NAME:

MATRIC NUMBER:
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 2

TITLE: Free Fall

THEORY:

If a body of mass,m is accelerated from the state of rest in a constant gravitational field
(gravitational force,mg) it performs a linear motion. By applying the coordinate system in a way
that the x axis indicates the direction of motion and solving the corresponding one - dimensional
equation of motion,

We get:

2
( )
.
2
d h t
m m g
dt
=

We obtain, for the initial conditions


(0)
(0) 0; 0
dh
h
dt
= =

the coordinate h as a function of time (see Figure 1):

( )
2
1
( ) 1
2
h t gt =

The height is directly proportional to the square of time.
This can be displayed by a representation of h(t
2
) as shown in Figure 2.

From the regression line of the data, we can calculate the gravitational acceleration because the
slope is equal to g according to equation (1).

Figure 1: Height of Fall as a Function of Figure 2: Height of Fall as a Function of
Falling Time The Square Falling Time
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 3

OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the motion of an object in free fall and determine the functional relationship between
height of fall and time of fall, h = h (t)

2. To calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity,g

EQUIPMENT:

1. Release holder 7. Cursor (1 pair)

2. Plug point 8. Meter stick, 1 m

3. Digital counter 9. Steel ball, 19 mm diameter

4. Support base 10. Support rod

5. Right angle clamp 11. Connecting wires

6. Plate holder

PROCEDURES:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3.



Figure 3: Experimental set-up

2. Then, set up the digital counter for display, function and trigger in options of ms, timer and
respectively.

3. Grip the steel ball at the release holder before the digital counter is switch on.

aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 4

4. Lift the plate holder 10 mm above, this condition will be your reference for initial position for
each following measurements.

5. Release the steel ball and record the reading.

6. Press the reset button of digital counter and repeat the experiment twice.

7. Record time elapsed for 10 different displacements.

8. Plot the graph height versus the square of time, t
2
.

9. Determine the magnitude of the gravity based on your plotted graph.

10. Comment about your graph and make a comparison between the value of the gravity that you
get with the actual value. (Report this in your discussion)




























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DATA:

y
o
= ___________ Unit : _____________


Displacement, y
Unit :
Time elapsed, t
Unit :
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3























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TITLE: Projectile Motion

THEORY:

If a body of mass, m moves in a constant gravitational field (gravitational force, mg), the motion
lies in a plane.

If the coordinate system is laid in this plane (x, y plane see Figure 1) and the equation of
motion:

2
( )
2
d r t
m mg
dt
=

where:

( , ) ; (0, ) r x y g g = =

is solved, then, with the initial conditions


(0) 0
(0) ( cos , sin )
o o
r
v v v
=
= | |


We obtain the coordinates as a function of time, t


2
( ) .cos. .
( ) .sin .
2
o
o
x t v t
g
y t v t t
=
=
|
|

From this, the maximum height of projection, h is obtained as a function of the angle of
projection (see Figure 2):


2
2
sin
2
o
v
h
g
= |

and the maximum range, s is (see Figure 3):


2
sin 2
o
v
s
g
= |







aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 7



Figure 1: Movement of a mass point under Figure 3: Maximum range as a function of
the effect of gravitational force the angle of inclination, for different
initial velocity, v
o



Figure 2: Maximum height of projection, h
As a function of the angle of inclination,

OBJECTIVES:

1. To determine the range as a function of the angle of inclination.

2. To determine the maximum height of projection as a function of the angle of inclination.

3. To determine the maximum range as a function of the initial velocity.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Ballistic pendulum 5. Meter stick, 1 m
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 8

2. Recording paper 6. Steel ball, 19 mm diameter

3. Two tier platform support 7. Speed measuring attachment

4. Barrel base 8. Connecting wires

PROCEDURES:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 4.



Figure 4: Experimental set-up

2. Put the steel ball in the stage 1 of firing spring, where the angle scale reads 0
o
.

3. Release the trigger of the firing spring and record the initial velocity of the ball. At the same
time, measure the range and the height of the released steel ball. Repeat your measurement.

