternate ) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SIJPERIN~~NDING SURVEYOROF WORKS ( Cz ) SURVEYOROF WORKS I ( CZ ) ( hemare ) Smr G. RAMAN, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-officio Member ) birector ( Civ Engg ) SHRI K. M. MATHUR Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI

Acid Resisting
Convener DR V. S. GUPTA

Flooring

and Cement Materials Subcommittee, BDC 5 : 6

The Fertilizer ( Planning & Development Ltd, Sindri ) India

Members
SHRI H. D. SAHKAR( Alternate to Dr V. S. Gupta ) Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute DR P. S. AGARWAL ( CSIR ), Calcutta DR L. K. BEHI: Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd, New Delhi SHRI B. N. CHAKRAVORTY ( AIternate ) Kumardhubi Fireclay & Silica Works Ltd, SHRI H. V. BHASKERRAO Kumardhubi ( Bihar ) SHRI C. K. DHANUKA Bombay Potteries and Tiles Ltd, Bombay SHRI 0. P. KALIA ( Alternate ) Arcoy Industries, Ahmadabad SHRI DINE~H A. CHOKSH~ DR K. G. SHARI ( klrernate ) The Parshuram Pottery Works Co Ltd, Morvi SHRI ACHYUT A. GANPULE SHRI A. S. BLJRT~ ( Alternate ) Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters SHIU S. K. GU~TA SHRI B. K. SHAR@ ( Alternate ) .

( Continued on page 20 )

IS: 4457 - 1982

hdiun Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR CERAMIC UNGLAZED VITREOUS ACID RESISTING TILES

( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 4 February 1982, after the draft finalized by the Flooring and Plastering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. 0.2 Ceramic unglazed vitreous acid resisting tiles are suitable for protecting surfaces against corrosive action of acids and chemicals as well as to resist abrasion. These tiles are intensively used as floor covering for chemical and allied industries, lining of tanks, etc, where the necessity of resistance to acid and resistance to wear .becomes essential. These tiles are normally used with chemical resistant mortars. 03 This standard was first published in 1967. As a result of the increased use of the standard, considerable amount of suggestions have been received from various bodies implementing it. The standard is being revised with a view to modify some of the provisions already laid down and adding some new provisions.

0.1This Indian Standard

03.1 Experience shows that the modular dimensions of tiles specified in the earlier version of the standard are not being manufactured at present. . The technical committee responsible for this standard feels that the diB?cuL ties experienced by the manufacturers to produce tiles to modular size could be overcome gradually by adjusting the manufacturing practice and with this aspect in view the dimensionally co-ordinated size has been retained. But due to large consumer demand, the size of tiles, which ate actually manufactured and which form the bulk of current production in the country, hats also been included as alternate size. However, tiles restricted up to a thickness of 25 mm have only been covered in this revision and units having thickness greater than 25 mm and termed as acid resisting bricks are intended to be The technical Committee also feels that the covered in IS :4860-1968*. *Specificationfor acid-resistant bricks. 3

IS : 4457 - 1982

manufacturing technique of these tiles has reached such a stage that guidance with regard to iron oxide content in the raw materials and the temperature of vitrification no longer serve useful purpose and therefore have been omitted in this revision. The test for ascertaining the loss in abrasion which was otherwise left to the agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the earlier version which has been made compulsory and a specific value for abrasion loss has been recommended. Additional tests on flexural strength which are considered to be important in controlling the quality of such tiles have been introduced. 0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. .

1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard lays down the requirements for ceramic unglazed vitreous acid resisting tiles. 2. MANUFACTURE 2.1 The tiles shall be of vitreous ware and shall be free from deleterious substances. The finished tile, when fractured, shall appear fine grained in texture, dense and homogeneous. The tiles shall be sound, true to shape, flat, free from flaws and other manufacturing defects affecting their utility.

