INTRODUCTION:

Sometimes accident of

we

people

comes news

to

know papers.

trains

from

Whatever may be the cause there is great loss of life and wealth. Lot of damage done to railway track and prevents other trains to move on it. Trains are accident in remote areas so it prevents people from quick treatment, this leads to more loss of life. Accident occurs due to derailing of trains due to cracks develops in tracks & subversive activities by terrorist. Accidents happen due to collision between two trains. These collisions are head on or from backside. Accident due to collision is serious one which

causes lot of loss in lives and wealth. This is mainly due to human error. Bad management & human error cause

accident between two trains. A train is in one track & by mistake another train is released in that track. This leads to head on or back side collision. Here we try to develop a system that helps in alarming both trains and stopping one train before being collided. It is a microcontroller based system and wireless operated system. Wireless because it sends signals to trains about track information and alarm. Here we use two eight bit microcontroller of 18 pin (PIC 16F628) from microchip. The project also use IR light beam for the purpose.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

BLOCK DESCRIPTION:

IR transmitter:
This section is usually fitted with a constant voltage supply +5v which are constantly giving the signal to the IR LED. So IR transmitting LED will emit lights. The infrared transmitter is to be faced at the matching infrared sensor mounted on the other side of the train track. Infrared signal follows all the theories of light and do not make disturbance in passage as it is not visible.

IR receiver:
It is the circuit, which contains IR sensors which receives IR signal radiating out of the IR LED. It converts it into electric signal. The signal received and fed to microcontroller at within specified voltage level.

Comparator:
It compares sensor output with a reference voltage. So that it provides perfect digital output. Two sensors have two OPAMP output.

Serial encoder:
It encodes the parallel input signal from the microcontroller to serial data.
5

Radio transmitter:
It is a frequency modulated ASK transmitter. The digital data generated is super imposed upon the carrier frequency by ASK technique and is transmitted to air at 433 MHz.

Radio Receiver:
It is the circuit, ASK receiver, which receives the transmitted signal and separates the encoded digital data from the carrier wave.

Serial decoder:

It converts the serial data into parallel four bit binary data.

Microcontroller section:

This section takes the input of sensors and generates logic accordingly. This binary data is send to serial encoder.

Driver stage:

This section helps in improving the power level of serial decoder to sufficient level to drive the buzzer.

THEORY:
6

Here

the

system

is

build

around

the

microcontroller. IR system is introduced for the system. There are two barriers from both sides. Here if a train comes from one side that will cut or interrupts the IR barrier and that is why a signal from the IR sensor comes to microcontroller. It is then recorded in microcontroller memory and now second IR barrier is also broken then second signal of +5 volt is send to microcontroller. Now microcontroller makes track no 1 busy by sending a signal to parallel to serial decoder. Which is transmitted to receiver section through a ASK transmitter. This in turn glow a single LED on the track map. If that train passes the third IR barrier then it is alright. If that is not happen direction comes a train from other then other microcontroller

detects it and issue a signal at output pin to

sends signal to

ASK transmitter in similar Another

process as first microcontroller does. It is transmitted at 433MHz frequency. red LED is also glow on the track. Showing that two trains are on same track going for head on collision. IR beam moves in straight line and follows all the rules of visible light source. If any opaque comes on the way then dark area is created behind it. IR beam used is of invisible in nature. So sensor scheme is not affected by other light source. As long as IR light falling on the sensor, its output is low. due to train. This is IR sensor to output is made high as light is interrupted transmitted microcontroller indicating a train is passing through IR barrier. Two barrier schemes is arranged to know the train is going.
8

coming or

OPERATION PROCEDURE:
Now take the track 1 into consideration, if then next sensor a

train is coming from right side it interrupts first sensor this indicates that train is coming to protected zone. Now microcontroller makes the track 1 is busy in its memory. This train is going towards outgoing left so sensors so now interrupted in fashion, microcontroller

makes it free zone.

9

In busy condition another train comes into protected zone then microcontroller detects it create a visible alarm signal and send to both train through a wireless digital transmission. This makes the train driver alert about two trains on the same track. Train driver make the train off.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
There are four sections: transmitter section Receiver section IR transmitter & receiver Power supply section

10

TRANSMITTER SECTION:
Here used TX433 as ASK transmitter & HT12E as parallel to serial encoder. Single bit data is

11

fed to pin 10 of encoder. Pin 1 to 8 are address bit & 10 to 13 are data input. data so that it can be transmitted It converts 4 bit data & 8 bit address in to serial serially through ASK transmitter. Tx is built using SMD components and very small in size. Pin 4 of the TX is antenna and is 17 cm long wire and that is telescopic antenna. Data fed to tx at pin 2.

