PROJECT REPORT OF COW DAIRY PROJECT FOR MILK PRODUCTION

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CONTENTS PART- A PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1. PREFACE,INTRODUCTIONANDPROJECTDETAIL3 2. PROJECTATGLANCE 4 3.SHEDDIMENSIONS,AREAREQUIREMENTSANDSTRUCTURECOSTS 5 4. COSTOFPROJECTANDADVANCESREQUIREDFROMBANK 6 5 STATEMENTOFLIVESTOCKPROJECTIONS 7 6 ASSUMPTIONSFORTECHNICALPARAMETERSANDCOSTS 8 7MILKPRODUCTIONPROJECTIONS 9 8 EXPECTEDSALEPROCEEDSSTATEMENT 9 9 EXPECTEDOPERATIONALEXPENDITURESTATEMENT&PROJECTEDBALANCESHEET CASHFLOWSTATEMENT 10 10STATEMENTOFPROFITANDLOSS,RETURNONCAPITALINVEST&BENEFIT:COST11 11 LOANDISBURSEMENTANDPAYMENTSCHEDULE 11 12 CASHBALANCEAFTERDEBTSERVICESTATEMENT 11 13 COSTOFMILKPRODUCTIONSTATEMENT 12 REQUIREMENTSOFFEEDFODDER ANDLANDFORFODDERCULTIVATION 13 PART- B DetailofProjectAnimalsProduction&Management Annexure-A - Sheds/Housing Annexure-B - Farm machinnary 14-25

1 PREFACE, INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DETAIL Worldmilkproductionhasdoubledinthelastfewdecades.Indiaisthelargestmilkproducingcountryintheworld.Buteventhen,thereis hugegapindemandandsupplyofmilkinmostpartsofourcountry.Thepresentlowlevelofpercapitaavailabilityofmilkwiththehighergrowthof populationclearlyindicatestheever-increasingneedaswellasdemandoffreshmilkinthecountryaswhole.Further,mostofthemilkcomesfrom traditionaldairyfarmsandindividualfarmerswithoutgivingmuchconsiderationforthequalityofmilk.Theexistingwaysofsupplymilkto consumers,are i)collectingtherawmilkfromparticularmilkshedareatosupplytothecityconsumerassuch. ii)themilkisbroughttothebigcapacitymilkprocessingplantsituatednearthecity,itisprocessedanddistributediinthecitywheretheplantis located. Plantsofsuchcapacityrequirecontinuoussupplyofmilkfromexistingsmallrurallivestockunits.Withmodernisationandurbanisationtherural milksupplytotheseplantsarelikelytosufferbothintermsofquantityandquality.Enormousscopeexistsformoderndairryfarmingforproducing qualitymilkformeetingincreasingdemandofurbanpopulation. Thelastfewyearshavealsowitnessedaconsistentincreaseintheorganizedproductionofmilk.Overtimecowrearinghasshiftedfromthe backyardtocommercialfarmsandlargebusinessenterprises.Apartfromdairyfarmsgrowthinthetraditionalbastions,itisalsogainingafoothold inotherregionsoftheworldwherecattlerearingwasalwaysatraditionalactivity.Theimmensepopularityofcowmilkhasensuredgrowthindairy cattleindustry.Howeverforthisspeciestoperformoptimallyunderthepressureofintensiveproductionsystemsandhavingfocusonthedesired higheroutput,itishighlydesireabletohavescientificmanagementwithsomedegreeofmechanisation.Cattlefarminnginindia,althoughpotentially excellentmilkproduction,stilllanguishinobscureconditionsofpoornutrition,breeding,managementandwelfareundertraditionalsystemand certainlyperformeexcellentwhenscientificallymanaged. Keepingallthesepointsinview,ithasbeenproposedtoestablishacommercialdairyfarm(100cattleandfollowers),producingabout1000Lt. Milk/day,initialythemilkwillbesoldassuchtobulkbuyerandlateronafterprocessingandpackaginginthenearbyareas. FeasibilityoftheventureoftheproposedMiniDairymainlydependsontheeffectiveproductionandprocurementoflowcostqualityfeed Proposalforsettingupthecattledairyfarmhasbeentakenbyconductingnecessarysurveysconfirmingtheregularavailabilityofgoodqualityraw milkatreasonablepriceandmarketwherethefinishedproductscanbedistributedwithreasonableprofit.Carefullstudiesregardingthemilk production,feed/fodderavailabilityandmarketsituationindicatesthattheproposalistechnicallyandeconomicallyfeasibletheproposedarea aroundKarnal(VillageNaruKheri)

3.Dairy Management

3.Dairy Management buffalofarming. 2 PROJECT AT GLANCE: Duringthecourseofresearchonthisproject,Iwasassistedandencouragedbymany individualsandorganizations.Iowemygratitudetothemall.Inparticular,Iwouldliketo PROPOSED LOCATION OF PROJECT:Village-----------------thankDrOleLind,DeLaval,Tumba,Sweden,Prof.KerstinSvennersten-SjaunaandMs NAME&ADDRESS OF ENTERPRENIOUR:-----------------------------S/O-----------------JosephinaNordstrom,SLU,SwedenandProf.RupertM.Bruckmaier,UniversityofBern, Switzerland.AspecialthanksalsotoMr.HemantOgale,M.D.DeLavalIndiaforhisstrong INTRODUCTION: supportforimprovingdairybuffaloproductioninIndia. ---------------------------havingnewlyestablishedcompany/organisationwithitsfarmlandatvillage------,Dist------l,state-----Theorganisationhasthisproposal C.SantoshThomas forestablishingacommercialdairybuffalofarm,initialyprocouringbestavailablebreedoflactatingcowsadvancepregnantcows,andtomanagethem Preface scientificallyusinglatesttechno-economicallyfeasibletechniques,toproduceabout1000lt.milk/day.Initialytherawmilkwillbesoldtobulkmilk purchaser/localmarketandsubsequentlyafterpasteurisationandpacking. DeLaval Technical programme: Theproposeddairyfarmwillhave100cowsandfollowers.Animalswillbreedusingartificialinseminationtechniques.Nonproductiveandsurplusanimalswill bedisposedofattheearliest.Thefarmwillkeeponlyhighyieldingcowsabovebreakevenproductionlevels.Thefarmwillensureminimumpossible intercalvingperiodandwillmanagefeedingusingleastcostfeedformulationtechniques.Theprojectwillbeimpementedwithminimumgestationperiodand willbemanagedbytheaboveaddressenterprenioursusingservicesofhiredmanagerandexperiencedconsultants. Funds Requirements:TheprogectrequiresinvestmentofRs1,97,38,452 (bothinvestmentsandrecurringcosts).Thecostreturnprojectionsoftheproject hasbeenworkedas4-5years.Themarginmoneywillbe33%andrestofthefundswillbeborrowedfromthebankloanamount13224763 .Aportionof thefundtomeetthedepriciationonbuildingandequipment@10%willbekeptasideeachyeartocreateadepriciationfund. Back ground of the promoters of the project:DirectorsoftheprojectMr-------------------------isqualified,experincedandhavebasicknowledgeand traininginthefieldofdairyfarming.personsandareexperincedmanagersofotherestablishedbuiseness. Scheduleofimpementation: Theenterpreneourhasalreadyprocouredthelandandlivestockwillbeprocouredafterthecomplitionofanimalsshed.Animalswillbepurchasedin2-3 lots.Thecomplitionofshedwillrequire2-3monthsandanimalprocouremetfanother2-3months.