3. DIMENSIONS

AND TOLERANCES

3.1 Sii - The size of ceramic unglazed vitreous acid resistant tiles shall be (i) 100 x 100 mm or 98.5 x 98.5 mm, (ii) 150 x 150 mm or 148.5 x 148.5 mm and (iii) 200 x 200 mm or 198.5 x ,l98.5 mm (see 0.3.1). 3.2 Thickness - The thickness of the tiles shall be 25,20, 12 and 10 mm.
3.2.1 The depth of the grooves on the underside exceed 3 mm.

of the tiles shall not

after filling the grooves

NOTE - The thicknessof the groove tiles shall be measured with cement mortar and drying. *Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).

IS : 4457 - 1982 33 Half tiles for use as full tiles, if manufactured, shall have dimensions which shall be such as to make the haIf tiles, when jointed together, match with the dimension of a full tile. 3.4 Tolerances - Tolerances on length, width and thickness of the tiles shall be f 2-5 percent. 4. REQUIREMENTS 4.1 The tiles shall conform to the requirements given in co1 3 of Table 1 when tested as per the method indicated in co1 4.

TABLE 1 FtEQUIREMENTS~OF~Gb!lI&~GLAZED

VITREOUS ACID

SL No.

CHARA~TBRISTIC

REQUIREMENT

METHOD OF T@ST (,REP TV APPENDICES ) (4) A

(1) 9

(2)

(3) The gap between the inner edge of the square and the adjacent side of the tile shall not exceed 1 mmper 1OOmmnm

squareness

ii)

Warpage for sixe (i) for sixe (ii) for size (iii) f 1.5 mm

f20mm f23mm 2 percent, Max 70 N/mm* ( 700 kgf/cm ), Min 20 N/mm* ( 200 kgf/cm* ), Min
Loss in mass shall not exceed 15

iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

Water absorption Compressive strength Flexural strength

Resistance to acid

C D E F G

percent Abrasion resistance i) Average ww 2 mm, Max

ii) Wear on individual specimen 25 mm, Max

lS:4457-1982 5. MARKING 5.1 Each tile shall be legibly marked on the back with the following: a) Name of the manufacturer or his trade.mark, and b) Month and year of manufacture. 5.1.1 Each tile may also be marked with the ISI Certification Mark.
NOTE- The use of the IS1 Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of the Indian Standards Institution ( Certification Marks ) Act and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The ISI Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by ISI and operated by the producer. ISI marked products are also continuously checked by IS1 for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the ISI Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards Institution.

6. PACKING 6.1 The tiles shall be packed according adequately protected. 7. SAMPLING AND C~ION 7.1 Lot 7.1.1 In a single consignment, all the tiles of the same shape, size and thickness produced in the same batch of manufacture, shall constitute a lot. 7.2 San& Size PndCriteria for Cenferrnity 7.2.1 In respect of characteristics covered under 3 dimensions and tolerances, and 5 marking along with the; requirements for squareness and warpage ( 4.1) the number of tiles to be selected from the lot shall be in accordance with Table 2. The tiles shall be selected at random from the lot; for the actual method of random. selection IS : 4905-1968* may be referred. Each tile in the sample shah be examined for each of these requirements. A tile failing in one or more of these requirements shall be termed as a defective. 7.2.1.1 The lot shall-be considered as conforming to these requirements if the number of defectives in the sample does not exceed the corresponding acceptance number in Table ,2.
*Methodsfor random sampling.

to the usual trade practice and

FOR CONFORMITY

Is : 4451 - 1982
TABLE 2 SCALE OF SAMPLING AND ACCEPTANCE NUMBER ( CIauses 7.2.1 and 7.2.1.1 ) No. OFTILES IN
(1) upto 8 ME LO-T SAMPLh SIZE (2) 5 ACCEPTANCE

No,

(3) 0

9 to 25 wit0 50 51 to 100 101 to 500 501 and abovc

8 13 20 32 50

7.2.2 In respect of all the other requirements. shall be adopted.

the following

procedure

7.2.2.1 For lots containing up to 100 tiles the number of tests and criteria for conformity in respect of the requirements not covered in 7.2.1 shall be as agreed. 7.2.2.2 For lots containing 101 to 300 tiles one test and for lots containing more than 300 tiles two tests, for each of the requirements .not covered under 7.2.1 shall be conducted on samples taken at random from those already inspected and found satisfactory in 7.2.1. The lot shall be considered as conforming if in respect of each of these requirements each sample tested is found satisfactory.