ASK transmitter & serial encoder:

Here TX433 ASK transmitter circuit is used. It is a integrated chip. It operates in +5 volt. There four terminals. Pin 1 - Ground Pin2 - Data input from serial encoder Pin3 - Vcc Pin4 - Antenna

12

12 bit serial encoder HT12 E is used for converting the binary data input to serial data. Inputs are provided at pin 10 to 13 from microcontroller. There is a oscillator resistor 1 M connected in between 15 & 16. Pin 1 to 8 is for address pin.

13

14

RECEIVER & SERIAL DECODER:

ASK receiver RX433 operates at 433 MHz. There are 8 pins in this chip. Pin Pin Pin Pin 1, 6 & 7 --- GND 2 --- data output 4, 5 --- + Vcc 8 --- Antenna

The data is fed into HT12D, the serial decoder. It converts the serial data into four bit binary output. Pin 10 to 13 --- four bit binary output Pin 13 --- connected with audio indicator using driver amplifier. Pin 14 --- data input Pin 1 to 8 --- address pin Pin 15 & 16 --- Oscillator resistors Pin 17 --- data receive acknowledgement A NAND gate 4093 is used for detection of two head on situation and makes alarm. Its
15

inputs are 1 & 2 with output is 3. Output is provided with a PNP transistor driver to drive the buzzer.

IR BARRIER USING IR LED & TRANSISTOR:

Here IR led is connected directly to power

supply +5v using a proper value of resistor. IR led emits light straight. It follows all the theories of light like reflection & refraction. It can not pass the opaque object as light passes through it. As IR light falls on the IR transistor, it starts to switch ON. Here we are making a optical coupling between a LED & a transistor. This is called IR barrier. According to intensity of light falls on base of transistor, its output varies. When a person enters into barrier it totally blocks the light flow therefore making a large change in output signal. This signal variation may be high or low according
16

to transistor type NPN/PNP. This signal is to be fed to logic device for further action. Before that the signal must be possible. made 1/0. So an OPAMP is used as a comparator to make it

17

(IR BARRIER 1)

(IR BARRIER 2)

18

The circuit uses a IR transistor as the basic element for IR sensing. The variation in light reflection light will result into a corresponding variation in voltage at collector/emitter of the transistor which is provided to pin 3 & pin5 of each MCP602 opamp. A 10k resistor is used in collector. Preset 100k is used as a reference voltage generator. There are two OPAMPS inside the IC so two comparators operates simultaneously in it. Two sensor inputs are provided to pin 3 & 5. Reference voltage is given to pin 2 & 6. Power supply given +5 v to pin 8 & ground to pin 4.

MICROCONTROLLER SECTION:

19

Microcontroller PIC16F628.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

20

The

present

project

is

build

around

Microcontroller PIC16F628. It is an 18 pin IC. The software is main thing which works and controls everything. Hence it is very So the logic oriented easy to understand components is reduced. So less complicated. everything. The microcontroller section which contains only microcontroller & few components like quartz crystal for oscillation. is connected to pin 16 & 15. Microcontroller programmed to receive the inputs coming from the two sensors. Resistors and capacitor around the sensor are for filtration noise from power supply. There are all total four inputs. These are connected to pin no. 17 & 18 of microcontroller As above mentioned sensor output changes according to interruption light beam. There is one output is taken from pin 6.
21

Pin 4 & 14 are

power supply pin and pin 5 is ground. Crystal

According to

description

in

theory

section

the

microcontroller is programmed.

POWER SUPPLY:
The microcontroller needed to be operating in DC power supply. The microcontroller needs +5V supply. The transformer is a center tap 12-0-12V 500mA. It is then rectified using full wave rectifier. A 1000F capacitor is used for filtration purpose. The three terminal voltage regulators 7805 provides regulated DC outputs for the operation of the circuit. A good grounding is necessary for the proper functioning of the circuit.

