1

ENTREPRENEURS AND THEIR ATTITUDINAL COMPETENCY: AN EVALATION

4.1

Introduction An entrepreneurship is a journey from poverty to prosperity, total

dependence to equality, agricultural labour to entrepreneurs in industry and in service sectors and finally, as opportunity entrepreneurs. It has almost reached a stage where it is more suitable a profession than getting employed in public /private organizations which have their own limitations. Thus the entrepreneurs journey mirrors the transformation of the nation from low to high-income countries. However, many entrepreneurs tend to face many problems in running their enterprises efficiently and profitability for the reasons unknown. attitudinal Problems in running the business may be lack of behavioural competency and managerial

competency,

competency. Therefore, an attempt is made here, in this chapter, to evaluate the status of attitudinal competency along with socio-characteristics of the entrepreneurs.

4.2

Results and Discussion The profile of the randomly selected respondents among the

population of entrepreneurs in South Chennai city is presented in Table 4.1.

2 Table 4.1 Profile of the Entrepreneurs in the Sample Profile Gender Male Female Age (in years) Up to 30 31 40 41 50 > 50 Religion Hindu Non-Hindu Community SC/ST MBC OBC Others Marital Status Married Single Family Type Joint Nuclear Nature of Education Technical Non-technical General Education SSLC HSC Degree / Diploma Post Graduate Origin Native Migrant Previous Occupation Yes No All Sample Source: Primary Data. Number of Respondents 146 5 40 57 38 16 129 22 24 28 77 22 120 31 62 89 45 106 69 28 39 15 98 53 107 44 151 % to Total 96.7 3.3 26.5 37.7 25.2 10.6 85.4 14.6 15.9 18.5 51.0 14.6 79.5 20.5 41.1 58.9 29.8 70.2 45.7 18.5 25.8 9.9 64.9 35.1 70.9 29.1 100.0

3 It can be seen from the table that 96.7 per cent of the entrepreneurs in the sample are male entrepreneurs. The respondents with age between 31-40 years are maximum at 37.7 per cent followed by 26.5 per cent, 25.2 per cent and 10.6 per cent of the respondent group with age up to 30 years, 41-50 years and above 50 years respectively. By religion, the Hindu group is much higher at 85.4 per cent. By community, OBC (Other backward community) is major group followed by MBC (Most backward). The entrepreneurs belong to SC/ST (Schedules caste / Scheduled tribe) and Other community is 15.9 per cent and 14.6 per cent respectively. Married entrepreneurs (79.5%) outnumbers the More than 50 per cent of the

unmarried/single counterparts (20.5%).

entrepreneurs in the sample belong to nuclear family (58.9%) and nontechnical persons (70.2%) are much higher than the technical counterparts (29.8%). The general education of the single largest group of entrepreneurs is SSLC (45.7%). Following this, 25.8 per cent of the respondents are degree / diploma holders while 18.5 per cent and 9.9 per cent of the respondents are educated up to higher secondary level and post graduate level respectively. As far as the origin of the respondents is concerned, it is understood that 64.9 per cent of the respondents are natives and 35.1 per cent of them are migrants. previously. Out of total 151, 107 entrepreneur respondents had occupation

4 Table 4.2 Nature of Previous Occupation Nature of Occupation Number of Respondents 37 32 11 27 107 % to Total 34.6 29.9 10.3 25.2 100.0

Employed Self Employed Profession Business Total Sample Source: Primary Data. Note: Only cases with Yes opinion for previous occupation

According to Table 4.2, 34.6 per cent of entrepreneurs in the sample was employed before starting their business. While 29.9 per cent were selfemployed, 25.2 per cent were running business earlier. Only 10.3 per cent of the respondents are found with profession as their occupation before becoming entrepreneurs. Table 4.3 Usefulness of Previous Experience to Present Business Opinion Number of Respondents 1 6 6 36 58 107 % to Total 0.9 5.6 5.6 33.6 54.2 100.0

Not at all use No use No Opinion Useful More useful Total Sample Source: Primary Data. Note: Only cases with Yes opinion for previous occupation

