Muhlenbergia montana ...... .. . mountain muhly Or Muhlenbergia torreyi ............ ring muhly Gutierrezia sarothrae ............

broom snakeweed Juniperus monosperma ........... one-seed juniper Pinus edulis ........................... pion pine Quercus gambelii ................... Gambel oak Or very small Quercus undulata .................. wavy-leaf oak

Rydberg's Twinpod -or- Sharpleaf Twinpod (Physaria acutifolia), family Brassicaceae (Mustard).

Juniperus s

copulorum .... .... Pinus ponderosa .................... ponderosa pine

..

... Rocky Mountain juniper

Bouteloua gracilis .........winter:

...reg:

.....NW:

. blue grama

Yucca baccata .........

................ datil

Purple Prairie Clover (Petalostemon purpureum) -or- (Dalea purpurea), family Fabaceae. The prairie clover plants make a high protein food for livestock but as a garden item they are best grown from seeds. The plant produces an extensive root system that makes successful transplantation difficult. The genus, Dalea, hosts quite a large number of species. We are not sure of the native origin of the plants, but it is a neighbor friendly plant. The root system may resist transplanting but it's widespread configuration adds generous doses of nitrogen to the soil it lives in, keeping it's environs fertile for other plants as well as itself. In fact the taproot of this plant can reach up to TEN FEET below the ground in it's quest for nutrients!! Its long taproot has been used to make a tea to reduce fever in measles sufferers. If this is not good enough for you, the flowers are also attractors for birds and butterflies. Lots going on with this very pretty flower. http://wildflowerswest.org/blue-purple-wildflowers-page-4.htm July-

Aug

Allium Cernuum. Nodding Onionthe most common type. You can differenciate them from other onions because these have nodding umbels of pink-lilac flowers with protruding yellow stamens. Cooking removes the strong smell and flavor, converting the sugar inulin to the more digestible fructose, and the bulbs become very sweet. The leaves are edible, raw or cooked. They have a delicious, strongonion flavor, and are said to be very nice in salads. The flowers can be eaten raw or cooked. They have a delicious strong onion flavor, somewhat stronger than the leaves especially if the seeds are starting to set. They make a very decorative and tasty addition to the salad bowl. Medicinal Uses Nodding Onion was used medicinally by the Cherokee, Isleta, Kwakiutl, Makah, and Quinault Indians. The juice of the plant was given to children for hives and croup, as well as for colds and sore throat. A poultice of chewed plant parts was applied to the chest for pleurisy pains, croup, and otherwise applied externally for infections, sores and swellings. A poultice of warm onions was applied externally to throat for sore throat as well. Other Uses The juice of the plant has been used as a moth repellent. The whole plant is said to repel insects and moles. The juice can be applied to exposed skin in order to repel mosquitos

and other biting insects. http://blog.emergencyoutdoors.com/edible-wild-plantsnodding-wild-onion-allium-cernuum/

Yellow Sweet Clover -or- Yellow Melilot (Melilotus officinalis), family Fabaceae . Another specimen of the Pea family. This was one of our first sightings of a NEW wildflower in the state of Colorado! An experiment is soon to be in the works, a collection of bundles of this plant to dry. Their aroma is said by WIKIPEDIA to increase with time when dried. More information is this: 'It has been used in herbal medicine. Naturopaths claim that it helps promote lymphatic drainage and reduces fluid retention, particularly in the tissues of the vein wall. Yellow sweet clover is a major source of nectar for domestic honey bees.' End quote. Another source has this: 'Melilotus officinalis, a non-native species being considered for noxious weed classification in Colorado, is one of our most common plants. It was frequently used to stabilize bare slopes, and it was also widely planted throughout the U.S. by bee keepers; it has since spread to all parts of the foothills and mountains of our area. It is common in meadows, driveways, lawns, and along trails in many areas of the United States. Philip Miller named this genus in 1754 and Pallas named this species Melilotus officinalis in 1776 altering Linnaeus' Trifolium melitlotus-officinalis of 1753.' End quote (from Southwest Colorado Wildflowers.com.

Ribes cereum var. cereum currant, Squaw Currant berries and leaves are edible
Synonyms: Ribes cereum var. inebrians, Ribes cereum var. pedicellare, Ribes inebrians, Ribes reniforme, Ribes viscidulum

wax

Pedicularis sudetica subspeciesscopulorum. Synonym: Pedicularis scopulorum. Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family) Sub-alpine and alpine. Rocky areas, wet areas, tundra. This stunning plant is a rare treat in high mountain meadows and on tundra. As the map below indicates,Pedicularis sudetica is found in just a few counties of a few mountainous states. But when it is present, you know it immediately. The only other plant with which it might be confused is Pedicularis groenlandica, another beautifully exotic member of this genus. Pedicularis sudetica subspecies scopulorum. Synonym: Pedicularis scopulorum. Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Sub-alpine and alpine. Rocky areas, wet areas, The species which can be confused is the elephant headed lousewort whose flower has a long trunk-like extension.

Erigeron flagellaris... daisy

...

