ENSENANZA

REVISTA MEXICANA DE F ISICA 50 (2) 132139

DICIEMBRE 2004

Electrostatic, magnetostatic and electromagnetic elds for harmonically distributed sources on innite planes
E. Ley-Koo Instituto de F sica, Universidad Nacional Aut onoma de M exico Apartado Postal 20-364, 01000 M exico D.F., M exico
Recibido el 21 de mayo de 2004; aceptado el 10 de noviembre de 2004 The static uniform electric charge distribution, the stationary and time-harmonically-varying uniform electric current distributions, on innite planes, are known to produce uniform electrostatic, uniform magnetostatic and plane wave electromagnetic elds around the respective sources, since the introductory course of electricity and magnetism. This paper presents some natural extensions of these familiar systems for harmonically distributed sources on the planes, which can be assimilated in the electromagnetic theory course. Keywords: Harmonic sources in planes; electrostatic; magnetostatic and electromagnetic radiation elds. Desde el curso introductorio de electricidad y magnetismo se ense na que las distribuciones uniformes en planos innitos, de carga el ectrica est atica y de corrientes el ectricas estacionarias y variables arm onicamente en el tiempo, producen campos electrost aticos uniformes, campos magnetost aticos uniformes y campos electromagn eticos en ondas planas en la vecindad de las respectivas fuentes. Este trabajo presenta algunas extensiones naturales de esos sistemas familiares para fuentes distribuidas arm onicamente sobre los planos, las cuales pueden ser asimiladas en el curso de teor a electromagn etica. Descriptores: Fuentes arm onicas en planos; campos electrost aticos; magnetost aticos y de radiaci on electromagn etica. PACS: 41.20.Cv, 41.20.Gz, 41.20.Jb

1. Introduction
Some of the simplest electrostatic, magnetostatic and electromagnetic eld congurations and their sources, covered in the electricity and magnetism introductory course [1], are briey discussed in this paragraph in order to motivate the study of some of their natural extensions to be developed in the present work. The uniform electric intensity eld associated with a static uniformly distributed electric charge on an innite plane can be evaluated from Coulombs law and the superposition principle, or by a direct application of Gausss law. The uniform magnetic induction eld associated with a stationary uniformly distributed electric current on an innite plane can be evaluated from the eld of a line of current and the superposition principle, or by a direct application of Amp` eres law. The plane wave electromagnetic eld associated with a time-harmonically-varying uniformly distributed electric current in an innite plane can be evaluated from Maxwells equations in the differential and boundary condition forms. The common feature of uniform distributions of the sources on the respective planes is translated into the uniform nature of the electrostatic and magnetostatic elds, and into the propagation in the directions perpendicular to the plane of the plane wave electromagnetic elds. The geometry and the distribution of the sources in the systems discussed in the previous paragraph make the respective problems become one-dimensional, and thereby among the simplest and most didactic. This article presents some natural extensions of these familiar situations, keeping the sources on innite planes, but changing their distributions from uniform to harmonic, leading to exact and easy to construct electrostatic, magnetostatic and electromagnetic elds.

The rest of the article is organized as follows. Section 2 covers the electrostatic case for circular and hyperbolic cosine charge distributions in one of the cartesian coordinates in the source plane. Section 3 covers the magnetostatic case for stationary transverse currents with circular and hyperbolic cosine distributions in one of the cartesian coordinates in the source plane. Section 4 covers the electromagnetic case for time-harmonically-varying, transverse and longitudinal currents with a cosine distribution in one of the cartesian coordinates in the source plane. Section 5 consists of a discussion of the results for each specic situation, the connections among them, and some points of didactic interest. The Appendix contains some results on the Laplace and Helmholtz equations and their solutions, which are relevant for the construction of the elds in Secs. 2-4.

2.

Electrostatic elds from harmonically distributed charges on an innite plane

Gausss law in its differential and boundary conditions forms, E = 4, (E2 E1 ) n = 4 (1) (2)

establishes the connections between the volume charge density and the electric intensity eld E at any point in space, and between the surface charge density on a boundary surface and the components of the eld normal to such a surface, respectively. The conservative nature of the electrostatic eld is described by the corresponding differential and boundary con-

ELECTROSTATIC, MAGNETOSTATIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS FOR HARMONICALLY DISTRIBUTED. . .

