VOZ PASIVA Y ACTIVA Passive and Active Voice CARACTERISTICAS

1. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fund Buenos Aires). 2. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza. (Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza). 3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. 4. El complemento de la oracin activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. 5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith , Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomtica). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano.

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA

TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, ser visto you will be seen, sers visto he will be seen, ser visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seris vistos they will be seen, sern vistos

PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO: I had been seen, haba sido visto CONDICIONAL: I should be seen, sera visto FUTURO PERFECTO: I shall have been seen, habr sido visto CONDICIONAL PERFECTO: I should have been seen, habra sido visto

VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS. 1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado ms el participio del
verbo principal. En ingls es mucho ms frecuente que en espaol y, normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una accin sino el hecho en s. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto que

en espaol suena ms forzado. Slo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo). VOZ ACTIVA Tom writes a letter Tom is writing a letter Tom was writing a letter Tom wrote a letter Tom has written a letter Tom had written a letter Tom will write a letter Tom is going to write a letter Tom can write a letter Tom could write a letter Tom must write a letter Tom may write a letter Tom might write a letter
Tom escribe una carta Tom est escribiendo una carta Tom estaba escribiendo una carta Tom escribi una carta Tom ha escrito una carta Tom haba escrito una carta Tom va a escribir una carta Tom va a escribir una carta Tom puede escribir una carta Tom poda escribir una carta Tom debe escribir una carta Tom puede escribir una carta Tom podra escribir una carta

VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Tom A letter is being written by Tom A letter was being written by Tom A letter was written by Tom A letter has been written by Tom A letter had been written by Tom A letter will be written by Tom A letter is going to be written by Tom A letter can be written by Tom A letter could be written by Tom A letter must be written by Tom A letter may be written... A letter might be written...
Una carta escrita por Tom Una carta est siendo escrita por Tom Una carta estabasiendo escrita por Tom Una carta fue escrita por Tom Una carta ha sido escrita por Tom Una carta haba sido escrita por Tom Una carta ser escrita por Tom Una carta va a ser escrita por Tom Una carta puede ser escrita por Tom Una carta puede ser escrita por Tom Una carta debe ser escrita por Tom Una carta puede ser escrita ... Una carta puede ser escrita ...

2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayora de las ocasiones se
prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quin exactamente ejecuta la accin. Si una oracin activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva: ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog Alguien me da un perro PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me Un perro es dado a m PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomtica) Me dan un perro La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc. ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do

No me gusta la gente me diga qu hacer

PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do

No me gusta que me digan qu hacer

En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formacin de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be: get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost

3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy tpicas de la
pasiva y difciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construccin pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos: ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.

Todo el mundo piensa que Cathy trabaja muy duro

PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)

Se piensa que Cathy trabaja muy duro

PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)

Se piensa que Cathy trabaja muy duro

ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover.

Ellos creen que Tom lleva un suter blanco.

PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

Se cree que Tom llevaba un jersey blanco.

PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

Se cree que Tom llevaba un jersey blanco

4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE

a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debera cumplir. You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!!

Se supona que estabas aqu a las 9:00 am!

b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente no se cumplieron: The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock)

El tren deba llegar a las 5

You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go)

Se supona que ibas al supermercado

c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibicin de hacer algo: You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here) You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)

An agreement about resettling the refugees was discussed at the United Nations this week. Nepal, a small and mountainous country, is located in the Himalayas. A number of homes was destroyed in a devastating fire last night. Applicants for this job are required to have a degree in accounting. English has been taught in the school of this country for twenty years. In many East Asian countries, rice is eaten at three meals daily. It is believed that the first Native Americans originally came from Asia. When the reporter arrived at the scene of the accident, the victims had been treated by paramedics.
Un acuerdo sobre el reasentamiento de los refugiados
fue discutido en las Naciones Unidas esta semana. Nepal, un pas pequeo y montaoso, se encuentra en el Himalaya. Un nmero de viviendas fue destruido en un devastador incendio anoche. Los solicitantes de este trabajo estn obligados a tener un ttulo en contabilidad. Ingls se ha enseado en la escuela de este pas durante veinte aos. En muchos pases de Asia oriental, el arroz se come en las tres comidas diarias. Se cree que los primeros nativos americanos vinieron de Asia. Cuando el periodista lleg al lugar del accidente, las vctimas haban sido tratadas por paramdicos.

