60 Physics Formulary by ir. J.C.A.

Wevers
Here, a = e/m(

E + w

B ) is the average acceleration, q =
1
2
nm

v
2
t
v
t
_
the heat ow,
Q =
_
mv
2
t
r
_
F
t
_
cr
dv the source term for energy production,

R is a friction term and p = nkT the
pressure.
A thermodynamic derivation gives for the total pressure: p = nkT =

i
p
i

e
2
(n
e
+ z
i
n
i
)
24
0

D
For the electrical conductance in a plasma follows from the momentum balance, if w
e
w
i
:

J =

E

J

B +p
e
en
e
In a plasma where only elastic e-a collisions are important the equilibrium energy distribution function is the
Druyvesteyn distribution:
N(E)dE = Cn
e
_
E
E
0
_
3/2
exp
_

3m
e
m
0
_
E
E
0
_
2
_
dE
with E
0
= eE
v
= eE/n.
11.8 Collision-radiative models
These models are rst-moment equations for excited states. One assumes the Quasi-steady-state solution is
valid, where
p>1
[(n
p
/t = 0) ( (n
p
w
p
) = 0)]. This results in:
_
n
p>1
t
_
cr
= 0 ,
n
1
t
+ (n
1
w
1
) =
_
n
1
t
_
cr
,
n
i
t
+ (n
i
w
i
) =
_
n
i
t
_
cr
with solutions n
p
= r
0
p
n
S
p
+r
1
p
n
B
p
= b
p
n
S
p
. Further holds for all collision-dominated levels that b
p
:= b
p
1 =
b
0
p
x
e
with p
e
=
_
Ry/E
pi
and 5 x 6. For systems in ESP, where only collisional (de)excitation
between levels p and p 1 is taken into account holds x = 6. Even in plasmas far from equilibrium the
excited levels will eventually reach ESP, so from a certain level up the level densities can be calculated.
To nd the population densities of the lower levels in the stationary case one has to start with a macroscopic
equilibrium:
Number of populating processes of level p = Number of depopulating processes of level p ,
When this is expanded it becomes:
n
e

q<p
n
q
K
qp
. .
coll. excit.
+n
e

q>p
n
q
K
qp
. .
coll. deexcit.
+

q>p
n
q
A
qp
. .
rad. deex. to
+ n
2
e
n
i
K
+p
. .
coll. recomb.
+ n
e
n
i

rad
. .
rad. recomb
=
n
e
n
p

q<p
K
pq
. .
coll. deexcit.
+n
e
n
p

q>p
K
pq
. .
coll. excit.
+ n
p

q<p
A
pq
. .
rad. deex. from
+n
e
n
p
K
p+
. .
coll. ion.
11.9 Waves in plasmas
Interaction of electromagnetic waves in plasmas results in scattering and absorption of energy. For electro-
magnetic waves with complex wave number k = (n + i)/c in one dimension one nds:
E
x
= E
0
e
x/c
cos[(t nx/c)]. The refractive index n is given by:
n = c
k

=
c
v
f
=
_
1

2
p