Simon Bolivar.

Kingston, September 6, 1815

Dear Sir,

I hasten to reply to the letter of 29 last month you did me the honor to address, and I received with the greatest satisfaction.

Sensible as I, the interest that you have wanted to take the fate of my country, and grieve with her for the torments that have, since its discovery until recent times, by its Spanish destroyers, not least the commitment feel that I put the solicitous demands you make me on the most important objects of American politics. So, I am in a conflict between the desire to respond to the confidence with which you favored me, and the impediment to satisfy both the lack of documents and books, as by the limited knowledge I possess a huge country varied and unknown as the New World.

In my opinion it is impossible to answer the questions you have honored me. The Baron de Humboldt, with his encyclopedic knowledge and skills, just what exactly would, because although some of the statistical and American revolution is known, I dare say that most is covered in darkness and consequently , only conjectures can offer more or less approximate, especially with regard to the future fate, and true design for the Americans, for many combinations provides the history of nations, from as many susceptible ours for their physical positions , by the vicissitudes of war, and political calculations.

As conceptualized forced me to pay attention to you dear letter, no less than their philanthropic view, I encourage you to direct these lines, in which you will certainly not find bright ideas that you want, but yes candid statement of my thoughts .

"Three centuries-that says you began the atrocities committed in the Spanish great hemisphere of Columbus." Age these atrocities has rejected as fabulous, because they seem beyond human perversity, and never be believed by modern critics, if and frequent documents testificasen not these horrible truths. The humane Bishop of Chiapa, the apostle of America, Las Casas, has left to posterity a brief account of them, extracted from the summary that followed in Seville to the conquerors, with the testimony of many respectable people were then in the New World, and with the very processes that tyrants were made among

themselves, as evidenced by the most sublime historians of that time. All opinions have the zeal, and truth of that friend of mankind, that with so much fervor and firmness complained to their government and contemporary most horrific acts of sanguinary frenzy.

With what emotion of gratitude read that passage in your letter that I said "he hoped the events which then followed Spanish arms, now join those of their opponents, the very southern American oppressed." I take this hope as a prediction, if justice decides the races of men. Success will crown our efforts, because the fate of America has been irrevocably: the tie that bound her to Spain is cut: the opinion was full strength, for she shook parts that mutually in mensa monarchy so before the linking now divides them bigger the hatred that the Peninsula has inspired us to the sea that separates us from it; less difficult is to unite the two continents, to reconcile the spirits of both countries. The habit of obedience, a community of interest, light, religion, a reciprocal kindness, a tender regard for the birthplace and the glory of our fathers, in short, everything that was our hope we came from Spain. From this was born the start of accession which seemed eternal, however that the misconduct of our rulers which weakened that sympathy, or, rather, this attachment forced by the rule of dominance. When this happens the opposite, death, dishonor, as is harmful, threatening us and fear: all suffer from that unnatural stepmother. The veil has been torn and have seen the light and we want to return to the darkness, the chains are broken, and we have been free, and our enemies seek new enslave. Therefore, despite American combat, and desperation rarely has dragged after him the victory.

Because successes have been partial and spasmodic, we must beware of fortune. In some parts of the in dependent succeed while tyrants in different places, get their benefits, and what is the result? Is not the entire New World, shaken and armed for defense? Let's take a look and observe a simultaneous struggle to the same extent in this hemisphere.

The warlike state of the provinces of Rio de la Plata has purged its territory and led his victorious armies to Alto Peru, touching to Arequipa, and disturbed the royalists in Lima. About a million people there now enjoy freedom.

The kingdom of Chile, populated by eight hundred thousand souls, is grappling do against their enemies that seek to dominate, but in vain, because those who ago put an end to his conquests, the free and indomitable Araucanians, are your neighbors and countrymen, and his sublime example is enough to prove that the people who love their independence, finally achieved.

The Viceroyalty of Peru, with a population of a million and a half inhabitants, is undoubtedly the most submissive and most have started sacrifices for the cause of the king, and good relationships that are vain concerning that portion of America is indubitable that is neither quiet nor able to resist the torrent that threatens most of its provinces.