RESULTS AT GLANCE: Year-1

1)ESTIMATEDCAPITALREQUIRED(Rs) a)OwnersCapital(Rs) b)LoanAmount(Rs) 2a)RETURNONCAPITALINVEST.(%)(Excludinggaininanimals) 2b)RETURNONCAPITALINVEST.(%)(consideringanimalgains+/_) 3)BCRATIO 4)COSTOFMILKPRODUCTION(Rs)withoutconsideringgaininanimalunits 5)COSTOFMILKPRODUCTION(Rs)withconsideringgaininanimalunits

19,738,452
6513689 13224763 22.05 17.13 1.57 20.50 23.13

Year-2 orrupees

Year-3 197385

Year-4 per animal unit

Year-5

AV.

9.70 9.37 1.24 27.66 27.89

15.06 16.61 1.35 28.32 27.30

23.18 22.98 1.54 25.58 25.70

24.48 23.83 1.54 26.67 27.05

18.89 17.98 1.45 25.75 26.21

3 SHED DIMENSIONS , AREA REQUIREMENTS AND STRUCTURES COST: Size of the Dairy Unit ( cow) a)Sheds breadth calculation
Feeding manger(ft) Standing place(ft) feeding alley for fodder trolley(ft)in center animalsitting place in breadth(ft) one side height(ft) height at eves(ft) open space/side(ft)kachha(covered only in c.b cows ) shed bredth excluding acrylic covered kaccha place shed breadth inclding tractor space(ft)including open space

100
2.5 5.6 10 12.5 20 12 30 51.2 111.2

b)length calculation
number of animals/row Space width/animal (ft) No of water troughs/side T. water trough length (@5ft) total space at entry and end(ft) Total length (ft) Area of one shed and Number of sheds and thire cost calculations: CoveredArea /shed(sq.ft) excluding kaccha acry lic covered area CoveredArea /animal(sq.ft) Area open(sq.ft) total area/shed (sq ft) total area/animal (sq ft) Rate/Sq ft covered area with fittings Rate /sq feed acrylic sheet covered kaccha area Cost covered area(Rs) Cost Open area(Rs) Total cost/shed (Crore) Av.Total number of animal unit Number of sheds required Total Cost of sheds and paved open area(Crore Rs) Cost of other structures(stores,offices ,chilling unit shed etc /roads) @20%(Crore) Total Cost of structure(shed+paved open area) and roads(Crores)

50
2.5 0 0 0 125 6400 64 7500 13900 139 600 250 3840000 1875000 0.5715 100.0 1.00 0.57 0.114 0.69 `

4 COST OF PROJECT AND ADVANCES REQUIRED FROM BANK Cost of sheds +open paved area+roads+other structures i.e office,stores,chilling unit shed etc 0.69
Cost of machinary(milking,feeding,cleaning etc)@60%of shed +structures cost(crore) Cost of livestock(crore)cowsand 1 bulls(one teaser ) Other costs(consultancy,one month working capital etc) Total costs(crore)
Market price ofcow considered on per liter average daily yield (Rs) Estimated cost/cow (Rs) Estimated Housing +Equipments cost (Rs), Estimated capital Investment /cow unit (Rs) Estimated total capital (Rs)Detail given below Rate Of Interest Margin money (%) Owners Capital

0.4115 0.7575 0.119 1.97

5000 75000 10972800 197385 19738452 12 33 6513689

Term Loan from bank (Rs) =

13224763

5) STATEMENT OF LIVESTOCK PROJECTIONS

LIVESTOCK PROJECTIONS:

Initiallivestock
Totallactatingcowunitsatthestart bullandteaserbullpurchased cowpurchasedforreplacement(advancepreg) Totalpreg/conceivablecow Totalheiferatthestartofyear TotalGrowingcalf(above1Year) Totalfemaleyoungcalfbrought/bornofyear initialTotalanimalunitsatstart(includingcalfborn)

mortalitydetail

Year-1 100 0 0 100.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 115.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 4.1 97.0 0.0 0.0 46.5 111.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 23.3 8.9 95.1 0.0 0.0 23.3 102.0 102.0 -13.0 -972375

Year-2 95.1 0 4.9 100.0 0.0 23.3 40.0 112.0 3.0 0.0 1.2 2.8 4.4 97.0 0.0 22.1 37.2 119.2 1.9 0.0 1.1 18.6 8.1 95.1 0.0 21.0 18.6 111.1 111.1 -0.9 -65133

Year-3 95.1 0 4.9 100.0 21.0 18.6 38.0 111.4 3.0 0.6 0.9 2.7 4.9 97.0 20.4 17.7 35.4 136.8 14.6 1.0 0.9 17.7 21.3 82.5 19.3 16.8 17.7 115.5 115.5 4.1 305726

Year-4 101.8 0 0.0 101.8 16.8 17.7 38.0 113.2 3.1 0.5 0.9 2.7 4.8 98.7 16.3 16.8 35.4 134.0 14.8 0.8 0.8 17.7 21.3 83.9 15.5 16.0 17.7 112.7 112.7 -0.5 -38918

Year-5 99.4 0 2.4 101.8 16.0 17.7 40.7 114.0 3.1 0.5 0.9 2.9 4.8 98.7 15.5 16.8 37.9 134.0 14.8 0.8 0.8 18.9 21.7 83.9 14.7 16.0 18.9 112.3 112.3 -1.7 -128615

AV. 98.3 0.0 2.5 100.7 10.7 15.4 41.4 100.7 3.0 0.3 0.8 2.9 4.6 97.7 10.4 14.7 38.5 127.0 9.6 0.5 0.7 19.2 16.3 88.1 9.9 13.9 19.2 110.7 110.7 10.0 -179863

Totallactatingcowmortality(No) Totalheifermortality(No) TotalGrowingcalfmortality(No} Totalyoungcalfmortality(No) Totalmortality(adultunit)

stockaftermortality

Totallactatingcowlessmortality Totallactatingheiferslessmortality Totalgrowingcalves(above1year)mortality Totalfemalecalveslessmortality totalstocklessmortality

stockculled&Sold

lactatingcow heifer Growingfemalecalves(above1year) femalecalf Totalfemqaleunitculled

finalstockattheendofyear

lactatingcow heifer Growingcalf(above1year) calf Toalanimalunitsattheendofyear

Gaininanimalunit

animalunitattheendofyear Gaininanimalunit valueofgainanimalunit

6 ASSUMPTIONS FOR TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND COSTS : Year-1 AnnualIncreaseinFeedCost,MilkSellingprices&wages% MilkSellingPrice(Rs)/Lit.(av): PurchasepriceofGreenFodder(Rs)/KG: PurchasepriceofStraw(Rs)/KG: PurchasepriceofConcentrate(Rs)/KG: ContractuallaborWages/cowunit/year Numberofmanager/supervisorhired@1per/100A.unit Supervisorssalary/annum(withannualincrease) TotalSupervisorssalary/annum
PRODUCTIONPARAMETERSCONSIDEREDANDLIVESTOCKSTRENGTH