5 As reported in Table 4.3, the previous occupational experience is more useful to present business for 54.2 per cent, and it useful for 33.6 per cent of the respondents. That is, for more than 85 per cent of the

respondents, the previous occupational experience are useful for successful running of present enterprises. The relationship between nature of previous occupation and its usefulness to present business is analyzed and the results of the analysis are reported in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Relationship between Nature of Previous Occupation Vs Usefulness Nature of Previous Occupation Employed Self Employed Profession Business All Sample Usefulness
Not at all use 1 (2.70) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.93) No No use Useful Opinion 3 (8.11) 2 (6.25) 1 (9.09) 0 (0.00) 6 (5.61) 2 (5.41) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 4 (14.81) 6 (5.61) 6 (16.22) 11 (34.38) 7 (63.64) 12 (44.44) 36 (33.64) More useful 25 (67.57) 19 (59.38) 3 (27.27) 11 (40.74) 58 (54.21)

Total
37 (100.00) 32 (100.00) 11 (100.00) 27 (100.00) 107 (100.00)

Kruskal Wallis H

5.35NS (3, 107)

Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; NS Not Significant.

The statistics significance of the relationship between two factors is ascertained by Kruskal Wallis ANOVA H test. This test calculates H values after ranking the perceptions and summing the ranks by groups. The

6 statistical significance of the H value is tested with chi-square distribution. This test is used in place of Chi-square test, where chi-square test is not appropriate (when cell frequencies is zero or below 5). It can be observed from the table that the previous occupation is more useful for 67.57 per cent of the employed, 59.38 per cent of self-employed and it is useful for 63.64 per cent of professionals, and 44.74 per cent of business persons. From Kruskall Wallis ANOVA H value of 5.35 is insignificant. Hence, from the results, it is found that there is no association between nature of previous occupation and usefulness to present business. Table 4.5 Undergoing Entrepreneurial Development Programme Opinion Yes No Total Sample Source: Primary Data. Number of Respondents 40 111 151 % to Total 26.5 73.5 100.0

From table 4.5, it can be seen that 73.5 per cent of the present entrepreneurs have never undergone any entrepreneurial development programmes. Only 40 out of 151 respondents in the sample have stated that they have undergone entrepreneurial development programme. Between entrepreneur group with technical and non-technical qualification, undergoing for developmental programmes is compared in

7 order to ascertain the relationship between two factors. Table 4.6 present the results. Table 4.6 Undergoing entrepreneurial development Programme Comparison between Technical and Non-Technical Educated Entrepreneurs Nature of Previous Occupation Technical Non-Technical All Sample Undergoing Programme
Yes No

Total 31 (100.00) 76 (100.00) 107 (100.00)

Chi Square Value 5.62** df=1

13 (41.94) 15 (19.74) 28 (26.17)

18 (58.06) 61 (80.26) 79 (73.83)

Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; **Significant at 5% level

It can be observed from the table, 41.94 per cent of the technically qualified respondents against 19.74 per cent of non-technical respondents have undergone entrepreneurial development programme. That is, attending entrepreneurial development programme is found to be more among technically qualified respondents. As the cell frequencies are more than five, the chi-square test is used to find out the statistical significance of the association between two factors. The calculated chi-square value, 5.62 is significant at 1 per cent level, in turn revealing the fact that there is significant difference in undergoing entrepreneurial development

programme between entrepreneurs with technical and non-technical qualification.

8 Table 4.7 Family Members and Friends in Business Opinion Yes No Total Sample Source: Primary Data. Number of Respondents 98 53 151 % to Total 64.9 35.1 100.0

It can be noted from Table 4.7 that 64.9 per cent, that is, 98 out of 151 respondents family members and friends run the business. Only 53 out of 151 respondents have said no to running business by family members and friends. In order to know how the entrepreneurs fell about the performance of their present business, they were asked to give their level of satisfaction ranging from fully dissatisfied to fully satisfied, in between dissatisfied, no opinion (neither dissatisfied nor satisfied), and satisfied. The opinion are then converted into to numeric values as

follows: 1 for fully dissatisfied, 2 for dissatisfied, 3 for no opinion, 4 for satisfied and 5 for fully satisfied. The opinion of a group of sample or entire sample is considered to be fully dissatisfied, dissatisfied, no opinion, satisfied and fully satisfied when mean score is < 1.50, >=1.50 < 2.50, >=2.50 < 3.50, >=3.50 < 4.50 and >=4.50 respectively.