The New Granada which is, as it were, the heart of America, due to a general government, except the kingdom of Quito with the greatest difficulty the enemy, because it is strongly devoted to the cause of his country, and the provinces of Panama and Santa Marta suffering, no pain, the tyranny of their lords. Two and a half million inhabitants are spread throughout the land that currently defend against the Spanish army under General Morillo, who probably suffer defeat at the impregnable fortress of Cartagena. But should he take will be at great loss, and certainly lack sufficient forces to subdue the morigeros and brave inhabitants of the interior.

As heroic and hapless Venezuela its developments have been so rapid and its devastations such that almost been reduced to absolute destitution dreadful solitude, yet he was one of the most beautiful countries that are the pride of America . Its a desert tyrants rule and oppress just sad remains that escaped death, lead a precarious existence, some women, children and elderly are left. Most of the men have perished rather than be slaves, and those who live, fight furiously, in the fields and in the inland towns to expire or into the sea to which insatiable blood and crimes rival those first monsters that got rid of the primitive race America. Nearly one million people are counted in Venezuela without exaggeration can be surmised that a quarter has been sacrificed for the land, the sword, famine, plague, pilgrimages, save the earthquake, all results of the war.

In New Spain had in 1808, according to Baron Humboldt, seven million eight hundred thousand souls including Guatemala. Since that time, the uprising that has shaken almost all provinces, has appreciably reduced computation that seems accurate, because more than a million men perished, as you can see in the exhibition of Mr. Walton describes faithfully the bloody crimes committed in that opulent empire. There the struggle keeps force human sacrifices and all species, for nothing save the Spanish subject that might enable those who have had the misfortune to be born in this land, which seems destined to flow with the blood of their children. Nevertheless, the Mexicans will be free, because they have embraced the party of the country, with the resolution to avenge their past, or follow them to the grave. As they say with Reynal: finally the time came, to pay the Spanish torture for torture and drown that race of exterminators in your blood or in the sea.

The islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba, which together can form a population of seven hundred to eight hundred thousand souls, are the most tranquil possessions of Spanish, because they

are out of contact with the Independents. But what these islanders are not Americans? Are not abused? Do not want a better life?

This painting depicts a military scale, two thousand nine hundred leagues long and latitude for the most extent that sixteen million Americans defend their rights, or are compressed by the Spanish nation that was at one time even the greatest empire in the world, his remains are now powerless to master the new hemisphere and even to stay in the old. And ~ ~ freedomloving allow an aged snake venomous rage only meet your, devour ta most beautiful part of our globe? What! Is Europe deaf to the cries of their own interest? Has she no eyes to see justice? So much has been tightened to be so insensitive? These questions the more I ponder, the more I get confused, I get to thinking that aspires to disappear America, but it is impossible because all Europe is Spain. What madness for our enemy hope to reconquer America, no navy, no treasures and almost no soldiers! For those who have, are barely adequate to keep their own people in a violent obedience, and fend off its neighbors. On the other hand, can make this nation unique trade half the world without manufacturing. No territorial productions, without arts, sciences, and even politics? Accomplished it was this crazy business, and assuming more, even achieved the pacification, the children of the current unique American with Europeans reconquistadores, did not return to form in twenty years the same patriotic designs that are now being fought?

Europe could do to Spain to dissuade her stubborn recklessness, because at least it will save the costs expended, and the blood she so that fixing their attention on their own premises, its prosperity and power FUNDASE on more solid achievements than doubtful, precarious commerce and violent exactions remote villages and powerful enemies. Europe itself for a view of sound policy should be developed and implemented the project of American independence, not only because the balance of the world demands it, but because it is the legitimate and purchased insurance grocery trade establishments. Europe is not moved by the violent passions of revenge, ambition and greed, and Spain, seem to be entitled for all the laws of equity, to their best interests lie.

Many writers have treated the matter is remembered in this part. Consequently, we had reason to hope that all civilized nations would hasten to our aid, that adquirisemos an asset whose benefits are reciprocal to entrambos hemispheres. However, how frustrated hopes! Not only Europeans. but even our Northern sisters have been apathetic bystanders in this struggle, which in its essence is the most just, and in its consequences the most beautiful and important of any which have arisen in ancient or modern, why how far can calculate the significance of freedom in the hemisphere of Columbus?