Year-2 5.00 31.50 0.95 3.15 14.70 7350 1 378000 420077

Year-3 5.00 33.08 0.99 3.31 15.44 7718 1 396900 458354

Year-4 5.00 34.73 1.04 3.47 16.21 8103 1 416745 469564

Year-5 5.00 36.47 1.09 3.65 17.02 8509 1 437582 491341

AV. 10.00 33.15 0.99 3.32 15.47 7735.88 1

30.00

30.00 0.90 3.00 14.00

7000

7000 1

360000

360000 367326

515908

Averagedailymilkyieldofcowpurchased IncreaseinMilkProductionOverPreviousYearin% pregnancy(Act.conceptionrate)% intercalvingperiodmonths mortalityadult Mortalityheifer% Mortalitygrowingcalf%(above1year) Mortalityyoungcalf% Cullingrateadultcow cullingrateheifer cullingrategrowingcalf(above1year) cullingratecalf oneyoungcalfequaltoadult onegrowingcalf(above12month) Oneheifer/cow

15.00
80% 14.00 3.0% 3.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 5.0% 5.0% 50.0% 0.30 0.50 1 3 80% 14.00 3.0% 3.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 5.0% 5.0% 50.0% 0.30 0.50 1 3 80% 14.00 3.0% 3.0% 5.0% 7.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 50.0% 0.30 0.50 1 3 80% 14.00 3.0% 3.0% 5.0% 7.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 50.0% 0.30 0.50 1 3 80% 14.00 3.0% 3.0% 5.0% 7.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 50.0% 0.30 0.50 1 3.00 80.00% 14.00 3.00% 3.00% 5.00% 7.00% 9.80% 5.00% 5.00% 50.00%

7) MILK PRODUCTION PROJECTIONS

Year-1

Year-2

Year-3

Year-4

Year-5

AV.

Totalnumberofexpectedlactations/year* ExpectedMilkyield/Lactation Totalmilkproduction(lit)

85.7 4500 385714

65.2 4635 302128

65.2 4774 311192

69.8 4917 343206

68.2 5065 345186

71 4778 337485

Minusmilkforfeedingcalves(lit)(300Lt/f.calf,60litm.calf,av180lit) Milkavailableforsale(lit) Dailyavailabilityofmilkforsale

15429 370286 1014

11733 290395 796

11733 299459 820

12563 330643 906

12268 332918 912

12745 324740 890

8) EXECTED SALE PROCEEDS STATEMENT

Unit Cost (Rs.) Year-1

Year-2

Year-3

Year-4

Year-5

I) Milk sale(rs) Male calf sold(1-2month) @RS250/Animal unit sold (culled)at 75% of purchase cost Insurance Claim of mortality (75% of B.Value) cow dung/animal unit iii) Total Sales(Rs) 250 56250 56,250 1500

11108571 12500 501469 168750 153053 11944343

9147434 10000 454061 168750 166697 9946942

9904592 9506 1198900 168750 173225 11454973

11482817 9506 1200841 171764 169011 13033939

12139919 10179 1219689 171764 168428 13709978

9)EXPECTED OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURE STATEMENT &PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

G. Fodder cost @ 30kg/animal unit Straw @ 3Kg/animal unit Concentrate for milk production @ 2.50Kg/Lit Concentrate maintenance @1.5Kg/ani. unit Cost of newcow for replacement Medicines & AI etc. Rent/leasing cost for land for Shed etc /A.unit. Contractual labor Wages /cow unit/year Salary of supervisor/annum Insurance premium buffaloes only Electricity charges@ 2000 /animal unit/year Other misc. charges@1200/animal unit (a) Total operating cost Operating surplus (Total sale - Operational cost) (b) Dep. On shed machinery & Equipments

Ist year Unit Cost (Rs.) Year-1 0.9 1005555 3 14 14 335185 2160000 782098 0 3000 400 7000 360000 5 2500 1500 306105 40814 714245 367326 375000 255088 153053 6494468 5449875 10 1097280

Year-2 1095202 383321 1776512 894415 370500 333395 44453 816817 420077 356475 277829 166697 6935691 3011250 1097280

Year-3 1138090 418248 1921297 975912 370500 346451 46193 891244 458354 356475 288709 173225 7384700 4070273 1097280

Year-4 1110405 428477 2224903 999781 0 338023 45070 913042 469564 381697 281686 169011 7361659 5672280 1097280

Year-5 1106573 448349 2349623 1046147 179601 336856 44914 955385 491341 372717 280713 168428 7780647 5929332 1097280

Total Exp. (a+b)

7591748

8032971

8481980

8458939

8877927

10)STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSSRETURN ON CAPITAL INVEST.( %)&BENEFIT COST STATEMENT

NET PROFIT 10) RETURN ON CAPITAL INVEST.( %)&BENEFIT COST STATEMENT G) B)RETURN ON CAPITAL INVEST.( %)including ani.gain H) BC RATIO 11)LOAN DISBURSEMENT AND PAYMENT SCHEDULE YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 Loan 13224763 10579811 7934858 5289905 2644953 0 Interest 1586972 1269577 952183 634789 317394 0 Installment 2644953 2644953 2644953 2644953 2644953 0 Total 4231924 3914530 3597136 3279741 2962347 0 Year-1 4352595 22.05 17.13 1.57 Year-2 1913970 9.70 9.37 1.24 Year-3 2972993 15.06 16.61 1.35 Year-4 4575000 23.18 22.98 1.54 Year-5 4832052 24.48 23.83 1.54

12) CASH BALANCE AFTER DEBT SERVICE STATEMENT YEAR Open.Surplus Payments 1 5449875 4231924 2 3 4 5 3011250 4070273 5672280 5929332 3914530 3597136 3279741 2962347

Cash balance 1217950 -903280 473137 2392539 2966985 Tobecoveredfromfirstyearscashbalance

13)COST OF MILK PRODUCTION STATEMENT

Year-1 Ia) COST OF MILK PRODUCTION (Rs)with animal gain Ib) COST OF MILK PRODUCTION (Rs) milk selling price 20.5 23.13 30.00

Year-2 27.7 27.89 31.50

Year-3 28.3 27.30 33.08

Year-4 25.6 25.70 34.73

Year-5 26.7 27.05 36.47

14)REQUIREMENTS OF FEED FODDER AND LAND FOR FODDER CULTIVATION Year-1 Year-2

Year-3

Year-4

Year-5

concentraterequiredannualy(ton)* greenfodderrequiredannualy(ton) wheatstrawrequiredannualy(tons)

210.1 1117.3 111.7

181.7 1158.9 121.7

187.7 1147.0 126.5

199.0 1065.8 123.4

199.6 1011.5 123.0

averageconcentrate(kg)/animalunit averagegreenfodder(kg)/animal/unit averagestraw(Kg)/animalunit

