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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the writer explained about research design, population and sample, instrument, data collection and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design The design of this study is static group comparison study which is used to determine the influence of a variable on one group and not another and the conclusion is reached by comparing the performance of each group to determine the effect of a variable on one of them (Leedey, 1997 : 232233). It also describes the significant differences of the second year students of MTsN 1 Banda Aceh. Moreover, Ronald A. Fisher, in his innovative book The Design of Experiments (1935) stated that comparisons between treatments are much more reproducible and are usually preferable. Often one compares against a standard or traditional treatment that acts as a baseline. That is the reason why this research consisted of three variables. 1. The dependent variable, the variable that is being measured throughout the experiment so that the dependent variable in this research is the achievement scores as the effect after it is manipulated by using audio visual aid. 2. The independent variable, the variable that is manipulated in the experiment and affects another variable in the research, therefore, animation movie is the independent variable for this research. 3. The moderator variable, that is characteristic that influence (moderate) the impact of the independent or treatment variable upon the dependent variable. Here, according to Fisher (1935) the moderator is gender, because it moderates or changes the relationship between the independent variable (teaching method) and the dependent variable (achievement scores). For this research design was static group comparison, the writer compared the result of teaching by using traditional approach and teaching by using audio visual aid.

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3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE The population is simply all the members of the group that one is interested in doing observation. According to Borg and Gall (1989: 213), population is the large group that we wish to learn something about. Hence, the population of this study was all of the students of MTsN 1 Banda Aceh. This school has 32 classroom (each grade has 11 classes, 11 classes and 10 classes) and 1440 students of all. A sample is a sub-set of the population that is usually chosen because to access all members of the population is prohibitive in time, money and other resources. According to on Borg and Gall (1989) sample is a smaller group we study closely. To ensure that sample representative, the ideal solution in this experimental study is to select a random sample from the target population. Fisher (1935) mentions that randomized, controlled trial is considered the most reliable and impartial

method of determining necessary data. Randomization is a process that assigns research participants by chance, rather than by choice, to either the investigation group or the control group. This process ensures that the trials are not set to receive the preferred results. It also greatly increases the generalization by helping the group representative of the populations. For this is an experimental study, the researcher took two classes of second year randomly where one class was manipulated by using audio visual aid in motivating and helping students while teaching learning process is ran, and the other one was taught conventionally. In the research, the writer used stratified random sampling, to obtain a sample that is representative of the population. It was achieved by taking samples from each stratum or sub-group of a population with several strata. It generally requires that the proportion of each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar. For instance, we have three levels with population of 10, 11, and 10 classes and we want to use students population as the basis for a PPS sample ( probability-proportional-to-size ( PPS) sampling is an option of stratified random assessment in which the selection probability for each

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element is set to be proportional to its size measure ). To do this, we could allocate the first level number 1 to 10, the second level 11 to 21 (10 + 11) and the third level 22 to 31 ( 21 + 10 ). Because each level has 480, 500 and 460 students as a total of population, we then generate a random start between 1 and 480 (equal 1440/3). If or random start is 490. We will select the levels which have been allocated number 490, 970 and 1460. Eventually, the sample chosen was on the second year students where II-6 was the control class and II-7 was the manipulated one.

3.3 Instrument The instruments used for this writing were a set of questionnaires and writing test. a. Test. According to McGregor (2001) One purpose of the test is to give a positive impression of English testing to young learners in order to encourage and motivate them to continue their learning. To make sure that if the conventional technique provides better result than before the audio visual aids came along, the learning outcomes of the students was assessed in order to have the data needed in this experimental research. It was designed to become as an achievement test in order to supply the answers of the hypotheses of this study. Additionally, for the manipulated class, the test was done by giving the students one question in written form (essays). The question is given to findout whether they can produce the narrative text or not. It consisted of all of schematic structure from the story of the animated cartoon by the title The journey of Alvin and the chipmunk . The students had to pay attention to the movie to answer the several questions. The answers were free without giving any limit for students to answer the questions. But, before answering the test which ask them to write, they were given few questions related to the story of Alvin and the chipmunks animation movie, for about 6 questions in an openended questions type. For the writing project, he students answered the questions by

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writing down all of their ideas related to the question into a readable text which will be limited into two paragraphs of length to ease the researcher in analyzing the data. The way of scoring was based on Browns weighting scale ( 2000 : 357 -358 ). For the objects are the young learners, the researcher will only focus on assessing students final draft in content and organization. To score each paper of students it needed to assign a single grade such a weighting scale like this : for content, students will get score from 0 24, and in organization, students will get score from 0 20. In scoring students writing, the researcher had some categories in evaluating and giving score to students which is adapted from J. D. Brown : 1991. For content, the researcer focused on assesing : development of ideas through personal experience, illustration, facts, opinions, and in the use of description. For organization, the reseacher focused on assesing the effectiveness of introduction, logical sequences of ideas, and conclusion. To have a better perception on the ways of scoring, please refer to the appendix III.

b.

