Ec9_ex94_Beam column HAZ.

mcd

Axial force and bending moment

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Example 9.4. Beam-column with cross weld

The beam-column is subject to an eccentric axial force with same eccentricity at both ends. The beam is prevented from warping at the ends by rigid rectangular hollow beams. These beams are simply supported at the load points A and D. The structure is a text beam [2]. There is a welded joint at a section x sw from the support A.

tf

C bb

h bw

y z tw

rb
h := 100 mm b := 49.9 mm tw := 4.88 mm tf := 4.97 mm lbeam := 1201 mm b b := 140 mm rb := 30 mm exc := 200 mm xsw := 170 mm r := 0 mm b w := h 2 tf 2 r BC := "A" b w = 90 mm [1] Table 3.2b) G := 27000 MPa

Dimensions and material properties

Section height: Flange depth: Web thickness: Flange thickness: Overall length: Cross beams: Support Eccentricity Location of cross weld Inner radius: Web height: Alloy: EN AW-6082 T6 Strength according to test in [2] fo := 311 MPa

Cross weld
xsw B bb A e N rb

(buckling class, E := 70000 MPa

fu.haz := 253 MPa

Partial safety factors: To compare with the test, all factors are set to 1.0

M1 := 1.0

M2 := 1.0

Moment and force

Axial force (compression) Bending moment at the ends S.I. units: kN 1000 newton My.Ed := NEd exc kNm kN m NEd := 17 kN My.Ed = 3.4 kNm MPa 1000000 Pa

References
[1] [2] EN 1999-1-1 Edlund, S. Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules. 2007 Buckling of T-Section Beam-Columns in Aluminium with or without Transverse Welds. Strustural Engineering, Royal Institute of technology, Stockholm.
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lbeam

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Axial force and bending moment

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Classification of the cross section

(Detail calculations omitted) y-y-axis bending z-z-axis bending axial force classy := 3 classz := 3 classc := 3

Cross weld
[1] 5.5 [1] Table 6.2 [1] (6.64) HAZ softening at a section xsw = 170 mm from the column end In this example use value from tests fu.haz = 253 MPa which means

0 :=

fu.haz M1

M2 fo

0 = 0.814

Design resistance, y-y-axis bending

[1] 6.2.5 Elastic modulus of the gross cross section Wel: Ag := 2 b tf + ( h 2 tf ) tw Ig := 1 12 b h ( b tw) ( h 2 tf )
3 3

b
2

Ag = 935.5 mm

h bw

6 4 Ig = 1.418 10 mm

y z tw

Wel := [1] Table 6.4 [1] (6.26) [1] (6.25)

Ig 2 h

Wel = 2.836 10 mm

Shape factor for class 3 cross-section, say Design moment of resistance of the cross section Mc,Rd

y := 1
My.Rd := fo y Wel

M1

My.Rd = 8.82 kNm

Design resistance, z-z-axis bending

Iz := Wz := [1] (6.26) [1] (6.25) 2 tf b 12 Iz 2 b
3

Iz = 1.029 10 mm
3

4 3

Wz = 4.125 10 mm

Shape factor for class 3 cross-section, say Design moment of resistance Mz.Rd := fo z Wz

z := 1 M1
Mz.Rd = 1.283 kNm

Axial force resistance, y-y buckling

[1] 6.3.1 Cross section area of gross cross section A gr Agr := b h ( b tw) ( h 2 tf ) Cross section area of class 3 cross section Second moment of area of gross cross section: Iy :=
T Hglund 2

Agr = 935.5 mm Aeff := Agr

2 12

b tf + 2 b tf

h tf 1 3 + ( h 2 tf ) tw 12 2
aluMATTER

Iy = 1.418 10 mm

2007-08-10

tf

Ec9_ex94_Beam column HAZ.mcd

[1] Table 6.8

Axial force and bending moment

lyc := lbeam + 2 rb Ncr :=
3

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lyc = 1.261 10 mm Ncr = 616.044 kN

Effective buckling length

Buckling load

E Iy
lyc
2

[1] 6.3.1.2 [1] Table 6.6

Slenderness parameter

y :=

Agr fo Ncr

y = 0.687 = 0.2 o = 0.1

:= if ( BC = "A" , 0.2 , 0.32) o := if ( BC = "A" , 0.1 , 0 )

