Neo Cultural Imperialism Via The Media : The Causal Factors of Baby Dumping Abstract Neo cultural imperialism

has hit some of Malaysian culture. It is seen that Malaysian has changed some of their lifestyle and adapt west culture. Liberal socializing is believed to lead to out of wedlock intimate relationships and pregnancies. As a result, baby-dumping issues escalate. We can see this issue in Malaysian media for quite a long time. This issue is getting serious day by day. The causal factor and impact of this phenomenon is discussed in this paper. Introduction We can see that now, the world has emerged into a borderless world with the help of media and technology. Media has been seen as a very powerful medium in shaping peoples behavior and essentially one of the sources of cultural domination and imperialism (Akhi Muhammad Aiyas, 2011). Thus, this has given opportunity for cultural imperialism to develop. Nowadays, we can say that neo cultural imperialism can be seen in Malaysia where the local culture has been overlap with the American culture. Media in Malaysia receives changes in the structure and organization since the British colonization. The colonization has introduced a lot of new policies in political aspect, government aspect, and education to name a few. However, it is not only policies that was introduced, there are values hidden behind these policies. Unfortunately, Malaysian subliminal supports these values in their life (Hashim Bedu et. al., 2008). Even though Malaysia has achieved it independence, the West culture is still being practiced by Malaysian. This is happened because the West culture has been instilled into the mind of Malaysian through the media (Hashim Bedu et. al., 2008). In addition, Malaysian gets lots of entertainment such as movies, films and television programs from the West. This results in Malaysian imitating West culture. As a result, we can see that Malaysian lifestyle changed over time.

In the 1990s, Malaysia has been seen as genteel collectivistic culture. On the other hand, West culture is very familiar with entertainment elements such as cinemas, parties, promiscuous, and more on the individualistic culture. The West culture has penetrated Malaysia through the media and as a consequence, Malaysian seems to impersonate West culture. For example, liberal socializing behavior in adolescence, the fashion they wear, the lifestyle they practices is far away from the local culture (Hashim Bedu et. al., 2008). However, in Malaysia it is taboo to socialize liberally and practice out of wedlock sexual activities since it is conflicting with local culture. All religions in Malaysia especially Islam prohibit it followers to do activities that can lead to adultery and close proximity (Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf et. al., 2013; Nazni Noordin et. al., 2012). We can see that today, media has given lots of space for elements of immoral behavior and portray negative manners that can ruin the society personal identity (Zulkiffly Ahmad as quoted in Farahwahida & Norazila, 2011). For example, the electronic media screening all the immoral behavior such as kissing, and cuddling that can influence teenagers to imitate what they saw (Ahmad Redzuan, as quoted in Farahwahida & Norazila, 2011). We can see this in Malaysian movies that potray west culture, for example Lagenda Budak Setan (2010) and Klip 3gp (2011) (see appendices). The study done by Jas Laile showed that 43% of Malay respondents started to have dates as early 13 to 15 years old and 35% of them started to kiss and caress their dates as early as 16 years old. Moreover, the study revealed that 35% of the adolescent learnt sex from watching DVDs and another 27% from pornographic reading materials (as quoted in Johari et. al., 2012). Some of the factors this activities happened are because of curiosity, sexual experience, influence of media especially pornography, want to prove their love and want to have fun (Johari et. al., 2012; Farahwahida & Norazila, 2011; Khadijah et. al., 2012; Nazni Noordin et. al., 2012; Aidanatasya, 2011). Moreover, it was also found that sexual activities among adolescent before marriage

correlate with adolescents negative behavior such as smoking, drinking alcohol, riding motorcycle dangerously, fighting, watching pornography, masturbation and drugs involvement (Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, 2013). In conclusion, we can see that Malaysian adolescents are being culturally imperialized by the west. Concept and Definition 1) Neo. According to oxforddictionaries.com (2013), the word neo derives from the Greek word neos that means new. Collinsdictionary.com (2013), also states the same meaning where neo means new, recent or modern form or development. 2) Cultural Imperialism. Berger (1995), defines cultural imperialism in his book titled Cultural Criticism: A Primer Key Of Concepts as below: Cultural imperialism is a term used by a number of Marxist thinkers (and others, such as critical thinkers) to describe the effects of the distribution of Western media (U.S media in particular) throughout the world. Critics argue that the mass media of the United States spread burgeois values and thus indoctrinated people, particularly those in the Third World, with capitalist ideology. This, in turn makes it easier for these people to be exploited and prevents the developmnent of class solidarity and consciousness concerning what is really going on in their societies. The cultural imperialism hypothesis, sometimes known as theory of coca-colonization, is quite controversial. According to this hypothesis, the creators of works of popular art are not consciously working to spread American values and beliefs. (Berger 1995 : 61) As for Rodman (2007), he defined cultural imperialism as the displacement of a nations customs with those of another country. In another words, cultural imperialism refers to the universal spread and dominance of American consumer, culture and products, which has been