9 Table 4.8 Feeling about business performance Comparison by Status of Entrepreneurs Profile N Mean SD Test Stat Test Value

Age (in years) Up to 30 40 4.33 0.76 F 1.62NS 31 40 57 4.25 0.91 (3, 147) 41 50 38 4.53 0.51 > 50 16 4.63 0.81 Religion Hindu 129 4.44 0.71 t 2.50** Non-Hindu 22 4.00 1.07 (149) Community SC/ST 24 3.79 0.93 F 7.02*** MBC 28 4.50 0.64 (3, 147) OBC 77 4.42 0.75 Others 22 4.73 0.55 Marital Status Married 120 4.41 0.78 t 0.95NS Single 31 4.26 0.77 (149) Family Type Joint 62 4.34 0.89 t 0.51NS Nuclear 89 4.40 0.70 (149) Nature of Education Technical 45 4.22 0.88 t 1.60NS Non-technical 106 4.44 0.73 (149) General Education SSLC 69 4.51 0.63 F 2.23* HSC 28 4.46 0.74 (3, 147) Degree / Diploma 39 4.13 0.86 Post Graduate 15 4.27 1.10 Origin Native 98 4.43 0.77 t 1.09NS Migrant 53 4.28 0.79 (149) Previous Occupation 107 4.48 0.73 t 2.47** Yes 44 4.14 0.85 (149) No All Sample 151 4.38 0.78 Source: Primary Data. Figure in brackets are degrees of freedom

10 As presented in Table 4.8, mean perception of the respondent group with age up to 30 years and between 31-40 years is satisfied (Mean scores are >= 3.50 and < 4.50, the satisfied range) whereas that of respondent group with age between 41-50 years and above 50 years is fully satisfied (Mean scores are >=4.50, the fully satisfied range). When compared by community, the MBC and Other communities are fully satisfied while SC/ST and OBS are just satisfied. The level of satisfaction is significantly less among SC/ST groups (F value = 7.02, p < 0.01). Both Hindu and NonHindu groups are satisfied but the level of satisfaction is remarkably less among non-Hindu groups compared to that of their Hindu counterparts (t value = 2.50, p < 0.01). The scenario is very similar to that of above between respondent groups by previous occupation (t value = 2.47, p < 0.05). For most of respondent groups by marital status, family type,

technical education and origin, the feeling about business performance has been in satisfied range and does not differ across groups. Among degree / diploma holders, the level of satisfaction with performance of present business is marginally less than that of other counterparts (F value = 2.23, p < 0.10). Overall, from the results, it is found that the entrepreneurs are satisfied with performance of present business but the level of satisfaction differ significantly by religion, community and previous occupation and marginally by general educational status.

11 Table 4.9 Successful Entrepreneur Opinion Yes No Total Sample Source: Primary Data. Number of Respondents 126 25 151 % to Total 83.4 16.6 100.0

According to Table 4.9, 83.4 per cent of the respondents have reported that they are the successful entrepreneurs. Hence, it is apparent that the entrepreneurs in sample region of Chennai have become successful in running their business. Table 4.10 reports the distribution of respondents based on the profile of the enterprise they own. An examination of the table reveals that 52.3 per cent of the business units are service units and 47.7 per cent of the units are manufacturing units. The type of ownership of the business is sole

proprietorship for 81.5 per cent of entrepreneurs whereas it is either partnership or otherwise for 18.5 per cent. Out of 151, 122 entrepreneurs in the sample have stated that they started the present business afresh. The present business in inherited one for 9.3 per cent of the entrepreneurs. The present business is purchased on for 9.9 per cent. As far as the size of the present business units are concerned, it is found from table that 43.0 per cent of the units are small units followed by tiny units with 30.5 per cent,

12 medium size units with 21.2 per cent and large size units with just 5.3 per cent. Table 4.10 Profile of the Enterprise Profile Type of Business Unit Manufacturing Services Type of Ownership Sole Proprietorship Partnership & others Nature of Starting the Business Started afresh Inherited Purchased Size of the Unit Tiny Small Medium Large Location of the Business Units At Home Owned Premises Rented or Leased All Sample Source: Primary Data. Number of Respondents 72 79 123 28 122 14 15 46 65 32 8 18 25 108 151 % to Total 47.7 52.3 81.5 18.5 80.8 9.3 9.9 30.5 43.0 21.2 5.3 11.9 16.6 71.5 100.0

It is understood that 71.5 per cent of the business units are run on either rented or leaded basis. While 16.6 per cent of the entrepreneurs run their business in owned premises, the location of the business is home for 11.9 per cent of the entrepreneurs in the sample. Table 4.11 gives status of enterprise and entrepreneurs. The status of enterprise and entrepreneurs are measured with a scale ranging from highly