.......... whiplash fleabane

Broomrape/SquawRoot Orobance spp or Conopholis spp Great astringent poltice, mild laxative, aphrodisiac, , sedative, strengthens frail symptoms, great for hotflashes, stops excessive uterine bleeding. Roasted Root food.

Dalea jamesii ... ... ..... Dalea jamesii has bright yellow flowers in clusters that turn reddish brown as they age. The leaves are
trifoliately compound and whitish hairy on both sides. The calyx lobes are plumose. Dalea jamesii is found in dry, rocky plains James prairie-clover

Soldigado writii Goldenrod: NOT an ALLERGIN. . . the pollen is too sticky to go far from plant and so are insect pollinated. Ragweed grows near goldenrod often enough that the bright plant is often blamed for ragweeds pollen issues.

Harsh Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja hispida), family Orobanchaceae (Broomrape). These plants are classified in the family Orobanchaceae (following major rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001. They were Scrophulariaceae (Figwort). This yellow variant was right along side the vibrant orange paintbrushes we saw on this hike; sometimes even on the same plant!! Go to the Oranges, Pg 2. to see them. There are over two-hundred species of Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja) in Western North America and this plant is edible in small quantities. Quote "They will absorb selenium, a potentially toxic, alkaline mineral compound in the soil. Where high amounts of selenium in the soil is not present, Indian Paintbrush can be enjoyed in moderation in salads." End quote. USES: Various tribes used the flowering parts as a paintbrush. The Chippewa Indians were known to use Indian Paintbrush as a medicine to treat rheumatism and as a bath rinse to make their hair glossy. Both applications are useful due to it's selenium content." There were many other uses of Paintbrush by Indian tribes - such as a soother for menstral cramps, prevention of contraception, and used with other plants to color animal skins.

There is nectar deep inside that is safe to eat and the whole plant was ground up and put in mocassins for sweaty feet.

Spreadfruit Goldenbanner (Thermopsis divaricarpa), family Fabaceae (Pea).

Can be invasive (watch it) and is toxic to eat: vomit/nauea/abdominal pain. Maybe:

Erigingon Umbellatum:

September pic

Sulpher flower sulpher buckwheat. Eriginon indicates healthy speciation AND is a VERY important source of food for butterflies, moths, and caterpillars.

From http://npsnm.unm.edu/pdfs/Sandia_cl_Sivinski.pdf : common S/M mountain plants by plant community: Table 2. Common native plants of the pion-juniper woodland community in the Sandia/Manzano mountains.

Broom Senecio -or- Grassleaf Senecio -orBroom-like Ragwort (Senecio spartioides), family Asteraceae (Aster) .

Leaves and stems: steam or poltice to draw toxins from skin (boils/pus/pimples). Infusion is an afterbirth tonic. Steamed food. Roots: Chewing gum (root bark), sore muscles, Powdered root infusion (cold is also used) blessing massage for sore muscles. Decoction to bring placenta and a cathartic. Latex: Chewing gum Flowers and leaves: poultice for sore muscles. Flower infusion drops for inflamed eyes. Seeds: roasted with other meals for emergency food

Narrowleaf arnica

Lesquerella ludoviciana

Foothill bladderpod. Mustard family.

Prickly Lettuce -or- China lettuce -or- Wild Lettuce -or- Compass Plant (Lactuca serriola), family Asteraceae (Aster/Sunflower). This species is an example of a little plant that packs a lot of power. Including classification as an invasive weed in some pretty extensive areas. The genus Lactuca has 13 species, this one being both annual and biennial herbs. This species is the closest wild example of cultivated lettuce.

USES: There is only one recorded use of Wild Lettuce by Native Americans: Navajo, Ramah - Compound decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Plants For a Future has more: Young leaves - raw or cooked. A bitter flavour. The young tender leaves are mild and make an excellent salad but the whole plant becomes bitter as it gets older, especially when coming into flower. As a potherb it needs very little cooking. Large quantities can cause digestive upsets. Young shoots - cooked. Used as an asparagus substitute. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. The oil must be refined before it is edible. A pleasant flavour. The whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries

when in contact with the air. The sap contains 'lactucarium', which is used in medicine for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. This species does not contain as much lactucarium as L. virosa. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness whilst excess causes restlessness and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. The fixed oil from the seeds is said to possess antipyretic and hypnotic properties. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is used in the treatment of chronic catarrh, coughs, swollen liver, flatulence and ailments of the urinary tract. TECHNICAL: From the Colorado State University Extension website: pappus (extension of the ovary) bright white; leaf margins and/or midrib and veins spiny. Simple leaf type (not divided into similiar parts). Fruit Type: achene (small, dry, indehiscent - does not open upon maturity - fruit with a thin close-fitting wall surrounding a single seed). The height of the plants at maturity is from 1 - 5 feet tall.

Grasses

Aristida purpurea ....

.........

...

.. red threeawn

Bouteloua curtipendula .....

....

sideoats grama

Bouteloua gracilis .........winter:

...reg:

.....NW:

. blue grama

Elymus smithii ......

......

...

....... western wheatgrass

Lycurus setosus...........

....