The Pyramids in Egypt were built without the use of machinery. The leader of the criminals had been arrested by the police. Electric cars are being sold in several countries now. The peace treaty was signed by the presidents of both countries in a ceremony. Questions have been asked about how the government is spending the money. The winner of the contest will be announced on September 1. The exam papers have all been checked by two teachers.
Las pirmides de Egipto fueron construidas sin el uso de maquinaria.
El lder de los delincuentes haban sido detenidos por la polica. Los coches elctricos se estn vendiendo en varios pases ahora. El tratado de paz fue firmado por los presidentes de ambos pases en una ceremonia. Se han hecho preguntas acerca de cmo el gobierno est gastando el dinero.

El ganador del concurso ser anunciado el 01 de septiembre. Los documentos de examen han sido revisados por dos profesores.

Agente:
-My wallet was stolen by someone when I was taking the subway to work. My wallet was stolen when I was taking the subway to work. -Some of the worlds best coffee is grown in Brazil by farmers. Some of the worlds best coffee is grown in Brazil. -A Midsummer Nights Dream was written by William Shakespeare. -That sculpture was carved by a sculptor from a single huge block of stone. That sculpture was carved by from a single huge block of store. -I was surprised to hear that the paintings were made by children. -The heart transplant operation was performed by a surgeon at Metropolis Hospital. The heart transplant operation was performed at Metropolis Hospital.
-Mi cartera fue robada por alguien cuando estaba tomando el metro al trabajo.
Me robaron la cartera cuando estaba tomando el metro al trabajo. -Algunos de los mejores cafs del mundo se cultiva en Brasil por los agricultores. Algunos de los mejores cafs del mundo se cultiva en Brasil. - "Sueo de una noche de verano" fue escrita por William Shakespeare. -Esa escultura fue tallada por un escultor de un solo bloque de piedra enorme. Esa escultura fue tallada por un nico bloque enorme de piedra. -Me sorprendi escuchar que las pinturas fueron realizadas por los nios. -El corazn operacin de trasplante fue realizado por un cirujano en el Hospital de Metrpolis. La operacin de trasplante de corazn fue realizado en el Hospital de Metropolis.

Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando la atencin se centra en la accin. No es importante o no se conoce, sin embargo, quin o qu est realizando la accin ..

Example: My bike was stolen. Mi moto fue robada.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
En el ejemplo anterior, se hace hincapi en el hecho de que mi moto fue robada. No s, sin embargo, quin lo hizo.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
En este caso, me centro en el hecho de que se cometi un error, pero yo no culpo a nadie (por ejemplo, usted ha cometido un error.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive
Tense
Simple Present Active: Passive: Simple Past Active: Passive: Present Perfect Active: Passive: Future I Active:

Subject
Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita

Verb
writes is written wrote was written has written has been written will write

Object
a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter.

Passive: Hilfsverben Active: Passive:

A letter Rita A letter

will be written can write can be written

by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

A letter will be written by Rita.=Una carta ser escrita por Rita.

Examples of Passive
Tense
Present Progressive Active: Passive : Active: Passive : Active: Passive : Active: Passive : Active: Passive : Active: Passive :

Subject
Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

Verb
is writing is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written would have been written

Object
a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Past Progressive

Past Perfect

Future II

Conditional I

Conditional II

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Re-escribir una oracin activa con dos objetos en la voz pasiva significa que uno de los dos objetos se convierte en el sujeto, el otro sigue siendo un objeto. Qu objeto de transformarse en un sujeto depende de lo que quiere hacer nfasis en las.

Subject
Active: Passive: Passive: Rita A letter I

Verb
wrote was written was written

Object 1
a letter to me a letter

Object 2
to me. by Rita. by Rita.

.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is usually dropped.
Como se puede ver en los ejemplos, aadiendo por Rita no suena muy elegante. Es por eso por lo general es abandonado.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped). Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Passive Verb Formation

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."
Las formas pasivas de un verbo se crean mediante la combinacin de una forma del "ser verbo" con el participio pasado del verbo principal. Otros verbos ayudar a veces tambin se presentan: "La medida podra haber sido asesinado en la comisin." El pasivo puede ser utilizado, tambin, en diversos tiempos de conjugacin. Echemos un vistazo a las formas pasivas de "diseo".