APPENDIX

A
]

[ Table 1, SI No. ( i )
METHOD OF DETERMINATION

OF SQUARENESS

A-l. TEST SPECIMEN A-l.1 The test specimen shall be whole size tiles selected in accordance with 7. 7

IS:4457-1982 A-2. APPARATUS A-2.1 An L-shaped metal jig comprising two arms each, of greater length than the side of the tile to be tested and of approximately the same thickness, set in the shape of a true right angle on a metal base plate. This plate shall be perfectly 5t and free from surface defects. Alternatively, a builders steel square may be used. A-2.2 A set of feeler gauge or travelling microscope capable of measuring to f 0.02 mm. A-3. PROCEDURE
i

A-3.1 The tiles shall be placed against the jig, each comer in turn being inserted into the right angle and one side of the tile held against one side of the jig with light pressure. Any gap between the sides of the tile and the metal arms shah be measured with the feeler gauge or microscope ( see Pig. 1).

I
FIG. 1

I
TILE I

THAN I&m PER loo-mm RUN

METHOD OF CHECKING SQUARENFISS OF TILE

A-4. REPORT A-4.1 The gap shall be measured and the average reported.

IS: 4457-1982

APPENDIX B [ Table 1, SZNo. ( ii ) ]

METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF WARPAGE

B-l. TEST SPECIMEN B-l.1 The test specimen shall be whole size tiles selected in rrccordance with 7. B-2. APPARATUS B-2.1 A steel rule graduated in @5 mm divisions. Alternatively,? a steel measuring wedge 60 mm in length, 15 mm in width and 15 mm in thickness at one end and tapered, starting at a line 15 mm from one end to zero thickness at the other end. The wedge shall be graduated in 0.5 mm divisions and numbered to show the thickness of the wedge between the base and the slope ( see Fig. 2 ).

FIG. 2

MEASURING METALLIC WEDGE

B-2.2 A fiat surface of steel or glass of suitable area.

B-3. PROCEDURE B-3.1 The test surface shall be placed along the surface of the tiles to be measured, selecting the location that gives the greatest departure from straightness. The greatest distance of the tile surface shall be measured from the edge of straightness by the steel rule or wedge. B-4. REPORT B-4.1 The maximum distance shall be measured and the average reported. 9

IS:4457-1982

APPENDIX

[ Table 1, Sl No. (iii )]

METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTION C-l. TEST SPECIMEN C-l.1 The test specimen shall be whole size tiles selected in accordance with 7. C-2. APPARATUS c-2.1 Balance 02.2 Oven Capable of weighing within 1 g. Ventilated.

C-2.3 Desiccator C-3. PROCEDURE C-3.1 The specimen shall be dried in the ventilated oven at a temperature of 110 & 5C till it attsins a constant mass. It shall then be stored in the desiccator and cooled to 27 f 2C. The specimen shall be then weighed in the balance. The weighed specimen shall then be immersed in distilled water in a suitable vessel and boiled for 2 hours. During boiling, the test specimen shall be supported so as not to come in contact with the heated bottom or sides of the container. After boiling, the specimens shall be allowed to remain immersed in water for 20 hours. They shall then be lifted and the excess water on the surface shall be removed by wiping the surface with a damp cloth and the specimen reweighed. C-4. REPORT C-4.1 The water absorption, percent by mass, shall be reported as follows;

where
WA = Water absorption,

it41 = Mass of the dry specimen in g, and M, = Mass of the specimen after 2 hours boiling in distilled water and 2 hours immersion in cold water in g. 10

IS : 4457 - 1982

APPENDIX
METHOD OF DETERMINATION D-l. TEST SPECIMEN

D
OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

[ Table 1, Sl No. ( iv ) ]