4. Repeat the procedure above for different angles with inclination 15
0
until it reach maximum
angle, 90
0
.

5. Then, repeat procedures 2 to 4 for stage 2 and stage 3 of firing spring.

6. From your data, plot the graphs of

a) Range of the projectile as a function of the angle.

b) Height as a function of the angle.

c) Range as function of the initial velocity.

7. State the angle of the firing ball when the range is a maximum. Give your justification
between your value and the theoretical value. (State this in your discussion)

aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 9

8. Discuss the relationship between height of projection and inclination angle. (State this in your
discussion)

9. What is the relationship between range and initial velocity? (State this in your discussion)

10. Explain the possibility changes on angle, (), range, (R) and height, (h) when we use a
different mass of steel ball. (State this in your discussion)


































aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 10

DATA:

Stage
Initial velocity, v
o

Unit :
Angle,
Unit :
Range, R
Unit :
Height, h
Unit :
Reading
1
Reading
2
Reading
1
Reading
2
Reading
1
Reading
2
Reading
1
Reading
2




1












2












3













aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 11

TITLE: Hookes Law

THEORY:

When forces act on a solid body, the resulting deformation (translation and rotation movements
are suppressed in the following) depends to a large extent on the material as well as on the size
and on the direction along which the exterior forces act. When the solid body regains its original
shape after the exterior force stops acting, that is, the interior restoring forces of the material can
bring the solid body back to its original equilibrium position, the material is called elastic.

A helical spring is a very simple example of an elastic body. In addition, if deviations l from
the equilibrium position,l
o
of the helical spring are not very large, the restoring force F
R
of the
spring is found to be proportional to its elongation (or to its compression) l :


R
F D l = A

This is Hookes law or the linear law of forces, where the proportionality constant,D, which is a
general magnitude of reference, is called the spring constant in the case of a helical spring. If an
exterior force acts on the spring, such as the weight,F
W
= mg of a mass (g = 9.81 m/s
2
:
acceleration of terrestrial gravity) in this experiment, a new stable equilibrium is reached for the
length of the spring,l
1
, for which the weight mass,m is equal to the restoring force of the spring:

R W
F D l mg F = A = =

The elongation of the helical spring is therefore proportional to the forces,F
W
exerted by the
weights:


1
W
l F
D
A = =

as in also shown by the characteristic curve of the helical spring (Figure 1).


Figure 1: Weight as a function of elongation
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 12

OBJECTIVE:

1. To determine the spring constants of helical spring.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Tripod base 6. Thread

2. Weight holder 7. Holding pin

3. Slotted weights (10 g and 50 g) 8. Meter stick, 1 m

4. Barrel base 9. Support rod

5. Right angle clamp 10. Helical spring (3 N/m & 20 N/m)

PROCEDURES:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 2.


Figure 2: Experimental set up

2. Measure and record the position of y
o
at the end of the spring without any slotted weight.

3. Then, load the 10 g slotted weight on the helical spring using the weight holder. Record the
spring elongation, l = y
i
y
o
(see Figure 3). Repeat the measurement twice and record it.
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 13


Figure 3: Measurement of the elongation of
the helical spring


4. Increase the slotted weight in steps of 10 g until a maximum load of 200 g.

5. Repeat procedure 3 and 4 for another helical spring.

6. Plot the graph weight,F
w
against the elongation, l for helical springs.

7. From the graph, determine the spring constants for both helical springs.

8. Comment about your graph and make a comparison between the values of the constant that
you get with the actual value. (Report this in your discussion)

9. Explain whether the helical spring follow the Hookes Law.
















aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 14

DATA:
y
o
= ___________ Unit : _____________

Mass,m
Unit :
Elongation, l
Unit :
Spring 1 Spring 2
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3























aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 15

TITLE: Moments

THEORY:

The equilibrium conditions for a rigid body, on which forces, F
i
act at point, r
i
are

0
i
F F = =

and

0
i i
T r F = =

T is the moment or torque.

The origin of the coordinates, with reference to which the moments are defined, can be selected
free in the equilibrium state.

In the present case, one obtains


1 1 2 2
r F r F =

and for the magnitudes


1 1 2 2
sin T r F r F = = o

OBJECTIVES:

1. To determine moment as a function of the distance between the origin of the coordinates and
the point of action of the force.