5.64 30.00 3.00

4.48 28.57 3.00

4.45 27.21 3.00

4.84 25.92 3.00

66.3 49.7 16.6 Year-4 3224684 1110405 428477
4,763,566 64.71

4.87 24.68 3.00

66.5 49.9 16.6 Year-5 3395769 1106573 448349
4,950,691 63.63

*Normallyconcentrateformulaehas1/3grains,1/3oilcakesand1/3industrialbyproducts alloilcakes(tons) 70.0 60.6 62.6 mustardcake(3/4ofallcakes)tons 52.5 45.4 46.9 mustardcakefor3months(Tons) 17.5 15.1 15.6 FINANCEREQUIREDFORFEEDING Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Financeforconcentraterequiredannualy(Rs) 2942098 2670926 2897210 Financeforgreenfodderrequiredannualy(Rs) 1005555 1095202 1138090 Financeforwheatstrawrequiredannualy(Rs) 335185 383321 418248
Total % of total operational cost 4,282,838 65.95 4,149,448 59.83 4,453,548 60.31

land required for fodder growing(acre)

Land productivity/annum(qt) considered Accordinglycalculatedlandrequiredforfodder(acres) %ofrequiredfoddergrown Accordinglylandrequiredforfoddergrowing(acre) Totalfoddertobepurcased(ton)/year ifsilagefeedingitslevel Greenfodderreplacedforsilage(tons) Additionalfodderforsilagemakingloses(15%) Totalfoddertobepurcasedforsilage(ton)/year Totalfodderforfeeding(purchased)(ton)

750.00 15 75%
11.17

15 75%
11.59

15 75%
11.47

14 75%
10.66

13 75%
10.12

279 50% 140 21 161 140

290 50% 145 22 167 145

287 50% 143 22 165 143

266 50% 133 20 153 133

253 50% 126 19 145 126

PART - B DETAIL OF PROJECT ANIMALS PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT TO BE FOLLOWED IN THIS PROJECT 1. BREED SELECTIONS AND JUDGING Breed selection and judging of dairy animal is one of the important factors that can influence profitability of a dairy enterprise. Therefore, proper care will be taken while selecting and judging cow for a new dairy Holstein friesian croddbred cows from haryana & punjab state will be selected. Management will ensure that instead of buying average type of cow only crossbred cows of holstein friesian breeds having potential to produce not less than 4599lit./lactation shall be purchased at a reasonable price. i) Only freshly calved cow within one month of calving preferably with female calves will be prefered. cow in 1st to 3rd lactation preferably will be considered for purchase. ii) Before finalising purchase deal, Management will ensure that the animal has potential to yield 4500 lit/lactation. This can be worked out by using suitable conclusion factor or Actual recording of two days yield . iii) Since physical appearance (conformations and dairy character) of the animals referred as type are closely related with milk production, thereforec ow, with good dairy type fulfilling other requirement will only be preferred. iv) History Sheet: Health records (including history of vaccinations) and general health of the herd from which the cow comes (if possible) will be taken cared, while purchasing animals.Pedigree is the record of the cow ancestor and can serve valuable basis for selection and will be considered. However, except at well organized farms, Govt. farms, Military farms, no other farm keep such record in India in a reliable way . 2. TRANSPORTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NEWLY ARRIVED COW 2.1 Transportation In order to transport cattle to the dairy project site after their purchase in a safe and fit condition without any economic loss, following procedure will be followed: Animals will be transported by truck . Animals will be insured for the transit. 2.2 Management of newly arrived cow The staff at the site of the project will be well informed and prepared to receive the new animals at the farm. Proper planning, plus adequate equipment and supplied will facilitate the management of these newly arrived .cow Normally cattle on their arrival are: i) Hungry and thirsty ii) Experiencing a diet change iii) Tired They need to be: i) Watered ii) Fed iii) Vaccinated iv) Dewormed v) Groomed vi) Identification mark given vii) Treated (if they are sick) viii) Given vitamins ix) During quarantine period, keep in separate shed, away from main dairy units. 3. HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTS The modern dairy farm requires a high investment in building and equipment. Therefore, careful planning has been made. Efficiency, healthy environment, economy and convenience have been considered while planning the proposed dairy units. Proper housing has many advantages like i) Increased production of milk, ii) Better utilization of labour, iii) Production of high quality milk,

viii) Given vitamins ix) During quarantine period, keep in separate shed, away from main dairy units. 3. HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTS The modern dairy farm requires a high investment in building and equipment. Therefore, careful planning has been made. Efficiency, healthy environment, economy and convenience have been considered while planning the proposed dairy units. Proper housing has many advantages like i) Increased production of milk, ii) Better utilization of labour, iii) Production of high quality milk, iv) Better health of animal low mortality rate, v) Better care and supervision, vi) Proper and controlled feeding and vii) Increasing pride of dairy farmer. Following factors have been considered for selection of site land layout for this dairy project: 1)Soil a)Sandy loam 1. Keep surrounding clean and dry by proper drainage. 2. Avoid crack near foundation. b)Fertile 1. Higher yield of fodder. 2. Spare unfertile land for buildings. c)Neither too dry not too moist 1. Hygiene. 2. Longer life of building. 2.Elevation Higher than surroundings 1. Effective drainage. 2. Clean surrounding. 3. Avoid foul odor. 3.Topography Some what leveled 1. Less cost of filling soil. 4)Sunlight Exposure of floor to sunlight 1. Removes Dampness. 2. Check germ growths. 3. Benefits animal. 5)Protection from wind No direct draft of hot and cold wind currents 1. To prevent sudden fluctuation in Temp. and check heat/cold stresses on animals. 2. Avoid contamination of milk. 6)Durability Longer life and service view 1. Better look. 2. Low maintenance cost. 7)Accessibility Near to main road 1. Minimize cost of transport. 2. Quick procurement and disposal. 8)Electricity Enough and continuous supply 1. Run machines with less noise, economic

1. Better look. 2. Low maintenance cost. 7)Accessibility Near to main road 1. Minimize cost of transport. 2. Quick procurement and disposal. 8)Electricity Enough and continuous supply 1. Run machines with less noise, economic 9)Others Banking, postal communication, school shopping centres in near vicinity 1. Welfare of employees. 2. Safer transactions and better communication links. Space Requirement: Covered and open space required per animal depends mainly on the age, and on the size of the animal. However bulls and down-calvers (cow nearing parturition) require more space due to obvious reasons. Another important aspect to be taken care of in animal houses is the provisions of correct length and size of Mangers and water tanks so that all animals can have access to feed and water always. Sufficient open and covered space is essential in loose housing system for proper up-keep of the animals without undue competition and fighting. The size of standing space will be planned as per the size of various categories of the animals and as per recomendations. 1)Soil a) Kind Sandy loam 1. Keep surrounding clean and dry by proper drainage. 2. Avoid crack near foundation. b) Type Fertile 1. Higher yield of fodder. 2. Spare unfertile land for buildings. c) Condition Neither too dry not too moist 1. Hygiene. 2. Longer life of building. 2) Elevation Higher than surroundings 1. Effective drainage. 2. Clean surrounding. 3. Avoid foul odor. 3)Topography Some what leveled 1. Less cost of filling soil. 4)Sunlight Exposure of floor to sunlight 1. Removes Dampness. 2. Check germ growths. 3. Benefits animal. 5)Protection from wind No direct draft of hot and cold wind currents 1. To prevent sudden fluctuation in Temp. and check heat/cold stresses on animals.