D-l.1 The specimen to be tested shall be whole size tiles selected in accor-

dance with 7. D-2. APPARATUS D-2.1 Compression testing machine, the compression plate of which shall have a ball seating in the form of a portion of a sphere, the centre of which coincides with the centre of the face of the plate. The size of the plate shall be at least equal to the size of the tile. D-3. CONDITIONING D-3.1 Prior to testing, the tiles shall be immersed in water at 27 f 2C for 24 hours. The tiles shall then be taken out and wiped dry. D-4. PROCEDURE D-4.1 The dimensions of the specimen shall be measured and then placed between two 3 mm thick plywood sheets which shall be at least as long and as wide as the specimen and carefully centred between the plates of the testing machine. The pair of plywood sheets shall be used twice. The load shall be applied axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm* ( 140 kgf/cm* ) per minute till failure occurs. The maximum load at failure shall be noted. D-4.2 The compressive strength shall be calcuiated as: Compressive strength, N/mm2 = D-5. REPORT D-5.1 The average of all the determinations shall be reported. Load at failure (N) Area of the tile ( mma)

11

IS:4457-1982

APPENDIX
[

E
OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Table

1,

Sl No. ( v ) ]

METHOD El.

OF DETERMINATION

TEST SPECIMEN

E-l.1 The specimen to be tested shall be whole size tiles selected as per 7. E2. PROCEDURE E-2.1 The specimen shall be supported llatwise on a span approximately 25 mm less than the length of the specimen and shall be loaded at midspan. If the specimens have recesses, panels or depressions place them so that such recesses are on the compression side. The load shall be applied to the upper surface of the specimen through a steel bearing plate 6.35 mm in thickness and 38 mm in width and of a length at least equal to the width of the specimen. E2.2 The supports for the test specimen shall be such as to rotate freelyzin the longitudinal and transverse directions of the test specimen and shall be so adjusted that they shall exert no force in these directions. E-2.3 The rate of loading shall not exceed 8 900 N/min ( 890 kgf/min ), but this requirement may be considered as met if the speed of the moving head of the testing machine immediately prior to application of the load is not more than l-27 mm per minute. E-2.4 The flexural strength shall be calculated as:
S=

3 WI -.2 bd2 Flexural strength in N/mme ( kgf/cm2 ); Maximum load in N/( kgf ); Distance between the supports, mm; Overall width of the specimen, mm; and Overall depth of the specimen, mm.

where S= w= I=
b= d=

E-3. REPORT E-3.1 The average of all the determinations 12 shall be reported.

IS:4457-1982

APPENDIX
METHOD F-l. APPARATUS
F-l.1

F
OF ACID RESISTANCE

[ Table 1,. SZNo. ( vi) ]

OF DE TEXMINATION

Oven - A circulating air oven having thermostatic maintain a temperature of 110 f 5C.

control that will

F-l.2 Balance -

of capacity 100 g with a sensitivity of 001 g.

OF TEST SPECIMEN

F-2. PREPARATION

F-2.1 The test specimen shall be prepared froni individual tiles.

F-2.2 Crush the tiles to powder individually in a stoneware mortar. Take 30 g of powder of each tile which passes 850 micrqn IS Sieve and is retained on 600 micron IS Sieve [ see IS : 460 ( Part I )-I978* ] for testing. The powder shall be washed free from dust as follows: Place 30 g of the specimen in a porcelain basin and add about 150 ml of distilled water. Place the basin on a sandbath and heat the mixture in the basin to boiling. Care shall be taken to avoid loss by spurting while boiling and heating shall be continued for one hour. Decant the water and rinse the particles with cold distilled water. Dry the material to constant mass keeping it in an oven maintained at a temperature of 110C. F-3. REAGENTS F-3.1 The reagents used for the test shall be the following: a) Concentrated nitric acid conforming to IS : 264-19767. b) Concentrated F-4. PROCEDURE F-4.1 Weigh 25 g of the prepared specimen accurately to @Ol g and place in a porcelain basin. Add a mixture of 7 ml nitric acid; 13 ml sulphuric acid and 65 ml distilled water. Place the basin and its contents on a sandbath and heat carefuly, avoiding spurting, till all nitric acid has evaporated Cool the basin and its contents and sulphuric acid starts fuming profusely. *Specificationfor test sieves : Part I Wire cloth test sieves( second revision ). tSpecification for nitric acid ( secondrevision ). $+zcificatiori for sulphuric acid ( second revision ). 13 sulphuric acid conforming to IS : 266-19771.