........ bristly wolftail

Muhlenbergia torreyi ...

...

......

Muhlenbergia pauciflora . ring muhly

New Mexico muhly

Pleuraphis jamesii .......... ....... galleta

................. galleta

Poa fendleriana ..........

........... Fendlers muttongrass Trees & Shrubs

Berberis haematocarpa ..

...

...

... algerita

Cercocarpus montanus ... .. mahogany Cylindropuntia imbricata ...... cane cholla

...

.. mountain

Fendlera rupicola .......... .... .... Gutierrezia sarothrae ............ broom snakeweed

. cliff Fendler-bush

Juniperus deppeana....

......

....

.. alligator juniper

Juniperus monosperma ...

....

...

. one-seed juniper

Opuntia polyacantha .......

...... hair-spine prickly-pear

Pinus edulis ........

...........

....

.... pion pine

Quercus gambelii ... oak Quercus undulata

....

......most oaks in NM...... Gambel

it decidesIF it will grow upright or outward

10-15 wavy-leaf oak

Yucca baccata .........

................ datil Forbs

Amauriopsis dissecta ......

....

....

ragged-leaf bahia

Astragalus missouriensis.....

...

Missouri milkvetch

Brickellia brachyphylla ..

... ..... Stems branched, pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate (sometimes subopposite); petioles 0-3 mm; blades 3-nerved from bases, lanceolate or lance-ovate, 10-50 420 mm, bases acute to obtuse, margins serrate or entire, apices acute, faces sparsely to densely pubescent, often gland-dotted or stipitateglandular. Heads usually in open, racemiform or paniculiform arrays, rarely borne singly. Peduncles 4-20 mm, pubescent. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 8-11 mm. Phyllaries 15-20 in 4-5 series, greenish, often purple-tinged, 5-9-striate, unequal, margins narrowly scarious (often ciliate, apices acute to acuminate or subaristate); outer lance-ovate (often puberulent), inner narrowly lanceolate (glabrous). Florets 9-12; corollas pale yellow-green, often purple-tinged, 4.5-6 mm. Cypselae 2.5-5.3 mm, mostly velutinous, sometimes pubescent; pappi of 27-32 white, usually plumose, rarely barbellate, bristles. 2n = 18. Flowering Jul-Oct. Limestone cliffs, rhyolitic rock, rocky ridges, canyon walls, hillsides; 1400-2400 m;.
plumed

brickellbush

Castilleja integra ......

very fine hairiness of this plant is evident not only on the stem but also on the bracts and floral tube.............. foothills paintbrush

Chamaesyce fendleri spurge/sandmat a Euphorb (NOT PURSLANE a purslane http://www.plantanswers.com/12_mos_xeriscape_/june.htm )

Fendlers

Dalea jamesii ... ... ..... Dalea jamesii has bright yellow flowers in clusters that turn reddish brown as they age. The leaves are
trifoliately compound and whitish hairy on both sides. The calyx lobes are plumose. Dalea jamesii is found in dry, rocky plains James prairie-clover

Erigeron flagellaris...

...

.......... whiplash fleabane daisy

gentea ...

.....

.... perky-Sue\\

...

.....

.... Eriogonum jamesii .

James wild-buckwheat

Gaura coccinea ........

...... scarlet bee-blossom

Lepidium alyssoides .. pepperweed

Eastwoods

Mirabilis multiflora .....

.. Colorado four-oclock

Penstemon jamesii ...

James penstemon

Physalis hederifolia . ... Sphaeralcea coccinea ............... scarlet globe-mallow Tetraneuris ar

..... ivy-leaf ground-cherry

Table 3. Common native plants of the ponderosa pine forest community in the Sandia/Manzano mountains. Grasses Achnatherum robustum... .... . . LSA is present in Achnatherum robustum (aka Stipa robusta), in the southwest. . sleepygrass

Blepharoneuron tricholepis ..

..

pine dropseed

Bromus frondosus .....

...

... weeping brome

Festuca arizonica ..

mountain bunchgrass/pinegrass Growth Habit: Bunch grass Season of Use: Summer/Salt Tolerance: Fair

...

...

...

Arizona fescue/

Seeding: Good Longevity: Long Recovery Rate: Medium Wet Tolerance: Poor Drought Tolerance: Excellent Yield Potential: High Winter Hardiness: Excellent More information about Arizona fescue CSU Extension Agriculture & Natural Resources Fact Sheets include extensive information related to forage production and pasture management. Though it provides good forge value in dry, upland areas, Arizona fescue is intolerant of heavy grazing, especially when grazed in spring. Light summer grazing of this grass is recommended.

Koeleria macrantha ... ... .. .... perennial 18-24, greenwhite heads in June ... Native to U.S. bunchgrass silvery green, spike-like seedheads which start
grass, dormant in late summer. West coast has a bigger seedhead. Junegrass/ Prairie Koeler's grass

growth very early in spring and turn tan by mid-summer. The leaves are gray-green. a cool-season

Muhlenbergia montana ...... Poa fendleriana .

..

