TABLE OF TENSES

Type Of Sentence (+) ve Statement

Tense

Sentence Structure Sub + V1 +s/es . 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4)

Examples He speaks. She speaks. I speak. You speak. We speak. They speak. He does not speak. She doesnt speak. I dont speak. You dont speak. We dont speak. They dont speak. Does he speak? Does she speak? Do you speak? Do they speak? What does he speak? How does she speak? When do you speak? Why do they speak? He is speaking. She is speaking. I am speaking. You are speaking. We are speaking. They are speaking. He is not speaking. She is not speaking. I am not speaking. You are not speaking. We are not speaking. They are not speaking. Is he speaking? Is she speaking? Are you speaking? Are they speaking?

Uses To speak about Daily/Regular Actions Frequent Actions, Habits Universal/General Truths Customs/Traditions Scheduled Activities 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20)

Examples She teaches Mathematics. I drink milk daily. The sun rises in the east. They speak English fluently. People celebrate Diwali grandly. He visits his parents once a month. They often meet at the caf. I usually take rotis at night. Our boss rarely smiles. Barking dogs seldom bite. He never tells the truth. The football match starts at 10 am tomorrow. Ramesh doesnt smoke. These children dont go to school. Does she sing well? Do you like old movies? What does he want? Why do you waste your time? How much does this cost? Who sends you money?

Simple Present

(-) ve Statement

Sub + does/do + not + V1 + .

SIGNAL WORDS Always, every day, every month, every week, daily, never, normally, often, seldom, generally, sometimes, usually, frequently, occasionally, rarely, once a week, twice a month, once in two days, etc.

Yes/No Question

Does/Do + Sub + V1 +.

Wh Question

Wh word + does/do + Sub + V1 + . Sub + is/am/are + Ving + .

Present Continuous

(+) ve Statement

To speak about actions going on now. To speak about temporary actions going on these days. To speak about pre-planned future actions.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24)

(-) ve Statement

Sub + is/am/are + not + Ving + .

SIGNAL WORDS At the moment, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now, these days, nowadays, etc. VERBS NOT USED IN THE CONTINUOUS TENSE Agree, believe, doubt, forget, know, mean, recognize, recollect, remember, suppose, think, understand, want, wish, desire, need, see, smell, hear, taste, notice, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, feel, forgive, appear, seem, deserve, depend, possess, contain, belong to, consist of, own, have (=own), etc. The above verbs are usually used in the Simple or Perfect tenses.

Yes/No Question

Is/Are + Sub + Ving + ?

Wh Question

Wh word + is/are + Sub + Ving + ?

1) What is he speaking? 2) Where is she speaking? 3) When are you speaking? 4) How are they speaking?

He is speaking at the conference now. Radha is cooking in the kitchen. Promod is always complaining about petty things. Dont disturb me. I am studying now. Listen! Someone is climbing up the stairs. Look! All are beating up the small boy. We are planning to go abroad. They are visiting holy places. Im learning English these days. Nowadays, people are opting for overseas jobs. They are holding an exhibition here next week. He is not paying attention to the lecture. I am not working there now. She is not doing anything right now. They are not willing to come here. Is Suresh writing the exam? Are you going there now? What is the boy doing in the room? Where are you working? How far are they going? When are you meeting her? Why is the girl crying? Who is seeing you this evening? What is happening there?

Tense Present Perfect

Type Of Sentence (+) ve Statement

Sentence Structure Sub + has/have + V3 + .. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Examples He has spoken. She has spoken. I have spoken. You have spoken. We have spoken. They have spoken.

Uses

Examples 1) I have just spoken to your father about it. 2) He has just gone out. 3) The members have just concluded their meeting. 4) These students have already written the test. 5) Dont pay him money. I have already paid him. 6) I am happy now because I have won the case. 7) He has not yet finished his work for the day. 8) I havent met him till now. 9) They havent informed us so far. So, we are worried. 10) We have never been to the US. 11) Have you finished lunch? 12) Has Anand invited you to the party? 13) Has he come? 14) Have you ever been to Delhi? 15) What have you done with this? It is not working. 16) Why have you come late? 17) Where have you been till now? I was waiting for you. 18) Who has told you this? 19) How has your friend written his exam? 1) Vikram has been speaking for an hour. 2) She has been working in the garden since morning. 3) I have been trying to contact my friend for two weeks. 4) We have been designing the programme the whole week. 5) Our neighbours have been living here since 1996. 6) They have been calling us all day. 7) We have been learning English for a month. 8) They have not been answering our calls for two days. 9) I havent been doing anything since morning. 10) Madhavi has not been attending classes regularly. 11) Have you been using these medicines for long? 12) Has your brother been coming home late? 13) Has the boss been looking for me? 14) What have you been doing since morning? 15) How long have they been living here? 16) Since when has Sudha been working in this office? 17) How have you been handling this problem? 18) How long has he been waiting for her? 19) Why have you been shouting? 20) Where have they been learning animation? 21) Who has been troubling her? 22) What has been happening here?