13 decreased, decreased, remained constant, increased and highly increased. Table 4.11 Status of Enterprises and Entrepreneurs Usefulness
Highly Decreased Decreased Remained Constant Increased Highly Increased

Nature of Previous Occupation Sales Profit Net worth

Mean

SD

4 (2.65) 3 (1.99) 3 (1.99) 2

21 (13.91) 38 (25.17) 19 (12.58) 20 (13.25) 10 (6.62) 11 (7.28) 43 (28.48) 16 (10.60)

44 (29.14) 45 (29.80) 49 (32.45) 60 (39.74) 38 (25.17) 29 (19.21) 46 (30.46) 28 (18.54)

77 (50.99) 59 (39.07) 67 (44.37) 62 (41.06) 73 (48.34) 71 (47.02) 37 (24.50) 52 (34.44)

5 (3.31) 6 (3.97) 13 (8.61) 7 (4.64) 26 (17.22) 36 (23.84) 18 (11.92) 46 (30.46)

3.38 3.18 3.45 3.34 3.71 3.82 3.11 3.73

0.86 0.92 0.89 0.82 0.92 0.97 1.09 1.18

Economic status (1.32) Social status Business network Problems to this business Competition to this business
4 (2.65) 4 (2.65) 7 (4.64) 9 (5.96)

Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; NS Not Significant.

As per the table, the number of cases with increased and highly increased opinion is 50.99 per cent and 3.31 for sales, 44.37 per cent and 8.61 per cent for net worth, 48.34 per cent and 17.22 per cent for social status, 47.02 per cent and 23.84 per cent for business network, 34.44 per cent and 30.46 per cent for competition to this business respectively. That is

14 number of cases with positive opinion (increased opinion) is more than 50 per cent in the case of sales, net worth, social status, business net work and competition to this business. However, from the observation of mean

values, it is understood that sales, profit, net worth, economic status, and problems to this business are remained constant (Mean values are >= 2.50 and < 3.50, the remained constant range). On the other hand, social status, business network and competition to this business tend to increase (Mean values are >= 3.50 and < 4.50, the increased range). Hence, it is found that sales, profit and net worth, economic status and problem to the business are remained constant while there has been an increase in social status and business network of the entrepreneurs and also an increase in competition to the business.

4.3

Attitudinal Competency and Socio-Economic Characteristics The attitudinal competency of the entrepreneurs, which consists of

seven dimensions, namely Concern for High Quality, Self Confidence, Locus of Control, Dealing with Failures, Tolerance for Ambiguity, Self Esteem and Performance, are related to socio-economic characteristics of the entrepreneurs. To compare the attitudinal competency dimensions between two respondents groups by religion, marital status, family type, technical education, origin and previous occupation, t-test is used. For the comparison of the attitudinal competency dimensions across more than two respondent

15 groups by age, community and general education, one way ANOVA (also called F test) is used. Table 4.12 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Age Age (in Years) Attitudinal Competency 21-30 31-40 n = 57 17.84 (1.68) 17.37 (1.88) 16.53 (1.64) 15.53 (2.56) 18.98 (2.36) 17.19 (1.80) 15.54 (1.88) 41-50 n = 38 18.00 (1.82) 17.89 (1.93) 16.58 (1.87) 14.74 (3.10) 18.97 (2.48) 17.18 (1.96) 15.71 (1.96) Above 50 n = 16 16.44 (2.58) 19.06 (3.32) 17.50 (2.34) 15.19 (2.04) 20.19 (2.64) 17.31 (1.58) 16.44 (2.92) F Value 2.99** 2.84* 1.41 1.28 1.28 0.04 1.91

n = 40 17.73 Concern for High Quality (1.71) 17.83 Self Confidence (1.82) Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance 16.40 (1.98) 15.83 (2.21) 19.13 (1.77) 17.13 (1.74) 16.38 (1.63)

Figures in brackets are standard deviation; **Significant at 5% level.