. mountain muhly

spring.. . . . spikelet. erect grass. Starts growth early spring and again in the fall if moisture is available. Perennial bunchgrass Rhizomes: Y Stolons: N Leaf basal and erect 24- 36 Seedhead Flowering Apr Aug : Multi-flowered Spikelet @ branch ends Awns: Absent Flower/ Seedhead: Branches short, erect or erect and spreading. Spikelets, 6 with 5 - 8 florets (rarely 4). Unisex:both spikelets similar. Blade not Hairy 4-8X1-4mm, broad, short, usually stiff, keel shaped tips, double midrib on the bottom. Ligules: Membranous margins colorless and translucent. Ligule highly variable, up to 3 mm long. Forage Value: Excellent for cattle and horses, good for sheep, elk and deer; value decline rapidly with maturity. Fendlers muttongrass

Trees & Shrubs

Berberis repens Berberis aquifolius

repens

Berberis nana Mahonia repens Odostemon

. .. .. . leaves often red or purple, or blotched. inflorescence spike nearly sessile to ground. berries are glaucous blue & 6-7mm. Often found at mid elevations in the shade of Alligator Juniper in Gila. Creeping Oregon-grape

Ceanothus fendleri....
hidden thorns.

shrub small leaves w/ 3 obvious veins from leaf. branches have hidden thorns at the ends. flowers in panicles mature into red berries. mountainous. C,greggii is similar (found on dry hillsides and roadsides and lower) but has no

.....

..

...

...

Fendlers buckbrush

Juniperus scopulorum . .... .. Pinus ponderosa .................... ponderosa pine

.. Rocky Mountain juniper

Quercus gambelii . Ribes leptanthum ... Robinia neomexicana ......

.... ........ ..

......most oaks in NM... Gambel oak ....YUM. trumpet gooseberry

.... valuable for erosion control, sprouting from roots and stumps and rapidly forming thickets. Livestock and wildlife browse the foliage and cattle relish the flowers. Indians also ate the pods and flowers. reddish-purple branches; thick, rough-hairy beans. Can thicket. 12-36, but often under 10 like a spiny shrub due to conditions. Blooms from Apr- Aug. Seeds are EXTREMELY poisonous to humans Cold Tolerant. Soils: Rocky . Sandy, Sandy Loam,
Medium Loam, Clay Loam, Clay. Partial Shade and medium water. Use Ornamental: Showy, Attractive, Blooms ornamental, Understory tree, Erosion control Use Wildlife: Flowers attract bees and hummingbirds. Browse, Nectar-insects, Fruit-mammals, Fruit-birds Warning: Seeds contain toxic substances, and a single seed can be fatal if eaten. Leaves can cause skin irritation. Sensitivity to a toxin varies with a persons age, weight, physical condition, and individual susceptibility. Children are most vulnerable because of their curiosity and small size. Toxicity can vary in a plant according to season, the plants different parts, and its stage of growth; and plants can absorb toxic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and pollutants from the water, air, and soil. wildflower.org . YUM New

Mexico locust Forbs

Allium cernuum...

........

......

.... nodding onion

Antennaria marginata ....

..

.Randall J. Bayer in Flora of North America (vol. 19, 20 and 21) Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants in equal frequency as pistillates or none in populations, respectively). Plants 5-20 cm (stems sometimes stipitate-glandular, especially in dioecious diploids). Stolons 2-7 cm (woolly). Basal leaves 1-3-nerved, spatulate, 15-20 4-6 mm, tips mucronate, abaxial faces gray-tomentose, adaxial green-glabrous (margins white woolly). Cauline leaves linear, 7-16 mm, (apices acute) not flagged. Heads 5-8 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4.5-7 mm; pistillate 5-7(-9) mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide), distally white (apices acuminate). Corollas: staminate 3-5 mm; pistillate 4.5-6.5 mm. Cypselae 0.8-2 mm, glabrous or slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5-5.5 mm; pistillate 5.5-8.5 mm. 2n= 28, 56, 84, 112, 140. Flowering summer. Moist forests, slopes and tops of ridges under Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce or Gambel oaks, openings in the forests whitemargin pussytoes

Artemisia carruthii....

..... .. ..... Leila M. Shultz in Flora of North America (vol. 19, 20 and 21): Perennials, 15-40(-70) cm, faintly aromatic (rhizomatous). Stems mostly 3-8, ascending, brown to gray-green, simple (bases curved, somewhat woody), sparsely to densely tomentose. Leaves cauline, bicolor ( gray-green); blades narrowly elliptic, 0.12.5(-3) 0.5-1 cm (gradually smaller distally), relatively deeply pinnatifid (lobes 3-5), faces densely tomentose (abaxial) to sparsely hairy (adaxial). Heads (usually nodding) in (leafy) paniculiform arrays 10-30 3-9 cm (branches erect). Involucres campanulate, 2-2.5(-3) 1.5-3 mm. Phyllaries lanceolate, graytomentose. Florets: pistillate 1-5; bisexual 7-25; corollas pale yellow, 1-2 mm, glandularpubescent. Cypselae (light brown) cylindro-elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm, (curved at summits, scarcely nerved), glabrous (shining). 2n = 18. Flowering mid summer-early fall. Open sites, usually sandy soils, wooded areas, grasslands, railroads; 600-2900 m Carruths sagebrush

Castilleja linariifolia ..