2. To determine moment as a function of the angle between the force and the position vector to
the point of action of the force.

3. To determine moment as a function of the force.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Moment disk 7. Weight holder

2. Spring balances 8. Metal stick, 15 cm

3. Tripod base 9. Slotted weight

4. Support base 10. Fish thread
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5. Right angle clamp 11. Barrel base

6. Bolt with pins

PROCEDURES:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 1



Figure 1: Experimental set-up

2. For each task please refer to the Figure 2 as your reference.


Figure 2: Compensating moments

Task 1 (Investigating moment as a function of the distance)

i) The weight holder with a slotted weight of 0.05 kg is hanging at the end of moment disk. The
position of a spring balance is fix at r
1
= 0.12 m from the pivot point.




aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 17

ii) Adjust the spring balance so that the angle between the horizontal line of moment disk and
weight holder is /2.

iii) Record the reading of spring balance. Repeat the measurement twice.

iv) Vary the distance r
2
value from the end of moment disk. [You need to repeat procedure (ii)
and (iii)]

Task 2 (Investigating moment as a function of the angle)

i) The position of spring balance and weight holder are fix at r
1
= r
2
= 0.09 m. The weight holder
with the slotted weight is fixed at 0.05 kg.

ii) The spring balance is set at 15
o
and records its reading. Make sure the angle weight between
holder and the horizontal line of moment disk is /2.

iii) Repeat the measurement twice.

iv) Procedure (iii) and (iv) are repeat by varying the angle with inclination of 15
o
.

Task 3 (Investigating moment as a function of the force)

i) The position of spring balance is fixed at r
1
= 0.06 m and the position of weight holder is fixed
at r
2
= 0.09 m.

ii) Put the slotted of mass 0.01 kg at the weight holder. Record the reading of spring balance,
make sure the angle between weight holder and the horizontal line of moment disk is /2.

iii) Repeat the measurement twice.

iv) Procedure (iii) is repeat by varying the mass of slotted weigh, up to maximum of 0.10 kg.

3. Plot the following graphs.

a) Moments, T (N/m) against distance, r
2
(m) (see in Figure 3)

b) Moments, T (N/m) against sin

() (see in Figure 4)

c) Moments, T (N/m) against mass, m

(g) (see in Figure 5)

Comment all the above graphs.

aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 18

m
kg
m


Figure 3: Moment as a function of the distance Figure 4: Moment as a function of the angle



Figure 5: Moment as a function of the mass








m = 0.05 kg
r
1
= 0.12 m
= /2
F
2
= m.g
r
1
= 0.06 m
r
2
= 0.09 m
= /2
F
2
= 0.5 N
r
1
= r
2
= 0.09 m
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 19

DATA:

Task 1

Distance, r
2

Unit :
Force, F
Unit :
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3






Task 2

Angle,
Unit :
Force, F
Unit :
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3







Task 3

Mass, m
Unit :
Force, F
Unit :
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3











aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 20

TITLE: Heat Capacity of Metals

THEORY:

The heat capacity,C of a substance is defined as the quotient of the quantity of heat absorbed, Q o
and the change in temperature, dT


Q
C
dT
=
o


and is proportional to the mass of the heated substance.

The specific heat capacity is


C
c
m
=

According to Debyes theory, which considers lattice vibrations up to a limiting frequency,
D
v
the heat capacity is given by


( )
( )
3
4
/
2
0
( ) 3 .3
1
3 . /
z
z
u
z
z e d T
C T Nk
e
Nk D T
| |
=
|
\ .

=
}
u t
u
u


where

z = h~/kT
0 = /
D
hv k , called the Debye temperature
h = Plancks constant
k = Boltzmann constant
N = number of atoms in the volume considered

( ) / D T u is called the Debye function.

For large value of / T u the upper integration limit is small, the integrand can be expanded and
we obtain the law of Dulong and Petit:

3
v
C Nk =

We thus obtain the molar heat capacity

3 . 3 24.94 /
m L
C N k R J K = = =
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 21

where N
L
is the Loschmidt number and R the gas constant.