4)Sunlight Exposure of floor to sunlight 1. Removes Dampness. 2. Check germ growths. 3. Benefits animal. 5)Protection from wind No direct draft of hot and cold wind currents 1. To prevent sudden fluctuation in Temp. and check heat/cold stresses on animals. 2. Avoid contamination of milk. 6)Durability Longer life and service view 1. Better look. 2. Low maintenance cost. 7)Accessibility Near to main road 1. Minimize cost of transport. 2. Quick procurement and disposal. 8)Electricity Enough and continuous supply 1. Run machines with less noise, economical. 9)Others Banking, postal communication, school shopping centres in near vicinity 1. Welfare of employees. 2. Safer transactions and better communication links. Optimum range of important climatic elements for dairy buffalo is given as under: Temperature : 13-250C Humidity : 60-70% Solar radiation : Medium level (as like in spring season) Wind velocity : 5-8 km/hr In the above climatic condition animal can stay comfortably without any environmental stress and they produce maximum. So the aims of housing are to provide the conducive environment for better growth, reproduction and production performance. Detail housing plan and equipment are shown in the annexures1 &2 4. FEEDING AND FODDER PRODUCTION For running the dairy project in profit, it will be important to keep the feeding cost minimum by proper planning of feeding programmes. Proper planning of fodder production and feeding schedule for different categories of dairy animals, are very important to run the project in profit. Fodder Production: Management will ensure that the land earmarked for the fodder production must produce more than 700 qtls. fodder/acre annually using: i) High yielding fodder crops seed. ii) Preferring multi-cut varieties than single cut. iii) Preferring growing of combination of leguminous and non-leguminous crops. iv) Ensilaging surplus fodder for scarcity period. Management will ensure that project workers associated with fodder production remains in touch with i) total agriculture universities/fodder production department/department of agronomy, ii) Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, iii) Incharge, Fodder Farm, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. 4.1 Feeding Dairy Cattle Feed costs are about 50 to 60 percent of the total cost of producing milk. Cows need to be fed balanced rations to give the most profitable level of production. Milk production of the individual cows is limited by heredity. Differences in milk production among cows of same breed are due to about 25 percent heredity and 75 percent environment. Feeding has the most influence and proper feeding and care allows the cow to produce closer to her potential ability. Feeding programme with the consultation of a animal nutritionist will be worked out periodically, keeping in view the local casts & availabilities for the different categories of dairy animal for any dairy project. For high pedigree calves following feeding programme will be also tried:

Management will ensure that project workers associated with fodder production remains in touch with i) total agriculture universities/fodder production department/department of agronomy, ii) Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, iii) Incharge, Fodder Farm, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. 4.1 Feeding Dairy Cattle Feed costs are about 50 to 60 percent of the total cost of producing milk. Cows need to be fed balanced rations to give the most profitable level of production. Milk production of the individual cows is limited by heredity. Differences in milk production among cows of same breed are due to about 25 percent heredity and 75 percent environment. Feeding has the most influence and proper feeding and care allows the cow to produce closer to her potential ability. Feeding programme with the consultation of a animal nutritionist will be worked out periodically, keeping in view the local casts & availabilities for the different categories of dairy animal for any dairy project. For high pedigree calves following feeding programme will be also tried: Periodical deworming will be carried for calves for proper utilization of nutrients. Composition of Calf Starter: For preparing calf starters, least cost feed formulation techniques using Linear programming on computer will be used. A typical composition of a calf starter to be used is given below. However, availability of ingredients, cost of ingredients, cost of other alternative ingredients (at the time of its actual use) will decide exact composition of the calf starter. A typical calf starter: Maize 42% Ground nut cake 28% Wheat bran 20% Skim milk powder/ fishmeal 7% Mineral mixture (ISI mark) 3% Nutritive values DCP 19.29% TDN 72.20 It is expected daily gain of such calves will be about 600 gm/day. Feeding growing and lactating dairy animals: Feeding programme for these categories of animals will be worked out keeping in view local available feed &fodders etc. and there cost with consultation of animal nutritionist. Water Requirements: Table: Drinking Water Requirement for Cattle/buffalo(Litre/day*) Calves : 10 Young stock, average:25 (8 12/100 kg body weight) Heifers:35 45 Dry dairy buffalo:40 60 Milking buffalo:5O 100 *There may be sufficient variations depending upon the season of the year and the prevailing temperature and humidity parameters. 5 REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING POLICY 5.1 Reproduction A good management must manage following points of reproductive failure and therefore it will be taken cared: i) The general physical condition of the animal has an effect on its ability to reproduce. An animal, which is too fat or too thin, may not become pregnant when bred. Proper nutrition and exercise will help to prevent this problem. Animal in poor physical conditions may have trouble giving birth. ii) There are several infections, which affect the reproductive organs of the animals. Some may prevent pregnancy and other may cause abortion. Infection of the uterus or general poor health of the animal may cause difficulty in giving birth. iii) The secretion of hormones affects the sexual behaviour of animals when these hormones are not properly secreted. The animal may not be able to reproduce. Some times, it is necessary to treat the animal with hormones to overcome this problem. iv) A Cyst is a swelling containing a fluid or semi-solid substance. Cyst may occur in the reproductive organs and cause breeding problems. Some cysts can be removed by surgery or treated with hormones but all cysts cannot be treated. Failure to detect animal in heat and proper insemination with proper semen is one of the major reasons of poor conception under Indian condition. v) Not all female animals become pregnant when bred. The reason for this reproductive failure are not always known. 5.2 Breeding Policy At the proposed farm, these murraha buffaoes will be mated with the frozen semen of superior murraha bulls , which have high pedigree and/or progeny index while selecting the semen care will be taken to avoid inbreeding in the herd.

iv) A Cyst is a swelling containing a fluid or semi-solid substance. Cyst may occur in the reproductive organs and cause breeding problems. Some cysts can be removed by surgery or treated with hormones but all cysts cannot be treated. Failure to detect animal in heat and proper insemination with proper semen is one of the major reasons of poor conception under Indian condition. v) Not all female animals become pregnant when bred. The reason for this reproductive failure are not always known. 5.2 Breeding Policy At the proposed farm, these murraha buffaoes will be mated with the frozen semen of superior murraha bulls , which have high pedigree and/or progeny index while selecting the semen care will be taken to avoid inbreeding in the herd. 6. CARE OF NEW BORN CALF Success of dairy project also depends upon fast rearing to a breedable age and with a minimum mortality. Mortality of calves (0-1month) will be kept below 7 percent by proper following of package of practices and feeding schedule as suggested below: Package of practices for calves: Age/ days Treatment Preventive against

