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Table of Contents
Using This Manual ........................................................................................................................................ ix 1. Whats in This Manual .......................................................................................................................... ix 2. Whats in the Other Manuals ................................................................................................................ x 3. How to Use This Manual ....................................................................................................................... x 3.1. For the Beginner ......................................................................................................................... x 3.2. For the Experienced User ............................................................................................................ xi 4.Typographical Conventions Used in This Manual .................................................................................. xi 5. Contacting Technical Support ............................................................................................................. xi 1. Getting Started ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Program Structure ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Overview of Using ANSYS POLYMAT .................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1. Planning Your ANSYS POLYMAT Analysis ................................................................................... 3 1.3.2. Steps for Fitting Material Parameters ........................................................................................ 4 1.4. Starting ANSYS POLYMAT .................................................................................................................. 4 1.5. Starting ANSYS POLYCURVE .............................................................................................................. 5 1.6. Sample Session ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.6.1. Problem Description ................................................................................................................ 5 1.6.2. Outline of Procedure ................................................................................................................ 6 1.6.3. Using the Non-Automatic Fitting Method ................................................................................. 6 1.6.3.1. Defining the Experimental Data ....................................................................................... 7 1.6.3.2. Specifying the Curves to be Calculated ............................................................................ 8 1.6.3.3. Defining Numerical Parameters ....................................................................................... 8 1.6.3.4. Defining the Type of Fluid Model ..................................................................................... 8 1.6.3.5. Fitting the Material Parameters ........................................................................................ 9 1.6.3.5.1. Finding the Value of K ............................................................................................. 9 1.6.3.5.1.1. Trying K=1 ..................................................................................................... 9 1.6.3.5.2. Trying Other Values of K ........................................................................................ 10 1.6.3.5.2.1. Finding the Value of n ................................................................................... 11 1.6.3.6. Saving the Parameters to a Material Data File ................................................................. 12 1.6.3.7. Saving the Experimental Data to a File ........................................................................... 12 1.6.3.8. Exiting from ANSYS POLYMAT ........................................................................................ 13 1.6.4. Using the Automatic Fitting Method ....................................................................................... 13 1.6.4.1. Defining the Type of Fluid Model ................................................................................... 13 1.6.4.2. Fixing the Values of Parameters to Remain Constant ....................................................... 13 1.6.4.3. Reading in the Experimental Data .................................................................................. 14 1.6.4.4. Drawing the Experimental Data Curve ............................................................................ 14 1.6.4.5. Limiting the Range of the Fitting Calculation .................................................................. 14 1.6.4.6. Specifying a Name for the Material Data File ................................................................... 15 1.6.4.7. Performing the Automatic Fitting ................................................................................... 15 2. User Interface ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.1. POLYMAT GUI Components ............................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1. The Menu Bar ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2. The Menu Buttons .................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.3. The Menu ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.4. The Chart Buttons .................................................................................................................. 21 2.1.5. The Chart Window .................................................................................................................. 22 2.1.6. The Curve Buttons .................................................................................................................. 22 2.1.7. The Curve List ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.1.8. The Curve Settings ................................................................................................................. 23
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ANSYS POLYMAT User's Guide 2.1.9. The Output Text Window ........................................................................................................ 24 2.2. POLYCURVE GUI Components ......................................................................................................... 24 3. Reading and Writing Files ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Files Written or Read by ANSYS POLYMAT and ANSYS POLYCURVE .................................................... 27 3.2. Reading Experimental Data ............................................................................................................. 27 3.2.1. Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Non-Automatic Fitting Method .............................. 27 3.2.2. Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Automatic Fitting Method ...................................... 29 3.3. Saving Experimental Data ............................................................................................................... 30 3.4. Reading and Writing Material Data .................................................................................................. 31 3.5. Reading CAMPUS Material Property Files ......................................................................................... 31 4. Unit Systems .......................................................................................................................................... 33 4.1. Overview of Units ........................................................................................................................... 33 4.2. Converting to a New Unit System .................................................................................................... 33 4.3. Restrictions on Units ....................................................................................................................... 35 5. Fitting Material Parameters .................................................................................................................. 37 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 37 5.2. Non-Automatic Fitting .................................................................................................................... 37 5.2.1. Steps for Non-Automatic Fitting ............................................................................................. 37 5.2.2. Specifying the Curves to be Calculated ................................................................................... 38 5.2.3. Defining Numerical Parameters .............................................................................................. 38 5.2.4. Selecting the Type of Fluid Model ........................................................................................... 40 5.2.5. Defining Initial Values for the Material Parameters ................................................................... 40 5.2.6. Performing the Fitting Analysis ............................................................................................... 41 5.3. Automatic Fitting ............................................................................................................................ 42 5.3.1. Steps for Automatic Fitting ..................................................................................................... 42 5.3.2. Selecting the Type of Fluid Model ........................................................................................... 42 5.3.3. Fixing Values for Selected Material Parameters ........................................................................ 43 5.3.4. Defining Numerical Parameters .............................................................................................. 44 5.3.5. Drawing the Experimental Curves ........................................................................................... 45 5.3.6. Specifying a Name for the Material Data File ........................................................................... 45 5.3.7. Performing the Automatic Fitting Analysis .............................................................................. 46 6. Material Data Parameters ..................................................................................................................... 47 6.1. Overview of Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics ..................................................................... 47 6.2. Generalized Newtonian Flow ........................................................................................................... 49 6.2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 50 6.2.1.1. Equations ...................................................................................................................... 50 6.2.1.2. Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 50 6.2.2. Shear-Rate Dependence of Viscosity ....................................................................................... 50 6.2.2.1. Constant ....................................................................................................................... 50 6.2.2.2. Bird-Carreau Law ........................................................................................................... 51 6.2.2.3. Power Law ..................................................................................................................... 52 6.2.2.4. Bingham Law ................................................................................................................ 53 6.2.2.5. Modified Bingham Law .................................................................................................. 54 6.2.2.6. Herschel-Bulkley Law ..................................................................................................... 55 6.2.2.7. Modified Herschel-Bulkley Law ...................................................................................... 56 6.2.2.8. Cross Law ...................................................................................................................... 58 6.2.2.9. Modified Cross Law ....................................................................................................... 58 6.2.2.10. Log-Log Law ................................................................................................................ 59 6.2.2.11. Carreau-Yasuda Law .................................................................................................... 61 6.2.3. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity .................................................................................... 62 6.2.3.1. Arrhenius Law ............................................................................................................... 63 6.2.3.2. Approximate Arrhenius Law ........................................................................................... 64