.......

....Wyoming paintbrush

Conopholis alpina ...

........

....... Mexican Indian-root

Erigeron formosissimus ..

....

..

.. beautiful fleabane daisy

Eriogonum racemosum ....

..

....

red-root wild-buckwheat

http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-Flowers/images/Red-stemFilaree-Erodium-cicutarium.jpg

Geranium

caespitosum ..... geranium

....

.. yum flower tufted

Hesperidanthus linearifolius .

. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade usually linear to linear-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, (2.5-)3.5-12(-15) cm (1-)2-6(-10) mm (smaller distally), base cuneate to attenuate (or petiolelike), margins entire or, very rarely, sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate to acute. Flowering Jul-Nov. Open woods, dry hillsides, oak woodland, mixed conifer forests, arroyos, canyons, rocky ridges, limestone ledges, sandstone
crevices, roadsides; 700-3100 m seinit.org

slim-leaf plains-mustard

Hieracium fendleri .... ..

..

...

.....

30cm with a pilose stem and ovate pilose leaves with an obviously white central vein at least on the younger leaves. The small yellow flowers have about 10 rays with 4 or 5 shallow notches in each one. The achenes persist on the receptable resembling a "dandelion." The achenes are tan, longitudinally shallowly striate, and the pappus is of more than 20 white bristles.

Fendlers hawkweed

Hymenoxys richardsonii ........ pinque

Ipomopsis aggregata ......

...... .. . Perennial, Leaves pinnately dissected with 9-11 lobes, Flowers red w/ yellow marks; on 1-side of stalk; May-Sept.3500-10,000' elevation@openings in woodlands, shrublands, coniferous forests Skyrocket

Packera fendleri ....

......

......

..... Fendlers groundsel

Perrenial. Hummingbirds love.

Penstemon barbatus ..... ...... .. . scarlet penstemon Scarlet Bugler, Beard-lip Penstemon

Physaria pinetorum ..... from Manzano Mnts.....White Mountain bladderpod

photo

Solidago missouriensis..... Thalictrum fendleri ...

..
male flowers...

Missouri goldenrod female flowers...

Fendlers meadow-rue

Verbena macdougalii . ... perenial...MacDougals vervain

..

...

..dicot

http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailGrass.php? genus=Poa&species=fendleriana http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/PlantCommunities/montaneconifer.php http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=KOMA http://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/azfescue.shtml http://www.swsbm.com/Images/Walcott.html PAINTED IMAGES OF medicinals!! Table 4. Common native plants of the mixed conifer forest community in the Sandia/Manzano mountains. Grasses Agrostis scabra ..........................rough bentgrass Blepharoneuron tricholepis ........pine dropseed Elymus canadensis ....................Canada wildrye Elymus trachycaulus .................slender wheatgrass Melica porteri...........................Porters melica Poa pratensis ............................Kentucky bluegrass Trees & Shrubs Acer glabrum ............................Rocky Mountain maple Acer grandidentatum ................ canyon maple Abies concolor ...........................white fir Berberis repens ......................... creeping Oregon-grape Pachystima myrsinites ..............mountain lover Pinus flexilis ............................limber pine Pinus ponderosa .......................ponderosa pine Populus tremuloides ..................quaking aspen Pseudotsuga menziesii ..............Douglas fir Robinia neomexicana ...............New Mexico locust Rosa woodsii ............................Woods rose

Rubus idaeus ............................red raspberry Sambucus racemosa ...................red elder Symphoricarpos rotundifolius ....round-leaf snowberry Forbs Achillea millefolium ..................western yarrow Actaea rubra .............................red baneberry Castilleja miniata ....................showy paintbrush Cirsium parryi .........................pale thistle Pseudocymopterus montanus .....mountain-parsley Draba helleriana ......................Hellers Whitlow-grass Erigeron speciosus ..................... aspen fleabane daisy Geranium richardsonii .............Richardsons geranium Ipomopsis aggregata ..................skyrocket Iris missouriensis ......................Missouri iris Lathyrus leucanthus.................. aspen sweetpea Ligusticum porteri ....................osha Pedicularis procera ....................giant lousewort Penstemon whippleanus ............dusky penstemon Polemonium foliosissimum ........Jacobs-ladder Pseudostellaria jamesiana .........sticky starwort Scrophularia montana ..............mountain figwort Thermopsis montana ................golden pea Rock Outcropping plants: Table 7. Common native plants of cliffs and rock outcrops in the Sandia/Manzano mountains. Grasses Melica porteri...................... Porters melica

Muhlenbergia pauciflora .