claim to clear other local cultural traditions and values for many nations and symbolize a form of global cultural regulation (Rauschenberger, 2003). Petras et. al. (2005), agreed that imperialism has been looked as a project to dominate the world is the interest of major develop countries who have power of an imperial state. 3) Neo Cultural Imperialism. Neo-cultural imperialism is based on liberal democracy principle that gives full autonomy to individual and society (Ruhanie Haji Ahmad, 2005). There are three neo-cultural imperialism purposes. The first one is on spreading the norms, values, culture, belief, religion and lifestyle of the west to the whole world. Second purpose is to make sure the capitalist from some of the developed countries to profit on industries that are related with entertainment and hedonistic lifestyle. Lastly, to encourage every person on the earth to worship, devote and adore the values, culture, principles, idealism and philosophy of the developed countries (Ruhanie Haji Ahmad, 2005). All of these objectives usually being done through subversion and mind indoctrinate. It is generally transform into a hedonistic, ecstacy, and entertaining elements. Obviously, we can see it in the entertainment aspect such as music, films, casinos and prostitution, fashion, adultery, and games (Ruhanie Haji Ahmad, 2005). 4) Media Rodman (2007) defines media as below: Media is the plural form of medium, refers collectively to the print media (books, magazines, newspapers); broadcast media (television and radio); digital media (the Internet and any medium that uses computer-based technology); and the entertainment media ( all of these, plus movies, recordings, and video games). (Rodman, 2007 : 7) 5) Baby Dumping (Neonaticide).

Nazni Noordin et. al. (2012), defines baby dumping as discarding or leaving alone a child younger than 12 months old in a public or private setting with the intention to dispose the child. Resnick defined neonaticide as the killing of newborn within 24 hours of his or her birth (as quoted in Burke et. al., 2004). To be more specific, Bonnet distinguished two types of neonaticide. The first one is active neonaticide that means the killing of newborn baby violently as panic of the presence of the baby and the other one is passive neonaticide where the result of the death is because of negligence after birth (as cited in Burke et. al., 2004).

Contemporary Issues Baby dumping issue is absurd in Malaysian society because the values of the society contradict (Nazni Noordin et. al., 2012). However, this is one of the implications of neo cultural imperialism phenomenon via the media. Baby dumping is seen as a popular trend among adolescents even though the act is cruel and inhuman (Mahfudzah, 2012). The common place this baby is dumped is at housing estates, rubbish dumps, roadsides, mosques, rivers, bushes and toilets. (see table of contents for appendices). Baby dumping cases increase every year and it does captures the attention of the wife of the Prime Minister, Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor and the wife of former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali. They express their feelings of sad and regret with the raising number of baby dumping (Nik Rosli, 2010; Utusan Malaysia, 2012). Even though baby dumping cases has been decreased from 102 cases in 2008 to 79 cases in 2009, the number of cases increases to 91 cases in 2010, 98 cases in 2011 and 31 cases until September 2012 correspondingly (Minter 2012, Wen 2012). This issue is never ending and recently, in Kuala Lumpur, a dead newborn girl found in banana bushes (Bernama, 2013). Researchers discovered that women who commit this neonaticide (baby dumping), are usually young in age, either in their teens or early twenties, they are unmarried,

and still living with their parents or relatives; cognitive and emotionally immature, physically healthy women (Carrubba, 2000; Burke et. al., 2004). Most of them have pregnancy denial in themselves because of the guilty feelings they have when they commit sins and fear over the acceptance of the society. This denial is used as a defense mechanism (Burke et. al., 2004; Lee et. al., 2006). Methods of baby dumping include suffocation, strangulation, head trauma, drowning, exposure, stabbing, burning, and throwing. Disposal of the baby whether dead or alive, seems to be the most fashionable way to get rid of the baby. Even the baby is still alive when being disposed of, they may die quickly either as a result of suffocation by being wrapped in a plastic bag or drowning, or because of severe hypothermia (Burke et. al., 2004). Anita et. al. (2003), stated that law on baby dumping issue is actually does not exist in the context of the Malaysian criminal law. However, on 13th of August 2010, babydumping action is identified as a murder case and police who investigate the case will conduct DNA tests to identify the parents of dead babies. They will be investigated under the Child Act for abandonment under Section 317, concealment of birth secret disposal of body under Section 318, or infanticide under Section 309a and 309b, which stipulate jail terms (until 20 years of imprisonment) and fines upon conviction. If they are accused guilty, they will be punished under Section 302 of the Penal Code for murder, which is death (Fong, 2010). So why does this issue is still occurring even though the act is there? The causal factors of baby dumping is the influence of media where adolescents socialize liberally, teenagers influenced by peers to go parties and have intimate relationships with their partners (Wen, 2012; The Star Says, 2012; PAS Youth, 2010; Haji Samat, 2010). Adolescents activities such as drugs, discos, and free sex are the foundation of this issue (Khadijah et. al., 2012; Hashim et. al., 2008). Not only that, pornography access is effortless thus this led to sexual activities and results in unwanted pregnancies which leads to dumping babies (Bakri Zinin as quoted in The Star online, 2010; Hashim Bedu, 2008). As for instance, the entertainment magazines that wants to attract more buyer, adapt

