Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

The Impedance Matching in The Audio Signal Processing

Umar Sidik.BEng.MSc*
Director of Engineering
Electronusa Mechanical System (CTRONICS)
*umar.sidik@engineer.com
1. Introduction
Commonly, impedance is obstruction to transfer energy in the electronic circuit. Therefore, the
impedance matching is required to achieve the maximum power transfer. Furthermore, the
impedance matching equalizes the source impedance and load impedance. In other hand, the
emitter-follower (common-collector) provides the impedance matching delivered from the base
(input) to the emitter (output). The emitter-follower has high input resistance and low output
resistance. In the emitter-follower, the input resistance depends on the load resistance, while the
output resistance depends on the source resistance. In addition, this study implements the radial
electrolytic capacitor 100 100 .
2. Analytical Work
In this study,  and  form the Thevenin voltage, while
 and
deliver ac signal as  and
 (figure 1).

(a)
Figure 1.

(a).
(b).

(b)
The concept of circuit analyzed in the study
The equivalent circuit

2.1 Analysis of dc
First step, we have to calculate the Thevenins voltage in figure 1:
 


 
  

For this circuit,  is 5, then:

 

24
 5
10  24



24
 5
34

  0.71  5
  3.55

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Electronusa Mechanical System

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Actually, in this circuit   ! , so !  3.55.

The second step, we have to calculate " :
"  ! # !"
"  3.55 # 0.7
"  2.85
The third step, we have to calculate %" :
%" 
%" 

"
"

2.85
150

%"  19'(
2.2 Analysis of ac
In the analysis of ac, we involve the capacitor to pass the ac signal and we also involve the internal
resistance of emitter known as )* (figure 2).

(a)
Figure 2.

(a).
(b).

(b)
The ac circuit
The equivalent circuit for ac analysis

The first step, we have to calculate )* in the figure 2:

)* 

25'
%"

)* 

25'
19'(

)*  1.32
The second step, we have to calculate ) +,-* :
) +,-*  .  1 /0  1 2)* 34
) +,-*  200  1 /150  8.2 21.3234

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) +,-*  201 /158.2 21.3234

) +,-*  201 5
) +,-*  201 5

1
1

6
158.2 1.32

1.32
158.2

6
208.824 208.824

) +,-*  201 5

159.52
6
208.824

) +,-*  201 0.764

) +,-*  153.564
The third step is to calculate 8+ :
8+ 
8+ 

) +,-*

1'
153.564

8+  0.0065'(
8+  6.5(
The fourth step is to calculate 89 :
89  .8+
89  200 0.0065'(
89  1.3'(
The last step is to calculate  :
  89 )
  1.3'( 0.764
  0.9932'
  993.2
3. Simulation Work
The simulation work can be classified into the dc analysis and the ac analysis.
3.1 Analysis of dc
In the simulation,  is 3 (figure 3), while in the analytical work  is 3.55.
The different of the analytical work and the simulation work is:
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

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3.55 # 3
 100%
3.55

Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

0.55
 100%
3.55

% ;8<<=)=>?=  18.33%

Figure 3.  in the simulation

In the simulation, " is 2.25 (figure 4), while in the analytical work " is 2.85. The different of the
analytical work and the simulation work is:
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

", ,@A9,@ # "-B@,

 100%
", ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

2.85 # 2.25
 100%
2.85

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

0.6
 100%
2.85

% ;8<<=)=>?=  21.05%

Figure 4. " in the simulation

In the simulation, %" is 15'( (figure 5), while in the analytical work %" is 19'(. The difference is:
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

%", ,@A9,@ # %"-B,

 100%
%", ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

19'( # 15'(
 100%
19'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

4'(
 100%
19'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  21.05%

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Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

Figure 5. %" in the simulation

3.2 Analysis of ac
In the analytical 8+ is 6.5( (0.0065'( , while in the simulation 8+ is 0.07'( (figure 6). The
difference is:
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8+-B@, # 8+, ,@A9,@

 100%
8+-B@,

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

0.07'( # 0.0065'(
 100%
0.07'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

0.0635
 100%
0.07

% ;8<<=)=>?=  90.71%

(a)

(b)

(d)
Figure 6.