"The felony with which Bonaparte" says you "caught Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, king of this nation, that three centuries betrayal imprisoned with two monarchs of South America, is an

overt act of divine retribution and at the same time , proof that God upholds the just cause of the Americans, and grant them independence. "

Sounds like you want to refer to the monarch of Mexico Moctezuma prisoner by Cortes and died, according to Herrera, of the same, but Solis said by the people, and Atahualpa, Inca Peru, destroyed by Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro. There is such a difference between the fate of the Spanish kings and kings Americans, who can not be compared, the former are treated with dignity, preserved, and eventually regain their freedom and throne, while the latter suffered unspeakable tortures and vilest . If Guatimozn Moctezuma's successor, is treated as emperor, and crowned, but in ridicule rather than respect, for derision rather than suffer this torture. Equal to the fate of this monarch were the king of Michoacan, Catzontzin, the Zipa of Bogot, and how toquis, Imas, Zipas, Ulmenes, Indian Chiefs and other dignitaries succumbed to Spanish power. The success of Fernando VII is more similar to that which took place in Chile in 1535 with ULMEN Copiapo, then ruler of that region. The Spanish Almagro pretended, like Bonaparte, to take up the cause of the legitimate sovereign and therefore called the usurper, as did Ferdinand in Spain, appears to restore the legitimate statements ended by shackling X cast into the flames the wretched ulmen without so even hearing his defense. This is the case of Ferdinand VII with his usurper European kings only suffer exile, the Chilean ULMEN ends his life in a terrible way.

"After a few months," adds you "I have many thoughts on the situation of the Americans and their hopes for the future, I take great interest in their events, but I lack many reports on its current state and what they aspire; infinitely desire to know the policy of each province as well as its population, if they wish republics or monarchies, if form a republic or a monarchy. Any news of this kind you can give me or point me to sources I happen deem it a favor very particular. "

Always generous souls interested in the fate of a nation that strives to regain the rights with which the Creator and nature have given it, and it is necessary to be well fascinated by error or by passions not to harbor this noble feeling; you have thought in my country, and is interested in him, this act of kindness inspires me the most heartfelt gratitude.

He said the population data is calculated more or less accurate, a thousand circumstances make failed, no easy remedy this inaccuracy, because most of the inhabitants live in countryside, and are often nomadic, are farmers, herders, nomads, Lost amidst thick forests and huge, solitary plains, and isolated from lakes and rivers. Who will be able to form a complete statistical land like? Furthermore, the taxes paid by the Indians, the hardships of the slaves, the first fruits, tithes and taxes levied on the farmers, and other accidents away from their homes to the poor Americans. This without mentioning the war of extermination which

has already reaped about one-eighth of the population, and has driven a large part, because the difficulties are insurmountable and the tally is to halve the true census.

It is even more difficult to foresee the future fate of the New World, establishing policy principles, or to prophesy the nature of the government it will take. Any ideas on the future of this country seems risky. Can you predict when the human race was in his childhood surrounded by uncertainty, ignorance and error, what would the regime adopt for its preservation? Who would have dared to say such a nation would be a republic or monarchy, it is small, it great? In my opinion, this is the picture of our situation. We are a young people, we have a world apart, surrounded by vast seas, new in almost all arts and sciences, if somewhat old in the uses of civil society. I consider the current state of America, and when the Roman empire collapsed each dismemberment formed a political system according to your interests and situation or the individual ambitions of some leaders, families or corporations, with this important difference, that those dispersed returned to restore their ancient nations, demanding changes things or events, but we scarcely retain a vestige of what once was, and on the other hand we are not Indians nor Europeans, but a kind mix between the rightful owners of the country and the Spanish usurpers in short, while we Americans by birth, our rights and those of Europe, we have to play them to the country and to keep it against the invasion of the invaders, and we find ourselves in the most extraordinary and complicated. But it's kind of divination to predict the outcome of the political line that America follow, I dare hazard a few guesses, of course, characterized as arbitrary, dictated by a rational desire, not by reasoned calculations.