22

SOME DISCUSSIONS:

IMPORTANT

ASK ( AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING ):MODULATION: Modulation is the process of modifying the characteristic of one signal in accordance with some characteristic of another signal. In most cases, the information signal, be it voice, video, binary data, or some other information,
23

is normally used to modify a higher-frequency signal known as the carrier. The information signal is usually called the modulating signal, and the higher-frequency signal which is being modulated is called the carrier or modulated wave. The carrier is usually a sine wave, while the information signal can be of any shape, permitting both analog and digital signals to be transmitted. In most cases, the carrier frequency is considerably higher than the highest information frequency to be transmitted. AMPLITUDE MODULATION WITH SINE WAVES: In AM, the information signal varies the amplitude of the carrier sine wave. In other words, instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes in accordance with the amplitude and frequency variations of the

24

modulating signal. Figure 2-1 shows a singlefrequency sine wave modulating a higherfrequency carrier signal. Note that the carrier frequency remains constant during the modulation process but that its amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. An increase in the modulating signal amplitude causes the amplitude of the carrier to increase. Both the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave vary with the modulating signal. An increase or decrease- in the amplitude of the modulating signal causes a corresponding increase or decrease in both the positive and . negative peaks of the carrier amplitude.

25

If you interconnect the positive and negative peaks of the carrier waveform with an imaginary line (shown dashed in Fig. 2-1), then you re-create the exact shape of the modulating information signal. This imaginary line on the carrier waveform is known as the envelope, modulating and it is the same as the signal. Because complex

waveforms like that shown in Fig. 2-1 are difficult to draw, they are usually simplified by representing the high frequency carrier waves simply many equally spaced vertical lines whose amplitudes vary in accordance with a modulating signal. Figure 2-2 shows a sine wave tone modulating a higher-frequency carrier. We will use this method of representation throughout this book. In AM, the information signal varies the amplitude of the carrier sine wave. In other

26

words, instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes in accordance with the amplitude and frequency variations of the modulating signal. Figure 2-1 shows a singlefrequency sine wave modulating a higherfrequency carrier signal. Note that the carrier frequency remains constant during the modulation process but that its amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. An increase in the modulating signal amplitude causes the amplitude of the carrier to increase. Both the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave vary with the modulating signal. An increase or decrease- in the amplitude of the modulating signal causes a corresponding increase or decrease in both the positive and . negative peaks of the carrier amplitude.

27

The signals illustrated in Figs. 2-1 and 2-2 show the variation of the carrier signal with respect to time. Such signals are said to be in the time domain. Time-domain signals are the actual variation of voltage over time. They are what you would see displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope. In this section we show the AM types of modulation. Later you will see that modulated signals can also be expressed in the frequency domain

28

29

(Amplitude Modulation with Digital Signals)

Digital, usually binary, signals may also be used to amplitude modulate a carrier. Figure 2-4 shows a binary signal modulating a sine wave carrier. In Fig. 2-4(a), the binary 1 level produces maximum carrier amplitude and the binary 0 level produces a lower-value carrier. Amplitude modulation in which the carrier is switched between two different carrier levels
30

is known as amplitude shift keying (ASK). A special fonn of ASK is one in which the carrier is simply switched on or off. See Fig. 2-4(b). The binary 1 level turns the carrier on, and the binary 0 level turns the carrier off. This is called on-off keying (OOK). Some digital signals have more than two levels. As long as a signal varies in discrete steps, it is considered digital. Figure 2-5 shows a fourlevel digital signal and the resulting AM signal. To improve the speed of digital transmission in computer modems, 4-, 8-, 16and 32-level digital signals are commonly used. Amplitude modulation is combined with simultaneous phase modulation of a carrier to produce quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

BRIEF TALK ON MICROCONTROLLER:

31

The past three decades have seen the introduction of a technology that has radically changed the way in which we analyze the control the world around us. Born of parallel developments in computer architecture and integrated circuit fabrication, the microprocessor or computer on a chip first became a commercial reality in 1971 with introduction of 4-bit 4004 by Intel corp. A byproduct of microprocessor development was the microcontroller. techniques make and also The same fabrication concept purpose programming yielded the

that

possible the general

microprocessor

microcontroller. Microcontroller are not as well as known to the general public, or to many in technical however community, as are he the more

glamorous microprocessor . The public is very aware that something is video games, responsible for all of the smart VCRs, clock radios, washers and dryers, telephones, microwaves ,TVs, automobiles,
32

toys vending machines, copiers, elevators, irons and myriads of other articles that are intelligent and programmable. Companies are also aware that being competitive in this age of microchip requires their products, or the machinery they use to make those products, to have some smart. Figure below shows the block diagram of a typical microcontroller, which is true computer on a chip. The design incorporates all of the features found in a microprocessor CPU; ALU, PC, SP, register. It also has added the other features needed to make a complete computer: ROM, RAM, parallel I/O, serial I/O, counters, and a clock circuit. Like the microprocessor, a microcontroller is a general purpose device, but one that is meant to read data, performs limited calculations on that data, and control its environment based on those calculation. The prime use of a microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored

33

in ROM and that does not change over the lifetime of the system. The design approach of the microcontroller mirrors that of the microprocessor: make a single design that can be used in as many applications as possible in order to sell, hopefully, having a as many as possible. and The microprocessor accomplishes the goal by very flexible extensive repertoire of multisystem instructions. These instruction work in a hardware configuration that enables large amounts of memory and I/O to be connected address and data bus pins on integrated circuit package. Much of the activity in the microprocessor has to do with moving code and data to and from external memory to the CPU. The architecture feature s working programmed to take registers that can be part in the memory

access process, and instruction set is aimed at expediting this activity in order to improve throughput. The pins connected to the microprocessor to external memory are
34

unique, each having a single function. Data is handled in byte, or larger , sizes. The microcontroller design uses a much more limited set of single and double byte instructions that are used to move code and data from internal memory to ALU. Many instructions integrated are circuit coupled package, with the pins pins on are

programmable that is capable of having several different functions depending on the wishes of the to its and programmer. The microcontroller data from and architecture is concerned instruction with getting set are

own pins ; the

optimized to handle data in bit and byte size. In AM, the information signal varies the amplitude of the carrier sine wave. In other words, instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes in accordance with the amplitude and frequency variations of the modulating signal. Figure 2-1 shows a single-

35

frequency sine wave modulating a higherfrequency carrier signal. Note that the carrier frequency remains constant during the modulation process but that its amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. An increase in the modulating signal amplitude causes the amplitude of the carrier to increase. Both the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave vary with the modulating signal. An increase or decrease- in the amplitude of the modulating signal causes a corresponding increase or decrease in both the positive and . negative peaks of the carrier amplitude. The contrast between a microcontroller and a microprocessor is best exemplified by the fact that most microprocessor s have many operational codes(opcodes) for moving data from external memory to the CPU; microcontrollers may have
36

one or two.

Microprocessor may have one or two types of bit handling have many. instructions; microcontrollers

37

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER

38

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:
PIC16F84A / F628 MICROCONTROLLER): ( 8-BIT FLASH

Microcontroller features:
Only 35 instructions to learn High performance RISC CPU All single cycle instruction except for program branches which are two cycle Operating speed DC- 20MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle 1024 words of program memory 68 bytes of data EEPROM 64 bytes of data EEPROM 14-bit wide instruction words 8-bit wide data bytes 15 special function hardware registers eight level deep hardware stack direct , indirect and relative addressing modes four interrupt sources - external RB0/INT pin - TMR0 timer overflow
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- PortB ,7:4> interrupt on change - Data EEPROM write complete

Peripheral features:
13 I/O pins with individual direction control high current sink/source for direct LED drive 25mA sink max per pin 25mA source max per pin

TMR0 : 8-bit timer /counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler

Special microcontroller features:

1000 erase/write cycles enhanced flash program memory 1,000,000 typical typical erase/write cycles EEPROM data memory EEPROM DATA RETENTION > 40 YEARS INCIRCUIT SERIAL PROGRAMMING - VIA TWO PINS POWER ON RESET (POR) POWER UP TIMER (PWRT) OSILLATOR START-UP TIMER (OST)

40

 WATCHDOG TIMER OPERATION CODE PROTECTION

(wtd) WITH ITS

OWN

ON-CHIP RC OSCILLATOR FOR

RELIABLE

POWER SAVING SLEEP MODE SELECTABLE OSCILLATOR OPTIONS

CMOS ENHANCED FLASH/EEPROM TECHNOLOGY:

LOW POWER, HIGH-SPEED TECHNOLOGY FULLY STATIC DESIGN WIDE OPERATING VOLTAGE RANGE - COMMERCIAL : 2.0 V TO 5.5 V - INDUSTRIAL : 2.0 V TO 5.5 V LOW POWER CONSUMPTION - <2Ma TYPICAL @ 5v 4Mhz - 15A typical standby current @ 2V

41

ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW:
The high performance of the PIC16F84A can be attributed to a number of architectural features commonly To found being in with, RISC the microprocessors.