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ANSYS POLYMAT User's Guide 6.2.3.3. Arrhenius Shear-Stress Law ............................................................................................ 65 6.2.3.4. Approximate Arrhenius Shear-Stress Law ....................................................................... 66 6.2.3.5. Fulcher Law ................................................................................................................... 66 6.2.3.6. WLF Law ........................................................................................................................ 70 6.2.3.7. WLF Shear-Stress Law .................................................................................................... 72 6.2.3.8. Mixed-Dependence Law ................................................................................................ 73 6.3. Differential Viscoelastic Flow ........................................................................................................... 75 6.3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 75 6.3.1.1. Equations ...................................................................................................................... 75 6.3.1.2. Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 76 6.3.2. Differential Viscoelastic Models .............................................................................................. 77 6.3.2.1. Upper-Convected Maxwell Model .................................................................................. 78 6.3.2.1.1. Equations ............................................................................................................. 78 6.3.2.1.2. Inputs ................................................................................................................... 79 6.3.2.1.3. Behavior Analysis .................................................................................................. 79 6.3.2.2. Oldroyd-B Model ........................................................................................................... 81 6.3.2.2.1. Equations ............................................................................................................. 81 6.3.2.2.2. Inputs ................................................................................................................... 81 6.3.2.2.3. Behavior Analysis .................................................................................................. 82 6.3.2.3. White-Metzner Model .................................................................................................... 83 6.3.2.3.1. Equations ............................................................................................................. 83 6.3.2.3.2. Guidelines for Fitting ............................................................................................. 84 6.3.2.3.3. Inputs ................................................................................................................... 85 6.3.2.3.4. Behavior Analysis .................................................................................................. 85 6.3.2.4. Phan-Thien-Tanner Model .............................................................................................. 88 6.3.2.4.1. Equations ............................................................................................................. 88 6.3.2.4.2. Inputs ................................................................................................................... 88 6.3.2.4.3. Behavior Analysis .................................................................................................. 89 6.3.2.5. Giesekus Model ............................................................................................................. 94 6.3.2.5.1. Equations ............................................................................................................. 94 6.3.2.5.2. Inputs ................................................................................................................... 95 6.3.2.5.3. Behavior Analysis .................................................................................................. 95 6.3.2.6. FENE-P Model ................................................................................................................ 98 6.3.2.6.1. Equations ............................................................................................................. 98 6.3.2.6.2. Inputs ................................................................................................................... 99 6.3.2.6.3. Behavior Analysis ................................................................................................ 100 6.3.2.7. POM-POM Model [DCPP] ............................................................................................. 105 6.3.2.7.1. Inputs ................................................................................................................. 107 6.3.2.7.2. Behavior Analysis ................................................................................................ 107 6.3.2.8. Leonov Model ............................................................................................................. 110 6.3.2.8.1. Inputs ................................................................................................................. 113 6.3.2.8.2. Identification of Model Parameters and Functions ................................................ 113 6.3.2.8.3. Behavior Analysis ................................................................................................ 114 6.3.3. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity .................................................................................. 118 6.3.4. Multiple Relaxation Times for Differential Viscoelastic Flows .................................................. 118 6.4. Integral Viscoelastic Flow .............................................................................................................. 121 6.4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 121 6.4.1.1. Equations .................................................................................................................... 121 6.4.1.2. Inputs .......................................................................................................................... 122 6.4.2. Integral Viscoelastic Models .................................................................................................. 123 6.4.2.1. Doi-Edwards Model ..................................................................................................... 124 6.4.2.2. KBKZ Model ................................................................................................................. 125
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ANSYS POLYMAT User's Guide 6.4.2.3. Influence of Damping Functions and Their Parameters ................................................. 126 6.4.2.3.1. Oscillatory Shear Flow ......................................................................................... 126 6.4.2.3.2. Simple Shear Flow ............................................................................................... 127 6.4.2.3.3. Extensional Flow ................................................................................................. 128 6.4.2.3.4. Transient Shear Flow ........................................................................................... 132 6.4.3. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity .................................................................................. 135 6.5. Simplified Viscoelastic Model ........................................................................................................ 135 6.5.1. Equations ............................................................................................................................. 136 6.5.2. Identification of Model Parameters and Functions ................................................................. 137 6.5.3. Inputs .................................................................................................................................. 138 6.5.4. Behavior Analysis ................................................................................................................. 138 7. Rheological Properties ........................................................................................................................ 141 7.1. Steady Simple Shear Flow ............................................................................................................. 141 7.2. Steady Extensional Flow ................................................................................................................ 143 7.3. Oscillatory Shear Flow ................................................................................................................... 146 7.4. Transient Shear Flow ..................................................................................................................... 146 7.5. Transient Extensional Flow ............................................................................................................ 148 8. Defining and Plotting Curves .............................................................................................................. 149 8.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 149 8.1.1. Definitions of Terms .............................................................................................................. 149 8.2. Working with Curves ..................................................................................................................... 150 8.2.1. Defining Experimental Data Curves ....................................................................................... 150 8.2.2. Reading Curve Files .............................................................................................................. 151 8.2.3. Deleting a Curve .................................................................................................................. 151 8.2.4. Modifying a Curve Definition ................................................................................................ 151 8.2.5. Saving a Curve ..................................................................................................................... 151 8.2.6. Moving or Copying a Curve .................................................................................................. 