:= 0.5 1 + ( y o) + y
2

= 0.795 y = 0.837

y := min

1
2 y 2

, 1

fo

[1] Table 6.5

No longitudinal welds Axial force resistance Ny.Rd := y

:= 1 M1
Aeff Ny.Rd = 243.6 kN

Axial force resistance, z-z axis buckling

Effective buckling length Buckling load Iz := 2 tf b 12
3

lzc := lbeam + rb Ncr :=

lzc = 1.231 m Ncr = 46.9 kN

E Iz
lzc
2

[1] 6.3.1.2 [1] 6.3.1.2

Slenderness parameter
2 := 0.5 1 + ( z o) + z

z :=

Agr fo Ncr

z = 2.49 = 3.839 z = 0.148

z := min

1
2 2

+ z

, 1

Nz.Rd := z NRd := fo fo

[1] 6.3.1.1

Axial load resistance

M1

Aeff

Nz.Rd = 43 kN NRd = 290.9 kN

and without column buckling

M1

Aeff

Flexural buckling of beam-column

[1] 6.3.3.3 [1] (6.67) Cross weld from column end HAZ reduction factors, see above xsw = 170 mm lyc = 1261 mm xsw lyc = 0.135

0 = 0.814 x = 0.9

[1] (6.65)

x := min

0 , 1 xsw + 1 sin ( ) y y lyc

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Axial force and bending moment

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Exponents in interaction formulae [1] (6.42c) [1] (6.61c)

0 := y

0 := if ( 0 < 1 , 1 , 0) yc := if ( yc < 0.8 , 0.8 , yc)

NEd = 17 kN

0 = 1 yc = 0.837
My.Ed = 3.4 kNm Uy = 0.591

yc := 0 y

Flexural buckling check

[1] (6.59)

NEd Uy := y x NRd

yc

My.Ed

0 My.Rd

Lateral-torsional buckling
[1] Annex J Figure J.2 Warping constant: Iw := It :=

(h tf )2 Iz
4 2 b tf + h tw 3 Wy := Wel
3 3

Iw = 2.324 10 mm It = 7.958 10 mm
4 3

Torsional constant: Lateral buckling length

4 3

L := lbeam 2 b b

Wy = 2.836 10 mm

Constant bending moment, warping prevented at the ends [1] I.1.2 C, k , and k w constants C1 := 1 kz := 1 kw := 0.5

[1] I.1.2

wt := cr :=
Mcr :=

kw L C1 kz

E Iw G It
2

wt = 1.877 cr = 2.127
L = 921 mm Mcr = 9.03 kNm

[1] (I.7)

1 + wt

[1] (I.2)

cr
L

E Iz G It

[1] 6.3.2.(1)

LT :=

y Wy fo
Mcr

LT = 0.988 LT = 0.2 0LT = 0.4 LT = 1.047 LT = 0.718

[1] 6.3.2.2 (2) LT := if ( classz > 2 , 0.2 , 0.1)

0LT := if ( classz > 2 , 0.4 , 0.6)

[1] (6.57) [1] (6.56)
2 LT := 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0LT ) + LT

LT := LT +

LT LT

Lateral-tortional buckling checks

Check three sections
lzc := lbeam + 2 rb i := 1 .. 3 xs := 0 mm
1

xs := xsw 2

xs :=
3

lbeam 2

+ rb

xs lzc

= ( 0 0.135 0.5 )

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Ec9_ex94_Beam column HAZ.mcd

HAZ reduction factors [1] (5.51)

Axial force and bending moment

(0 = 1 except at xs ) 2

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e D C bb N rb

0 := 0 i
Weld at section i = 2

( ) 0 := if ( i = 2 , 0 , 1 )
0 := if 0 > 1 , 1 , 0 i i i
i i

0 = ( 1 0.814 1 )
lbeam xsw B e N
[1] (6.65) or (6.69)

x :=

3 Cross weld 2
bb

xs z + ( 1 z) sin lzc

x = ( 6.76 1.63 1.00 )

[1] (6.66) or (6.70)

xLT :=

LT + ( 1 LT ) sin

xs lzc

xLT = ( 1.39 0.98 1.00 )

[1] (6.42a) [1] (6.42b) [1] (6.42c) [1] 6.3.3.2)

0 := z y 0 := z
2 2

0 := if ( 0 < 1 , 1 , if ( 0 > 2 , 2 , 0) ) 0 := if ( 0 < 1 , 1 , if ( 0 > 2 , 2 , 0) ) 0 := if ( 0 < 1 , 1 , 0) c := if ( c < 0.8 , 0.8 , c) y = 0.837 z = 0.148 zc := if ( zc < 0.8 , 0.8 , zc)
Mz.Ed := 0 kNm

0 = 1 0 = 1 0 = 1 c = 0.8 c = 1 zc = 0.8

0 := y

c := 0 z c := 0 zc := 0 z

Lateral-torsional buckling of beam-column

[1] (6.63) c c zc My.Ed NEd Mz.Ed ULT := + + z x NRd LT xLT My.Rd 0 Mz.Rd Max utilisation, lateral-torsional buckling Max utilisation, flexural buckling

ULT = ( 0.489 0.872 1.013 ) Uz.max = 1.013 Uy = 0.591

Uz.max := max( ULT )

Comment: Uz.max = 1.013 mean that the test failure load exceeded the characteristic strength with 1.3%

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aluMATTER

2007-08-10

rb