PIC16F84A uses a Harvard architecture, in which, program and data are accessed from separate memories. This improves bandwidth over traditional von Neumann architecture where program and data are fetched from the same memory. Separating program and data memory further allows instructions to be sized differently than the 8-bit wide data

42

word. Instruction opcodes are 14-bits wide making it possible to have all single word instructions. A 14-bit wide program memory access but fetches a single cycle. A two-stage pipeline overlaps fetch and execution of instructions (see Example 3-1). Consequently, all instructions execute in a single cycle (200 ns @ 20 MHz) except for program branches. The PIC16F84A addresses 1K x 14 program memory. All program memory is internal. The PIC16F84A can directly indirectly address its register files or data memory. All special function registers including the program counter are mapped in the data memory. An orthogonal (symmetrical) instruction set that makes it possible to carry out any operation on any register using any addressing mode. This symmetrical nature and lack of special optimal situations make programming with the PIC16F84A the simple yet curve efficient. is In addition, learning reduced

significantly.

43

PIC16F84A devices contain an 8-bit ALU and working purpose register. The ALU unit. is It a general performs arithmetic

arithmetic and Boolean functions between data in the working register and any register file. The ALU is 8-bit wide and capable of addition, subtraction, Unless two shift and logical operations. arithmetic one otherwise mentioned,

operations are twos complement in nature. In operand instruction, typically operand is the working register (W register), and the other operand is a file register or an immediate constant. In single operand instructions, the operand is either the W register or a file register. The W register is an 8-bt working register used for ALU operation. It is not on an the addressable register. Depending

instruction executed, the ALU may affect the values of the Carry , Digit Carry (DC), and Zero (Z) bits in the STATUS register. The C

44

and DC bits operate as a borrow and digit borrow out bit, respectively, in subtraction.

45

46

47

MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F84A. These are the program memory and the data memory. Each block has its own bus, so that access to each block can occur during the same oscillator cycle. The data memory can further be broken down into the general purpose RAM and the Special Function Registers (SFRs). The operation of the SFRs that control the core are described here. The SFRs used to control the peripheral modules are described in the section discussing each individual peripheral module. The data memory area also contains the data EEPROM memory. This memory is not directly mapped into the data memory, but is indirectly mapped. That is an indirect address pointer specifies the address of the data EEPROM memory to read/write. The 64 bytes of data EEPROM memory have the address range 00 - 3Fh.
48

Program Memory Organization:

The PIC16F84A has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K x 14-program memory space. For the PIC16F84A only the first 1K x 14 (0000-03FFh) are physically implemented. Accessing a location above the physically implemented address will cause a wrap-around. For example, locations 20h 420h, C20h, 1020h, 1420h, 1820h, and 1C20h will be the same instruction. The reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h

Data Memory Organization:

The data memory is partitioned into two areas. The first is the Special Function Registers (SFR) area, while the second is the General Purpose Registers (GPR) area. The
49

SFRs control the operation of the device. Portions of data memory are banked. This is for both the SFR area and the GPR area. The GPR area is banked to allow greater than 96 bytes of general purpose RAM. The banked areas of the SFR are for the registers that control the peripheral functions. Banking requires the use of control bits for bank selection. These control bits are located in the STATUS Register. Instructions MOVWF and MOVF and move values from the W register to any location in the register file (F), and vice-versa. The entire data memory can be accessed either directly or indirectly through the File Select Register (FSR). Indirect addressing used the present value of the RP1:RP0 bits for access into the banked areas of data memory. In AM, the information signal varies the amplitude of the carrier sine wave. In other words, instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes in accordance with the