151 8.2.7. Modifying Curve Display Attributes ...................................................................................... 151 8.3. Adding, Removing, and Modifying Charts ...................................................................................... 152 8.3.1. Adding and Removing a Chart .............................................................................................. 152 8.3.2. Modifying the Title and Legend ............................................................................................ 153 8.3.3. Modifying the Range and Scaling ......................................................................................... 154 8.3.4. Modifying the Axis Attributes ............................................................................................... 154 9. Guidelines for Viscoelastic Models ..................................................................................................... 157 9.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 157 9.2. The Weissenberg Number ............................................................................................................. 157 9.3. Viscometric and Rheometric Measurements .................................................................................. 158 9.3.1. Oscillatory Properties ........................................................................................................... 158 9.3.2. Steady-State Shear Viscosity ................................................................................................. 158 9.3.3. Transient Uniaxial Elongational Viscosity ............................................................................... 158 9.4. General Strategy for Fitting ........................................................................................................... 158 9.4.1. Weighting Measured Data .................................................................................................... 159 9.4.2. Assigning a Value to a Parameter .......................................................................................... 159 9.4.3. Relaxation Time vs. Relaxation Spectrum in Extrusion, Fiber Spinning, and Film Casting .......... 160 9.4.4. Relaxation Time vs. Relaxation Spectrum in Blow Molding and Thermoforming ...................... 161 9.5. Guidelines for Extrusion ................................................................................................................ 161 9.5.1. Important Effects ................................................................................................................. 161 9.5.1.1. 2D Extrusion ................................................................................................................ 161 9.5.1.2. 3D Extrusion ................................................................................................................ 161 9.5.2. Recommended Experimental Data ....................................................................................... 162 9.5.3. Recommended Models and Parameters ................................................................................ 162 9.6. Guidelines for Fiber Spinning ........................................................................................................ 163
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ANSYS POLYMAT User's Guide 9.6.1. Important Effects ................................................................................................................. 163 9.6.1.1. 2D Fiber Spinning ........................................................................................................ 163 9.6.1.2. 3D Fiber Spinning ........................................................................................................ 163 9.6.2. Recommended Experimental Data ....................................................................................... 163 9.6.3. Recommended Models and Parameters ................................................................................ 164 9.7. Guidelines for Film Casting ............................................................................................................ 165 9.7.1. Important Effects ................................................................................................................. 165 9.7.2. Recommended Experimental Data ....................................................................................... 165 9.7.3. Recommended Models and Parameters ................................................................................ 165 9.8. Guidelines for Blow Molding and Thermoforming .......................................................................... 165 9.8.1. Important Effects ................................................................................................................. 166 9.8.2. Recommended Experimental Data ....................................................................................... 166 9.8.3. Recommended Models and Parameters ................................................................................ 166 9.8.3.1. 2D Blow Molding and Thermoforming ......................................................................... 166 9.8.3.2. 3D Blow Molding and Thermoforming ......................................................................... 167 10. Examples ........................................................................................................................................... 169 10.1. Example 1: Non-Isothermal Generalized Newtonian Model ........................................................... 169 10.1.1. Experimental Data .............................................................................................................. 169 10.1.2. Fitting Procedure in ANSYS POLYMAT .................................................................................. 170 10.1.2.1. Step 1: Define the Fluid Model Type ............................................................................ 170 10.1.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models and Fix Parameters ....................................... 170 10.1.2.3. Step 3: Read in and Draw the Experimental Data Curves .............................................. 171 10.1.2.4. Step 4: Run the Fitting Calculation .............................................................................. 172 10.1.2.5. Results ....................................................................................................................... 172 10.2. Example 2: Non-Isothermal Differential Viscoelastic Model ........................................................... 173 10.2.1. Experimental Data .............................................................................................................. 173 10.2.2. Fitting Procedure in ANSYS POLYMAT .................................................................................. 176 10.2.2.1. Step 1: Define the Fluid Model Type ............................................................................ 176 10.2.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models and Fix Parameters ....................................... 176 10.2.2.3. Step 3: Read in and Draw the Experimental Data Curves .............................................. 178 10.2.2.4. Step 4: Set Numerical Options and Run the Fitting Calculation .................................... 180 10.2.2.5. Results ....................................................................................................................... 180 10.3. Example 3: Non-Isothermal Integral Viscoelastic Model ................................................................ 182 10.3.1. Experimental Data .............................................................................................................. 182 10.3.2. Fitting Procedure in ANSYS POLYMAT .................................................................................. 184 10.3.2.1. Step 1: Define the Fluid Model Type ............................................................................ 184 10.3.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models and Fix Parameters ....................................... 184 10.3.2.3. Step 3: Read in and Draw the Experimental Data Curves .............................................. 185 10.3.2.4. Step 4: Set Numerical Options and Run the Fitting Calculation .................................... 187 10.3.2.5. Results ....................................................................................................................... 187 10.4. Example 4: Isothermal Differential Viscoelastic Model ................................................................... 188 10.4.1. Experimental Data .............................................................................................................. 189 10.4.2. Fitting Procedure in ANSYS POLYMAT .................................................................................. 192 10.4.2.1. Step 1: Define the Fluid Model Type ............................................................................ 192 10.4.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models .................................................................... 192 10.4.2.3. Step 3: Read in and Draw the Experimental Data Curves .............................................. 193 10.4.2.4. Step 4: Set Numerical Options and Run the Fitting Calculation .................................... 196 10.4.2.5. Results ....................................................................................................................... 196 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 199 Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 201
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Contacting Technical Support To learn how to define curves for experimental data and plot experimental and computed data curves, see Defining and Plotting Curves (p. 149). This chapter also includes fitting guidelines for several common applications. For several examples of how to use ANSYS POLYMAT for different types of flows, see Examples (p. 169). This chapter also includes fitting guidelines for several common applications. Depending on the characteristics of your particular problem, and the tools you want to employ, use the table of contents and the index to find the relevant material for review.
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Using This Manual under Support> Technical Support where the Customer Portal is located. The direct URL is: http://www.ansys.com/customerportal. One of the many useful features of the Customer Portal is the Knowledge Resources Search, which can be found on the Home page of the Customer Portal. Systems and installation Knowledge Resources are easily accessible via the Customer Portal by using the following keywords in the search box: Systems/Installation. These Knowledge Resources provide solutions and guidance on how to resolve installation and licensing issues quickly. NORTH AMERICA All ANSYS, Inc. Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Toll-Free Telephone: 1.800.711.7199 Fax: 1.724.514.5096 Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal. GERMANY ANSYS Mechanical Products Telephone: +49 (0) 8092 7005-55 Email: support@cadfem.de All ANSYS Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. National Toll-Free Telephone: German language: 0800 181 8499 English language: 0800 181 1565 International Telephone: German language: +49 6151 3644 300 English language: +49 6151 3644 400 Email: support-germany@ansys.com UNITED KINGDOM All ANSYS, Inc. Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Telephone: +44 (0) 870 142 0300 Fax: +44 (0) 870 142 0302 Email: support-uk@ansys.com Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal.