The values of molar heat capacity as measured in the experiment also agree well with the
theoretical values from Dulong and Petit`s law (24.94 J/(Mol K)).

After the metallic bodies at temperature,T
2
are put in the cold water at temperature,T
1
, the
mixture in the calorimeter has a temperature,T
m
which results from the energy balance.

The temperatures before and after heat sharing are not constant because of the exchange of heat
with the surroundings. For the evaluation select the appropriate scale for the temperature axis by
adapting the display option in the measurement menu. Enlarge the graph to full screen size
and use the function measure to determine the start temperature,T
1
and the mixture temperature
T
m
with the help of the cursor lines. The difference in temperature is also available.

The specific heat capacity of the different materials is obtained from the energy balance as
follows


( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
2
2
.
.
m
mb m
C c m T T
c
m T T
+
=

where

C = 80 J/K = heat capacity of the calorimeter
C = 4.19 J/gK = specific heat capacity of water
m
1
= 200 g = mass of water
m
mb
= mass of the metal bodies

OBJECTIVES:

1. To determine the specific heat capacity of aluminum, iron and brass.

2. To verify Dulong Petits law with the results of these experiments.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Cobra3-BASIC-UNIT 10. Calorimeter vessel, 500 ml

2. Power Supply 11. Glass beaker, 500 ml

3. Software Cobra3 Temperature 12. Agitator rod

4. Measurement Module Temperature NiCr-Ni 13. Portable balance

5. Immersion Probe NiCr-Ni 14. Butane burner

6. Support Rod, Stainless Steel 15. Butane cartridge
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 22

7. Universal clamp 16. Beads, 200 g

8. Wire gauz with ceramic 17. Fish line, 100 mm

9. Metal bodies, set of 3 18. Paper tissues

PROCEDURES:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 1




Figure 1: Experimental set-up

2. Fill 200 g of water at room temperature (m
1
) in the calorimeter.

3. Tie two aluminums test pieces together with fishing line and do the same with three iron and
three brass pieces.

4. Fill a 500 ml glass beaker with about 400 ml of water.

5. Immerse all the metallic bodies in this water bath using a universal clamp to avoid that the
metallic bodies touch the bottom of the beaker.

6. Boil the metallic bodies with water in glass beaker.

7. Select the measurement device temperature in the software. Start a new measurement and set
the parameters according to Figure 2.

8. Calibrate the temperature sensor as follows:

In this experiment the immersion probe should show 100 C in boiling water. Hence for
calibrating, the probe is kept in the glass beaker with the boiling water and 100 C is entered as
value.
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 23



Figure 2: Measurement parameters

9. The procedure is completed by the buttons calibrate and OK. Clicking on Continue shows
the measured temperature.

10. Cool the immersion probe very carefully and then immerse it in the cold water in the
calorimeter vessel.

11. Start the measurement and measure the temperature of the water in the calorimeter for about
5 seconds.

12. Take the metallic bodies of one type (e.g. Aluminum) out of the boiling water, dry them
quickly, put them in the calorimeter vessel and stir vigorously.

13. The measurement automatically ends after 60 seconds or can be terminated by pressing a
key.

14. The measured temperatures are displayed as a function of time immediately (see Figure 3).

15. Repeat the procedure for the other metallic bodies (see Figure 4 and Figure 5).

# Before doing so, wash the calorimeter with cold water, dry it and fill it with water again.

aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 24


Figure 3: Course of temperature in the Figure 4: Course of temperature in the
calorimeter for Aluminum calorimeter for Iron


Figure 5: Course of temperature in the
calorimeter for Brass













aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 25

DATA:

T
2
=

Metal Bodies Aluminum Iron Brass
T
1
(
o
C)
T
m
(
o
C)
T
m
- T
1
(K)
T
2
- T
m
(K)
































aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 26

LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT


These sections should be in your lab reports:

1. Title
A title should indicate the lab work that you have done.

2. Abstract
An abstract is a summarization of your written lab report. The summary must be written in a
concise paragraph about 150 words. This abstract often includes the purposes of your
experiment, method, brief theory, result of experiment and also the conclusion.

3. I ntroduction
The introduction is more narrowly focused than the abstract. Usually a good introduction should
have an objective of the experiment, theory and important formula that related to the experiment.