133

ditions forms: E =0 (E2 E1 ) n =0 (3) (4)

Finally, the discontinuity of the normal components, Eq. (3), denes their value in terms of the surface charge density amplitude,
a E0 z = 20 .

(12)

expressing the curlless character of the electric intensity eld, and the continuity of its tangential components at the boundary surface, respectively. For the static electric charges distributed harmonically on an innite plane, (r) = 0 for all points outside the plane. Then the electric intensity eld can be constructed as a divergenceless, Eq. (1), and curlless, Eq. (3), eld, with discontinuous normal components, Eq. (2), and continuous tangential components, Eq. (4), at the source plane. As shown in the Appendix, Eq. (1) and (3), are equivalent to the Laplace equation in the situation under discussion, and therefore the electric intensity eld must be a harmonic function determined by the harmonicity of the source. 2.1. Circular cosine distribution of charge in the x-y plane

In conclusion, the harmonic electrostatic eld produced by the source of Eq. (5) takes the nal forms: x x z e L E (x, z 0) = 20 i sin + k cos L L x z x E (x, z 0) = 20 k cos i sin eL. L L 2.2. (13) (14)

Hyperbolic cosine distribution of charge in the y-z plane

The static charge on the x = 0 plane is chosen to have a hyperbolic cosine distribution (x = 0, y, z ) = 0 cosh kz (15)

The static charge on the z = 0 plane is assumed to have the distribution dened by its surface charge density x (x, y, z = 0) = 0 cos (5) L which is cosenoidal with a period 2L in the x direction, and independent of the y coordinate. The latter makes the problem become two dimensional. The electrostatic eld depends only on the x and z coordinates, and its components must be harmonic functions of the types of Eq. (A.4). The harmonicity of the source, Eq. (5), selects the value k = /L in Eq. (A.4). It is necessary to write the electrostatic eld E (x, z ) distinguishing between its forms above and below the source plane: x a x z a iE0 E (x, z 0) = + kE0z cos e L x sin L L x b x z b iE0 E (x, z 0) = + kE0z cos eL, x sin L L (6) (7)

along the z-axis, and independent of the y coordinate. The reader can recognize that such a distribution corresponds to the choice C = D in Eq. (A.4). The same arguments used in Sect. 2.1 lead to propose the expressions for the eld in front and in back of the source plane:
f f E (x 0, z ) = iE0 x cos kx cosh kz + kE0z sin kx sinh kz (16) b b E (x 0, z ) = iE0 x cos kx cosh kz + kE0z sin kx sinh kz (17)

Again, the divergenceless condition on the electric eld leads to the restrictions on the amplitudes
f f E0 x = E0z , b b E0 x = E0z .

(18) (19)

ensuring their correct asymptotic behavior for z and z , respectively. The divergenceless condition of Eq. (1) translates into the restrictions on the amplitudes in Eqs. (6) and (7):
a a E0 x = E0z

These conditions, in turn, ensure that the eld is curlless. The tangential components of the eld vanish at the source plane, guaranteeing that Eq. (4) is satised. The discontinuity of the normal components, Eq. (2), leads to
f b E0 x = E0x = 20

(20)

(8)

Therefore, the electrostatic eld is given by the nal expression: E (x 0, z ) = 20

and
b E0 x

b E0 z.

(9)

sin kx sinh kz i cos kx cosh kz + k E (x 0, z ) = 20

(21)

The reader can check that the curlless condition, Eq. (3), is also satised. Then the continuity of the tangential components, Eq. (4), requires that
a b E0 x = E0x b a E0 z = E0z .

sin kx sinh kz . (22) i cos kx cosh kz k This section can be concluded by noticing that the limit situations of both alternative harmonic sources, Eq.(5) for

(10) (11)

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E. LEY-KOO

L , and Eq. (15) for k , correspond to the familiar situation of the uniformly charged plane, for which the electrostatic eld is also uniform as expressed by the limits of Eqs. (13)-(14) and (21)-(22), respectively.

chosen as x z x a a + kB0z sin e L (28) B (x, y, z 0)= iB0 x cos L L x b x z b B (x, y, z 0)= iB0 + kB0z sin eL x cos L L (29)

3. Magnetostatic elds from stationary currents harmonically distributed on an innite plane

Amp eres law in its differential and boundary condition forms, 4 B = J, c 4 K, (B2 B1 ) n = c (23) (24)

so that the rst one vanishes asymptotically as z , and the second one does likewise for z . The vanishing of the respective divergences requires that
a a B0 x = B0z