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Contacting Technical Support JAPAN CFX , ICEM CFD and Mechanical Products Telephone: +81-3-5324-8333 Fax: +81-3-5324-7308 Email: CFX: japan-cfx-support@ansys.com; Mechanical: japan-ansys-support@ansys.com FLUENT Products Telephone: +81-3-5324-7305 Email: FLUENT: japan-fluent-support@ansys.com; POLYFLOW: japan-polyflow-support@ansys.com; FfC: japanffc-support@ansys.com; FloWizard: japan-flowizard-support@ansys.com Icepak Telephone: +81-3-5324-7444 Email: japan-icepak-support@ansys.com Licensing and Installation Email: japan-license-support@ansys.com INDIA ANSYS Products (including FLUENT, CFX, ICEM-CFD) Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Telephone: +91 1 800 233 3475 (toll free) or +91 1 800 209 3475 (toll free) Fax: +91 80 2529 1271 Email: FEA products: feasup-india@ansys.com; CFD products: cfdsup-india@ansys.com; Installation: installationindia@ansys.com FRANCE All ANSYS, Inc. Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Toll-Free Telephone: +33 (0) 800 919 225 Email: support-france@ansys.com Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal. BELGIUM All ANSYS Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Telephone: +32 (0) 10 45 28 61 Email: support-belgium@ansys.com Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal. SWEDEN
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Using This Manual All ANSYS Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Telephone: +44 (0) 870 142 0300 Email: support-sweden@ansys.com Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal. SPAIN and PORTUGAL All ANSYS Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Telephone: +33 1 30 60 15 63 Email: support-spain@ansys.com Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal. ITALY All ANSYS Products Web: Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal (http://www.ansys.com/customerportal) and select the appropriate option. Telephone: +39 02 89013378 Email: support-italy@ansys.com Support for University customers is provided only through the ANSYS Customer Portal.
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1.1. Introduction
ANSYS POLYMAT is an interactive graphical program that allows you to visualize material data, including steady shear viscosity and steady elongational viscosity. ANSYS POLYMAT computes material properties from constitutive equations and numerical parameters, for isothermal and non-isothermal generalized Newtonian, differential viscoelastic, and integral viscoelastic fluids. It can also compare them with experimental curves (i.e., fitting). The inputs for the model selection and parameters are similar to those in ANSYS POLYDATA. Figure 1.1 (p. 1) shows an example of fitting. The shear viscosity and shear stress for a KBKZ fluid with 6 relaxation modes and a Wagner damping function are plotted
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Overview of Using ANSYS POLYMAT ANSYS POLYMAN is an environment that allows you to manage your ANSYS POLYFLOW projects and start the modules and products listed above from a single entry point. See Starting ANSYS POLYMAT (p. 4) for details. You can create your geometry and mesh using GAMBIT. See the GAMBIT documentation for details. ANSYS DesignModeler and ANSYS Meshing can also be used to create geometries and meshes for ANSYS POLYFLOW. It is also possible to create meshes for ANSYS POLYFLOW using POLYCEM/POWERMESH, and POLYMESH (preprocessors that were used before the introduction of GAMBIT), as well as PATRAN and I-deas third-party CAD/CAE packages and other software packages that support these file formats. Once your mesh is created, you can read it into ANSYS POLYDATA and set up the simulation. In ANSYS POLYDATA, you will define the physical models, material properties, boundary and process conditions, numerical parameters, etc. When you have completed the problem definition, you will save it to a data file, which can be used to run ANSYS POLYFLOW. In conjunction with the problem specification in ANSYS POLYDATA, you can use the ANSYS POLYMAT preprocessor for some preliminary material property analysis. ANSYS POLYMAT allows you compute material properties based on experimental or other data. The result of the ANSYS POLYMAT calculation is material property data that is passed to ANSYS POLYDATA through a material data file. The use of ANSYS POLYMAT is optional; it is generally used when you need to determine complex material property data for your model. ANSYS POLYFLOW is the central solver. It computes a solution based on the problem definition specified in the data file that you created in ANSYS POLYDATA, and saves the solution to a results file. You can also start an ANSYS POLYFLOW calculation from a previous results file. Such a restarting procedure is useful, for example, in non-linear problems where you want to save CPU time. When you have completed your calculation in ANSYS POLYFLOW, you can use the graphical postprocessor ANSYS FLUENT/CFD-Post to examine your results. Other postprocessing packages that can be used to examine ANSYS POLYFLOW results are CFView-PF, ANSYS POLYPLOT, V3DMSH, DataVisualizer, PATRAN, and I-deas. In addition to the graphical postprocessors, a statistical postprocessor called ANSYS POLYSTAT is also available. ANSYS POLYSTAT allows you to interactively analyze properties calculated along particle trajectories and perform statistical calculations that can be used to predict mixing efficiency and other macroscopic flow properties. ANSYS POLYSTAT operates on a set of trajectories created by ANSYS POLYFLOW for a mixing task.
Chapter 1: Getting Started Careful consideration of these issues before beginning your ANSYS POLYMAT analysis will contribute significantly to the success of your modeling effort. When you are planning a CFD project, take advantage of the customer support provided to all ANSYS POLYMAT users.
Sample Session
polymat
You can also start ANSYS POLYMAT from the Programs menu in ANSYS POLYMAN. First, select a .mat file, and then select the Programs/Others/Polymat menu item or type<Ctrl>M. See the ANSYS POLYFLOW Users Guide for details about ANSYS POLYMAN. It is also possible to launch ANSYS POLYMAT from within ANSYS POLYDATA, by selecting the Curve Fitting menu item in ANSYS POLYDATAs Material data menu.
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With a little experience, you can easily identify which viscous behavior the fluid seems to obey. In particular, for this case, you can observe that the viscous behavior of the fluid seems to follow the powerlaw model, which is one of the generalized Newtonian models available in ANSYS POLYMAT.
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Sample Session
Enter Viscosity for Name; this will act as the name of your data curve. Next, enter the coordinates of each of the 6 data points listed in Problem Description (p. 5) in the appropriate X and Y column of each numbered row, as shown in the previous figure. Finally, click OK to close the dialog box and plot the data points in the chart. The curve list (Figure 1.5 (p. 8)) will now contain a single curve: Viscosity.
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Sample Session Select Fluid Model The default selection is for an isothermal Generalized Newtonian model, so you can simply select Upper level menu to return to the main menu.