4. Equipment / Material
You need to List out all the equipment or materials used in your experiment including the
quantity of each one.

5. Procedure
This section describes each step in your experiment in details. Your procedure should be written
in chronological order by listing step by step. A diagram showing the experiment apparatus
should be drawn.

6. Results and Data Analysis
Results and data analysis should be cover table, calculations and plotted graphs. The tables
should have a descriptive title i.e Table 1: The time taken of pendulum. The parameters must
have symbols and units.
All calculations must be neatly presented with a subheading that describe the purposes of
calculations and write the results in SI unit.
Graph should include a title, axis label including symbols and units for of data being
plotted. For the linear graph, the centroid point is a must.*

7. Discussion
The discussion should have answer the questions posed in your laboratory manual. Explain and
compare your results to trends described in the theory background. Discussion on your result
should also consider the possible reason for discrepancies (sources of error), precautions
consideration and suggestions regarding any possible changes needed in the design of the
experiments.
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 27

8. Conclusion
Conclusion is a clear and short statement as a result of your experiment that includes its
deviation percentage with the theoretical value.*

9. Reference
The references include your lab manual and any outside reading that you have done. Minimum
number of references that you should have is three with at least two citations from books or
journals. List your references by alphabetical name of the author i.e Giancoli, D. C. Physics for
Scientist and Engineers: with Modern Physics. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009

10. Appendix
Your data sheet must be attached together as an appendix in your report.





























aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 28

NOTES

1. Use past tenses when writing your report since the experiment is already finish.

2. Use present tenses when writing about the theory, equipment or other things that still exist.



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS


General Laboratory Safety

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner during the laboratory sessions.

2. Do not touch any equipment or other materials in the laboratory room until you are asked to
do so.

3. Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory.

4. Prepare yourself by read lab manual before you are coming for the laboratory sessions.

5. Dress properly during a laboratory session. You are compulsory to wear shoes which it
completely cover your foot. No sandals allowed.

6. Ask the lab instructor if you have a problem to use equipment.


Report Submission

1. Your lab report must be written in handwriting. Any typing form is not allowed.

2. You are supposed to work in groups of three or four members which will be arranged at the
beginning of your class.

3. Your report must be your own group work; any misconduct will not be tolerated.

4. Please submit only a copy of report per group. Please use the cover report provided as in
appendix.

5. The due date of submission for each report is depend on your instructor.
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 29



LABORATORY REPORT
Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology
BSP1402 : PHYSICS LABORATORY I

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : ...................................................................................................................
DATE OF SUBMISSION : ...................................................................................................................
LAB INSTRUCTOR : ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
PREPARED FOR : ...................................................................................................................

NO. NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE










** By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this written lab report and confirm that all
the work contained in this lab report is your groups own work.
Item Marks
Abstract /10
Introduction /5
Equipment / Material /5
Procedure /10
Result & Data Analysis /25
Discussion /30
Conclusion /5
Reference /5
Appendix /5
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 30



LABORATORY REPORT
Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology
BSP1402 : PHYSICS LABORATORY I

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : ...................................................................................................................
DATE OF SUBMISSION : ...................................................................................................................
LAB INSTRUCTOR : ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
PREPARED FOR : ...................................................................................................................

NO. NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE










** By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this written lab report and confirm that all
the work contained in this lab report is your groups own work.
Item Marks
Abstract /10
Introduction /5
Equipment / Material /5
Procedure /10
Result & Data Analysis /25
Discussion /30
Conclusion /5
Reference /5
Appendix /5
aishahh@ump.edu.my Page 31



LABORATORY REPORT
Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology
BSP1402 : PHYSICS LABORATORY I

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : ...................................................................................................................
DATE OF SUBMISSION : ...................................................................................................................
LAB INSTRUCTOR : ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
PREPARED FOR : ...................................................................................................................

NO. NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE










** By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this written lab report and confirm that all
the work contained in this lab report is your groups own work.
Item Marks
Abstract /10
Introduction /5
Equipment / Material /5
Procedure /10
Result & Data Analysis /25
Discussion /30
Conclusion /5
Reference /5
Appendix /5