Statistical Multipath Model Lecture4 PDF

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EE6391 Signaling and Coding for Wireless Comm. Prof. Murat Torlak
Statistical Statistical Nultipath Nultipath Nodel Nodel
Fandom # of multIpath components, each wIth
Fandom amplItude
Fandom phase
Fandom 0oppler shIft
Fandom delay
Fandom components change wIth tIme
Leads to tImevaryIng channel Impulse response
Time varying !mpulse Response Time varying !mpulse Response
The receIved sIgnal Is the sum of the lIneofsIght (LDS)
path and all resolvable multIpath components
Two multIpath components wIth delay
t
1
and t
2
are resolvable If theIr delay
dIfference sIgnIfIcantly exceeds the
Inverse sIgnal bandwIdth
If nonresolvable components are
combIned Into a sIngle multIpath
component wIth delay t = t
1
= t
2
The parameters o
n
(t), t
n
(t), and
0n
assocIated wIth each resolvable
multIpath component are characterIzed
as random processes whIch we assume
to be both statIonary and ergodIc.
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The receIved sIgnal can be rewrItten as
where

n
(t) Is a functIon of path loss and shadowIng whIle
n
(t)
depends on delay and 0oppler,
these two random processes are Independent.
EquIvalent lowpass T7 CF c(t,t) of the channel
Fesponse of channel at t to Impulse at t:
t Is tIme when Impulse response Is observed
t Is tIme when Impulse put Into the channel
Is how long ago Impulse was put Into the channel for the
current observatIon
path delay for |P component currently observed
)) ( ( ) ( ) , (
1
) (
t e t t c
n
N
n
t j
n
n

=
3
Example of a Time-varying Channel
Each multIpath component corresponds to a sIngle reflector
Time-invariant case
Time-varying case
Received Signal Characteristics Received Signal Characteristics
FeceIved sIgnal consIsts of many multIpath components
AssumptIons:
AmplItudes change slowly
Phases change rapIdly
ConstructIve and destructIve addItIon of sIgnal components
AmplItude fadIng of receIved sIgnal (both wIdeband and
narrowband sIgnals)
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Narrowband Nodel Narrowband Nodel
Assume delay spread T
m
1/8 or
Then u(t)u(t).
FeceIved sIgnal gIven by
No sIgnal dIstortIon (spreadIng In tIme)
|ultIpath affects complex scale factor In brackets.
CharacterIze scale factor by settIng u(t)=(t)
)
`
=

=
) (
0
) ( 2
) ( ) ( ) (
t N
n
t j
n
t f j
n c
e t e t u t r

!n !n- -Phase and Phase and Quadrature Quadrature
under CLT Approximation under CLT Approximation
n phase and quadrature sIgnal components:
WIthout domInant LDS path
AssumptIons: AmplItude, delays, 0oppler are changIng slowly
For N(t) large, r
(t) and r
Q
(t) joIntly CaussIan (sum of large # of random vars).
FeceIved sIgnal completely characterIzed by Its mean, autocorrelatIon, and cross
correlatIon.
f
0
and
n
(t) unIform, the Inphase/quad components are mean zero, Indep., and
statIonary
AssumIng unIform phase offsets, process Is
Zero mean
Auto and cross correlatIon depend on ADAs of multIpath
( )
0
( ) ( ) cos( ( ))
N t
I n n
n
r t t t
=
=
( )
0
( ) ( ) sin( ( ))
N t
Q n n
n
r t t t
=
=
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Auto and Cross Correlation Auto and Cross Correlation
Assume
n
-U[0,2]
Fecall that
n
Is the multIpath arrIval angle
Under unIform scatterIng, In phase and quad comps have no
cross correlatIon
The autocorrelatIon of r
(t) Is gIven by
Auto and Cross Correlation Auto and Cross Correlation
Assume
n
-U[0,2]
Fecall that
n
Is the multIpath arrIval angle
AutocorrelatIon of Inphase/quad sIgnal Is
Cross CorrelatIon of Inphase/quad sIgnal Is
AutocorrelatIon of receIved sIgnal Is

/ cos ], 2 [cos 5 . ) ( ) (
n D D p r r
v f f E A A
n n n Q I
= = =
) ( ] 2 [sin 5 . ) (
, ,