Tense
Present Present perfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Past progressive

Subject

Auxiliary Singular Plural

are have been were had been will be are being were being

Past Participle
designed. designed. designed. designed. designed. designed. designed.

The car/cars is The car/cars has been The car/cars was The car/cars had been The car/cars will be

The car/cars will have been will have been designed. The car/cars was being

Present progressive The car/cars is being

A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active

sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active

Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.

Passive An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa. Passive Jorge was given an A.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*: resemble look like equal agree with mean lack contain suit hold fit comprise become

Verbals in Passive Structures

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).

Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor. Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother. Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.

The same is true of passive gerunds.

Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill. Object: I really don't like being lectured to by my boss. Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.

With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase.

[Having been] designed for off-road performance, the Pathseeker does not always behave well on paved highways.

Infinitive alight arise awake be bear beat become beget begin bend bereave beseech bet bid bide bind bite bleed bless blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst bust buy can cast catch choose cleave cling clothe come cost creep crow cut deal dig

Simple Past alighted, alit arose awoke, awaked was, were bore beat became begot began bent bereaved, bereft besought, beseeched bet, betted bade, bid bade, bided bound bit bled blessed, blest blew broke bred brought broadcast, broadcasted built burnt, burned burst bust, busted bought could cast caught chose cleft, cleaved, clove clung clothed, clad came cost crept crowed cut dealt dug

Past Participle alighted, alit arisen awoken, awaked been borne, born beaten, beat become begotten begun bent bereaved, bereft besought, beseeched bet, betted bidden, bid, bade bided bound bitten bled blessed, blest blown broken bred brought broadcast, broadcasted built burnt, burned burst bust, busted bought (kein Participle) cast caught chosen cleft, cleaved, cloven clung clothed, clad come cost crept crew, crowed cut dealt dug

do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forecast forget forsake freeze geld get gild give gnaw go grind grip grow hang have hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap

did drew dreamt, dreamed drank drove dwelt, dwelled ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbad, forbade forecast, forecasted forgot forsook froze gelded, gelt got gilded, gilt gave gnawed went ground gripped, gript grew hung had heard heaved, hove hewed hid hit held hurt kept knelt, kneeled knitted, knit knew laid led leant, leaned leapt, leaped

done drawn dreamt, dreamed drunk driven dwelt, dwelled eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbid, forbidden forecast, forecasted forgotten forsaken frozen gelded, gelt got, gotten gilded, gilt given gnawed, gnawn gone ground gripped, gript grown hung had heard heaved, hove hewed, hewn hidden, hid hit held hurt kept knelt, kneeled knitted, knit known laid led leant, leaned leapt, leaped

learn leave lend let lie light lose make may mean meet melt mow pay pen plead prove put quit read rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shall shear shed shine shit shoe shoot show shred shrink shut sing

learnt, learned left lent let lay lit, lighted lost made might meant met melted mowed paid pent, penned pled, pleaded proved put quit, quitted read rid, ridded rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook should sheared shed shone shit, shitted, shat shod, shoed shot showed shred, shredded shrank, shrunk shut sang

learnt, learned left lent let lain lit, lighted lost made (kein Participle) meant met molten, melted mown, mowed paid pent, penned pled, pleaded proven, proved put quit, quitted read rid, ridded ridden rung risen run sawn, sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewn, sewed shaken (kein Participle) shorn, sheared shed shone shit, shitted, shat shod, shoed shot shown, showed shred, shredded shrunk shut sung

sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smell smite sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweat sweep swell swim swing take teach tear telecast tell think throw thrust tread

sank sat slew slept slid slung slunk slit smelt, smelled smote sowed spoke sped, speeded spelt, spelled spent spilt, spilled spun spat split spoilt, spoiled spread sprang, sprung stood stole stuck stung stank, stunk strode struck strung strove swore sweat, sweated swept swelled swam swung took taught tore telecast, telecasted told thought threw thrust trod

sunk sat slain slept slid slung slunk slit smelt, smelled smitten sown, sowed spoken sped, speeded spelt, spelled spent spilt, spilled spun spat split spoilt, spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn sweat, sweated swept swollen, swelled swum swung taken taught torn telecast, telecasted told thought thrown thrust trodden

understand wake wear weave wed weep wet win wind wring write

understood woke, waked wore wove wed, wedded wept wet, wetted won wound wrung wrote

understood woken, waked worn woven wed, wedded wept wet, wetted won wound wrung written