Is:4457-1982 to 27 f 2C. Add 90 ml of distilled water and 10 ml of nitric acid. Repeat the heating process, until the sulphuric acid again fumes strongly. Cool the basin and contents and decant the acid carefully. Add about 150 ml of cold distilled water and heat up to boiling and then decant. The cycle of addition of fresh water,. boiling and decantation shall continue until the decanted liquid is found to be free from sulphuric acid when tested with barium chloride solution. No particle shall be lost during the process. After the fInal decantation, dry the sample in an oven maintained at 110C to constant mass. F-5. CALCULATION M F-5.1 Loss in mass ( percent ) = W--M8
1

x ,o()

where Ml = Initial mass in g, and M, = Final mass in g.

APPENDIX

[ Table 1, Sl No. ( vii ) ]

DETERMINATION G-1. METHOD G-l.1 Full size tiles selected in accordance manner specified in G-l.2 to G-1.5. with 7 shall be tested in the OF ABRASION RESISTANCE

El.2 Preparation of Test Specimens - The test specimens shall be square in shape and of sire 70 -I: 5 mm. They shall be sawn off one only from each tile, preferably from the central part of thetile. The deviation in the length of the specimen shall be within f 2 percent. The surface to be tested shall be ground smooth and filling removed. G-l.3 Apparatus and Accessories G-1.3.1 Abrasion Testing Machine - The abrasion of specimens shall be carried out in a machine conforming essentially to the requirements described in G2. 14

IS : 4&i?-

1982

G1.3.2 The abrasive powder used for the test shall conform to the specification given in G-3.

El.33 Measuring Indrument - A suitable instrument capable of measurements to an accuracy of 0.01 mm shall be used for determininig the change in the thickness of the specimen after abrasion.
NOTE 1 - The arrangement for measurement of thickness with the instrument may be as given in Fig. 3. Shoulders A and B are at right angles and the base C is machined at top to an accuracy of 001 mm. The test specimen shall be placed on the base with its wearing surface upwards and sides in contact with the shoulders. The measuring instrument ( or dial gauge ) shall be set up firmly so that the contractor slightly presses on the surface of the specimen and the reading of the instrument taken. The position of the dial gauge and the sitting of the contractor shall be the same during the subsequent measurement after abrasion. NOTE 2 - The measurement for thickness both before and after the test shall be taken at five points ( one at the centre and four at the corners ).
MEASURING INSTRUMENT (DIAL GAUGE) 7 WEARING UPPER SURFACE MOST

FIG. 3 ARRANGEMENT FORMEASUREMENT OF THICKNW

G-l.4 Procedure of Test - The specimens shall be dried at 110 f 5C for 24 hours and then weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. The specimen after initial drying and weighing shall be placed in the thickness-measuring apparatus (see Note 1 below G-1.3.3) with its wearing surface upwards and the reading of the measuring instrument taken.

The grinding path of the disc of the abrasion testing machine (see G-2) shall be evenly strewn with 20 g of the abrasive powder. The specimen half then be fhd in the holding device with the surf&e to be ground facing the disc, and loaded at the centre with 300 N ( 30 kg ). The grinding disc shall then be put in motion at a speed of 30 rev/min, the abrasive powder is 15
4

IS:4457-

1982

continuously fed back on to the grinding path so that it remains uniformly distributed in a track corresponding to width of the test piece. After every 22 revolutions, the disc shall be stopped, the abraded tile powder and the remainder of the abrasive powder shall be removed from the disc, and fresh abrasive powder in quantities of 20 g applied each time. After every 22 revolutions the specimen s,hall be turned about the vertical axis through an angle of 90 in the clockwise direction and it should be repeated 9 times thereby giving total number of revolutions of 220. The disc, the abrasive powder and the specimen shall bekept dry throughout the duration of the test. After the abrasion is over, the specimen shall be reweighed to the nearest @I g. It shall then be placed in the thickness measuring apparatus once again in an identical manner and the reading taken with the same position and setting of the dial gauge as for the measurement before abrasion.
NOTE- If, after the specimen has been subjected to the abrasion test, it is found that the tile has chipped off at any of the points of measurement, that measurement should be discarded in calculating the average. However, a minimum of three residual measurements on a specimen should be ensured.