From the examination of the table, it is apparent that the concern for high quality is less among the respondents with age above 50 years (Mean = 16.44) and it is high for 41-50 years age group (Mean = 18.00). The difference in the concern for high quality among age groups is found to be significant at 5 per cent level (F value = 2.99, p < 0.05). Similarly, self confidence is significantly more among respondents with age above 50 years (Mean = 19.06) compared to those in other age groups (Mean scores are

16 between 17.37 and 17.89) (F value = 2.84, p < 0.01). However, from insignificant F values, it is apparent that the locus of control, dealing with failures, tolerance for ambiguity, self esteem and performance are found to be at similar extent among entrepreneurs of all age groups. It is summed

that concern for high quality and self confidence differ by age whereas other dimensions of attitudinal competency is independent of it for entrepreneurs in the sample region. Table 4.13 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Religion Religion Hindu Non-Hindu n = 129 n = 22 17.75 17.41 (1.92) (1.56) 17.71 18.32 (2.09) (2.17) 16.74 (1.91) 15.36 (2.60) 19.21 (2.36) 17.21 (1.81) 15.90 (2.06) 15.86 (1.55) 15.45 (2.54) 18.77 (1.82) 17.05 (1.68) 15.91 (1.57)

Attitudinal Competency Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance

t Value 0.79 1.25 2.03** 0.16 0.83 0.40 0.02

Figures in brackets are standard deviation. **Significant at 5% level.

It can be seen from Table 4.13 that the attitudinal competencies, such as concern for high quality, self-confidence, dealing with failures, tolerance

17 for ambiguity, self esteem and performance have been at similar level between Hindu and non-Hindu religious group. However, the locust of

control among Hindu entrepreneurs (Mean = 16.74) is significantly higher than that of Non-Hindu counterparts (Mean = 15.86) (t-value = 2.03, p < 0.05). In sum, it is found that there is no significant difference in attitudinal competencies except locus of control between Hindu and non-Hindu entrepreneurs. Table 4.14 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Community Attitudinal Competency Community MBC OBC n = 28 n = 77 17.93 17.70 (1.80) (1.76) 18.18 17.64 (2.25) (1.97) 17.32 (1.59) 15.00 (2.48) 19.50 (2.70) 17.25 (1.67) 16.43 (2.43) 16.53 (1.97) 15.43 (2.48) 18.56 (2.27) 16.92 (1.71) 15.99 (1.80)

SC/ST n = 24 18.29 Concern for High Quality (1.46) 17.33 Self Confidence (1.71) Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance 16.63 (1.91) 16.50 (2.89) 19.54 (1.44) 18.46 (2.08) 15.92 (2.17)

Others n = 22 16.77 (2.41) 18.41 (2.65) 15.95 (1.68) 14.41 (2.36) 20.32 (1.99) 16.64 (1.18) 14.91 (1.57)

F Value 2.85** 1.47 2.33* 2.86** 4.36*** 5.84*** 2.61**

Figures in brackets are standard deviation *Significant at 10% level. **Significant at 5% level. ***Significant at 1% level.

The attitudinal competency levels among SC/ST, MBC, OBC and Other community entrepreneur groups are compared using F test and Table

18 4.14 is reported with the results of the comparative analysis. The concern for high quality is more for SC/ST group (Mean = 18.29) and less for Other community (Mean = 16.77) entrepreneurs. The difference in the level of concern for high quality differ significant across age groups (F value = 2.85, p < 0.05). Similarly, the level of locus of control is significantly more among MBC (Mean = 17.32) and less among Other (Mean = 15.95) community entrepreneurs (F value = 2.33, p < 0.10). The SC/ST

entrepreneurs (Mean = 16.50) tend to have more competency attitude in dealing with failures whereas such competency attitude is less among Other communities (Mean = 14.41). The tolerance for ambiguity is less among OBC entrepreneurs (Mean = 18.56) whereas it is more among entrepreneurs belong to communities other than SC/ST, MBC and OBC (Other communities). The SC/ST group is found to have more self-esteem (Mean = 18.46) than that of non-SC/ST groups. However, MBC group is more

competent (Mean = 16.43) and Others are less competent (Mean = 14.91) in their performance. Further F values, 2.86 for dealing with others (p < 0.05), 4.36 for tolerance for ambiguity (p < 0.01), 5.84 for Self-esteem (p < 0.01), and 2.61 for performance (p < 05) is significant at required hypothetical level. This envisages that all attitudinal competencies except self confidence is significantly related to the community of the entrepreneurs.