50

amplitude and frequency variations of the modulating signal. Figure 2-1 shows a singlefrequency sine wave modulating a higherfrequency carrier signal. Note that the carrier frequency remains constant during the modulation process but that its amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. An increase in the modulating signal amplitude causes the amplitude of the carrier to increase. Both the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave vary with the modulating signal. An increase or decrease- in the amplitude of the modulating signal causes a corresponding increase or decrease in both the positive and . negative peaks of the carrier amplitude. Data memory is partitioned into two banks which contain the general purpose registers and the special function registers. Bank 0 is selected by clearing
51

the

RP0

bit

(STATUS<5>). Setting the RP0 bit select Bank 1. Each Bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). The lower locations of each Bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Purpose RAM. Function Registers Registers are General as static implemented

52

53

GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER FILE:

The register file is accessed either directly or indirectly through the FSR. All devices have some amount of GPR area. The GPR is 8-bits wide. When the GPR area is greater then 96,

54

banking must be performed to access the additional memory space

PORTA and TRISA Registers:

PORTA is a 5-bit wide latch. RA4 is a Schmitt trigger input and an open collector output. All other RA port pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers. All pins have data direction bits (TRIS registers) which can configure these pins as output or input. A 1on any bit in the TRISA registers puts the corresponding output driver in a highimpedance mode. A 0 on any bit in the TRISA register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected pin(s). Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins whereas writing to it will write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify write operations. So a write to a port implied that the port pins are firs read, then this value is modified and written to the port data latch.

55

PORTB and TRISB Registers:

PORTB is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISB. A 1 on any bit in the TRISB register puts the corresponding output driver in a high impedance mode. A 0 on any bit in the TRISB register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected pin(s). Each of the PORTB pins have a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is done by clearing the RBPU (OPTION<7>) bit. The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output the pull-ups are disabled on POR. Four of PORTBs pins, RB7, RB4, have an interrupt on change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e. any RB7:RB4 pin con56

figured as an output is excluded from the interrupt on change comparison). The pins value in input mode are compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB. The mismatch outputs of the pins are ORed together to generate the RBIF interrupt (INTCON<0>).

DATA EEPROM MEMORY:

The EEPROM data memory is readable and writable during normal operation (full VDD range). This memory is not directly mapped in the register file space. Instead it is indirectly addressed through the Special Function Registers. There are four SFRs used to read and write this memory. These registers are: EECON1 EECON2 (Not a physically implemented register) EEDATA EEADR EEDATA holds the 8-bit data for read/write, and EEADR holds the address of the EEPROM location being accessed. PIC16F84A devices

57

have 64 bytes of data EEPROM with an address range from oh to 3Fh. The EEPROM data memory allows byte read and write. A byte write automatically erases the location and data memory is rated for high erase/write cycles. The write time is controlled by an on-chip timer. The write time will vary with voltage and temperature as well as from chip to chip. Please refer to AC specifications for exact limits. When the device is code protected, the CPU may continue to read and write the data EEPROM memory. The device programmer can no longer access this memory.

Reading the Eeprom Data Memory:

To read a data memory location, the user must write the address to the EEADR register and then set control bit RD (EECON1<0>). The data is available, in the very next cycle, in the EEDATA register; therefore it can be read in the next instruction, EEDATA will hold this value until another read or until it is written to by the user (during a write operation).

58

DATA EEPROM READ

BCF STATUS, RP0 ; Bank 0 MOVLW CONFIG_ADDR ; MOVWF EEADR ; Address to read BSF BSF BCF MOVF STATUS, RP0 EECON1, RD STATUS, RP0 EEDATA, W ; ; ; Bank 1 EE Read Bank 0 ; W = EEDATA

Writing to the EEPROM Data Memory:

To write an EEPROM data location, the user must first write the address to the EEADR register and the data to the EEDATA register. Then the user must follow a specific sequence to initiate the write for each byte. BSF STATUS, RPO ; Bank 1 BCF INTCON, GIE ; Disable INTs. BSF EECON1, WREN ; Enable write MOVLW 55H ; MOVWF EECON2 ; Write 55h MOVLW AAh ; MOVWF EECON2 ; Write AAh BSF EECON 1,WR ; Set WR bit begin write BSF INTCON, GIE ; Enable INTs.