Q I n n Q I
r r D p r r
A f E A = =
) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) (
,

c r r c r r
f A f A A
Q I I
=
) ( ] 2 [sin 5 . ) (
, ,

Q I n n Q I
r r D p r r
A f E A = =
) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) (
,

c r r c r r
f A f A A
Q I I
=
=0
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Uniform Uniform AOAs AOAs
Under unIform scatterIng, In phase and quad comps have no cross
correlatIon and autocorrelatIon Is
The PS0 of receIved sIgnal Is
) 2 ( 5 . ) ( ) (
0

D p r r
f J A A
Q I
= =
Decorrelates over roughly half a wavelength
)] 2 ( 5 [. ) (
)] ( ) ( [ 5 . ) (
0

D p r
c r c r r
f J f S
f f S f f S f S
I
I I
=
+ + =
F
Used to generate simulation values
f
c
+f
D
f
c
S
r
(f)
f
c
-f
D
Bessel Function Bessel Function
8essel functIon
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Signal Envelope and Power Distributions Signal Envelope and Power Distributions
CLT approx. leads to FayleIgh dIstrIbutIon (power Is exponentIal)
For any two CaussIan random varIables X and Y , both wIth
mean zero and equal varIance o
2
When LDS component present, FIcean dIstrIbutIon Is used
|easurements support NakagamI dIstrIbutIon In some
envIronments
SImIlar to FIcean, but models "worse than FayleIgh"
Lends Itself better to closed form 8EF expressIons
Narrowband Fading Narrowband Fading
Narrowband fadIng
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Ricean Ricean Fading Fading
LDS component wIth power
The FIcIan dIstrIbutIon Is often descrIbed In terms of a
fadIng parameter K
Nakagami Nakagami Fading Fading
|ore general fadIng dIstrIbutIon was developed whose
parameters can be adjusted to fIt a varIety of empIrIcal
measurements.
ThIs dIstrIbutIon Is called the NakagamI fadIng dIstrIbutIon
where P
r
Is the average receIved power and F() Is the Camma
functIon.
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Level Crossing Rate Level Crossing Rate
The envelope level crossIng rate
L
Z
Is defIned as the expected
rate (In crossIngs per second) at
whIch the sIgnal envelope
crosses the level Z In the
downward dIrectIon.
DbtaInIng L
Z
requIres the joInt
dIstrIbutIon of the sIgnal
envelope z = r and Its
derIvatIve wIth respect to tIme
z, p(z, z).
For FayleIgh channels wIth
threshold
0
For FIcean channels
Average Fade Duration Average Fade Duration
How long a sIgnal stays below target F (SNF )
0erIved from level crossIng rate of fadIng process
For FayleIgh fadIng
0epends on ratIo of target to average level ()
nversely proportIonal to 0oppler frequency
2
( 1) /( 2 )
Z D
t e f
=
Z
t
1
t
2
t
3
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Average Fade Duration Average Fade Duration
The average fade duratIon IndIcates the number of bIts or
symbols affected by a deep fade.
SpecIfIcally, consIder an uncoded system wIth bIt tIme Tb.
Suppose the probabIlIty of bIt error Is hIgh when z Z
Then, If T
b
t
Z
, the system wIll lIkely experIence sIngle error
events, where bIts that are receIved In error have the
prevIous and subsequent bIts receIved correctly (sInce z > Z
for these bIts).
Dn the other hand, If T
b
t
Z
then many subsequent bIts are
receIved wIth z Z so large bursts of errors are lIkely.
Nain Points Nain Points
Narrowband model has Inphase and quad. comps that are zeromean
statIonary CaussIan processes
Auto and cross correlatIon depends on ADAs of multIpath
UnIform scatterIng makes autocorrelatIon of Inphase and quad follow
8essel functIon
SIgnal components decorrelated over half wavelength
Cross correlatIon Is zero (Inphase/quadrature Indep.)
FadIng dIstrIbutIon depends on envIronment
FayleIgh, FIcean, and NakagamI all common
Average fade duratIon Important for system Issues
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Wideband Channels Wideband Channels
ndIvIdual multIpath components resolvable
True when tIme dIfference between components exceeds
sIgnal bandwIdth
u
B / 1 <<
u
B / 1 >>