1 Colostrum 2-2.5lt/day To built immunity 1 Use of antibiotics and nutrional formula as suggested by local vetrenarian Calf scours 1 Sealing navel vessel Navel ill 2 Vitamin A concentrate 1 ml vitablend or other simmillar supplement Night blindness 5 Piperazine adipate1 g/4 g live wt. Ascariasis 6-11 Piperazine adipate1 g/4 g live wt. Ascariasis 6-11 Suitable antibiotic for coccidiosis prevention Coccidiosis Besides above practices, use mineral supplement vitamin supplements like TM-5 or Aurofac daily, Rovimix in oil once a week (10,000 I.U. of Vitamin A) will be followed.Healthy calves with higher growth rate and low mortality rate are essential for higher profit from a dairy project. Following important management points will be considered to achieve above objective: i) Cleaning of the new born calf. Cutting the extra naval cord with sterile blade, dipping the naval cord in 7% iodine solution, sealing it properly. Feeding colostrum within 1 hr, this will built immunity and is highly nutritions and laxative. ii) In young calves Supplementation of Vit. A, D and E will be used. iii) Marking of the calf for permanent identification before it is removed from its dam will be carried. Date of birth, sire and dam will be recorded. iv) Weaning the calf, and use of a nipple pail to feed the calf or teach the calf to drink from a pail will be practiced. v) All feeding equipment will be kept clean and sterile. Feeding equipment will be Washed and sanitized. Cleaning the equipments after each feeding will be followed. vi) Feeding programme package of practices as suggested earlier will be followed. vii) Tattooing for permanent number will be carried within 1-2 days. viii) Dehorning the calf with electric dehorner within 7-14 days of age will be carried. ix) Removing of extra teat, if any, will be carried when calf will be 1-2 month of age. x) Surplus animals will be disposed at the earliest. 7. DAIRY HERD HEALTH AND INSURANCE 7.1 Dairy Herd Health Management will ensure that an overall plan for maintaining the health of the dairy herd is developed and executed using the services of the veterinarian associated with the project. a) A planned programme of regular vaccination and bred testing is carried out. b) Health records of all animals in the herd will be maintained. c) Follow a planned programme for mastitis control. Mastitis is one of the major cause of economic losses in crossbred (Holstein crosses) dairy herds in India. d) Accurate reproductive records will be kept. Regular examination of cows with breeding or calving problems will be carried. e) A planned programme of calf health care will be followed f) A planned programme of vaccination will be followed. g) To control and prophylaxis against external and internal parasites necessary measures will be taken. To reduce health problems the following management practices will be followed: Proper feeding of the herd.Proper housing, cleaning, sanitation & equipments facilities.Using clean and dry bedding.Replacing/culling properly.Isolating

b) Health records of all animals in the herd will be maintained. c) Follow a planned programme for mastitis control. Mastitis is one of the major cause of economic losses in crossbred (Holstein crosses) dairy herds in India. d) Accurate reproductive records will be kept. Regular examination of cows with breeding or calving problems will be carried. e) A planned programme of calf health care will be followed f) A planned programme of vaccination will be followed. g) To control and prophylaxis against external and internal parasites necessary measures will be taken. To reduce health problems the following management practices will be followed: Proper feeding of the herd.Proper housing, cleaning, sanitation & equipments facilities.Using clean and dry bedding.Replacing/culling properly.Isolating of sick animals. 7.2 Insurance In India, four subsidiaries of G.I.C. of India are carrying the business of cattle insurance. There is an agreement between these subsidiaries of GIC in respect of cattle insurance business and is observed by them with regard to rates, terms and conditions prescribed in the agreement. Therefore, any of the four Insurance Companies will be approached for insuring dairy cattle. i) Transit insurance cover for all newly purchased animal and to be transported to project site must be taken. ii) All milch cows will be got insured. iii) Replacement stock (Good heifers with higher EPA) will also be considered for taking insurance cover. Normally 4-6% (gross) is the premium rate of insurance for dairies having more than 100 animals. iv) There is some 15% discount for long term policies of 3 years. Management may consider this type of policies for replacement stock. 8. MANAGEMENT OF DRY COW Dry cow are those, which are not producing milk. Most cows need a dry period between lactations. Very after management neglects these animals, which may cause decrease in the profit in due course of time. Therefore, management of this dairy project will ensure that proper management of these categories of dairy project animals is carried. Following points will be considered. i) The average length of pregnancy for dairy cow is 280 days (a seven-day variation in gestation is considered normal). The cow should be dry for 45-60 days. The date to begin dry period is calculated back from projected date of calving. ii) Conditioning for the dry period is done during last few weeks of lactation. Research shows that body fat is replaced most efficiently during late lactation than during the dry period. cow should not be too fat or too thin at the end of the lactation. Adjusting the grain-to-roughage ratio can control weight. Give thin cow a higher percent of grain (concentrate) and fat cows less grain. iii) proper procedure will be followed to dry off the cow to avoid udder problems. Following suggested method will be followed: a) Milk the cow every other day for several days. b) Do not feed concentrate/grain, reduce water and forage intake for one or two days. After the feed has been reduced for the recommended time, stop milking the cow. Routine treatment for mastitis a drying off is recommended. Treat the cow for mastitis at the last milking. Watch the udder for abnormal swelling for two or three weeks after drying off. iv) Separate dry fcowrom the milking herd. They may be grouped with the bred heifers. Allow dry cows to get plenty of exercise. v) Do not overfed or underfed, feed mainly good quality roughages and recommended concentrate. Limit body gain to no more than 45 kg from late lactation to the next calving. When dry cow get too fat, there are more problem with ketosis, depressed appetite milk fever, displaced abomasum. Cows that are too fat have problem at calving time. vi) Research shows that it pays to treat dry cow for internal parasite. Ask Veterinarian for this treatment programme. vii) During last few days of the dry period, watch the cow closely for sign of calving. Ensure safe delivery in a calving-pen. Calving-pen floor should not be slippery and should have proper bed of dry straw. Ensure that after birth is expelled within 48 hours after calving. If it is not farm veterinarian must help. viii) After calving watch the cow for signs of milk fever, ketosis, or other health problem. Provide fresh water and hay/soft roughages/wheat bran after calving. It takes several days to get a cow and bull feed after calving. Gradually increase concentrate feeding. 9. RAISING DAIRY COWS FOR REPLACEMENT In any dairy project, necessary importance must be given to raise dairy cows for replacement for milking herd. From 15-20% of the average milking herd should be replaced every year.REPLACEMENTS need is to be selected from those animals with the highest potential for milk production. Following advantages are expected by raising dairy cow for replacement: i) Less cost than buying replacements. ii) Greater control of genetic improvement. iii) Less chance of bringing disease in to the herd.

9. RAISING DAIRY COWS FOR REPLACEMENT In any dairy project, necessary importance must be given to raise dairy cows for replacement for milking herd. From 15-20% of the average milking herd should be replaced every year.REPLACEMENTS need is to be selected from those animals with the highest potential for milk production. Following advantages are expected by raising dairy cow for replacement: i) Less cost than buying replacements. ii) Greater control of genetic improvement. iii) Less chance of bringing disease in to the herd. iv) Use of labour and facilities (fixed facilities) which might otherwise not be used. v) Increase income by sale of extra calves. vi) Personal satisfaction from herd improvement. 10. CULLING OF UNDESIRABLE ANIMALS Culling is permanently removing cows from the herd. Culling is necessary improve performance of the herd thereby improving returns every years. The most common reasons for culling are low milk production, reproduction problems, diseases, udder problems etc. In a well managed farm, out of the total animal culled for reason, other than milk production will be low, thereby giving a chance to cull low producing animals, replaced by high producing animals. This can improve milk production level of the herd every year. However, if more and more animals with reasons other than milk production are culled out of the fixed culling percentage, this leaves no chance to cull lower producers and to no chance to improve the herd milk production (See Table below). This concept will be followed for this dairy project: Reasons Percent Low production 32.5 Reproductive problems 26.6 Mastitis 10.4 Disease 7.7 Teat or udder injury 7.2 Poor udder confirmation 5.0 Accidents and injury 4.0 Poor feet and legs 2.0 Other poor conformations 1.2 Hard to milk or leaks milk 1.9 Poor disposition 0.8 Other miscellaneous reasons 0.7 It is proposed that following categories of animals will be culled at the earliest suitable opportunity to minimize the losses and to improve milk production level of the herd: i) Those with the lowest estimated relative producing ability. ii) First calf heifers producing 30 percent or more below herd average. iii) Other cows producing 20 percent or more below herd average. iv) Sell all the calves/heifers from buffaloes that are low producers (bottom 15 to 20 percent of the herd). v) Those that are still not bred 150 days after calving. vi) Those that have repeated health problems. vii) Those with poor udders and/or feet and leg problems. viii) Nervous and/or hard to handle lows. When animals will be culled in this project: It is important to decide that when during the lactation period a given cow is to be culled. An analysis of production and financial records will show an economic break-even point for the herd. Both variable and fixed costs are included in finding break even. The break even point to that production level at which the costs of producing 100 kg milk equal the price received for that milk. Further, the cost, availability and estimated productivity of replacement cow will be considered while deciding cow for cull. The number of cows, which can be handled by the facilities on the farm, must also be considered. If the facilities can handle more cows than are available as replacement than the break even point should be calculated on variable lists. The total fixed costs remain the same, regardless of how many cows are in the herd.

