Application Pool Identities

Introduction
IIS introduces a new security feature in Service Pack 2 (SP2) of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. It's called Application Pool Identities. Application Pool Identities allow you to run Application Pools under a unique account without having to create and manage domain or local accounts. The name of the Application Pool account corresponds to the name of the Application Pool. The image below shows an IIS worker process (W3wp.exe) running as the DefaultAppPool identity.

Application Pool Identity Accounts

Worker processes in IIS 6.0, and in IIS 7 and above, run as NETWORKSERVICE by default. NETWORKSERVICE is a built-in Windows identity. It doesn't require a password and has only user privileges; that is, it is relatively low-privileged. Running as a low-privileged account is a good security practice because then a software bug can't be used by a malicious user to take over the whole system. However, a problem arose over time as more and more Windows system services started to run as NETWORKSERVICE. This is because services running as NETWORKSERVICE can tamper with other services that run under the same identity. Because IIS worker processes run third-party code by default (Classic ASP, ASP.NET, PHP code), it was time to isolate IIS worker processes from other Windows system services and run IIS worker processes under unique identities. The Windows operating system provides a feature called "Virtual Accounts" that allows IIS to create unique identities for each of its Application Pools. Click here for more information about Virtual Accounts.

Configuring IIS Application Pool Identities

If you are running IIS 7.5 on Windows Server 2008 R2, you don't have to do anything to use the new identity. For every Application Pool you create, the IIS Admin Process (WAS) will create a virtual account with the name of the new Application Pool and run the Application Pool's worker processes under this account. If you are running Windows Server 2008, you have to change the IdentityType property of the Application Pools you create to "AppPoolIdentity". Here is how:

Open the IIS Management Console (INETMGR.MSC). Open the Application Pools node underneath the machine node. Select the Application Pool you want to change to run under an automatically generated Application Pool Identity. Right click the Application Pool and select "Advanced Settings..."

Select the "Identity" list item and click the ellipsis (the button with the three dots). The following dialog appears.

Select the Identity Type "ApplicationPoolIdentity" from the combo box.

To do the same step by using the command-line, you can call the appcmd command-line tool the following way: %windir%\system32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe set AppPool <your AppPool> -processModel.identityType:ApplicationPoolIdentity

Securing Resources
Whenever a new Application Pool is created, the IIS management process creates a security identifier (SID) that represents the name of the Application Pool itself. For example, if you create an Application Pool with the name "MyNewAppPool," a security identifier with the name "MyNewAppPool" is created in the Windows Security system. From this point on, resources can be secured by using this identity. However, the identity is not a real user account; it will not show up as a user in the Windows User Management Console. You can try this by selecting a file in Windows Explorer and adding the "DefaultAppPool" identity to the file's Access Control List (ACL). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Open Windows Explorer Select a file or directory. Right click the file and select "Properties" Select the "Security" tab Click the "Edit" and then "Add" button Click the "Locations" button and make sure you select your machine. Enter "IIS AppPool\DefaultAppPool" in the "Enter the object names to select:" text box. 8. Click the "Check Names" button and click "OK". By doing this, the file or directory you selected will now also allow the "DefaultAppPool" identity access.

You can do this via the command-line by using the ICACLS tool. The following example gives full access to the DefaultAppPool identity. ICACLS test.txt /grant "IIS AppPool\DefaultAppPool":F On Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, the default is to run Application Pools as the Application Pool Identity. To make this happen, a new identity type with the name "AppPoolIdentity" was introduced. If the "AppPoolIdentity" identity type is selected (the default on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2), IIS will run worker processes as the Application Pool identity. With every other identity type, the security identifier will only be injected into the access token of the process. If the identifier is injected, content can still be ACLed for the AppPool identity, but the owner of the token is probably not unique. Here is an article that explains this concept.