(-) ve Statement

Sub + has/have 1) He has not spoken. + not + V3 + . 2) She hasnt spoken. 3) I have not spoken. 4) You havent spoken. 5) We havent spoken. 6) They havent spoken. Has/Have + Sub + V3 + ? 1) 2) 3) 4) Has he spoken? Has she spoken? Have you spoken? Have they spoken?

To speak about actions completed in the immediate past. To speak about actions that completed in the past but have a connection with the present. To speak about actions those have not happened till now (in the negative).

SIGNAL WORDS Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now, etc. NOTE: When the time of a past action is mentioned, use the Simple Past Tense and not the Present Perfect Tense. I have completed my degree in 2006. I completed my degree in 2006.

Yes/No Question

Wh Question

Wh word + has/have + Sub + V3 + ..

1) What has he spoken? 2) How has she spoken? 3) Why have you spoken? 4) Where have they spoken? 1) He has been speaking. 2) She has been speaking. 3) I have been speaking. 4) You have been speaking. 5) We have been speaking. 6) They have been speaking. 1) He has not been speaking. 2) She hasnt been speaking. 3) I have not been speaking. 4) You havent been speaking. 5) We havent been speaking. 6) They havent been speaking.

Present Perfect Continuous

(+) ve Statement

Sub + has/have + been + Ving +

For an action that started in the Past, continued over a period of time into the Present and is still going on. If such an action as stated above has been completed in the Present and does not continue at the time of speaking, we usually use the Present Perfect Tense.

(-) ve Statement

Sub + has/have + not + been + Ving +

SIGNAL WORDS all day, for 6 years, since 2003, how long?, the whole week

Yes/No Question

Has/Have + Sub + been +Ving + ..

1) 2) 3) 4)

Has he been speaking? Has she been speaking? Have you been speaking? Have they been speaking?

Wh Question

Wh word + has/have + Sub + been + Ving + ..

1) What has he been speaking? 2) How has she been speaking? 3) How long have you been speaking? 4) Since when have they been speaking?

Tense Simple Past

Type Of Sentence (+) ve Statement

Sentence Structure Sub + V2 + .

Examples 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4) He spoke. She spoke. I spoke. You spoke. We spoke. They spoke. He did not speak. She didnt speak. I didnt speak. You didnt speak. We didnt speak. They didnt speak. Did he speak? Did she speak? Did you speak? Did they speak? What did he speak? How did she speak? When did you speak? Why did they speak?

Uses 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) NOTE: If such a past habit or daily/ 7) regular action continues even in the 8) present, use the Simple Present 9) Tense and not the Simple Past Tense. 10) 11) NOTE: Usually, when we talk 12) about past habits or daily/regular 13) actions in the past, we use 14) Used to + V1 instead of Simple Past Tense(V2). 15) 16) I used to visit my uncle daily 17) last year. 18) He used to smoke a lot. For an action that happened at a point of time in the Past. For a past habit. For daily/regular actions in the past. SIGNAL WORDS yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday, etc. To speak about an action going on at a point of time in the Past. For an action going on when another action happened in the Past. (In such cases, we use the Past Continuous Tense for the action going on and the Simple Past Tense for the other action) I was writing the test when the inspectors came in. When two actions were going on simultaneously at a point of time in the past, we use the Past Continuous Tense for both the actions and combine them using while. Pradeep was studying while his friends were chatting.

Examples She spoke the truth. I met my cousin yesterday. They went out two minutes ago. We saw him at the theatre the other day. Meena did not meeet her parents last Friay. These boys didnt write the exam. They didnt answer because they didnt know the answer. Did you ask him for money? Did the students protest against the college authorities? Did Kamala invite you yesterday? Why did you fight with your brother? Where did the children go? How did they perform at the competition? What did you do last week? When did she complete her degree? Who told you the truth? Who organized this function? What happened at the college yesterday.

(-) ve Statement

Sub + did + not + V1 + .