west culture by publishing their magazines with pictures of sexy celebrities. For example, Mangga magazine. As a result, sexual desire especially adolescents triggered ( Nur Hazlizat Hashim, 2010). So, when there are lots of parties being held, free sex occurred. This leads to out of wedlock pregnancies. When adolescents pregnant before they get married, they have no idea on what to do and they afraid of rejection from their partners, family, friends, education institutional place (college, school), neighbors, and society (Daniel, 2011; Nazni Noordin et. al., 2012; Lee et. al., 2006). In addition, judgement and discrimination from the society also drive them to dump their baby dumping. They believe if the baby is dump, all their problems will be solved. They act like that because of shame, scared and afraid of legal action towards them (Khadijah et. al., 2012; Hashim et. al., 2008). Therefore, the media should be censored especially for media that creates opportunities for hedonistic lifestyle (Daniel, 2011). Tan Sri Lee Lam Thye (2012) asserts that moral values will be the factors that can block this social illness to occur. This can be seen in newspaper Utusan Online titled Pupuk Nilai Murni Bendung Gejala Sosial dated 7 August 2010 (in appendices).

Social and cultural implication The implication of this baby-dumping issue involve the out of wedlock pregnancy mother, the baby which had been dumped, family of the out of wedlock pregnancy mother, society, country and culture. Impact on individual The impact discussed here is particularly for the mother of the baby. They often have denial of pregnancy in themselves (Burke et. al., 2004; Lee et. al., 2006). So, when they give birth, they do not feel like delivering the baby. Instead, they feel like clearing their bowels (Burke et. al, 2004). Therefore, they usually give birth by on their own without any help from others. As we know, without preparation, they would have a serious infections or injuries during

childbirth and loss a lot of blood. This could harm not only the baby but also the mother. In addition, the mother might experiencing various psychological effects, for instance, depression, loss of self-confidence, and emotional problems that may lead to prostitution (Lee et. al., 2006; Haji Bedu et. al., 2008). In addition, babies that are results from out of wedlock pregnancies will be disrecpect and isolated. Moreover, if the babies were saved from being killed after being abandoned by their mother, the babies will grow up in shame state (illegitimate baby), as they do not know their heritage. Furthermore, they will feel stress, as they might be insulted and offended by the society. Impact on family There might be separation on family institution when the parents are blaming one another on the baby dumping issue that happen to them. This is because, the society will judge and gossip about their family (Lee et. al., 2006). Impact on society When baby-dumping issues being the headlines of the media, society will aware and imitate what they see if they are in the same situation. This crime eventually will be repeated and followed by others (Haji Bedu et. al., 2008). For example, newborn baby being thrown from flat residential (Ilah Hafiz Aziz, 2011; Muhaamad Hafis Nawawi, 2011). As a consequences, the society will be impair because babies that have be saved from baby-dumping behavior will not know their heritage. They might even marry their sister or brother. This can make the human be more chaotic in future. Besides that, when members of society gossips and have prejudice in themselves, they will be disunited. This may lead to racial issues and war. Not only that, when they feel it is okay to kill a life and their moral values decrease, the crime rate in society will arise. Thus, it is no longer a harmony place and environment for society (Haji Bedu et. al., 2008). Out of wedlock sexual activities can harm society. This is because this behavior can lead to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that include a wide range of infections and circumstances, which is transmitted mainly by sexual activity. Gonorrhea,

Syphilis, Chlamydia, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are some of the STDs (Hammerschlag, 2002). This can lead society to an unhealthy society. Impact on Malaysia Adolescents are the next generation who will be the leaders. If adolescents behave defiantly, national development and economy will be difficult to develop. Besides that, government has to spent lots of money due to the occurrence of an increase in crime rate (Hamzah Osman, 2012; Haji Bedu et. al., 2008). When illegitimate babies increase, the demographic of the babies is hard to determine. Therefore, it will make it hard for the government to plan development for the country such as in education and shelter. Nonetheless, government has to spent lots of money on baby hatch. In addition, when adolescents feel it is okay to dump their babies, they do not appreciate life and being a responsible person. Moreover, if the baby is infected with HIV or any sexual disease, this can make the unhealthy citizens. As a result, the country will not be developed. The government will also spend money to rehabilitate them. Impact on Culture Malaysian will have undergo a cultural change. Malaysian who pride themselves as being a moral society will no longer can be proud (Lee, 2012). This is because when they adapt the west culture via the media, they will imitate west culture such as co habit together. Instead of using the husband and wife term, they use partners term. In west, it is okay to live together in the same house without any marriage but it is against the Islams religion and Malay culture, where it is a sin. It is wrong for close proximity and very wrong to cohabit together (Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, 2013; Nazni Noordin et. al., 2012). This can lead to sin and lost of Malaysian identity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can see that Malaysian has been culturally imperialized via the media and this is one of the causal factors why baby dumping issue happened. As Malaysian, we have to practice our tradition and culture instead of just imitating what we saw in the media. We have to be critical in our cognition skills.

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