The position of the inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere, has for centuries been purely passive; their political existence was null. We were at a level still below the easement and, therefore, more difficult to rise to the enjoyment of liberty. Allow me to raise these considerations the question. States are slaves by nature of their constitution or by the abuse of it, then a village is a slave, when the government by its nature or its services, holla and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject. Applying these principles, we find that America was not only deprived of their liberty, but also active and dominant tyranny. I'll explain. Under absolutism not recognized limits on the exercise of governmental powers: the will of the great Sultan Khan Bey and other despotic sovereign is the supreme law, and this is almost arbitrarily executed by the pashas, khans, and satraps Turkey and Persia, who have organized oppression of the subjects involved because of the authority entrusted to them. They are responsible for the civil, military, politics, income, and religion. But in the end are the heads of Isfahan Persian, Turkish viziers are the great lord, are Tatars sultans of Tartary. China does not bring mandarins, soldiers and scholars from the land of Genghis Khan conquered that, despite the current Chinese are direct descendants of the subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars.

How different from us! We vexed with a behavior that has not only deprived of the rights that we corresponded, left us in a sort of permanent infancy with regard to public affairs. If we

even managed our domestic affairs and our internal administration, we would know the course of public business and its mechanism, moraramos also imposed personal consideration in the eyes of the people some respect that is so necessary mechanically retained in the revolutions. That is why I said that we were deprived of an active tyranny, because we are not allowed to perform their duties.

Americans in the Spanish system is in force, and perhaps more than ever, do not take another place in the society of serfs to work and, at best, that of mere consumers, and even this part alibi galling restrictions, such are the fruits cultivation bans in Europe, the tobacco productions monopolizes the king, the impediment of the factories that do not have the same peninsula, exclusive trade privileges to the objects of prime necessity, the barriers between American provinces to not try, understand, and negotiate, in short, would you know what our future? Fields to cultivate indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cocoa and cotton lonely plains for raising cattle, deserts to hunt wild beasts, the bowels of the earth to dig gold can not satisfy avaricious that nation.

So negative was our encounter not similar in any other civilized society, though the entire history of the time and the politics of all nations. Expect a land so splendidly endowed, so vast, rich and populous is merely passive, is not it an outrage and a violation of human rights?

We were, as I have said, abstracted and, as it were, removed from the world as it is on the science of government and state administration. Were never viceroys or governors but the rarest, archbishops and bishops rarely, never diplomats, military only as subordinates; nobles, without royal privileges were not, in short, neither magistrates nor financiers, and barely even traders; all in direct contravention of our institutions.

The Emperor Charles V formed a pact with the discoverers, conquerors and settlers of America, says Guerra, is our social contract. The kings of Spain agreed solemnly that ejecutasen them at your own risk, forbidding them to do so at the expense of the royal treasury, and for this reason they were given they were lords of the land, which organize themselves ejerciesen administration and the judiciary on appeal , with many other exemptions and privileges that are too numerous. The king pledged never to alienate the American provinces, and that he had no jurisdiction but that of the high command, being a sort of feudal property which the conquerors were there for themselves and their descendants. At the same time there are specific laws that favor almost exclusively natives of the country, originating in Spain, as to civil, ecclesiastical and income. By way as a gross violation of the law and existing agreements, have been depriving the natives of constitutional authority that gave them their code.

From what I have said, is easy to deduce that America was not ready to let go of the metropolis, as suddenly succeeded by the effect of the illegal transfers of Bayonne, and the unjust war that we declared the regency without any right to do so not only by the lack of justice but also of legitimacy. On the nature of the Spanish government, its implementing stringent and hostile, and the whole course of his desperate behavior of real merit are written in the Spanish newspaper, authored by Mr. White, and being there is part of our story well treated, I just indicate.

The Americans have risen rapidly without previous knowledge, which is more sensitive, without the practice of public affairs at the scene to represent the world the dignities eminent legislators, judges, treasury managers, diplomats, generals, and few supreme or subordinate authorities form the hierarchy of an organized state regularly.