19 Table 4.15 provides the t-test results comparing attitudinal competencies between entrepreneurial groups with married and unmarried status. Table 4.15 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Marital Status Marital Status Married Unmarried n = 120 n = 31 17.63 18.00 (1.90) (1.73) 17.78 17.87 (2.19) (1.77) 16.67 (1.83) 15.18 (2.63) 19.14 (2.35) 17.19 (1.84) 15.73 (2.01) 16.39 (2.08) 16.10 (2.27) 19.16 (2.05) 17.16 (1.59) 16.55 (1.80)

Attitudinal Competency Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance

t Value 1.00 0.21 0.74 1.77* 0.04 0.08 2.06**

Figures in brackets are standard deviation. *Significant at 10% level; **Significant at 5% level

From the perusal of the table, it is understood that the concern for high quality is more among unmarried groups (Mean 18.00). Similarly, unmarried group are more competent in dealing with failures (Mean = 16.10) and performance (Mean = 16.55). However, level of attitudinal

competencies among unmarried entrepreneurs is significantly higher only in respect of dealing with others (t value = 1.77, p< 0.10) and performance (t

20 value = 2.06, p < 0.05) but not in respect of concern for high quality (t value is insignificant). Regarding self-confidence, locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity and self-esteem, it is apparent from table that these attitudinal competencies are at similar extent between two marital status groups. Table 4.16 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Family Type Family Type Joint Nuclear n = 62 n = 89 17.85 17.60 (1.78) (1.93) 17.58 17.96 (1.90) (2.24) 16.47 (1.72) 15.56 (2.44) 18.95 (1.65) 17.03 (1.46) 15.87 (1.64) 16.71 (1.98) 15.24 (2.68) 19.28 (2.64) 17.29 (1.98) 15.92 (2.21)

Attitudinal Competency Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance
Figures in brackets are standard deviation.

t Value 0.84 1.07 0.77 0.77 0.87 0.88 0.15

According to Table 4.16, the level of attitudinal competencies among entrepreneurs do not differ by family type. That is, entrepreneurs from joint and nuclear families have attitudinal competencies at similar extent as tvalues for the difference in mean perception scores are insignificant. So,

21 there is no effect of family type on attitudinal competencies of entrepreneurs. Table 4.17 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Technical Education Nature of Education Technical Non-Technical n = 45 n = 106 17.67 17.72 (1.78) (1.91) 17.42 17.96 (2.01) (2.14) 16.73 (1.83) 15.09 (2.54) 18.89 (2.32) 17.38 (1.95) 15.69 (1.83) 16.56 (1.91) 15.49 (2.60) 19.25 (2.28) 17.10 (1.72) 15.99 (2.05)

Attitudinal Competency Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance

t Value 0.15 1.45 0.53 0.87 0.90 0.86 0.85

Figures in brackets are standard deviation.

Table 4.17 clearly shows that mean perception about all dimensions of attitudinal competencies is found to be almost same between entrepreneur groups with technical and non-technical qualification. The t values, which are insignificant for all dimensions have supported the above fact. Hence, it is deduced that there is no relationship between attitudinal competencies and nature of education of the entrepreneurs in the sample.

22

Table 4.18 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by General Education Educational Level Deg / SSLC HSC PG Dip n = 24 n = 28 n = 77 n = 22 17.75 (1.54) 17.61 (2.04) 17.03 (2.00) 15.61 (2.58) 19.23 (2.32) 17.09 (1.79) 16.04 (2.12) 18.14 (1.98) 18.29 (1.84) 16.25 (1.58) 14.82 (2.48) 19.75 (2.10) 17.39 (2.04) 15.29 (1.44) 17.41 (1.83) 17.33 (2.12) 16.31 (1.72) 15.10 (2.84) 17.97 (1.99) 17.03 (1.25) 16.08 (1.81) 17.40 (2.92) 19.00 (2.42) 16.13 (2.00) 16.00 (1.96) 20.67 (1.88) 17.67 (2.44) 15.93 (2.60)

Attitudinal Competency Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance

F Value 0.98 3.07** 2.19* 1.06 7.07*** 0.66 1.12

Figures in brackets are standard deviation *Significant at 10% level. **Significant at 5% level. ***Significant at 1% level.

The results of F test comparing attitudinal competencies across respondent groups with general education up to SSLC, HSC, Degree / Diploma and PG, are reported in 4.18. It is apparent from the table that the F values for the difference in group mean values is significant at 5 per cent level for self confidence (F value = 3.07, p < 0.05), 10 per cent level for locus of control (F value = 2.19, p < 0.10) and 1 per cent level for tolerance for ambiguity (F value = 7.07, p < 0.01).