5|Page

(a).
(b).
(c).
(d).
(e).

(c)

8+
8+
8+
8+
8+

in
in
in
in
in

the
the
the
the
the

simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation

(e)
at 1Hz
at 10Hz
at 100Hz
at 1kHz
at 10kHz

Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

In the simulation, 89 is 14.9'( (figure 7), while in the analytical 89 is 1.3'(. The difference is:
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

89-B@, # 89, ,@A9,@

 100%
89-B@,

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

14.9'( # 1.3'(
 100%
14.9'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

13.6'(
 100%
14.9'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  91.275%

(a)

(b)

(d)
Figure 7.

(a).
(b).
(c).
(d).
(e).

(c)

89
89
89
89
89

in
in
in
in
in

the
the
the
the
the

simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation

(e)
at 1Hz
at 10Hz
at 100Hz
at 1kHz
at 10kHz

In the simulation, 8 is 0( at 1Hz, is 0( at 10Hz, is 0.05( at 100Hz, is 0.94( at 1kHz, 9.61( at
10kHz, and 15.2( at 16kHz (figure 8). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8, ,@A9,@ # 8-B@,

 100%
8, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.3'( # 0.56(
 100%
1.3'(

1.30000'( # 0.00056'(
 100%
1.3'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.29944'(
 100%
1.3'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  99.95%

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Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

For 10Hz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8, ,@A9,@ # 8-B@,

 100%
8, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.3'( # 4.37(
 100%
1.3'(

1.3000'( # 0.00437'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.29563'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  99.66%
For 100Hz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8, ,@A9,@ # 8-B@,

 100%
8, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.3'( # 38.9(
 100%
1.3'(

1.3000'( # 0.0389'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.2611'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  97%
For 1kHz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8, ,@A9,@ # 8-B@,

 100%
8, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.3'( # 83.3(
 100%
1.3'(

1.3000'( # 0.0833'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.2167'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  93.59%
For 10kHz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8, ,@A9,@ # 8-B@,

 100%
8, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.3'( # 84.8(
 100%
1.3'(

1.3000'( # 0.0848'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

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1.2152'(
 100%
1.3000'(

Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

% ;8<<=)=>?=  93.47%

For 16kHz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

8, ,@A9,@ # 8-B@,

 100%
8, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.3'( # 84.8(
 100%
1.3'(

1.3000'( # 0.0848'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

1.2152'(
 100%
1.3000'(

% ;8<<=)=>?=  93.47%

(a)

(b)

(d)
Figure 8.

(e)
(a).
(b).
(c).
(d).
(e).
(f).

(c)

8
8
8
8
8
8

in
in
in
in
in
in

the
the
the
the
the
the

simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation

at
at
at
at
at
at

(f)
1Hz
10Hz
100Hz
1kHz
10kHz
16kHz

In the simulation,  is 0 at 1Hz, is 0 at 10Hz, is 0.32 at 100Hz, is 5.36 at 1kHz, is 53.8
at 10kHz, and 85.3 at 16kHz (figure 9). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

993.2 # 2.97
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

990.23
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?=  99.7%

8|Page

Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

For 10Hz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

993.2 # 24.6
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

968.6
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?=  97.52%
For 100Hz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

993.2 # 218
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

775.2
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?=  78.05%
For 1kHz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

993.2 # 466
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

527.2
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?=  53.08%
For 10kHz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

993.2 # 475
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

518.2
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?=  52.17%
For 16kHz,
% ;8<<=)=>?= 

, ,@A9,@ # -B@,

 100%
, ,@A9,@

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

993.2 # 475
 100%
993.2

% ;8<<=)=>?= 

9|Page

518.2
 100%
993.2

Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

% ;8<<=)=>?=  52.17%

In this study, the simulation shows that the 8 and  became stable started at 1 kHz.

(a)

(b)

(d)
Figure 9.

10 | P a g e

(e)
(a).
(b).
(c).
(d).
(e).
(f).

(c)








in
in
in
in
in
in

the
the
the
the
the
the

simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation
simulation

at
at
at
at
at
at

(f)
1Hz
10Hz
100Hz
1kHz
10kHz
16kHz