(11)
The parameters K, , and n are called, respectively, fac, tnat, and expo in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface. Each has a default value of 1. The parameter K corresponds to the shear viscosity obtained at a shear rate = . In view of this, the same viscous behavior can be described by means of various sets of K, pairs. Before doing any fitting, you need to estimate the minimum and maximum shear rates occurring in the flow being simulated. You will try to fit the power-law model to the experimental curve in that range of values. For this example, the minimum and maximum shear rates are considered to be 0.1 and 10 s-1. As a first step, you will try to determine the value of K that matches at least one experimental data point, say, at a shear rate of 1. For this, consider =1 and n=1 (the default values). has been taken as the inverse of the selected shear rate, = , so that the argument of the power law is 1. You will change the value of K until the viscosity curve matches the experimental data at the point (1, 200).
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Sample Session
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Thus the fitted values of the parameters are K=200, n=0.3, and =1. A change in will necessarily lead to a change in K.
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Sample Session To save the experimental data, first select the Viscosity from the curve list on the right side of the application window. Then click the curve button, which is located above the curve list. In the dialog box that opens, specify a name for the curve file ( sample.crv) and click Save.
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Chapter 1: Getting Started Then click tnat is a fixed value to specify that is to remain constant during the fitting calculation. tnat is a fixed value Click Upper level menu, and then click the Fix menu button again to disable fixing. Click Upper level menu three more times to return to the top-level ANSYS POLYMAT menu.
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Sample Session
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You can view calculated parameter values by clicking the View listing of fitting menu item in the Automatic fitting menu. View listing of fitting The values of the parameters for this sample session are as follows: K=208.0, =1, and n=0.3723. These values are close to those you determined using the non-automatic procedure, but the automatic procedure has provided a slightly more accurate result with much less effort from you. You can end the ANSYS POLYMAT session by clicking Exit from the File drop-down menu, located at the top left side of the application window. File Exit
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The File pull-down menu provides the following selections: Options opens the POLYMAT Options dialog box, which you can use to modify the font used for the comments (i.e., the notes at the top of the menu), the menu items, and the output text window. Exit closes the POLYMAT application.
The Help pull-down menu provides the following selections: Current Menu opens the help topic panel, shown in Figure 2.3 (p. 19). This panel provides information about the currently displayed menu.
If you want to see more information about a particular topic, click the Index link in the help topic panel. The help topic panel will display the Polyflow Reference Manual : Index (Figure 2.4 (p. 20)), which provides an alphabetical list of topics. Click the topic of interest to view the available information. Click OK to close the panel when you are done using the help system.
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POLYMAT User's Guide... opens the POLYMAT User's Guide in the ANSYS help viewer. Note that the ANSYS help viewer provides access to other ANSYS documentation as well. POLYMAT User's Guide (PDF)... opens a PDF of the POLYMAT User's Guide in Acrobat Reader. If you do not have Acrobat Reader, you can download it for free from Adobe (www.adobe.com). About... opens a window that displays information about POLYMAT, including the version number, legal notice, and third-party attributions.
The following menu buttons are available: Numerics opens the Numerical Parameters menu, where you can define the numerical parameters used to calculate the rheological curves.
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POLYMAT GUI Components Rheometry opens the Load Curves (Part I) menu where you can specify which rheological curves you want to compute and display (e.g., shear viscosity, shear stress). Draw displays all curves (selected in the Load Curves (Part I) menu) in the chart window. These curves are generated based on the current data you have entered. Fix turns on or off the fixing of material data parameters for the automatic fitting method. See Fixing Values for Selected Material Parameters (p. 43) for details.
) adjusts the scale of the axes of the current chart tab to show all
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) allows you to import a curve file via the Import curve file dialog
You can translate the view of the curves by clicking the left mouse button in a chart and dragging the mouse. You can revise the magnification of the view, by hovering your mouse over the chart and rotating the scroll wheel of your mouse. You can also zoom in by positioning the mouse at the corner of the area to be magnified, holding down the middle mouse button, and dragging the mouse to create a rectangle; when you release the middle mouse button, the area within the rectangle will fill the chart.
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POLYMAT GUI Components The button allows you to create a curve, by inputting coordinates in the Create a New Curve dialog box that opens. The button deletes the curve selected in the curve list.
button allows you to save the data associated with the curve selected in the curve list to a file, The via the Save curve dialog box that opens. The button allows you to move or copy the curve selected in the curve list to another chart, via the Move or Copy Curve(s) dialog box that opens. The button allows you to edit the curve selected in the curve list, via the Edit <name> dialog box that opens (where <name> is the name of the selected curve).
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The curve settings includes the following controls: The Line drop-down list allows you to specify whether a line is displayed between the plotted points of the curve selected in the curve list, and provides options for the kind of line. The Color button displays the currently selected color for the line drawn by the Line drop-down list, and when clicked, allows you to change the color via the Color dialog box that opens. The Thickness number-entry box allows you to specify the thickness of the line drawn by the Line drop-down list. The Marker drop-down list allows you specify the plotted points of the curve selected in the curve list.
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Table 3.1 Files Written and Read by ANSYS POLYMAT and ANSYS POLYCURVE
File Type Created By Used By Default Name or Suffix .crv See...
ANSYS POLYMAT, ANSYS POLYCURVE ANSYS POLYMAT, ANSYS POLYDATA ANSYS POLYMAT
Reading Experimental Data, Saving Experimental Data Reading and Writing Material Data Reading CAMPUS Material Property Files
.dat .cmp
3.2.1. Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Non-Automatic Fitting Method
If you are using the non-automatic fitting method in ANSYS POLYMAT, you will need to read a file containing the curve data. Note that it is also possible to define the experimental data curve within ANSYS POLYMAT, as described in Working with Curves (p. 150). If the data is available in a file, however, it will be quicker to simply read the file.