59

The write will not initiate if the above sequence is not exactly followed (write 55h to EECON2, write AAh to EECON2, then set WR bit) for each byte. We strongly recommend that interrupts be disabled during this code segment. Additionally, the WREN bit in EECON 1must be set to enable write. This mechanism prevents accidental writes to data EEPROM due to errant (unexpected) code execution (i.e., lost programs). The user should keep the WREN bit clear at all times, except when updating EEPROM. The WREN bit is not cleared by hardware. After a write sequence has been initiated, clearing the WREN bit will not affect this write cycle. The WR bit will be inhibited from being set unless the WREN bit is set. At the completion of the write cycle, the WR bit is cleared in hardware and cycle, the WR bit is cleared in hardware and the EE Write Complete Interrupt Flag bit (EEIF) is set. The user can either enable this interrupt or poll this bit. EEIF must be cleared by software.

60

Depending on the application good programming practice may dictate that the value written to the Data EEPROM should be verified to the desired value to be written. This should be used in applications where an EEPROM bit will be stressed near the specification limit. The Total Endurance disk will help determine your comfort level.

61

Generally the EEPROM write failure will be a bit which was written as a o, but reads back as a 1 (due to leakage off the bit).

WRITE VERIFY:
BCF : : MOVF BSF BSF STATUS, RPO EEDATA, W STATUS, RP0 EECON1, RD ; Bank o ; Any code can go here ; ; Must be in Bank o ; Bank1 READ ; YES, Read the ; value written ; Bank o

BCF STATUS, RP0 ; ; Is the value written (in w reg) and ;read (in EEDATA) the same SUBWF BTFSS GOTO : : EEDATA, W STATUS, Z WRITE_ERR

; ; Is difference 0 ? ; NO, Write error ; YES, Good write ; Continue program

Configuration Bits:
The configuration bits can be programmed (read as 0) or left unprogrammed (read as 1) to select various device configurations. These bits are mapped in program memory location 2007h. Note that address 2007h is beyond the user program memory space. In fact, it belongs to the special test/configuration memory space
62

(2000h 3FFh), which can be accessed only during programming.

OSCILLATOR CONFIGURATION:
Oscillator types:
The PIC16F84A can be operated in four different oscillator modes. The user can and program two configuration bits (FOSC1 FOSCO) to select one of these four modes: LP XT HS RC Low Power Crystal Crystal/Resonator High Speed Crystal/Resonator Resistor/Capacitor

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR / CERMIC RESONATORS: In XT, LP or HS modes a crystal or ceramic resonator is connected to the OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT pins to establish oscillation (Figure 8-2). The PIC16F84A oscillator design requires the use of a parallel cut crystal. Use
63

of a series cut crystal may give a frequency out of the crystal manufactures specifications. When in XT, LP or HS modes, the device can have an external clock source to drive the OSC1/CLKIN PIN.

Watchdog Timer (WDT): The watchdog timer is realized as a free running on-chip RC oscillator which does not require any external components. This RC oscillator is separate from the RC oscillator of the OSC1/CLKIN pin. That means that the WDT will run even if the clock on the OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT pins of the device has been stopped, for example, by execution of a SLEEP instruction. During normal operation a WDT time-out generates device RESET. If the device is in SLEEP mode, a WDT time-out causes the device to wake-up and continue with normal operation. The WDT can be permanently disabled by programming configuration fuse WDTE as a 0.
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Code Protection: The code in the program memory and data EEPROM memory can be protected by programming the code protect bit.

INSTRUCTION SET:

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A RISC processor has only 35 instructions.

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7805 ( +5V VOLTAGE REGULATOR) :3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

Features: Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Description: The three MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA terminal positive series of are regulators

available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
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thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

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TESTING PROCEDURE:
After completion of the assembling of the electronics components on PCB. All the circuits are arranged on a board. Power is made on . Take a multimeter and check output voltage of the power supply for +5v & check in all parts of the project. Now IR beam scheme is to check. When light falls output of the sensor is 0.0v and when train comes in front of the sensor output voltage is +5v. Check output of the sensor 5.0v when interrupted. Transmitter is tuned to receiver. Transmitter is sending signal at 433MHz frequency. Now turn the trimmer at same time press the TE switch so output of the receiver acknowledgement signal high. Now it is tuned.
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CONCLUSION:
The barrier project system. is build Project around detects the train

microcontroller; ASK communication & IR automatically using IR beam scheme. Alert signal is provided to trains through ASK transmission. Same ASK scheme can be used in large number of tracks by varying the address. Microcontroller is intelligent brain of the project. Here ASK transmitter is of low range therefore it is applicable to small region. But it can be improved to large region by using power amplifier.

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