When animals will be culled in this project: It is important to decide that when during the lactation period a given cow is to be culled. An analysis of production and financial records will show an economic break-even point for the herd. Both variable and fixed costs are included in finding break even. The break even point to that production level at which the costs of producing 100 kg milk equal the price received for that milk. Further, the cost, availability and estimated productivity of replacement cow will be considered while deciding cow for cull. The number of cows, which can be handled by the facilities on the farm, must also be considered. If the facilities can handle more cows than are available as replacement than the break even point should be calculated on variable lists. The total fixed costs remain the same, regardless of how many cows are in the herd. 11. DAIRY RECORDS Estimates, guesses and beliefs cannot be used satisfactorily in the management of modern dairy farm enterprise. Facts and Figures help in efficient management of a farm. Record keeping is essential for evaluated the performance and for taking remedial actions to maximise profits. Application of computer has very crucial role in dairy record management and shall be utilised in this project. It is expected following records will be maintained at a dairy unit . i) Date of birth and pedigree information (at least parents and preferably grand parents also of the animals. ii) Records on growth. iii) Reproduction records (oestrus, breeding, pregnancy diagnosis and calving). iv) Milk production records (daily). v) Health and veterinary record (vaccination). vi) Therapy of diseases and disorders. vii) Feeding items records (daily consumption of green fodder, straw and concentrate) estimated values. viii) Periodic test of milk fat, SNF, quality. ix) History sheet. x) Besides above records, following records are also to be maintained: Complete farm business records (purchase of feed, seed, fodder, fertilizers, veterinary medicines, irrigation implements, electricity and fuel expenses, sale of milk, animals, skin, manure, labour wages etc.). Format of such records are available with Agricultural Universities, Dairy Research Institute or can be developed at the farm as per requirement. Records will be used for following purposes: i) In making decision about culling of animals. ii) In reducing feed cost. iii) In proper utilization of land and labour. iv) Comparing performance with standard values. v) Proper breeding of herd. vi) Proper claiming from insurance companies. 12. MILKING MANAGEMENT It is proposed to follow following milking practices for the dairy animals of the proposed dairy farm : i) Newly purchased buffaloes will be initially milked with hand until the animals are made familiar with machine milking. ii) For hand milking full hand method will be applied. iii) A regular routine of milking will be followed. Dairy cows respond with higher production when milked regularly at about same times each day. Milking interval will be about equal. The day time interval can be somewhat shorter than the night interval. Three time milking will be practiced (620% more milk over two time milking is expected. iv) Warm water (in winter otherwise fresh water) containing sanitizing agent such as chlorine or iodine for washing udders and (single serving) disposable paper (if economy permits) otherwise clean dry towels will be used for cleaning, before milking. Strip cup will be used for watching abnormal milk if in any quarter. Milking will be carried with clean hands. v) Usually cows milk out for 3-6 minutess after stimulating letdown. Milker must milk cow quickly emptying the udder completely for maximum milk production. Complete emptying of udder will be ensured to prevent mastitis. vi) Before using machine milking, milker will acquire proper training to avoid injury to the udder. vii) It will be ensured that after milking teats are properly sanitized in a sanitizing solution containing chlorine, iodine etc. viii) Healthy cows will be milked first and cows with udder problems at last. Quality milk production It will be ensured that high quality milk with following qualities is produced: i) Free from dirt and other sediment. ii) Low bacteria count.

v) Usually cows milk out for 3-6 minutess after stimulating letdown. Milker must milk cow quickly emptying the udder completely for maximum milk production. Complete emptying of udder will be ensured to prevent mastitis. vi) Before using machine milking, milker will acquire proper training to avoid injury to the udder. vii) It will be ensured that after milking teats are properly sanitized in a sanitizing solution containing chlorine, iodine etc. viii) Healthy cows will be milked first and cows with udder problems at last. Quality milk production It will be ensured that high quality milk with following qualities is produced: i) Free from dirt and other sediment. ii) Low bacteria count. iii) No chemical contamination. iv) Low somatic cell. v) No water. vi) Has good flavour. Management of this dairy project is expected to follow the following practices to provide high quality milk for selling at premium price: High standard of cleanliness of cows, sheds, milking equipments. Keeping cows healthy, free from mastitis. Proper cooling and quick disposal of milk. 13. LABOUR MANAGEMENT Dairy farming being a labour intensive enterprise in India requires proper management to improve profits. Expenditure on labour cost is second to the cost of feed in annual cost of keeping a cow. To reduce this expenditure, management of this project will ensure: i) Proper planning of animal housing units. ii) Proper grouping of different buildings of the dairy enterprise. iii) Selection of proper equipment, durable and give trouble free service. iv) Proper training and demonstration will be given about the expected task assigned to the labour. v) Care will be taken for the welfare of the labour and incentives will be given to improve efficiency of labour. vi) Where so ever possible casual labour will be used. vii) Work from labour will be taken as per labour acts. Following Kind of Labour will be selected for Dairy Farm: i) Honest and hard working. ii) Punctual and swift in action. iii) Prepared to work at odd hours of night. iv) Pay attention and has love for animals. 14. SAFETY AT FARM Dairy Farming can become dangerous and risky if proper safety measures are not used. Besides loss of human loss, there can be financial liabilities on the management as per different laws of the constitution. Studies have shown in farm accidents either farm machinery is involved or animals confined in a building. Farm machinery accidents cause generally fatal injuries, whereas injuries from animals are not as bad as injuries from machinery, causing loss of money, time, productivity of the farm. To avoid injury, people who work with farm machinery and farm animals must be careful and practice good safety habits. Since management is required by law to provide safe and healthy work place for their employers, therefore, it is in the interest of the management to inform workers about safety practices. Types and kind of injuries at a Dairy Farm: Injuries from animalsusually occur when they kick or step on people or push them against hard surface such as side of a pen. People may be injured falling when working with cows. Human and Environmental Factors Relating to Safety: i) Human error is usually a major factor in the cause of accidents. Being tired, not paying attention and using poor judgement are frequent cause of accidents that involves animals. ii) People younger than 25 and older than 60 have more accidents on the farm than people between 25 to 60. iii) There can be a risky environment involved in livestock operations. These include slippery floors, manure pit, silo, chaff cutter machinery and livestock confinement building. Necessary protective measures will be adopted for such working environments. Chemical Safety: Come chemicals like pesticides etc. that are used in dairy farming can be dangerous. All workers will be instructed to follow safe practices relating