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Chapter 3: Reading and Writing Files The format of the curve file is as follows:
# Title or name of the current curve # # # x1 y1 x2 y2 etc.
The first five lines contain an optional header containing the curve name. The remaining lines are a set of points that define the curve. On each line there is one pair of values, with up to 14 characters per value (including the sign at the beginning of a negative number) and 7 digits after the decimal point, separated by a blank space. An excerpt from a sample curve file is shown below:
# Shear viscosity: 1 # # # 1.0000000e-03 2.5178512e+04 1.2045038e-03 2.2103666e+04 1.4508285e-03 1.9404324e+04 1.7475284e-03 1.7034652e+04 2.1049045e-03 1.4954349e+04 2.5353641e-03 1.3128096e+04 3.0538556e-03 1.1524868e+04 3.6783805e-03 1.0117430e+04 4.4306209e-03 8.8818760e+03 5.3366995e-03 7.7972090e+03 6.4280746e-03 6.8449990e+03 7.7426359e-03 6.0090786e+03
To read experimental data files into ANSYS POLYMAT, follow this procedure:
1.
Click the chart button to open the Import curve file dialog box (Figure 3.1 (p. 29)), which you can select the appropriate file.
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Repeat the previous step to import additional experimental data curves. If you want to remove a curve file you after it has been imported, you can click it in the curve list in POLYMAT and click the curve button.
3.2.2. Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Automatic Fitting Method
If you are using the automatic fitting procedure in ANSYS POLYMAT, you will need to read your experimental curve data directly into ANSYS POLYMAT. The format of the curve file is provided in Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Non-Automatic Fitting Method (p. 27), and the procedure for reading it is as follows: 1. In the Automatic Fitting menu, click the Add experimental curves menu item. Add experimental curves 2. Select Add a new curve. Add a new curve 3. Specify the name of the file containing the data curve. Enter the name of the curve file Note that, for a viscoelastic model, you will need to define three types of curves: viscosity/shearrate, storage modulus, and loss modulus. You can also define an optional transient uniaxial extenRelease 14.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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Chapter 3: Reading and Writing Files sional viscosity curve. You can specify the curves in any order; the type of the curve you read in will be defined in the next step. 4. If the flow is viscoelastic, specify which type of curve this is. Modify the curve type If the file you just read in contains the viscosity vs. shear-rate curve, click steady shear viscosity; if it contains the storage modulus vs. frequency curve, click storage modulus G; if it contains the loss modulus vs. frequency, click loss modulus G"; if it contains the transient extensional viscosity curve, click transient extensional flow; and if it contains the first normal stress difference vs. shear rate curve, click 1st Normal Stress Difference. For a transient extensional flow, you must also specify some flow characteristics such as: 5. Mode (uniaxial, biaxial, planar) Whether the curve is extensional viscosity vs. time or stress vs. strain (ln(1/lo)), where lo is the initial length of the fiber and l is its current length. Whether the fiber is stretched at constant strain rate or at constant stretch velocity.
If the flow is non-isothermal, specify the temperature at which the data were measured. Modify the temperature
6.
If the flow is viscoelastic and the file you just read in contains the transient extensional viscosity curve, = , where lo is the initial length of the fiber and V is specify the initial strain rate ( = the initial extension viscosity. Modify the initial strain rate (V/lo)
7.
Return to the upper level menu. Upper level menu The curve name will be added to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
8.
If you need to modify any of the settings for a previously defined curve, click its name in the List of Experimental Curves menu. If you want to delete a curve, click Remove a curve. Then select the name of the curve to be deleted, or click Remove all curves to delete all the curves that have been defined. Repeat the steps above if you have additional curves to define.
9.
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Note that all data in a CAMPUS file are in the MKS unit system. See Unit Systems (p. 33) for information about converting to a new unit system. A sample CAMPUS file is shown below:
######## #GE Plastics Europe #CAMPUS Version 4.1 #July 1999 #ENDURAN 7062 BEGIN DENSITY_OF_MELT #kg/m3 1600 ENDOF DENSITY_OF_MELT BEGIN THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY_OF_MELT #W/(m K) 0.29 ENDOF THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY_OF_MELT
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Chapter 4: Unit Systems American #1, using inch, pound, second, Ampere and Fahrenheit units American #2, using feet, pound, second, Ampere and Fahrenheit units Metric #1, using millimeter, gram, second, milliAmpere and Celsius units Metric #2, using centimeter, gram, second, Ampere and Celsius units (CGSA + Celsius) Metric #3, using meter, kilogram, second, Ampere and Celsius units (MKSA + Celsius) Metric #4, using meter, kilogram, second, Ampere and Kelvin units (MKSA + Kelvin, the default system)
b. c.
If none of the options corresponds to your case, select each quantity to be modified and choose its correct unit. When you are done defining units, select Upper level menu and review the current system of units. Your current system of units will be named user defined system in the comment part of the menu if it does not correspond to a standard system. If you want to return to a standard system, then select it in the menu.
3.
Specify the system of units to which you want to convert your inputs (and continue to use for subsequent inputs after the conversion). a. Select Define new system of Units. Define new system of Units (Note that this menu item will be called Modify new system of Units if you have selected it before.) The new menu presents the same set of common systems of units as described above. If one of the common systems corresponds to your system, then select it. b. c. If none of the options corresponds to your case, select each quantity to be modified and choose its unit. When you are done defining units, select Upper level menu and review the new system of units. Your new system of units will be named user defined system in the comment part of the menu if it does not correspond to a standard system. If you want to return to a standard system, then select it in the menu.
4.
Convert from the current system of units to the new system. RUN ANSYS POLYMAT will convert the units, and open a separate window to report the progress and any errors or other messages.
5. 6.
Press the Return key on your keyboard to close the window. ANSYS POLYMAT will then ask you to confirm that you want to change to the new unit system. Click Yes to accept the new unit system (or click No to return to the original system of units).
The new system is now the current system. All future inputs in the Material Data menu will be in the new unit system.
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Restrictions on Units
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5.1. Introduction
ANSYS POLYMAT offers two types of fitting for material data: a non-automatic method and an automatic method. The non-automatic method allows you to perform an in-depth analysis of the properties of a fluid material. If you use the non-automatic method, you can easily perform a sensitivity analysis of the basic viscometric and elongational properties with respect to several non-linear parameters. The automatic method is useful for cases where you are primarily interested in directly obtaining the material parameters for a given fluid. Both methods are available for almost all types of models: generalized Newtonian, differential viscoelastic, integral viscoelastic, and simplified viscoelastic. There are, however, the following limitations: For the simplified viscoelastic model, only the Newtonian part of the model can be fitted (the rheometric curves evaluated by ANSYS POLYMAT are not recognized by the additional viscoelastic term of the model). For the new differential viscoelastic Leonov model, the fitting is not allowed because the computation of the rheometric curves are not yet implemented.