When French eagles only by the walls of the city of Cadiz, and his flight overwhelmed the fragile governments of the Peninsula, we were in the orphanage. Even before we had been left at the mercy of a foreign usurper. Then flattered with justice that we should, with bleak hope always mocked and finally, uncertain of our future destiny, and threatened by anarchy, because of the lack of a legitimate, fair and liberal, we rushed into the chaos of revolution. At first I only took care of providing internal security against enemies within our midst. Then it spread to the external security authorities settled replace those we'd just lay in charge of directing the course of our revolution and seize the happy situation possible we found a constitutional government worthy of this century and adapted to our situation.

All new governments scored their first steps together with the establishment of popular. They soon formed regulations for convening conferences that produce great changes. Venezuela built a democratic and federal government, after declaring the rights of man, maintaining the balance of power and general laws in favor of civil freedom of the press and others eventually formed an independent government. The New Granada uniformity continued political establishments and many reforms made Venezuela, and for a fundamental basis of the Constitution's federal system more exaggerated than ever existed; recently been improved compared to the general executive power, which has obtained many incumbent powers. As I understand, Buenos Aires and Chile have followed the same line of operations, but as we are so far away, the documents are so rare, and the news so unreliable, I attempt even to sketch the picture of their transactions.

The events in Mexico have been too varied, complicated, fast and unhappy so they can follow in the course of the revolution. We lack also quite instructive documents that make us able to judge. The Mexico independent, so our information, began their uprising in September 1810, and a year later, his government had Zitcuaro centralized, national board installed there under the auspices of Ferdinand VII, in whose name is exercised governmental functions. By

the events of the war, this joint is moved to different locations, and it is likely that was preserved until recent times, with the modifications that have required events. It says it has a generalissimo and dictator who is the illustrious General Morelos, others speak of the celebrated General Rayon, the fact is that one of these two great men or both separately exercised supreme authority in that country, and has appeared recently constitution for the state regime. In March 1812 the government Zultepec resident, presented a peace plan and the viceroy of Mexico war conceived with the deepest wisdom. It is called the law of nations by establishing principles of indisputable accuracy. He suggested the board that the war be fought as brothers and fellow citizens, because he should not be more cruel than among foreign nations, that the rights of nations and of war, inviolable even by infidels and barbarians, must be more to Christians, subjects a ruler and the same laws, that the prisoners be treated as guilty of high treason, nor degollasen those weapons surrendered, but rather held as hostages for exchange, that is not entered in blood and fire in Pacific populations , not to sacrifice diezmasen or dusting and concludes that if not accepted this plan were rigorously retaliation. This negotiation is treated with the highest contempt not responded to the national board, the original communications were publicly burned in the plaza of Mexico City by the executioner, and the war of extermination continued by the Spanish in his anger used, while the Mexican and the other American nations did not, not even death to the prisoners of war who were Spanish. Here we see that for reasons of convenience was preserved appearance of allegiance to the king and even the constitution of the monarchy. It seems that the national board is absolutaen the exercise of legislative, executive and judiciary, and the number of its members limited.

The events of the land we have proven that representative institutions are perfectly suited to our character, customs, and present. In Caracas the party spirit took its origin in societies, assemblies and popular elections and these parties led us back to slavery. And as Venezuela has been the American republic that has been most advanced in their political institutions, has also been the clearest example of the inefficacy of the Federal Democratic and our nascent states. In New Granada the excessive powers of the provincial governments and the lack of centralization in general that fair country have led the state to which is reduced in the day. For this reason his weak enemies have survived against all odds. While our countrymen do not acquire the talents and political virtues that distinguish our brothers in the North, wholly popular systems, far from our advantage, I greatly fear that bring about our ruin. Unfortunately, these qualities seem to be very distant from us to the extent that is required, and on the other hand, are dominated by the vices that are contracted under the direction of a nation such as Spanish has only gone protrude ferocity, ambition, revenge and greed.