Yes/No Question

Did + Sub + V1 +.

Wh Question

Wh word + did + Sub + V1 + .

Past Continuous

(+) ve Statement

Sub + was/were + Ving + .

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4)

He was speaking. She was speaking. I was speaking. You were speaking. We were speaking. They were speaking.

(-) ve Statement

Sub + was/were + not + Ving + .

He was not speaking. She was not speaking. I wasnt speaking. You were not speaking. 5) We werent speaking. 6) They werent speaking. 1) 2) 3) 4) Was he speaking? Was she speaking? Were you speaking? Were they speaking?

Yes/No Question

Was/Were + Sub + Ving + ? Wh word + was/were + Sub + Ving + ?

Wh Question

1) What was he speaking? 2) Where was she speaking? 3) Why were you speaking? 4) How were they speaking?

SIGNAL WORDS when, while, then, at 5 o clock, etc.

1) We were listening to the radio all evening yesterday. 2) The light went out while I was reading. 3) When I saw him he was playing with some kids. 4) I was thinking about it when he called me. 5) Please dont take it seriously. I was just kidding. 6) The children were shouting when the teacher entered the class. 7) She was watching TV at 5 o clock last evening. 8) They were insulting him while he was serving them. 9) I was not doing anything when he came to my house. 10) Suresh was not practising his lessons when I met him. 11) We were not copying when the invigilator saw us. 12) The boy wasnt talking to anyone then. 13) The students werent listening to the lecture in the class. 14) Was he working there? 15) Were you speaking to the boss then? 16) Were the brothers quarrelling with each other last night? 17) Was it raining there yesterday? 18) What was she doing when you met her? 19) Why were you laughing while he was talking to you? 20) How were they playing when you saw them? 21) Where were the children going late last night? 22) When were they fighting? 23) Who was talking to you last night? 24) Who were quarrelling on the street at that time? 25) What was happening when you went there?

Tense Past Perfect

Type Of Sentence (+) ve Statement

Sentence Structure Sub + had + V3 + .. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4)

Examples He had spoken. She had spoken. I had spoken. You had spoken. We had spoken. They had spoken. He had not spoken. She hadnt spoken. I had not spoken. You hadnt spoken. We hadnt spoken. They hadnt spoken. Had he spoken? Had she spoken? Had you spoken? Had they spoken? What had he spoken? How had she spoken? Why had you spoken? Where had they spoken?

Uses

Examples 1) She had already finished the work when I met her. 2) We had just completed our dinner when they came in. 3) The train had left when they reached the station. 4) Gopal had informed many people about it before we stopped him. 5) I had been there twice before last summer. 6) I could not meet her because she had gone to her mothers place. 7) They had despatched the goods before we sent them a reminder. 8) She had not done anything when we went there. 9) They had not gone far when they met with an accident. 10) I hadnt finished my work when my friends dropped in. 11) Had she spoken to the boss when you met her? 12) Had they made all the arrangements before the boss came in? 13) Why had he come before his brother came? 14) Where had they spoken before they spoke at the university? 15) Where had she worked before she joined here? 16) Who had informed them about it before you did?

(-) ve Statement

Sub + had + not + V3 + .

Yes/No Question

Had + Sub + V3 + ?

For an action that had taken place before another action in the past. (In such cases, the Past Perfect Tense is used for the earlier action and the Simple Past Tense is used for the later action.) NOTE: If only one past action is stated or understood from the context, the Simple Past Tense should be used for that action and not the Past Perfect Tense. I had completed my work last night. I completed my work last night. SIGNAL WORDS already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day, etc.

Wh Question

Wh word + had + Sub + V3 + ..

Past perfect continuous

(+) ve Statement

Sub + had +been+ V1 +ing ..

to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past

You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. (-) ve Statement Sub + had + not +been+ V1 +ing .

Yes/No Question

Had + Sub +been + V1 +ing ? Wh word + had + sub +been V1 +ing ..

Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?

Wh Question

Where had you been waiting for him for the whole day?

Simple Future

(+) ve Statement

Sub + will + VI + .

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4)

He will speak. She willl speak. I will speak. You will speak. We will speak. They will speak. He will not speak. She wont speak. I wont speak. You wont speak.

(-) ve Statement

Sub + will + not + V1 + .