injured falling when working with cows. Human and Environmental Factors Relating to Safety: i) Human error is usually a major factor in the cause of accidents. Being tired, not paying attention and using poor judgement are frequent cause of accidents that involves animals. ii) People younger than 25 and older than 60 have more accidents on the farm than people between 25 to 60. iii) There can be a risky environment involved in livestock operations. These include slippery floors, manure pit, silo, chaff cutter machinery and livestock confinement building. Necessary protective measures will be adopted for such working environments. Chemical Safety: Come chemicals like pesticides etc. that are used in dairy farming can be dangerous. All workers will be instructed to follow safe practices relating to use of these chemicals. Storing Chemicals: Farm chemicals such as pesticides etc. will be stored in a safe place with proper label and warning. First-Aid Kits: First-aid kits containing the proper medical supplies will be kept at farm. Fire Safety: Fire can be one of the most serious hazards on dairy farm. Fires are usually caused by carelessness. Most fire starts with electrical equipments or cigarette, matchsticks. To prevent fire following measures will be taken: Fuels, straw etc. will be stored in a safe way. Smoking will be prohibited near such buildings. All electrical wires and equipment will be kept in good conditions. When planning new building, these will be spaced at least 50 feet from each others. Fire extinguishers will be Located near doorways, in all buildings. These will be Inspected regularly to make sure that they are fully charged. Water outlets and hoses will be Provided around the building. Following points of Safety Practices with Dairy Livestock will be followed: Planning ahead when working with animals in or enclosed space to provide way out. Use of proper equipment while handling livestock. It will be ensured that only those with enough strength and experience do livestock handling. No work with animal when tired. Knowing the animal behaviour. Be careful when leading animals and handle lead lines properly. 15. POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS Management of this dairy project will ensure that animal wastes, chemical waste, dead animals, odors, noise from machinery do not harm the environment and will abide by the laws concerned with environmental pollution. To control pollution and environment following measures will be taken: Handling Dairy Livestock Waste: Objective of handling livestock waste is to control odors, flies and rodents etc. Normally, a dairy cow of 500 kg weight is expected to produce 18 kg manures daily (.098 kg N/day, .0163 kg P/day, 0.635 K/day) (87% moisture) 0.66 ft3, or annually 6.8 tone of manure. Manure is valuable as a fertilizer. With the increasing cost of chemical fertilizer and increasing awareness about the benefits of natural fertilizers, the animal manure has become more valuable. It is expected that manure will be properly converted into compost and utilized or sold. This will avoid pollution and will increase the profits also. Disposal of Dead Animals: i) Dead animals if any will be disposed within 24 hours after death. This will be done in such a way that no hazard is created. ii) Disease may spread from dead animals to people to other animals. Always treat dead animals as though. They are diseased. Truck trolly/bullock cart used to haul dead animals will be disinfected after use. The vehicle will be leak proof and preferably covered. iii) Disposal site/burrial site will be far away from the other buildings, public roads and public properties. It will be high enough, there should have good drainage, away from sources of water i.e. well, hand pumps etc. 16. USE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES It is important for the management of any enterprise to keep itself well informed about the latest development in the concerned fields, particularly

 i) Dead animals if any will be disposed within 24 hours after death. This will be done in such a way that no hazard is created. ii) Disease may spread from dead animals to people to other animals. Always treat dead animals as though. They are diseased. Truck trolly/bullock cart used to haul dead animals will be disinfected after use. The vehicle will be leak proof and preferably covered. iii) Disposal site/burrial site will be far away from the other buildings, public roads and public properties. It will be high enough, there should have good drainage, away from sources of water i.e. well, hand pumps etc. 16. USE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES It is important for the management of any enterprise to keep itself well informed about the latest development in the concerned fields, particularly with the emerging technologies. Emerging technologies are normally expected to influence the profitability of an enterprise. For the survival of any enterprise and to sell a product at competitive rates, it is very important to keep itself embrace with the latest research developments activities in the relevant fields. Some of the emerging technologies in dairy farming are listed below around when an opportunity arises to use/try the proven technologies, it will be availed/tried on small scale and after suitable modification (if required) these will be adopted at this farm also. i) Embryo Transfer Technique (ETT): Over the past 20 years, the role of embryo transfer technique (ETT) has grown from that of being research tool to becoming an economically important component of dairy industry. Prior to ETT, a cow was limited to produce 8-10 calves over its productive life time, but through ETT non-surgical procedures on donor dam could produce from 10-30 calves per year. The ETT has made possible the availability of frozen embryo developed from superior parents. In India, the technology is available at NDRI and NDDB. Commercial exploitation has been initiated by these organisations. ii) Use of protected proteins in the ration of high yielding dairy cows. To economic ration of high producing and for proper utilization of nutrients this technology will be used while formulating rations. Information is available at NDRI and NDDB. iii) Ammoniation of straws to increase its nutritive value. This technology improves the nutritive value of poor quality roughages and has potential to economize feeding of straws. Information on this technology is available at NDRI, Karnal and will be utilised. iv) Least cost feed formulations using computer. Different programmes are available to reduce feed formulation cost information available at NDRI and NDDB. Management of this dairy project is expected to remain in touch with R&D organisations in India and abroad for updating its technologies from time to time. 17. MARKETING MILK AND DAIRY ANIMALS A Dairy Enterprise produces milk/dairy animals to sell at a profit. Careful management can help reduce the cost of producing the milk/livestock. A knowledge of marketing structure for milk/livestock can help the enterprise to make wise management decisions. Management will consider following factors/strategies in marketing milk/livestock: i) Different markets for milk/livestock available. ii) Price structure and regulation of milk marketing. iii) Price, supply and demand trends for milk production. iv) Cost of milk production, selling price in different seasons. v) Impact of advertising and potential of selling farm produce, farm pack milk The management will identify itself as producer of high quality milk/dairy animals to sell its products at prime price. ****************

Annexure-A

Sheds/Housing (extendableto500cows)

Annexure-B Annexure-B

Farm machinnary

A Equipment 1Milkingsystem 55000 2BulkMilkCooler 50000 3WaterTroghs 10000 4BarnStallingandequipments 0 5Mixerwagon/tractortrolleyForFeedDispensinginsheds/bullockcart 300000 6ManureHandlingEquipments 20000 7MiscellaneousTestingEquipments 10000 8Vehicles,DeliveryVanetc. 0 8FarmEquipmet-ChaffCutter,Cutteretc 50000 9PowerSupplyequipments 25000 10Labequipments 15000 11DGSet1 100000 SlurryPump 0 Manureseperator 0 CrosschannelScraper 0 Totalequipmentcost B Other utilities Watertank, ElectricalCabling&Wiring Plumbing Internalfittings-fan,tubes,etc Total cost of utilities C total Contruction cost(shed ,roads etc) Total above Miscl cost (structure /machinary )etc 635000 100000 75000 50000 100000 325000 6858000 7818000 4345452

TotalCost of machinary,utilities,construction of shed etc 12163452