Questionnaires For the attention of this research is the enthusiasm of students in English learning, their perceptions was evaluated by using the questionnaires. The questionnaire was performed to reach the research objective which designed into specific questions. The qquestions must interest the respondents in order to obtain the informations. So that, as De Vellis ( 2003 ) recommends, the items for questionnaires should be unambiguous, short, simple and also the statements are easy to read. In this study, the researcher chose a closed-ended items because they are useful for gathering quantitative, easily coded and analyzed data. This questionnaire was response categories; it should include rank ordering responses to ask the respondent to put a list of responses into an order of preference. The questionnaire will consist of a number of items (four components of Likerts scale ( a = strongly agree, b = agree, c = disagree, and d = strongly worded,

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strongly disagree ) that will be written in the Indonesian language to avoid any misperception or misundesrtanding to the questions. To have a better perception on the questionnaire, please refer to the appendix I.

3.5 Data Analysis The techniques of the data analysis which used in the research was descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The researcher used this technique for in her study has two kinds of data ; quantitative for tests and qualitative for questionnaires. Hence, the researcher analyzed the data on different ways of evaluation, such as giving score for achievement test and opinion for questionnaire.

a.

Score Since the objects are the young learner, the researcher focused on assessing students final

draft in content and mechanics only. The way of scoring was based on Browns weighting scale ( 2000 : 357-358 ) where content received 24 and organization will receive 20. Finally, the total score that the students receive is 44 as the highest. Please refer to the appendix III. Categories for evaluating writing ( adapted from J. D. Brown 1991 ) Content : Development of ideas through personal experience, illustration, and facts Use of description Consistent focus Organization :

Assesing the effectiveness of introduction Logical sequences of ideas Conclusion To score each paper of studvents it needed to assign a single grade such a weighting scale like this : Content Organization 0 24 0 20

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This achievement test was analyzed statistically by applying certain formula in statistics like giving score to each variable, stating the mean, variance, standard deviation and T-test in order to prove the hypothesis that has been mentioned. The mean score is aimed to see the average score of the students. It is calculated by dividing the sum of the score by the number of respondents. According to Sudjana (1989) formulates the formula as follow :

X
N
Where :

Y
N

X The average score of the first variable

Y The average score of the second variable

N = Number of sample

The next step is to compute variance (S2) which is used as the measure of variability. The variance is simply the square of the standard deviation. Sudjana (1989: 238) suggests:

S1
2

n X 2 ( X ) 2 n(n 1)

S2
2

n Y 2 ( Y ) 2 n(n 1)

Where :

S1 S2
2

= The first variance of the first group = The second variance of the second group N = Number of students

X
X
2

= Total score of the first group

= Total sum of square of the first group

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= Total score of the second group = Total sum of square of the second group

In order to see the significance difference between two means, the T-test is regarded as a suitable means for this purpose. The T-test in statistics can be used to test a hypothesis about the means difference between two population (Mendenhall and Ott , 1976 : 226 ). They stated the formula as follow:

t=

Y1 Y2 S 1 1 n1 n 2

Y1 and Y2 are mean scores of the group, n1 and n2 refer to the number of students in each group, and S is the estimate of the common population standard deviation. S can be estimated by using information from both samples. In the calculation, the writer uses the 5% or 0, 05 level of significance. It means that the probability to accept the hypothesis is 5 out of 100 probabilities. In other words, the probability to accept the hypothesis is 95 %. At the 5 % level of significance, the null Hypoyhesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Hi) is accepted if the t-ratio is larger than the t-table.

b.

Opinion Since the questionnaire is a type of non-test evaluation, the data that have been collected

should give a brief description of the students perception in like or dislike to the technique which is implemented by the researcher. Each questions of the questionaires have four answers in different degree which could be identified by scoring or numbering, such as strongly agree will receive 4, agree with 3, disagree with 2 and strongly disagree will get 1( Sudjana, 1998 ). The students will receive a degree for a checklist they have been put. The score of students respond to each of the 22 items on a four-point Likert-type scale is

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from 1 (strongly agre ) to 4 (strongly disagree). In analyzing the data needed in this questionnaire, the writer used the way as in the journal of research in science teaching (2009), where the success of the technique is known when the students give a strongly agree with the options. The maximum total score is 88 and the minimum is 22. Students who score from 0 to 22 are never to like the technique, 23 to 43 are rarely to like the technique, 44 to 65 are sometimes to like the technique, and 66 to 88 are always to like the technique. Then, the researcher gave her comments (opinion) on the students answers as the way to analyze that the technique can improve students writing ability and in hope that they like it. As a result, the more they put strongly agree which receive 4 score, the more the researcher get success of her research(Freeman (1962) and Grundlund & Linn ( 1985 )).