New Mexico muhly Shrubs Brickellia californica ............ California brickellbush Echinocereus coccineus .......... scarlet hedgehog-cactus Fendlera rupicola ................. cliff Fendler-bush Holodiscus dumosus.............. inland oceanspray Jamesia americana .............. cliffbush Philadelphus microphyllus .... little-leaf mock-orange Physocarpus monogynus ....... mountain ninebark Ptelea trifoliata ................... hoptree Forbs Agastache pallidiflora........... New Mexico giant-hyssop Aletes acaulis ....................... Indian parsley

Allium geyeri ....................... Geyers onion Argyrochosma fendleri ......... Fendlers cloakfern Cheilanthes feei ................... Santa Fe lipfern Eremogone fendleri.............. Fendlers sandwort Erigeron vetensis ................. bluetop fleabane daisy Galium fendleri ................... Fendlers bedstraw Hedeoma drummondii ......... Drummonds false-pennyroyal Heterotheca villosa .............. hairy golden aster Heuchera pulchella ............... Sandia alumroot Polemonium brandegeei ....... Brandegees Jacobs-ladder

Primula ellisiae ..... & AZ........ Ellis primrose

=general....

sp. Difficult to grow. Only in NM

Sedum cockerellii .

... .... Perennial n Under 8 (20 cm) Arizona Native Mountain. rocky, shady to partly shady, often mossy slopes in coniferous forests. Flower Pale pink, White Late summer, Early fall small and have 5 narrowly triangular petals that together resemble a 5-pointed star. The leaves are plump, succulent, green to tinged red, hairless, alternate, sessile, egg-shaped to narrowly spoon-shaped, and flattened in cross section. The stems are plump, succulent, reddish, and hairless.The similar Huachuca Mountain Stonecrop (Sedum stelliforme) has narrower,
terete (circular in cross section) leaves. USDA Protected Native Plant (Salvage Restricted)......... Cockerells

stonecrop

Sedum integrifolium Sedum roseum, Rhodiola integrifolia, integrifolia Raf.

..

....

...... Rosewort Ledge stonecrop, Roseroot, Rosewort

Selaginella densa ...

purple...

..... ... ... .Under 6. Moist soil early rocky cliffs & ridges Partial Shade rocky soils. When soils dries out late in the season, the leaves may shrivel. Stout roots produce new, upright bunches of stems each year with broad, bright green, rounded, succulent leaves topped by flat clusters of starry, red-purple flowers. The seed pods are also showy, turning the same reddense spikemoss lesser spike-moss, prairie spike-moss, Rocky Mountains spike-moss Tetraneuris acaulis aka Hymenoxys acaulis, Aster or Sunflower Family ( Asteraceae ) also known as the
Composite Family: ( Compositae ),... Angelita Daisy Angelita Daisy, Sundancer Daisy, Stemless Woollybase, Stemless Rubberweed,

Perky Sue, Plains

Hymenoxys, or Stemless Hymenoxys.

Xeriscape: A perennial SW native most often Sandy desert soils 40007000 on dry rocky slopes and mesas. cold hardy, heat and drought tolerant. prefer well-drained soils and full sun. Green thread-leaf foliage alternate; simple; entire; has hairs at the base, 0.16 -2.4 X less than 1/2 w/ deep gold teminal flower w/ 5- 15 oblong rays under 1 at edge of a golden disk 0.24 to 0.8 wide Blooms February thru November.. Grows in rounded 1X3- 5 clumps. Great border for shrubs..

stemless rubberweed

Tragia ramosa .

: april TX .

perennial,monoecious, rough-hairy; hairs stinging, nettle-like; Leaves: generally simple, cauline, alternate; stipules persistent, 1-4.5 mm, lanceolate to ovate; petiole 2-20 mm; blade 1-2 cm, lanceolate to ovate, base truncate to lobed, margin coarsely, sharply toothed INFLORESCENCE: raceme, terminal or opposite leaf, 0.5-1 cm, spreading; pedicels 1-2 mm; staminate flowers 2-4; pistillate flower 1; staminate flowers above pistillate flowers Flowers: Staminate flower: sepals 4-5, 1 mm, recurved; petals 0; stamens 3-6, = sepals, filaments flattened; nectary 0; Pistillate flower: sepals 5, 1.5-2 mm; petals 0; ovary < 2 mm diam, puberulent to finely bristly, 3-chambered, styles fused in lower 1/3 Fruit: capsule, 3-4 mm, 6-8 mm wide, depressed-spheric, sparsely and finely bristly; Seed 2.5-3.5 mm, spheric,1 per chamber, smooth or rough; scar not appendaged Misc: Dry, rocky slopes, scrub, pinyon/juniper woodland; 900-1700 m Linear leaves about 1/2" long with crinkly toothed edges. Leaves, stalks, and fruit covered in long hairs, that can cause skin irritation.

Flowers are about 1/16" wide. Flower parts remain attached to fruit. Plant 6"-8" tall ...................

branched

noseburn

Trifolium attenuatum ......