23 From the observation of the mean values, it is evident that the level of self-confidence is less among SSLC educated (Mean = 17.61) and Degree / Diploma (Mean = 17.33) holders. On the other hand, locus of control is found to be more among those educated up to SSLC (Mean = 17.03). Further, the level of tolerance for ambiguity is less among graduates / diploma holders (Mean = 17.97) compared to that of other educated groups. The calculated F values for attitudinal competency dimensions other than Self confidence, Locus of control and Tolerance for ambiguity are not significant at mentionable level. On the whole, it is found from the results that the self-confidence, locus of control and tolerance for ambiguity is depending upon the educational status of the entrepreneurs. It can be seen from Table 4.19 that the level of self-confidence is higher among migrant entrepreneurs (Mean = 18.09) compared to natives (Mean 17.64). Similarly, the level of locus of control (Mean = 17.04) and level of tolerance for ambiguity (Mean = 19.77) among Migrant entrepreneurs is higher than that of natives. The t-values, 2.08 for locus of control and 2.52 for tolerance for ambiguity is significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels respectively and they are insignificant for other dimensions of attitudinal competencies.

Table 4.19 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Type of Origin

24 Type of Origin Native Migrant n = 98 n = 53 17.87 17.40 (1.82) (1.93) 17.64 18.09 (1.92) (2.41) 16.38 (1.70) 15.17 (2.71) 18.81 (2.30) 17.22 (1.81) 15.98 (1.78) 17.04 (2.12) 15.74 (2.31) 19.77 (2.15) 17.11 (1.76) 15.75 (2.34)

Attitudinal Competency Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance

t Value 1.48 1.26 2.08** 1.28 2.52*** 0.36 0.66

Figures in brackets are standard deviation. **Significant at 5% level; ***Significant at 1% level.

From significant t-values, it is apparent that the level of locus of control and tolerance for ambiguity is remarkably higher among migrants than that of natives. Overall, it is concluded that migrant entrepreneurs tend to have significantly more locus of control and tolerance for ambiguity than that of native entrepreneurs. Table 4.20 provides the results of t-test comparing the level attitudinal competencies between entrepreneur groups with and without previous occupation.

Table 4.20

25 Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Previous Occupation Previous Occupation Attitudinal Competency Yes n = 107 Concern for High Quality Self Confidence Locus of Control Dealing with Failures Tolerance for Ambiguity Self Esteem Performance
Figures in brackets are standard deviation.

No n = 44 17.48 (2.13) 17.80 (2.24) 17.02 (2.12) 15.32 (2.93) 18.91 (2.45) 17.05 (2.07) 15.82 (1.98)

t Value 0.97 0.15 1.32 0.40 0.90 0.78 0.57

17.79 (1.75) 17.80 (2.06) 16.44 (1.75) 15.39 (2.44) 19.24 (2.22) 17.24 (1.66) 15.93 (2.00)

As per the table, the t values for the difference between group mean values are insignificant, in turn indicating that an existence of small difference in mean scores is due to chance and not mentionable level. This results elicits the fact that the previous occupation does not have any impact on the attitudinal competency level of entrepreneurs. The zero order correlation, also called simple correlation analysis is carried out among attitudinal competency dimensions to ascertain the extent of inter-relationship among them. The results of the analysis are reported in Table 4.21.

26 Table 4.21 Correlation among Attitudinal Competency Variables SLFCONF Attitudinal Competenc y Variables CFHQ SLFCONF LOCUS DWFAIL TFA SELFEST PERF SELFEST DWFAIL LOCUS CFHQ PERF
1.0000

1.0000 -0.1692** 0.1811** 0.0645 0.2224*** 1.0000 0.0005 -0.0489 0.1928** 1.0000 -0.0428 0.1141 0.0753 0.1500* 1.0000 0.1432* 0.2785*** 0.0150 1.0000 0.1451* 0.0897 1.0000 -0.0736