To express the future as a fact. To say what we think or believe will happen in the future. (With expressions like I think, I believe, Probably, etc.) To speak about an action that we have decided to do at the time of speaking. SIGNAL WORDS in a year, next , tomorrow, later,

1) He will speak with the manager tomorrow. 2) You will need this money on your return journey. 3) I will call you later. 4) Sunil will be thirty in a week. 5) Ill wait for him. 6) I think, shell go to the party. 7) I believe everything will be fine soon. 8) Probably, they will call us tonight. 9) The board will announce the results next month.

Tense

Type Of Sentence

Sentence Structure

Examples 5) We wont speak. 6) They wont speak. etc.

Uses 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26)

Examples I will not go there. I wont do it again. She will not write this test. Deepak wont visit his parents again tis month. Will you attend the meeting? Will he finish the work in time? Will they wait for you? Will your parents be happy with your performance? What will you do now? Where will she go now? How will they come here? How much money will you pay them? Why will they misunderstand us? Who will tell you the right way there? Who will become the next Prime Minister of India? What will happen next? What will happen to your aged parents if you leave them now?

Yes/No Question

Will + Sub + V1 1) Will he speak? +. 2) Will she speak? 3) Will you speak? 4) Will they speak? Wh word + will + Sub + V1 + . 1) 2) 3) 4) What will he speak? How will she speak? When will you speak? Where will they speak?

Wh Question

Future Continuous

(+) ve Statement

Sub + will + be + Ving + .

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

He will be speaking. She will be speaking. I will be speaking. You will be speaking. We will be speaking. They will be speaking.

(-) ve Statement

Sub + will + not + be + Ving + .

1) He will not be speaking. 2) She wont be speaking. 3) I wont be speaking. 4) You wont be speaking. 5) We wont be speaking. 6) They wont be speaking. 1) 2) 3) 4) Will he be speaking? Will she be speaking? Will you be speaking? Will they be speaking?

For an action which will be going on at a time in the future. For actions in the future which are already planned but are less definite as they are expected to happen in the normal course of things. (As a routine or casual event.) For an action that the speaker thinks is happening now.

SIGNAL WORDS next week, tomorrow, then, at that time, etc.

Yes/No Question

Will + Sub + be + Ving + ?

1) Dont come to my house at 11 o clock tomorrow morning. I will be watching the serial then. 2) He will be speaking at the conference tomorrow. 3) I must leave now. My brother will be waiting for me. 4) Dont call him now. He will be talking to the Director. 5) Naresh will be leaving for Mumbai next week. 6) I will be visiting a doctor at that time. 7) Shravan will not be attending the meeting on Monday. 8) They wont be coming with us to the party. 9) Dont worry. They wont be waiting for us. 10) I wont be doing anything then. 11) Will they be coming with us? 12) Will she be speaking at the meet? 13) What will you be doing tomorrow morning? 14) Why will they be meeting the officer? 15) Where will Latha be giving her lecture this Friday? 16) Who will be entertaining the guests?

Wh Question

Wh word + will + Sub + be + Ving + ?

1) What will he be speaking? 2) Where will she be speaking? 3) When will you be speaking? 4) Why will they be speaking? 1) We will have finished our syllabus by the 20th of this month. 2) The team will have completed the project by next Wednesday. 3) I will have written the test by then. 4) They will have lived here for five years by the end of this month. 5) She will have worked here for 3 months by this week-end. 6) The Directors will have finalized the deal in

Future Perfect

(+) ve Statement

(-) ve Statement

Sub + will + 1) He will have spoken. To speak about actions which have + V3 + .. 2) She will have spoken. will be completed by a certain 3) I will have spoken. future time. (Usually, with by 4) You will have spoken. + a future time expression) 5) We will have spoken. 6) They will have SIGNAL WORDS spoken. by Monday, in a week, by the 15th , etc. Sub + will + not 1) He will not have + have + V3 + spoken.

Tense

Type Of Sentence .

Sentence Structure

Examples 2) She wont have spoken. 3) I wont have spoken. 4) You wont have spoken. 5) We wont have spoken. 6) They wont have spoken.

Uses

Examples a week. 7) She will not have done the work by Tuesday. 8) The children wont have finished their lunch by then. 9) Will they have completed the job by tomorrow morning? 10) Will she have made all the arrangements by the time the guests drop in? 11) How long will you have stayed here by next March? 12) How many projects will the students have done by the end of the course? 13) How many years will you have worked here by this year-end?