G-1.5 Determination of Wear - The wear shall -be determined from the difference in readings obtained by the measuring instrument before and after the abrasion of the specimen. The value shall be checked up with the average loss in thickness of the specimen obtained by the following formula:
t = 10 (WI-w,) WI x A

VI

where t = average loss in thickness, in ,mm;

W, = initial weight of the specimen in N; W, = tIna weight of the abraded specimen in .N;

VI = initial volume offie

specimen in mms; and

A = surface area of the specimen in mms.

G-2. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS MACHINE

OF THE ABRASION TESTING

G-2.1 General - The testing apparatus shall be a grinding device consisting essentially of a horizontally tied smooth grinding disc of about 750 mm diameter rotating about a vertical axis .and furnished with a replaceable grinding path. The essential features are shown in Fig. 4. 16

STEEL

LEVER

SOVARE FRAME FOR CLAMPING 1nE SPECIMEN

III

I
All dimensions in millimetres. FIG. 4 GENERAL FEATURES OF ABRASION TESTING MACHINE

t; ..

IS : 4457 - 1982 G-2.2 Grinding Path 6-2.2.1 Cast iron shall be used as material for the grinding path. Its scaleroscope hardness shall lie between 30 and 50. This hardness shall .be ascertained at least 10 times on the rim and at several points in the grinding path by means of a Shores scaleroscope with diamond hammer. 6-2.2.2 The grinding path shall be a 200 mm wide annular space on the grinding disc between distances of 120 and 320 mm from the centre. The grinding path shall be repaired and restored when it has worn out by more than O-5 mm after use or when the furrows formed in it exceed 0.2 mm in depth. When the grinding path is restored, its hardness shall be determined afresh.when ii-repairable it shall be changed. G-2.3 Rotation Disc 6-2.3.1 The disc shall be driven at 30 revolutions per minute. The speed of rotation shall not deviate by more than one revolution per minute. There shall be automatic mechanisms for counting, indicating the revolutions of the disc and for stopping the disc after every 22 revolutions. Such mechanisms shall be checked for reliability prior to the test. 6-2.4 Holding Device for Test Specimen G-2.4.1 The holding device shall consist of a square frame, open on one side and made of cast iron or steel; it shall be of about 40 mm height, with its lower edge about 5 mm above the surface of the grinding disc and so positioned that its centre is at a distance of 220 mm from the centre of the disc. It shall necessarily, but loosely, hold the specimen. G-2.5 Loading Device 6-2.5.1 The loading device shall consist of a steel lever. A short arm of the lever shall be provided with a counter weight just to balance the weight of the long arm and of the weighing disc, so that the pressure stamp just touches the specimen prior to the loading. 6-2.5.2 The&ever shall move freely about the fulcrum without appreciable friction. During test, the lever shall remain nearly parallel to the upper surface of the disc. The connection of the pressure stamp to the lever shall be through a self-aligning joint permitting free relative movement but at the same time ensuring a central load on the specimen being tested. G-2.5.3 Suitable loading weight shall be applied at the end of the long arm of the lever so that, as magnified by the leverage, a net load of 300 N ( 30 kgf ) is applied through the pressure stamp on to the specimen. The load shall be applied with a permissible deviation of one percent. The accuracy of the load shall be verified both by calculation and by measurement with suitable instruments. 18

IS : 4457 - 1982 G-3. SPECIFICATION FOR ABRASIVE POWDER TO BE USED IN THE ABRASION TEST G-3.1 Chemical Composition G-3.1.1 The abrasive powder shall have an aluminium oxide content of not less than 95 percent by mass. G-3.2 Shape and Size G-3.2.1 The grains shall be of rounded shape. the requirements given in Table 3.
TABLE 3 REQUIREMENTS
SLNO. (1) 9
SZZE