0.2224*** -0.0663 0.0350 0.0986

*Significant at 10% level; **Significant at 5% level; ***Significant at 1% level

An examination of the table shows that there is a significant negative relationship between CFHQ (Concern for High Quality) and SLFCONF (Self confidence) (r = -0.1692, p < 0.01). Except this, the correlation of CFHQ with LOCUS (Locus of control) (r = 0.1811, p < 0.05), TFA (Tolerance for ambiguity) (r = 0.2224, p < 0.01), SELFEST (Self Esteem) (r = 0.2224, p < 0.01), correlation of SLFCONF with TFA (r = 0.1928, p < 0.05), LOCUS with PERF (Performance) (r = 0.1500, p < 0.10), correlation of DWFAIL (Dealing with failures) with TFA (r = 0.1432, p < 0.10) and SELFEST (r = 0.2785, p < 0.01) and that of TFA with SELFEST (r = 0.1451) is significant and positive. The competencies collective (all relationship between and dependent attitudinal

dimensions)

independent

TFA

socio-economic

characteristics is evaluated using a multivariate technique, Canonical

27 Correlation analysis. The canonical correlation first calculates the canonical function which is the correlation between dependent and independent canonical variates. The number of canonical function calculated by the canonical analysis is equivalent to the number of variables in the minimum data set. The number of socio-economic variables included in the analysis is ten against seven dimensions of attitudinal dimensions. The number of canonical function obtained from the analysis is seven. canonical analysis are presented in Table 4.22 and 4.23. Table 4.22 Chi-Square Tests with Successive Roots Removed testing Significance of Overall Model Fit for Canonical Correlation between Attitudinal Dimensions and Demographic Characteristics Canonical R2 (Eigenvalue) The results of

Canonical Canonical Function R 1 0.4692 2 0.4313 4 0.3741 5 0.3152 6 0.2463 7 0.1613 Source: Primary Data

ChiSquare 113.91 78.85 49.83 28.57 13.82 5.00

df

p-Value

Wilks Lambda 0.4458 0.5717 0.7023 0.8166 0.9066 0.9652

0.2201 0.1860 0.1399 0.0993 0.0607 0.0260

70 54 40 28 18 10

0.0007 0.0154 0.1373 0.4344 0.7405 0.8911

An examination of the Table 4.22 reveals that two canonical functions out of seven obtained from the analysis are significant. The first and second functions with canonical R values of 0.4692 and 0.4313 are significant at 1 per cent level. Hence, first two functions are considered for

28 identifying the variables in both dependent and independent sets which are correlated. Table 4.23 Variables Loadings (Factor Structure Matrix) with Canonical Function Attitudinal Dimensions Vs Demographic Chracteristics Canonical Loadings First Second Function Function 0.2402 -0.3131 0.8346 0.3112 0.1098 0.2419 -0.1949 0.3498 0.1153 -0.4021 -0.4046 -0.1435 0.0292 -0.1582 -0.4453 0.4100 0.2900

Variables Attitudinal Dimensions

Concern for High Quality -0.5550 Self Confidence 0.1098 Locus of Control 0.0583 Dealing with Failures -0.3596 Tolerance for Ambiguity 0.1691 Self Esteem -0.6367 Performance -0.3815 Demographic Characteristics Gender -0.1593 Age 0.3081 Religion -0.0444 Community 0.7559 Marital Status -0.3424 Family Type 0.0893 Technical Education 0.0015 General Education -0.0675 Origin 0.4308 Previous Occupation 0.1861
Source: Primary Data

Table 4.23 reports the canonical loadings for both dependent and independent canonical variates for both significant canonical functions. The canonical loadings are nothing but correlation of variables with their

29 respective canonical variates. That is, correlation of dependent variables with dependent variates and independent variables with independent variates. The canonical loadings is similar to that of factor loadings in factor analysis. Hence, canonical loadings is 0.40 and above for any variable, then the variable is considered as the variable having relationship with other such variables in the opposite set. From the examination of the table, it is found that the dependent variables, concern for high quality, dealing with failures, self esteem and performance are correlated with dependent canonical variate of first function negatively. With dependent canonical variate of second function, the

variable, locus of control is highly correlated. On the other hand, the socio-economic characteristics, community and origin have positive loadings with independent canonical variate of the first function. The religion, community, general education with negative

sign and origin with positive sign have loadings with independent canonical variate of the second function. From the results, it is understood that the socio-economic characteristics of the entrepreneurs, namely community and origin collectively have negative correlation with concern for high quality, dealing with failures, self esteem and performance. Similarly, the locus of control among entrepreneurs is correlated negatively with their religion, community, general education and positive with origin.