(30)

and
b b B0 x = B0z

(31)

give the connections between the surface current density J and the magnetic induction eld B at any point in space, and between the linear current density K on a boundary surface and the components of the eld tangential to the surface, respectively. The non-existence of magnetic monopoles is expressed by Gausss law for the magnetic induction eld in its differential and boundary condition forms, B =0 (B2 B1 ) n = 0, (25) (26)

These conditions also guarantee that the curls of Eqs. (28) and (29) vanish. The continuity of the normal components of the eld at the source plane, Eq. (26), requires that
a b B0 z = B 0z

(32)

and
b a B0 x = B0x

(33)

reecting the solenoidal character of the eld, and the continuity of its normal components at the boundary surface, respectively. For the stationary electric currents distributed harmonically on an innite plane, J (r) = 0 for all points outside the plane. Therefore the magnetic induction eld must be curlless, Eq. (23), and solenoidal, Eq. (25), just as it happened with the electrostatic eld in the previous section. However, Eq. (24) shows that the magnetic induction eld must have discontinuous tangential components, while its normal components are continuous, Eq. (26). Nevertheless, the magnetic induction eld must also be a harmonic function determined by the harmonicity of the source. 3.1. Circular distribution of current in the x y plane A stationary current in the y direction and cosenoidally distributed in the x coordinate on the z = 0 plane, x (x, y, z = 0) = K jK0 cos , L (27)

Then the discontinuity of the tangential components of the eld at the source plane determines the value of the unknown amplitude in terms of the current amplitude:
a B0 x =

2 K0 . c

(34)

Consequently, Eqs. (28) and (29) take the nal forms B (x, z 0) = B (x, z 0) = x 2 x z i cos K0 k sin e L , (35) c L L 2 K0 c i cos x x z k sin e L , (36) L L

describing the magnetostatic eld produced by the harmonic current of Eq. (27) 3.2. Hyperbolic cosine distribution of current in the y z plane

has a period 2L and is independent of the y coordinate. The magnetic induction eld associated with such a source depends on the x and z coordinates, is divergenceless and curlless, and consequently its components must be harmonic functions of the type of Eq. (A.4) with k = /L. The expressions of the eld above and below the source plane are

The stationary current on the x = 0 plane is chosen in the y direction and distributed as a hyperbolic cosine in the z coordinate, so that its linear current density is written as (x = 0, z ) = K jK0 cosh kz. (37)

The associated magnetic induction eld must satisfy the condition stated and applied in the previous subsections.

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ELECTROSTATIC, MAGNETOSTATIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS FOR HARMONICALLY DISTRIBUTED. . .

135

Therefore, its forms in the front and back of the source plane are
f B (x 0, z ) = iB0 x sin kx sinh kz

elds, eit with frequency E = 4, (E2 E1 ) n = 4 i 4 J E, c c 4 (B2 B1 ) n = K c i B, E = c B = =0 (E2 E1 ) n B = 0, (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52)

f cos kx cosh kz , (38) + kB 0z

b B (x 0, z ) = iB0 x sin kx sinh kz

b cos kx cosh kz . (39) + kB 0z The vanishing of their divergences, Eq. (25), demands that
f f B0 x = B0z

(40)

(B2 B1 ) n =0

and
b b B0 x = B0x .

(41)

These conditions also ensure that the curls of Eqs. (38) and (39) vanish. The normal components of this eld vanish at the source plane, so that Eq. (26) is automatically satised. The discontinuity of the tangential components of the eld at the source plane, Eq. (24), determines the connection between the eld unknown amplitude and the linear current amplitude, 2 K0 . (42) c Therefore, the nal explicit forms of the magnetostatic eld become
f B0 z =

B (x 0, z ) =

2 i sin kx sinh kz K0 c cos kx cosh kz k (43)

correspond to the electric Gausss law, the Amp ere-Maxwell law, Faradays law, and the magnetic Gausss law, respectively. Notice that the boundary condition forms coincide with their counterparts of Sects. 2 and 3. For sources harmonically distributed on an innite plane, (r) = 0 and J (r) = 0 for all points outside such a plane. Now, the electric intensity and the magnetic induction elds are both solenoidal, Eqs. (45) and (51), but the curl of one is proportional to the other, Eqs. (47) and (49). The latter are coupled rst order differential equations, which can be decoupled, as shown in the Appendix, becoming Helmholtzs equations. Consequently, E and B must be constructed as solenoidal elds, satisfying Helmholtz equation and the curl equations (47) and (49), as well as the boundary conditions of Eqs. (46)-(52). The components of the electric and magnetic elds are constructed as the appropriate combinations of the Helmholtz equation solutions dened by Eqs. (A.12) and (A.13). 4.1. Cosine distribution of tranverse current in the x y plane