The procedures you need to follow to use the non-automatic and automatic methods are presented in Non-Automatic Fitting (p. 37) and Automatic Fitting (p. 42), respectively. Details about the inputs for individual fluid models (e.g., Bird-Carreau law) are provided in Material Data Parameters (p. 47), descriptions of the rheological properties for which you can perform fitting are provided in Rheological Properties (p. 141), and information about controlling the graphical display of the data curves is provided in Defining and Plotting Curves (p. 149).
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Chapter 5: Fitting Material Parameters 1. Read the experimental data curve(s) or define the experimental data curve(s) in the ANSYS POLYMAT. See Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Non-Automatic Fitting Method (p. 27) and Working with Curves (p. 150). Specify which curves you want to calculate (shear viscosity, shear stress, etc.). See Specifying the Curves to be Calculated (p. 38) for details. Define the numerical parameters for the curve calculation. See Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 38) for details. Select the fluid model that matches your experimental data best, and define initial values for the associated material parameters. See Selecting the Type of Fluid Model (p. 40) and Defining Initial Values for the Material Parameters (p. 40) for details. Vary the value of one material parameter at a time and draw the resulting data curve, until you find the combination that results in a curve most similar to your experimental curve. See Performing the Fitting Analysis (p. 41) for details. When you are satisfied with the curve fitting, save the material parameters to a material data file, which you can read into ANSYS POLYDATA during your problem definition. See Reading and Writing Material Data (p. 31) for details about saving a material data file.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
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Non-Automatic Fitting Range of shear rates: If you want to compare rheological curves obtained for a steady shear flow, you will need to specify the minimum and maximum values of shear rate for the curves so that they will all be consistent. To set these values, click Modify the range of shear rates in the Numerical Parameters menu. Modify the range of shear rates Range of extensional strain rates: If you want to compare rheological curves obtained for a steady extensional flow, you will need to specify the minimum and maximum values of extensional strain rate for the curves so that they will all be consistent. To set these values, click Modify the range of exten. strain rates in the Numerical Parameters menu. Modify the range of exten. strain rates Range of times: If you want to compare rheological curves obtained for a transient flow, you will need to specify the minimum and maximum values of time for the curves so that they will all be consistent. To set these values, click Modify the range of times in the Numerical Parameters menu. Modify the range of times Range of frequencies: If you want to compare rheological curves obtained for an oscillatory shear flow, you will need to specify the minimum and maximum frequencies for the curves so that they will all be consistent. To set these values, click Modify the range of frequencies in the Numerical Parameters menu. Modify the range of frequencies Time variation of the shear rate: For a transient shear flow, you will need to specify the time variation of the shear rate. First, choose Modify transient shear flow in the Numerical Parameters menu. Modify transient shear flow The shear rate is defined as a piecewise-constant curve. You can specify the number of segments (Modify the number of intervals), and then specify the range of times and the shear rate for each interval (Modify the times and Modify the shear rates). When you request a curve of the transient shear viscosity, ANSYS POLYMAT actually computes the shear stress. When the shear rate is constant, the shear viscosity can be obtained by dividing the shear stress by the shear rate; when the shear rate is not constant, this calculation is not always valid. Most of the time, the transient shear viscosity corresponds to a start-up experiment, where the shear rate is equal to 0 up to time t, and then it becomes a non-zero constant value (K). In such cases, the shear rate should be set to the constant K. ANSYS POLYMAT will obtain the current shear viscosity by dividing the current shear stress by the current shear rate. For more complex cases, you will need to set the reference shear rate appropriately so that the shear viscosity can be correctly obtained by dividing the shear stress by the shear rate. Time variation of the extensional strain rate: For a transient extensional flow, you will need to specify the time variation of the extensional strain rate. First, choose Modify transient extensional flow in the Numerical Parameters menu. Modify transient extensional flow
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Chapter 5: Fitting Material Parameters The extensional strain rate is defined as a piecewise-constant curve. You can specify the number of segments (Modify the number of intervals), and then specify the range of times and the extensional strain rate for each interval (Modify the times and Modify the extensional strain rates). When you request a curve of the transient extensional viscosity, ANSYS POLYMAT actually computes the extensional stress. When the extensional strain rate is constant, the extensional viscosity can be obtained by dividing the extensional stress by the extensional strain rate; when the extensional strain rate is not constant, this calculation is not always valid. Most of the time, the transient extensional viscosity corresponds to a start-up experiment, where the extensional strain rate is equal to 0 up to time t, and then it becomes a non-zero constant value (K). ANSYS POLYMAT will obtain the extensional viscosity by dividing the current extensional stress by the current extensional strain rate. To define the time evolution of the strain rate applied on the fiber you can use either of the following methods. Specify a piecewise-constant curve for the time evolution of the extensional strain rate. Specify an extension strain rate decreasing with time following the law:
(51)
where V is the constant take-up (or stretch)
where the initial extension rate is = and lo is the initial length of the fiber.
Reference temperature: For a non-isothermal flow, you will need to provide at least one reference temperature. For each temperature, the rheological curves will be calculated for comparison with experimental data. To add, modify, or remove a reference temperature, use the List of temperatures menu, which is opened by clicking Modify the temperature Modify the temperature
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Non-Automatic Fitting Material Data 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Click the menu item for the material property you want to specify (e.g., Shear-rate dependence of viscosity). Choose the desired law (e.g., Bird-Carreau law). Click the parameter to be set (e.g., Modify fac), and enter the initial value. Click Upper level menu. Repeat the previous two steps to define initial values for the other parameters. When you have set initial values for all of the relevant material parameters, click Upper level menu twice to return to the Material Data menu. If relevant, click the menu item for the next material property you want to specify (e.g., Temperature dependence of viscosity), and follow the same procedure for selecting the desired law and setting the related initial values. (optional) Specify values for any other relevant properties (e.g., Density or Thermal conductivity). Note that these values will have no effect on the fitting procedure, but setting them will allow you to save a material data file containing a full description of the fluid model.
9.
10. Click Upper level menu to return to the top-level ANSYS POLYMAT menu.
2.
Add the experimental data curve to the plot, by clicking the Import... chart button ( and selecting the appropriate file in the browser that opens. See Defining and Plotting Curves (p. 149) for other information about graphical plots.