.. Mountain clover

.only NM& CO Rocky

Muhlenbergia pauciflora ...... New Mexico muhly

Spreadfruit Goldenbanner (Thermopsis divaricarpa), family Fabaceae (Pea). These bright pretty bubbles are often mistaken for Lupine. But these Pea family members are their own 'man' so to speak. The genus in the huge Pea family has only 10 species. This is sometimes classed as an invasive species. Pretty attractive invader, huh? Thermopsis rhombifolia has toxic properties. It is not certain that this species does as well so care should be taken not to ingest the plants. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Bloom april-july POISON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Cellular Confinement Systems (CCS, also known as geocells) are widely used in construction for erosion control, soilstabilization on flat ground and steep slopes, channel protection, and structural reinforcement for load support and earth retention. Typical cellular confinement systems are made with ultrasonically-welded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or Novel Polymeric Alloy strips that are expanded on-site to form a honeycomb-like structure which may be filled with sand, soil,rock or concrete.[1][2]\ Despite the effectiveness of the geocell technology, particularly in slope and channel applications, its use in base reinforcement of paved roads and railways was limited due to the lack of design methods, lack of advanced research in the last two decades and limited understanding of the reinforcement mechanisms (Yuu, et al. 2008).) [16] Recent research in the last few years on geocell reinforcement for roadway applications reflected by some 40 published papers - has been conducted at the University of Kansas as well as at other leading research institutes around the world, to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of geocell reinforcement, evaluate its effectiveness in improving roadway performance, and develop design methods for roadway applications (Han, et al. 2011). [17] Research was conducted on HPDE geocells as well as geocells manufactured from a novel polymeric alloy (NPA), called Neoloy, developed by PRS [18]. NPA is a composite polymeric alloy based on nano-fibers (polyester and nylon) in a polyolefin matrix. The NPA combines the desired properties of polyethylene and polyester, thus enabling a more effective use of geocells in new critical applications, such as reinforcement for earth retention, load support in pavements and railroads and more (Leshchinsky, et al, 2009).[19]While HDPE is the commonly used material for geocells, leading researchers have questioned its suitability for long term applications (Leshchinsky, et al, 2009).[20]. This concern is backed up by facts on the ground as HDPE geocells are rarely used in critical applications, such as in the base layer of major highways and railways, subject to long-term heavy static and dynamic loading. Laboratory plate loading tests on geocells showed that the performance of geocell-reinforced bases depends on the elastic modulus of the geocell. The geocell with a higher elastic modulus had a higher bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced base. Geocells made from NPA were found significantly better in ultimate bearing capacity, stiffness, and reinforcement relative to geocells made from HDPE (Pokharel, et al, 2009).[21] NPA geocells showed better creep resistance and better retention of stiffness and creep resistance particularly at elevated temperatures, verified by plate load testing, numerical modeling and full scale trafficking tests

(Pokharel, et al 2011).[22]Research demonstrated that NPA geocells have a lower thermal expansion coefficient and creep reduction factor, and higher tensile stiffness and strength than HDPE geocells.(Thakur, et al, 2010)[23]; and NPA increased the bearing capacity and reduced settlement of compacted sand base courses significantly more than geocells fabricated from HDPE (Pokharel, 2011, et al)[24]. Laboratory studies, full-scale moving wheel tests, and field demonstrations (cosponsored by US DOTDepartment_of_Transportation as well as state DOTs) have demonstrated clear benefits of NPA (novel polymeric alloy) geocell reinforcement in terms of increased stiffness and bearing capacity, wider stress distribution, reduced permanent deformation, and prolonged roadway life, while the design methods developed and calibrated in this research can help engineers design future roadway applications using geocells (Han, et al. 2011). [25] This close cooperation and iterative research and development process between private industry and academia was cited by the editor of Geosynthetics magazine, as: an example of how product development for the geosynthetics industry can be done effectively and can further advance the geosynthetics industry into the 21st century with much success.[26] [edit]Application

vs. Long-term Performance

HDPE-based geocells have been successfully installed in thousands of projects worldwide. However, it is incumbent to differentiate between low load applications, such as slope and channel applications, and new heavy-duty applications, such as in the base layer of asphalt pavement structures of heavily trafficked motorways and highways. While all polymeric materials used in geocells creep over time and under loading, the question is; what is the rate of degradation, under what conditions, and how this will impact performance or when will it fail? The lifespan of geocells in slope protection applications, for example, is less critical as vegetative growth and root interlock stabilize the soil. This in effect compensates for any long-term loss of confinement in the geocells. Similarly, load support applications for low volume roads that are not subject to heavy loading usually have a short design life; therefore any minor loss of performance is tolerable. However, in critical applications such as reinforcement of the structural layer of asphalt highway pavements, long term dimensional stability is critical. The required design life for such roads under heavy traffic loads is typically 20-25 years, requiring verifiable long-term durability. [edit]The