B (x 0, z ) =

2 K0 c

i sin kx sinh kz cos kx cosh kz +k (44)

As in the electrostatic case of the previous section, the limit situations of the current distributions of Eq. (27) for L , and of Eq. (37) for k 0, correspond to the familiar case of the plane with a uniformly distributed current producing a uniform magnetic induction eld, given by the respective limits of Eqs. (35) - (36) and (43)-(44).

The current is chosen to be in the z = 0 plane, in the direction of the y axis, and varying as a cosine in the x coordinate, so that its linear density x it e K (x, y, z = 0, t) = jK0 cos L (53)

4.

Electromagnetic elds from timeharmonically-varying currents distributed harmonically on an innite plane

has the same space distribution as in Sect. 3A, Eq. (27), but they are different in their time (in)dependence. The time harmonic variation of the source is inherited by the elds, as already incorporated in Eqs. (47) and (49), and the harmonic space variation of the source selects k1 = /L in the solutions of Helmholtz equations, (A.12) and (A.13). The last equation determines the possible values of k3 :
2 k3 =

Maxwells equations in their differential and boundary conditions forms, for time-harmonically-varying sources and
Rev. Mex. F s. 50 (2) (2004) 132139

2 2 2 0, 2 c L

(54)

136

E. LEY-KOO

which determine the character of the solutions of Eq. (A.12) as traveling or evanescent waves, respectively. Here we concentrate on the study of the traveling waves. The invariance of the source under displacements in the y direction is also inherited by the electric and magnetic elds. From the experience of Sect. 3A we start by proposing the expressions of the magnetic induction eld above and below the source plane:
a ik3 z a B (x, z 0)= iB0 x cos k1 x + kB0z sin k1 x e

Notice that this electric intensity eld is divergenceless, Eq. (45), has vanishing normal components at the source plane, Eq. (46), and its tangential components at the source plane are continuous, Eq. (50). The reader can also check that its curl reproduces Eqs. (62) and (63), by using Eq. (49). The time averaged Poynting vector associated with the electromagnetic eld is directly evaluated for both regions above and below the source plane S

(55)

c 8

2 K0 c

i x x cos sin i k3 c k3 L L L 2 kcos x L (65)

b ik3 z b B (x, z 0)= iB0 , (56) x cos k1 x + kB0z sin k1 x e

as the counterparts of Eqs. (28)-(29). Notice the common x dependence and the difference in the traveling and decaying exponential functions in the z -coordinate, between the respective elds. The vanishing of the divergences of both expressions, Eq. (51), leads to the restrictions on the respective amplitudes:
a a B0 x k1 = B0z ik3 b B0 x k1

The power radiated by each rectangle of the source, with dimensions x = 2L and y = 1, is also evaluated:
1 2L

p=
0 0

S c 8

S k
2

dxdy k

(57) (58)

b B0 z ik3 .

2 K0 c

2L. k3 c

(66)

The continuity of the normal components of the magnetic eld at the source plane, Eq. (52), requires that
b a B0 z = B0z .

It is also recognized that the imaginary terms in Eqs. (62), (63) and (65) describe induction effects. 4.2. Cosine distribution of longitudinal current in the x y plane

(59)

If follows from Eq. (57)-(59) that the amplitudes in the i direction are connected as
a b B0 x = B 0x .

(60)

The current in the z = 0 plane is chosen to be in the x direction, and varying as a cosine in the x coordinate, so that its linear density is given by x K (x, y, z = 0) = iK0 cos . L (67)

Their value is determined by the discontinuity of the tangential components of the eld at the source plane, Eq. (48), as
a B0 x =

2 K0 c

(61)

checking along the way the anticipated selection of the value of k1 by the harmonicity of the source distribution. Consequently, the nal forms of Eqs. (55)- (56) become 2 x i x ik3 z B (x, z 0)= k0 i cos k sin e (62) c L k3 L L B (x, z 0)= 2 k0 c i cos x L k i x ik3 z sin e (63) k3 L L