It is more difficult, says Montesquieu, to release a nation from servitude than to enslave a free. This truth is proven by the records of all time, showing us the most of free nations under the yoke, and very few of the slave regain his freedom. Despite this belief, the South Americans have made efforts to get liberal institutions, and even perfect, no doubt, due to the instinct which all men have to aspire to the greatest possible happiness, which infallibly reached civil

societies, when they are founded on the principles of justice, freedom and equality. But will we be able to keep in balance the difficult burden of a Republic? Can you conceive of a newly emancipated people, is released into the sphere of freedom, without, like Icarus, he wings melt, and fall into an abyss? Such a marvel is inconceivable and without. Consequently, there is no plausible reasoning, flatter us with this hope.

I want more than anything to see the form in America the greatest nation in the world, except for its size and wealth as by her freedom and glory. Although I seek perfection for the government of my country, I can not persuade myself that the New World can, at the time ruled by a republic, as it is impossible, I dare not desire it, and even less desire universal monarchy of America, because this project without being useful, it is also impossible. Wrongs now existing could not be, and our feedback would be fruitless. The American states need the care of paternal governments to heal sores and wounds of despotism and war. The metropolis, for example, would be Mexico, which is the only one that can be for their intrinsic power, without which no metropolis. Suppose the Isthmus of Panama was the central point for all ends of this vast continent, did not continue their lethargy, and even in the current mess? For a single government to infuse life, put into action all the springs of public prosperity, edit, illustrate and refine the New World would need to have the powers of a God and, at least, the lights and virtues of all men.

The party spirit that stirred present our states, then would go on to greater bitterness, being absent from the source of power, which can only suppress it. In addition, capital magnates would not suffer the preponderance of the metropolitans, who considered as so many tyrants jealousy come to the point of comparing them with the hated Spanish. Finally, a monarchy would be a giant deformed such that its own weight plummet to lower seizure.

Mr. de Pradt has wisely divided America in fifteen or seventeen mutually independent States, governed by as many monarchs. I agree as to the former, since the Latin implies the creation of seventeen nations in terms of the latter, although it is easier to get, is less useful, and so I am not of the opinion of the American monarchies. Here are my reasons. The true interests of a republic is limited in the area of conservation, prosperity and glory. No powers which, because it is precisely the opposite, no stimulus excites Republicans to extend the boundaries of their nation, to the detriment of their own, with the sole purpose of engaging its neighbors in a liberal constitution. Not acquire rights or take any advantage defeating them unless reduced to colonies, conquests and allies, following the example of Rome. Maximum and such examples are in direct opposition to the principles of justice Republicans systems, and even say more, in direct opposition to the interests of its citizens, for too long a state itself or its dependencies, ultimately falls in decay, and convert free form in a tyranny relaxes the principles that should preserve, and finally to despotism occurs. The distinctive feature of small republics is permanence, that of the great is various, but always inclined to the empire. Almost all republics have had long duration of the second Rome lasted only a few centuries, but it was

because it was the capital republic was not the rest of their domains that are governed by different laws and institutions.

Very contrary is the policy of a king, which will consist tilt heads to increase his possessions, wealth, and authority, and with reason, because his power grows with acquisitions, both with respect to its neighbors, as their own vassals who fear in him a power so formidable as his empire is preserved through war and conquest. For these reasons I think that Americans eager for peace, science, arts, commerce and agriculture, prefer republics to kingdoms, and I think that these desires conform with the views of Europe.

I do not agree in the federal system between popular and representative, being too perfect and demanding political virtues and talents far superior to ours, for the same reason I refuse mixed monarchy aristocracy and democracy that much fortune and splendor has sought to England. Sindonos not be achieved between the republics and monarchies as perfect and finish, avoid falling into demagogic anarchy, tyranny or moncratas. Let's find a middle ground between opposing ends that lead us to the same pitfalls, unhappiness and dishonor. I'm going to risk the result of my thoughts on the future fate of America, not the best, but what is most affordable.

By the nature of localities, wealth, population and character of Mexicans, imagine at first attempt to establish a representative republic, which has great powers the executive branch, concentrating on an individual who, if correctly performs its functions and justice almost naturally come to retain a lifelong authority. If your disability or violent shock excites a popular administration to succeed, that same executive power may be shown in a meeting. If the party is preponderant military or aristocratic, will probably require a monarchy that is limited and constitutional principle, and then inevitably decline in absolute, for we must agree that nothing is more difficult in the political order that the conservation of a mixed monarchy, and also must agree that only a people as patriotic as English is able to contain the authority of a king, and to sustain the spirit of freedom under a scepter and a crown.