Development of Standards for Testing Geocells

Standards for geocells have not kept pace with the developments in the field of testing for material sciences, ignoring ASTM and ISO methods for testing, verification and quality assurance of polymer plastics, such as TMA - Thermomechanical analysis, DMA - Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) and CTE - Coeffecient of Thermal expansion. These methods are particularly suited for predicting long-term behavior and accumulated plastic strain in a geosynthetic under loading under different mechanical stresses, frequencies and temperatures. These widely accepted testing methods are used by the pipe, automobile, electronic, military, security and construction industries. Geomembrane testing, for example, utilizes accelerated test methods, which use temperature to stimulate aging over time to evaluate their durability. Unfortunately, these ASTM/ISO procedures commonly utilized by many other industries to evaluate performance have not been adopted by the most of geocell industry. Current standards

evolved from the world of 2D planar geosynthetics. These do not fully reflect the composite behavior of 3D geometry in soil, nor do they test long-term parameters such as: dynamic loading, permanent plastic deformation, effect of temperatures, environmental durability, etc. Therefore, new standards for geocells were proposed and under discussion by leading experts in geosynthetics in ASTM technical committee D-35. The goal is to set new industry standards that more accurately reflect 3D geocell geometry and material performance in the field rather than lab tests of individual strips and virgin materials that are used by most manufacturers today. [edit]How

it Works

A Cellular Confinement System when infilled with compacted soil creates a new composite entity that possesses enhanced mechanical and geotechnical properties. When the soil contained within a geocell is subjected to pressure, it causes lateral stresses on perimeter cell walls. The 3D zone of confinement reduces the lateral movement of soil particles while vertical loading on the contained infill results in high lateral stress and resistance on the cell-soil interface. These increase the shear strength of the confined soil, which: Creates a stiff mattress or slab to distribute the load over a wider area Reduces punching of soft soil Increases shear resistance and bearing capacity Decreases deformation

Confinement from adjacent cells provides additional resistance against the loaded cell through passive resistance, while lateral expansion of the infill is restricted by high hoop strength. Compaction is maintained by the confinement resulting in long term reinforcement. [edit]Applications [edit]Load

Support

Cellular Confinement Systems (CCS) have been used to improve the performance of both paved and unpaved roads by reinforcing the soil in the subgrade-base interface or within the base course. The effective load distribution of CCS creates a strong, stiff cellular mattress. This 3D mattress reduces vertical differential settlement into soft subgrades, improves shear strength, and enhances load-bearing capacity, while reducing the amount of aggregate material required to extend the service life of roads. As a composite system, cellular confinement strengthens the aggregate infill, thereby simultaneously enabling the use of poorly graded inferior material (e.g. local native soils, quarry waste or recycled materials) for infill as well as reducing the structural support layer thickness. Typical load support applications include reinforcement of base and subbase layers in flexible pavements, including: asphalt pavements; unpaved access, service and haul roads; railway substructure and ballast confinement; working platforms in intermodal ports; airport runways and aprons, permeable pavements; pipeline road support; green parking facilities and emergency access areas. [edit]Slope

and Channel Protection

The three-dimensional lateral confinement of CCS along with anchoring techniques ensures the long-term stability of slopes using vegetated topsoil, aggregate or concrete surfacing (if exposed

to severe mechanical and hydraulic pressures). The enhanced drainage, frictional forces and cellsoil-plant interaction of CCS prevents downslope movement and limits the impact of raindrops, channeling and hydraulic shear stresses. The perforations in the 3D cells allow the passage of water, nutrients and soil organisms. This encourages plant growth and root interlock, which further stabilizes the slope and soil mass, and facilitates landscape rehabilitation. Typical applications include: construction cut and fill slopes and stabilization; road and rail embankments; pipeline stabilization and storage facility berms; quarry and mine site restoration; channel and coastline structures. [edit]Earth

Retention

CCS systems provide steep vertical mechanically stabilized earth structures (either gravity or reinforced walls) for steep faces, walls and irregular topography. Construction of CCS earth retention is simiplified as each layer is structurally sound thereby providing access for equipment and workers, while eliminating the need for concrete formwork and curing. Local soil can be used for infill when suitable and granular, while the outer faces enable a green or tan fascia of the horizontal terraces/rows utilizing topsoil. Walls also can be used for lining channels and in cases of high flow, it is required that the outer cells contain concrete or cementious slurry infill. [edit]Reservoirs

and Landfills

CCS provides membrane liner protection, while creating stable soil, berms and slopes, for nonslip protection and durable impoundment of liquids and waste. Infill treatment depends on the contained materials: concrete for ponds and reservoirs; gravel for landfill drainage and leachates, vegetated infill for landscape rehabilitation. Concrete work is efficient and controlled as CCS functions as ready-made forms; CCS with concrete forms a flexible slab that accommodates minor subgrade movement and prevents cracking. In medium and low flow-velocities, CCS with geomembranes and gravel cover can be used to create impermeable channels, thereby eliminating the need for concrete. [edit]Sustainable

Construction

CCS is a green solution that makes civil infrastructure projects more sustainable. In load support applications, by reducing the amount and type of infill needed to reinforce soil, the usage of haul and earthmoving equipment is reduced. This in turn decreases fuel use, pollution and the carbon footprint, and at the same time minimizes on-site disruption from dust, erosion and runoff. When used for slope applications, perforated geocells provides excellent soil protection, water drainage and growth stratum for plants. The long-term design life of advanced CCS technology means that maintenance and the associated environmental costs are significantly reduced, as are long-term economic costs. [edit]See

also

Gabion, a historic precursor for both erosion control and defense Washboarding. Cellular confinement acts as a solution to this common problem.