The important difference between the transverse current of the previous subsection and the longitudinal current under consideration resides in their vanishing and non-vanishing divergences, respectively. The latter translates into the presence of a surface charge distribution as determined from the continuity equation K + = 0, t (68)

which in the present situation takes the form: (x, y, z = 0) = i x it K0 sin e . L L (69)

From the experiences of Sect. 2, the expressions for the electric intensity eld above and below the source plane are written as x ik3 z x a a + kE0z sin e E (x, z 0)= iE0 x cos L L (70)

By taking the curl of Eqs. (61) and (62), and using Eq. (47), the other component of the electromagnetic eld is evaluated as E (x, z 0) = 2 x ik3 z K0 j cos e . c k3 c L (64)

x b x ik3 z b E (x, z 0)= iE0 + kE0z sin e (71) x cos L L

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ELECTROSTATIC, MAGNETOSTATIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS FOR HARMONICALLY DISTRIBUTED. . .

137

The divergenceless of these elds, Eq. (45), requires that a = E0 z ik3 L b b E0 = E0 x z ik3 . L
a E0 x

(72) (73)

The continuity of its tangential components, Eq. (50), leads to

a b E0 x = E 0x

(74)

As a consequence of Eqs, (72)- (74),

b a E0 z = E0z

The limit situations when L for the sources in Eq. (53) and (66) correspond to the familiar uniform current distributions on the plane. The corresponding plane wave electromagnetic elds are also obtained as the limits of Eqs. (62)- (64) and (77)- (79), respectively. Although, the solutions studied in this section correspond to traveling waves, they can be easily converted into evanescent wave solutions through analytic continuation. This is accomplished by the substitution of k3 by ik3 , in Eqs. (55)- (56) and (70)- (71), and subsequent ones, going from positive to 2 negative values of k3 in Eq. Eqs. (54).

(75)

Then the discontinuity of its normal components, Eq. (46), determines the value of the corresponding amplitude,
a E0 z

5.

Discussion

2i = 2 0 = K0 L

(76)

using the surface charge amplitude of Eq. (69), and corroborating the choice of k1 = /L. Correspondingly, the nal forms of Eqs. (70) and (71) become E (x, z 0) = 2 x K0 ik3 cos L +k E (x, z 0) = i x ik3 z sin e (77) L L

2 x K0 ik3 cos L k i x ik3 z sin e L L (78)

Their curls lead to the other component of the electromagnetic eld, via Eq. (49), with the result B (x, z 0) = j 2 x ik3 z K0 cos e c L (79)

It is obvious that this magnetic induction eld is divergenceless, Eq. (51), its components normal to the source plane vanish, Eq. (52), and its tangential components are discontinuous, Eq. (48), and consistent with the current source of Eq. (67). Again, the reader can check that its curl reproduces Eqs. (77)- (78), via Eq. (47). Now the time averaged Poynting vector becomes S

c 8

2 K0 c

x x c i i sin cos L L L 3 cos2 kk x L (80)

The cosine distributions of the sources of the electrostatic, magnetostatic and electromagnetic elds constructed in Sects. 2-4, respectively, were chosen to ensure that the corresponding two-dimensional systems reduce to the familiar one-dimensional systems with uniform source distributions on the plane, as L or k 0. The examples are meant to be illustrative, but the methods are general and can be applied equally to sine distributions. The common features shared by the electrostatic, magnetostatic and electromagnetic systems studied in Sects. 2-4 are successively: harmonic sources on a plane; two dimensional, divergenceless, curlless, and therefore harmonic electrostatic and magnetostatic elds; two dimensional, divergenceless, traveling wave electromagnetic elds; the harmonicity of the eld is determined by the harmonicity of the source. The static limit of the systems of Sect. 4 is obtained as 0. In such a limit, Helmholtz Eq. Eqs. (A.11) re2 2 in Eq. (A.13), = k 1 duces to Laplace Eq. (A.3), and k3 so that their respective solutions Eq. (A.12) (A.4). Traveling wave solutions are excluded and only evanescent wave solutions can be constructed. Specically, for k3 (i/L), Eqs. (62)-(63) reduce to Eqs. (35)-(36), while the electric intensity eld in Eq. (64) vanishes, reproducing the magnetostatic situation of Sec. 3. Similarly, the reader can obtain the electrostatic limit of Eqs. (77)-(78), the electric intensity eld produced by the sine distributed charge of Eq. (69), and the vanishing magnetic induction eld, Eq. (79). It can also be pointed out that the electrostatic, magnetostatic and electromagnetic elds of Sects. 2-4 were constructed directly as solutions of the respective Maxwell equations. The usual route of using the electrostatic, magnetic vector, and scalar and vector potentials, respectively, has been bypassed. Of course, such a route could also be followed. From the route already covered in this work, it is also possible to identify the respective potentials: (x, z 0) = 20 (x 0, z ) = x z L cos e L L (82) (83)

