Core

Core

Outside

(a)

Outside space block and associated core zone

(b)

Inside space block and associated core zone

Fig.

1. Gas

velocity derived from visual test.

(a)
Section A-A

(b)

Section B-B

Fig. 3. Contours of temperature rise for stator region of the generator on open circuit.
TABLE I

end-core

Temperature rise of analysis and thermocouple data

Tooth tip Slot bottom Open- Short- Full load Open- Short- Full load Condition circuit circuit (800 MVA- circuit circuit (800 MVA0.9 PF) 0.9 PF) (Case I) (Case II) (Caselll) (Case I) (Case II) (Caselll) Measured (C) 21.3 35.1 11.3 15.0 16.5 24.1 Calculated (C) 19.0 12.4 21.8 30.0 16.0 18.0 Location

Fig. 2. Isotherm calculated by 3-D finite elements for stator end-core region of an 800-M VA turbine-generator on open
circuit.

Substations
July 1985, pp. 1864- 1867
84 SM 633-4
ters. The results contain the required length of grid condutor to limit step and mesh potentials. The user has the option to

R. Giordano, D. A. Mark, Senior Member, IEEE, C J. Rostkowski, B. Schall, Senior Member, IEEE, K. O. Sommer, Senior Member, IEEE Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.
This paper describes a "user friendly" computer program developed to assist in design and optimization of substation grounding. The program is based on the proposed third edition of the IEEE std. 80 "Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding." [1, 9]. The computer program is a powerful tool enabling the design engineer to study in a short time period several grounding configurations and select the most suitable of them for his application. In addition, the program permits fast verification of the adequacy of existing substation grounding systems under changed conditions such as an increase in fault current magnitude, change of fault clearing time or expansion of the substation. The "GROUNDG" program assumes the substation area as an equivalent square. The program accepts two values of soil resistivity, one value for the upper layer, the second for the soil containing the vertically driven electrodes. The program designs the ground system that meets the specified parame
54 IEEE Power

Computer Assisted Design of Substation Grounding

view results and/or change any input parameters. By combin ing the available options, the user can design an economical grounding system, while being sure that personnel safety is always maintained. Fig. 1 shows the flow chart of the program.

Engineering Review, July

1985

READ INPUT DATA

July 1985, pp. 1868-1874

84 SM 634-2

CALCULATE SPACING & NO. OF CONDUCTORS ASSUMING A SQUARE MAT & CALCULATE TOLERABLE POTENTIALS

CALCULATE REQUIRED LENGTHS OF CONDUCTOR FOR SAFE POTENTIALS

DETERMINE GOVERNING LENGTH OF CONDUCTOR & SET VALUE EQUAL TO TEST'

COMPUTE NEW PRELIMINARY LENGTH

RECALCULATE SPACING & NO. OF CONDUCTORS

R. Gutman, Member, IEEE, J. J. Keane, Member, IEEE, M. E. Rahman, Member, IEEE and O. Veraas, Member, IEEE American Electric Power Service Corporation, Columbus, OH

Application and Operation of a Static Var System on a Power System.American Electric Power Experience, Part I: System Studies

CALCULATE ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE TO BE ADDED IN PARALLEL TO THE GRID

CALCULATE NUMBER OF PERIMETER RODS NEEDED FOR ADDITIONAL PARALLEL RESISTANCE

CALCULATE RESISTANCE OF THE ALLOWABLE PERIMETER ROOS & DETERMINE AMOUNT OF ADDITIONAL PARALLEL RESISTANCE NEEDED

CALCULATE NUMBER OF INTERIOR RODS NEEDED TO PROVIDE THE ADDITIONAL PARALLEL RESISTANCE

CALCULATE ACTUAL POTENTIALS

VIEW RESULTS/ ROUTE TO OUTPUT FILE

STOP

Fig.

1.

Program flow diagram

for each individual harmonic and 4 percent for all harmonics combined. Based on this 5th and 7th dedicated harmonic filters were installed. Subsequent to the digital study, a transient network analyzer (TNA) test program was carried out using a special SVS control model. These tests examined the effect of varied system configurations on the SVS response time and stability limits. To provide an optimal response time, it is necessary to implement a feature to automatically change the compensa tor gain setting based on the status of the 138 kV bus-tie circuit breakers. To determine the maximum transient overvoltage levels, two modes of SVS operation were studied: blocked and unrestricted. No significant differences were observed. Therefore, there was no need to provide blocked operation during or after fault clearing.

operating region extending in a southeasterly direction from the tip of Lake Michigan and includes portions of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, W. Virginia, Virginia and Tennessee. The increasing activity in the coal mining industry during the 1970's had made the Kentucky Power Co., an AEP subsidi ary, the fastest growing region on the AEP System. In an effort to accommodate the load growth, a planning study was undertaken to establish effective system improve ment program. Specifically, the study considered attributes and drawbacks of shunt capacitors, synchronous con densers, and static var systems. As a result of this study, a program was initiated which called for the installation of 300 MVAR of shunt capacitors to provide the bulk of reactive requirements. In addition, a static var system (SVS) was proposed for installation at the Beaver Creek 138 kV station to stabilize voltage during any system disturbances (Fig. 1). The SVS installed is comprised of two thyristor controlled reactors (TCR) and two thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) with an overall dynamic range of 125 MVAR. The + 125 MVAR limit has been extended to +325 MVAR by installing four 50 MVAR, 138 kV capacitor banks which maintain maximum dynamic range (Fig. 1). Static Var System Performance Studies A two-part study, was conducted to investigate the effects of the SVS on system operation and to examine its perform ance in the simulated system environment. In the first part, an analytical study of system harmonic performance was carried out to determine the need for harmonic filtering at Beaver Creek. Results indicated that harmonic voltage distor tion levels could exceed the AEP-accepted limits of 1 percent

Introduction The American Electric Power System

covers a seven-state

digital
. .

Conclusions Several interesting conclusions

were drawn from both and TNA studies such as: A 250 MVAR dynamic range was found appropriate. SVS operation exceeded the acceptable harmonic distor tion limits thereby requiring filters.

IEEE Power

Engineering Review, July 1985

.55