Yes/No Question

Will + Sub + 1) Will he have spoken? have + V3 + ? 2) Will she have spoken? 3) Will you have spoken? 4) Will they have spoken? Wh word + 1) What will he have will + Sub + spoken? have + V3 + .. 2) How will she have spoken? 3) Why will you have spoken? Where will they have spoken?

Wh Question

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Determiners:
A determiner can be the definite article 'the' or the indefinite articles 'a' or 'an'. A determiner can be a possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, or whose. A determiner can be a demonstrative pronoun: this, that, these, or those. Or other miscellaneous determiners:

each, every either, neither some, any much, many, more, most little,a little,the little, less, least few,a few,the few, fewer, fewest what, whatever, which, whichever all, both, half several enough

PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A preposition sits in front of (is pre-positioned before) its object. The following words are the most commonly used prepositions: about above across after against along among around at because of before behind below beneath beside(s) between beyond but by concerning despite down during except Excepting For From In in front of Inside in spite of instead of Into Like Near Of off on onto out outside over past regarding since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon up to with within without with regard to with respect to

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Agreement of the verb with the subject:

Basic Rule The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. NOTE: The trick is in knowing whether the subject is singular or plural. The next trick is recognizing a singular or plural verb. Hint: Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an s as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they. Example: talks, talk Which one is the singular form? Which word would you use with he? We say, "He talks." Therefore, talks is singular. We say, "They talk." Therefore, talk is plural. Rule 1 Two singular subjects connected by or or nor require a singular verb. Example: My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today. Rule 2 Two singular subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor require a singular verb as in Rule 1. Examples: Neither Juan nor Carmen is available. Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations. Rule 3 When I is one of the two subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor, put it second and follow it with the singular verb am. Example: Neither she nor I am going to the festival. Rule 4 When a singular subject is connected by or or nor to a plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb. Example: The serving bowl or the plates go on that shelf. Rule 5 When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/or or neither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb. Example: Neither Jenny nor the others are available.

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Rule 6 As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and. Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation. Rule 7 Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along with, as well as, besides, or not. Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb. Examples: The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking. Rule 8 The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, andsomebody are singular and require singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of. Examples: Each of the girls sings well. Every one of the cakes is gone. NOTE: Everyone is one word when it means everybody. Every one is two words when the meaning is each one. Rule 9 With words that indicate portions percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder , and so forth look at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb. Examples: Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared. Pie is the object of the preposition of. Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared. Pies is the object of the preposition. One-third of the city is unemployed. One-third of the people are unemployed. NOTE: Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. All of the pie is gone. All of the pies are gone. Some of the pie is missing. Some of the pies are missing. None of the garbage was picked up. None of the sentences were punctuated correctly. Of all her books, none have sold as well as the first one. Rule 10 The expression the number is followed by a singular verb while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb. Examples: The number of people we need to hire is thirteen. A number of people have written in about this subject.

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Rule 11 When either and neither are subjects, they always take singular verbs. Examples: Neither of them is available to speak right now. Either of us is capable of doing the job. Rule 12 The words here and there have generally been labeled as adverbs even though they indicate place. In sentences beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb. Examples: There are four hurdles to jump. There is a high hurdle to jump. Rule 13 Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time. Examples: Ten dollars is a high price to pay. Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense. Rule 14 Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or plural according to the noun directly in front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb. Examples: Salma is the scientist who writes/write the reports. The word in front of who is scientist, which is singular. Therefore, use the singular verb writes. He is one of the men who does/do the work. The word in front of who is men, which is plural. Therefore, use the plural verb do. Rule 15 Collective nouns such as team and staff may be either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence. Examples: The staff is in a meeting. Staff is acting as a unit here. The staff are in disagreement about the findings. The staff are acting as separate individuals in this example. The sentence would read even better as: The staff members are in disagreement about the findings.

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Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:

The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

relates to "person", which it modifies introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that* Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. In nondefining relative clauses, that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that can be used for things andpeople**. Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female.

example sentences S=subject, O=object, P=possessive

notes

defining relative clauses

- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. - The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.

That is preferable

- The car which hit me was yellow. - The car that hit me was yellow.

That is preferable

- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. - The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher.

Whom is correct but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.

- The car which I drive is old. - The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old.

That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional.

- The student whose phone just rang should stand up. - Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.

- The police are looking for the carwhose driver was masked. - The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.

Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

non-defining

- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.

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relative clauses

- The car, which was a taxi, exploded. - The cars, which were taxis, exploded.

- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. - Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.

Whom is correct but formal. Who is common in spoken English and informal written English.

- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.

- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.

- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. - The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.

Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

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