Correspondingly, the power radiated by each periodic rectangle of the source plane is given by p= c 8 2 K0 c
2

k3 c 2L.

(81)

20 sin kx cosh kz k

Rev. Mex. F s. 50 (2) (2004) 132139

138 leading to the electrostatic elds of Sec. 2, 2 L x z A(x, z 0) = j K0 cos e L c L 2 1 A(x 0, z ) = j K0 sin kx cosh kz c k leading to the magnetostatic elds of Sec. 3, and 2 i x ik3 zit A(x, z 0, t) = j K0 cos e c k3 L A(x, z 0, t) = i 2c x k0 ik3 cos 2 L k x ik3 zit i sin e L L

E. LEY-KOO

magnetic induction eld, by taking the curl of Eq. (23) and using Eq. (25): (84) (85) ( B ) = ( B ) 2 B = 2 B = 4 J c 4 J c (A.5) (A.6)

(86)

(87)

For J = 0, Eq. (A.11) becomes the Laplace equation and B must be a harmonic function. The Maxwell curl equations (47) and (49) are coupled rst order differential equations, which can be decoupled by taking the curl of each one of them, and using them once more as well as Eqs. (45) and (51), with the end results that both E and B satisfy Helmholtzs equations: ( B ) = ( B ) 2 B = = 2 + 4 i J E c c 4 2 J + 2B c c (A.7) (A.8)

leading to the electromagnetic elds of Sec. 4. Notice the continuity of all the potentials and one of their derivatives, and the discontinuities of their other derivative, at the source plane. The latter are in correspondence with the normal components of the electric intensity eld, Eq. (46), and the tangential components of the magnetic induction eld, Eq. (48).

4 2 B = J c2 c

A Appendix
The rst order differential equations of electrostatics, Eqs. (1) and (3), lead to Poissons equation by taking the curl of Eq. (3) and using Eq. (1): ( E ) = ( E ) E = 0 E = 4 .
2 2

( E ) = ( E ) 2 E i B c i i 4 J E = c c c = 2 + 2 i 4 E = 4 2 J 2 c c

(A.9) (A.10)

(A.1) (A.2)

For = 0, Eq. (A.2) becomes the Laplace equation and E must be a harmonic function. The solutions of Laplaces equation in two dimensions, needed in Sec. 2 and 3, 2 2 + 2 2 x z have the general separable form: f (x, z ) = (A cos kx + B sin kx)(cekz + Dekz ) (A.4) f (x, z ) = 0 (A.3)

For = 0 and J = 0 Eqs. (A.8) and (A.10) become the homogeneous Helmholtz equation. The solutions of Helmoltz equation in two dimensions, needed in Sect. 5, 2 2 2 + + g (x, z ) = 0 x2 z 2 c2 have the general separable form g (x, z ) = (A cos k1 x + B sin k1 x) (Ceik3 z + Deik3 z ) (A.12) (A.11)

These forms determine the choices of harmonic distributions of the sources on the plane, and also the corresponding electrostatic and magnetostatic elds. Also notice that for a given solution f (x, z ), its partial derivatives with respect to x and to z are also harmonic functions. The rst order differential equations of magnetostatics, Eqs. (23) and (25), also lead to Poissons equation for the

where
2 2 k1 + k3 =

2 c2

(A.13)

For a given solution g (x, z ), its partial derivatives with respect to x and z are also solutions of Helmholtzs equation.

Rev. Mex. F s. 50 (2) (2004) 132139

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139

1. E.M. Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 2, Chap 1 and 6 (Mc Graw-Hill, New York 1963). 2. F. S. Crawford, Jr. Waves, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 3,

Chapt. 7 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965). 3. P. Lorrain, D. R. Corson, and F. Lorrain, Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, Chap. 27 (Freeman, New York, 1988).

Rev. Mex. F s. 50 (2) (2004) 132139