1

2

Narrowband Wideband
Wideband Fading Nodels Wideband Fading Nodels
|ultIpath resolutIon
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Scattering Function Scattering Function
S(,)=FourIer transform of c(,t) relatIve to t, the
determInIstIc scatterIng functIon
TypIcally characterIze Its statIstIcs, sInce c(,t) Is dIfferent In
dIfferent envIronments
SInce underlyIng process CaussIan, need only characterIze
mean (0) and correlatIon
AutocorrelatIon: E[c(
1
,t)c(
2
,t+t)]=A
c
(,t)

WSSUS Channel Nodel WSSUS Channel Nodel
WIdesense statIonary (WSS)
Uncorrelated scatterIng (US)
The scatterIng functIon for random channels Is defIned as
the FourIer transform of A
c
(;t)
The scatterIng functIon characterIzes the average output
power assocIated wIth the channel as a functIon of the
multIpath delay and 0oppler .
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Nultipath Nultipath !ntensity Profile !ntensity Profile
0efIned as A
c
(,t=0)= A
c
()
Average delay spread T
|
and rms delay spread
defIned
relatIve to A
c
()
ApproxImate max delay of sIgnIfIcant m.p.
Coherence bandwIdth 8
c
=1/T
|
|axImum frequency over whIch A
c
(f)=F[A
c
()]0
A
c
(f)=0 ImplIes sIgnals separated In frequency by f wIll be
uncorrelated after passIng through channel

T
M

B
C
F
Nultipath Nultipath !ntensity Profile !ntensity Profile
Average and rms delay spread are typIcally defIned In terms
of the power delay profIle A
c
() as
And
Note that If we defIne the pdf p
Tm
of the random delay
spread T
m
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!S! Channels and Coherence BW !S! Channels and Coherence BW
When T
s
>>
Tm
the system experIences neglIgIble S.
For calculatIons one can assume that T
s

Tm
ImplIes T
s
Tm
/10
and T
s
>>
Tm
ImplIes T
s
> 10
Tm
TImeFrequency CorrelatIon FunctIon
The frequency 8
c
where A
C
(L]) - 0 for all L] > 8
c
Is called the
coherence bandwIdth of the channel.
Flat fadIng vs frequencyselectIve fadIng
Frequency correlation function
Doppler Power Spectrum Doppler Power Spectrum
S
c
()=F[A
c
(=0,t)]= F[A
c
(t)]
0oppler spread 8
d
|axImum doppler for whIch S
c
()0.
Coherence tIme T
c
=1/8
d
|axImum tIme over whIch A
c
(t)0
A
c
(t)=0 ImplIes sIgnals separated
by t wIll be uncorrelated after
passIng through channel

T
C

B
D
F
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Channel Coherence Time Channel Coherence Time
We defIne the channeI coherence tIme T_c to be the
range of values over whIch TIme CorrelatIon FunctIon
A
C
(Lt) Is approxImately nonzero.
Thus, the tImevaryIng channel decorrelates after
approxImately T
c
seconds.
The functIon S
C
(p) Is called the 0oppIer power spectrum
of the channel:
The maxImum p value for whIch S
C
(p) Is greater than
zero Is called the 0oppIer spread of the channel, and Is
denoted by 8
0
.
8y the FourIer transform relatIonshIp between A
C
(Lt) and
S
C
(p), 8
0
- 1/T
c
. f the transmItter and reflectors are all
statIonary and the receIver Is movIng wIth velocIty v, then
8
0
s v// = ]
0
.
Coherence Time Coherence Time
0oppler spread and coherence tIme descrIbe the tIme
varyIng nature of the channel
t Is a statIstIcal measure of the tIme duratIon over whIch
the channel Impulse response Is essentIally InvarIant
T
c
Channel appears static for
transmitted digital symbols
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Relationships among Channel Correlation Relationships among Channel Correlation
Functions Functions
Double
Fourier
Transform
t=0
Fourier
Transform
Fourier
Transform
f=0
Nain Points Nain Points
FadIng dIstrIbutIon depends on envIronment
FayleIgh, FIcean, and NakagamI all common
Average fade duratIon Important for system Issues
WIdeband models characterIzed by scatterIng functIon: measures
power vs delay and doppler
|.P. delay spread defInes maxImum delay of sIgnIfIcant multIpath
components, Inverse Is coherence bandwIdth of channel
0oppler spread defInes maxImum nonzero doppler, Its Inverse Is
coherence tIme

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