The states of the Isthmus of Panama to Guatemala may form an association. This magnificent position between the two great seas, may be over time the emporium of the universe. Its canals will shorten the distances of the world will narrow commercial ties in Europe, America and Asia will bring so happy region the tributes of the four parts of the globe. Perhaps there may be fixed only one day the capital of the earth! As Constantine pretended it was the ancient Byzantium hemisphere.

New Granada will join Venezuela, if they agreed to form a central republic, whose capital is Maracaibo or a new city with the name of Las Casas (in honor of this hero of philanthropy), melts between the ends of both countries, in the magnificent port of Bahia Honda. Unknown although this position is advantageous for all respects. Access is easy and your situation as strong, which can be impregnable. The weather is pure and healthy, an area so proper for agriculture and for cattle rearing, and a great abundance of lumber. The savages who live there would be civilized, and our possessions would be increased with the acquisition of La Guajira. This nation would be called Colombia in tribute of justice and gratitude to the creator of our hemisphere. His government may imitate the English, with the difference that instead of a king will be an executive, elected, when most life, and if you ever hereditary republic a hereditary legislative chamber or Senate, that political storms stand popular among the waves and the rays of the government and legislative body of free choice, without restrictions other than those of the lower house of England. This constitution would participate in all forms and I wish I did not participate in all the vices. As this is my country, I have a right to lust incontestable which in my opinion is better. It is quite possible that New Granada agrees not recognition of a central government, because it is extremely addicted to the federation, and then form a State alone, if exists, will be very happy for its large resources of all genres .

Little is known about the views that prevail in Buenos Aires, Chile and Peru, judging by what transpires and appearances, in Buenos Aires will be a central government that the military take primacy in consequence of their internal divisions and wars external. This constitution will necessarily degenerate into an oligarchy, or monocracy, with more or less restrictions, and whose name no one can guess. Such a case would be painful to happen, because those people are entitled to the most splendid glory.

The kingdom of Chile is called by the nature of their situation, innocent and virtuous customs of its inhabitants, by the example of their neighbors, the fierce Republican Arauco, to enjoy the blessings that shed the just and sweet laws of a republic. If any remains long in America, I am inclined to think that will be the Chilean. There has never been extinguished the spirit of freedom the vices of Europe and Asia arrive late or never to corrupt customs of that end of the universe. Its territory is limited, will always be out of contact infected the rest of the men will not alter their laws, customs and practices; preserve uniformity in political and religious views, in a word, Chile can be free.

The Peru, by contrast, contains two elements enemies of all just and liberal regime, gold and slaves. The first corrupts everything, the second is corrupted by itself. The soul of a servant rarely healthy enough to appreciate freedom rages in the riots, or humiliated in chains. Although these rules would apply to all of America, I think it deserves more fairly the Lima by the concepts I have outlined, and cooperation he has rendered to their lords against their illustrious brethren the children of Quito, Chile and Buenos Aires. Constant that is aspiring to gain freedom, at least he tries. I guess in Lima will not tolerate democracy rich or brown slaves

and freedmen the aristocracy, the former prefer the tyranny of one, not to suffer the persecutions riotous, and even establish a peaceful order. Much will if conceived regain their independence.

From the above, we can deduce these consequences: the American provinces are struggling for emancipation, at last get the event, some will be set up on a regular basis and central federal republics, monarchies almost inevitably be based, in large sections, and some be so unhappy that devour its elements, as in the present, and in future revolutions, that a monarchy would not be easy to consolidate, a great republic impossible.

It is a grandiose idea worldwide form again a single nation with a single link that links parts to each other and to the whole. Since it has a common origin, language, customs and religion should therefore have only one confederate government that the states that are to be formed, but not possible because remote climates, different situations, conflicting interests, divided dissimilar characteristics the Americas. How beautiful it would be if the Isthmus of Panama was to us what the Corinthian to the Greeks! Hopefully someday we will have the good fortune to install there an august congress of representatives of the republics, kingdoms and empires to deliberate on the high interests of peace and war, with the nations of the other three parts of the world. This kind of corporation may take place in some happy time of our regeneration, another hope is unfounded, similar to the Abbe St. Pierre who conceived the laudable delirium to assemble a European Congress, to decide the fate of the interests of those nations .