The size shall conform to

OF SIZE OF ABRASWE

POW~.&R
PLRCFNTAGE BY MASS (3

(2)

Retained ori 555 micron IS sieve

Retained on 250 micron IS sieve Retained on 212 micron IS sieve Retained on 212 and 180 I;nicron iS sieve Passing 150 micron IS sieve

Nil
0. i 15 Ifir 70 Ali/? 3 .Zf0:;

ii) iii) iv) v)

G-3.3 Specific Gravity G-3.3.1 The specifk gravity of the grains shall be between 3.9 to 4.1. G-3.4 Hardness G-3.4.1 The grains shall generally have a hardness of 9 in

Mob's Scale.

19

Is : 4457- 1982 ( Continued from page 2 )

Members
DR R. B. HAJELA Dd H. A. MONT~IRO DR A. K. MULICK SHRI y. V. MURUGAPPAN SHRI R. SRINIVASAN( klternate ) SHRI M. G. NAIR SHRI G. C. Osti~i ( Alternate ) S&u r. vl PRASAD StiRi P. D. SHIVDASA~I ( Alternate ) SHRI N. VEERAMANI SHki i;. S. $RE&A~T~AH Sx.RI $. C. SA@U f Aliernufe ) %I M. R. VISAYABA

Representing
CentEAorplding Research Ii&ii&? ( csI# j, Ciba Geigy of India Ltd, Bombay Directorate General of Posts & ~e~e$a&s. New Delhi Coromandel Prodorite Pvt Ltd, Madras Perfect Potteries ( MB ) Ltd, Jabalpur

Engineers India Ltd, New Ddlii Westerwork Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Bombay Steel Abthority Tii6 Associated of Iridii &meiit

Ltd. New biihi

companies Lid, Bombay

20

BUREAU
Headquarters;

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS

Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 Telephones: 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams: Manaksanstha ( Common to all Offices ) Regional Oifices: Telephone Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31 NEW DELHI 110002 331 1375 I *Eastern : l/l 4 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, 36 24 99 Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, 21643 CHANDIGARH 160036 3 1641 I 41 24 42 Southern : C. I. T. Campus, MADRAS 600113 41 25 19 ( 41 29 16 TWestern : Manakalava, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ), 6 32 92 95 BOMBAY 400093

Branch Offices: Pushpak. Nurmotiamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, 2 63 46 AHMADABAD 380001 I 2 63 49 SPeenya Industrial Area 1st Stage, Bangalore Tumkur Road 38 49 55 BANGALORE 560058 I 38 49 56 Gangotri Complex. 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T. T. Nagar, 6 67 16 BHOPAL 462003 Plo;No. 82/83. Lewis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 751002 5 36 27 53j5. Ward No. 29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th Byelane, 3 31 77 GUWAHATI 781003 5-8-56C L. N. Gupta Marg ( Nampally Station Road ), 23 1083 HYDERABAD 500001 6 34 71 R14 Yudhister Marg. C Scheme, JAIPUR 302005 ( 6 98 32 21 68 76 117/418 6 Sarvodaya Nagar. KANPUR 208005 { 21 82 92 Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 6 23 05 T.C. No. 14/l 421. University P.O.. Palayam /6 21 04 TRIVANDRUM 695035 16 21 17 /nspection Offices ( With Sale Point ): Pushpanjali, Firs! Floor, 205-A West High Court Road, 2 5171 Shankar Nagar Square, NAGPUR 440010 Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nager, 5 2435 PUNE 411005 *Salor Office in Calcuttais 4t S ChowringheeApwoach, P. 0. Princep 27 68 00 Strort. Calcutta 700072 tS4leS Office in Bombay is at Novelty Chrmbere, Grant .Road. 89 66 28 Bombay 400007 $SihS Office in Banealoroit at Unity Building, Narasimharaja Square, 22 36 71 gangatoro 660002 Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India