"Mutuaciones important and happy, continuous can often be produced by individual effects." The South Americans have a tradition that says that when Quetzalcoatl, Hermes, or Buddha of South America resigned his ministry and left, they promised to return after the designated centuries had passed, and that he would restore his government, and renew their happiness. Is this tradition, it operates foster a conviction that soon must return? Conceive you what effect that result if an individual appearing among them prove the character of Quetzalcoatl, the forest Buddha or Mercury, which have talked so much the other nations? Do not you think this would affect all parties? Union Is not all what it takes to put in a state to expel the Spanish, his troops, and supporters of the corrupt Spain, to enable them to establish a powerful empire with a free government and benevolent laws?

I like you individual causes may produce general results, especially in revolutions. But not the hero, great prophet, or god of Anahuac, Quetzalcoatl, which is capable of effecting the prodigious changes you propose. This character is little known of the Mexican people and advantageously, for such is the fate of the vanquished but are gods. Only historians and scholars have examined carefully research its history, true or false mission, his prophecies and the end of his career. Whether he was an apostle of Christ or pagan. Some suppose that his name means Saint Thomas Culebra Emplumajada others, and others say it's the famous

prophet of Yucatan, Chilam-Cambal. In a word, the more of the Mexican authors, controversial, and secular historians have tried with varying length, the question about the true character of Quetzalcoatl. The fact is, he says Acosta, he establishes a religion, whose rites, dogmas and mysteries bore a remarkable similarity to that of Jesus, and that perhaps is the most similar to it. However, many Catholic writers have tried to dismiss the idea that this was a true prophet, not wanting to recognize in him a St. Thomas, as other famous authors. The general opinion is that Quetzalcoatl is a divine lawgiver among the pagan peoples of Anahuac, which was the great Moctezuma lieutenant, deriving its authority from him. Hence it follows that our not follow the pagan Mexican Quetzalcoatl, if it appeared under the most favorable identical, for they profess religion more intolerant and exclusive of the other.

Happily directors Mexico's independence have taken advantage of fanaticism to excellent proclaiming the famous Virgin of Guadalupe Queen of the Patriots, invoking in all difficult situations and bringing in their banners. With this, the political enthusiasm has made a mix with religion has been an intense devotion to the sacred cause of freedom. The veneration of this image in Mexico is higher than the exaltation that could inspire the most sagacious prophet.

Surely unity is what we need to complete the work of our regeneration. However, our division is not strange, because it is characteristic of civil wars form two parties, conservatives and reformers. The former are usually more numerous, because the usual rule of the effect of obedience to established powers, the latter are always less numerous but more vocal and learned. Thus the physical mass is balanced by moral force, and the contest is prolonged, and its results are uncertain. Fortunately among us, the mass continued to intelligence.

I'll tell you what you can put us in a position to expel the Spanish, and found a free government. It is the union, certainly, but this union will come by divine miracles, but through sensible and well-directed efforts. America stands together because it is abandoned by all nations, isolated in the middle of the universe, no diplomatic or military aid and fought by Spain that has more elements to the war, which few can sneak acquire.

When success is not assured, when the state is weak, and when companies are remote, all men hesitate, the opinions are divided, the passions of rage, and the enemy fans easy to succeed in this environment. Then we are strong, under the auspices of a liberal nation to lend us your protection, we will according cultivate virtues and talents that lead to glory, then will we march majestically toward that great prosperity that America is destined Southern, then the sciences and the arts born in the East and Europe have illustrated, will fly to free Colombia that cordially bid them welcome.

Such, Sir, observations and thoughts that I have the honor to submit to you for the correct or discard according to their merit, beg you to understand that I have dared to expose more for not being rude, that because competent to enlighten me to you in the matter.

I'm on you, etc.., Etc..

Simon Bolivar Kingston, September 6, 1815