3.
Return to the Material Data menu and change the values of the material parameters. If you are not familiar with the fluid model you are using, see Material Data Parameters (p. 47). Note that it is often easier to vary the material parameters one at a time, so that you can analyze the effects of each of them before trying to actually fit the model. Click the Draw menu button, and the plot in the chart will be updated to show the new curve (as well as the old one and the experimental curve). Repeat the previous two steps until the computed curve(s) are close enough to the experimental curves. If you are varying one parameter at a time, return to the Material Data menu and change the value of one of the other material parameters. If not, skip to the end of this procedure. Click the Draw menu button to update the plot with the newly computed curve. Continue to change the value of the second parameter and update the plot until you find the best value for this parameter as well. Repeat the previous three steps until you have found the best values for all parameters.
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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Important
Remember to save your values to a material data file, as described in Reading and Writing Material Data (p. 31).
2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
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Automatic Fitting
Important
You will need to select the parameter even if you plan to keep the default value. By default, the value will not be fixed; you need to tell ANSYS POLYMAT that it is a fixed value, and this is done in the menu that appears after you have specified the value. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the appropriate menu item to indicate that you are setting a fixed value for the parameter (e.g., fac is a fixed value). Select Upper level menu. Repeat the previous three steps to define fixed values for any other parameters that you do not want to be varied during the fitting calculation. When you have fixed values for all of the appropriate material parameters, click Upper level menu twice to return to the Material Data menu.
10. If relevant, click the menu item for the next material property for which you want to fix the value of one or more parameters (e.g., Temperature dependence of viscosity), and follow the same procedure for selecting the desired law and setting the related fixed values. 11. Click the Fix menu button again to disable the fixing of values. ANSYS POLYMAT will inform you that fixing is disabled, and the Fix menu button will no longer be highlighted. 12. (optional) Specify values for any other relevant properties (e.g., Density or Thermal conductivity). Note that these values will have no effect on the fitting procedure, but setting them will allow you to save a material data file containing a full description of the fluid model. 13. Select Upper level menu to return to the top-level ANSYS POLYMAT menu.
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Automatic Fitting Weighting for extensional viscosity curves: The weighting allows you to assign more importance to one or more curves compared to the others. For example, in the fitting of a viscoelastic model for a flow that is mainly extensional (e.g., fiber spinning), the fitting of the extensional viscosity needs to be better than the fitting for the others, so you should set the weighting for the extensional viscosity curves to a higher value than for the others. To set the weighting for the extensional viscosity curves, click Modify the weight of extensional visc. curves in the Numerical Options for Fitting menu. Modify the weight of extensional visc. curves Weighting for the first normal stress difference curves: The weighting allows you to assign more importance to one or more curves compared to others. To set weighting for the first normal stress difference curves, click Modify the weight of N1 curves in the Numerical Options for Fitting menu. Modify the weight of N1 curves Maximum number of iterations: In general, 50 iterations (the default) are enough to get converged results. However, sometimes more iterations are needed, especially for fitting viscoelastic models. Select Modify the max. number of iterations item in the Numerical Options for Fitting menu to modify the default value. Modify the max. number of iterations Activation of fitting of relaxation times: By default, relaxation times are not fit. Rather, they are distributed at a regular interval in the range specified (in a logarithmic scale) via the Modify the range of relaxation times option. However, it is possible to optimize the distribution of the relaxation times to obtain a better fit. When this option is activated, the fitting becomes more complex, and it is often necessary to increase the maximum number of iterations. Moreover, the CPU time to get a converged solution is significantly increased. Select Activate fitting of relaxation times item in the Numerical Options for Fitting menu to enable the fitting of the relaxation times. Activate fitting of relaxation times
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Chapter 5: Fitting Material Parameters Enter the name of the result file
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These data are not enough to evaluate the relevance of viscoelasticity in a given process. It is also necessary to characterize the flow itself and compare a characteristic time of the material to a characteristic time of the flow. In many situations, the flow can be characterized by a critical shear rate, which can be understood as a wall shear rate in a region of high gradients. For example, in a fiber-spinning process, a critical shear rate will occur at the wall in the vicinity of the die exit. In a contraction or expansion flow (e.g., Figure 6.1 (p. 48)), consider the shear rate in the narrow section.
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(61)
where is a typical distance. In an axisymmetric flow (Figure 6.1 (p. 48) b),
=
(62)
where is a typical radius. You also need to determine the elastic level of the fluid. This can be accomplished by evaluation of the fluids characteristic relaxation time. When the oscillatory functions and are available, their intersection (occurring at a shear rate = , as shown in Figure 6.2 (p. 49)) is often a reasonable choice for selecting a typical relaxation time. Indeed, flows characterized by a typical shear rate lower than ! " are essentially dominated by viscous forces, while viscoelastic effects may play an important role in flows characterized by a shear rate higher than # $.
Note that, due to the technological limitations of some rheometry equipment, it is not always possible to obtain viscoelastic data in the range of shear rates (or frequencies) where the process operates. In this case, your only option is to extrapolate experimental data for higher shear rates or frequencies. The selection of a particular model for such a case will be more qualitative.
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=
A typical dimensionless number used to estimate the viscoelastic character of a flow is the Weissenberg number , which is the product of the relaxation time and a typical shear rate :
(63)
When is low, generalized Newtonian models are sufficient to describe the flow; only at higher values are viscoelastic models required to characterize memory effects. of Note that the Weissenberg number is probably not the best indicator for viscoelastic models with several relaxation times or if there is shear thinning in the flow. In such cases, a useful dimensionless number is the recoverable shear , defined as the ratio of the first normal-stress difference to twice the steady shear stress :
(64)
The recoverable shear gives the level of elasticity of a flow: if flow is important, and a viscoelastic model is required.
'(
49
Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters 6.2.1. Introduction 6.2.2. Shear-Rate Dependence of Viscosity 6.2.3.Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
6.2.1. Introduction
6.2.1.1. Equations
For a generalized Newtonian fluid, the constitutive equation has the form
(65)
where is the extra-stress tensor, is the rate-of-deformation tensor, and is the viscosity, which can depend upon both the second invariant of and the temperature . The general form for the viscosity is written as
=
and
(66)
represent the shear-rate and temperature
where is the local shear rate. Thus, dependence of the viscosity, respectively.
6.2.1.2. Inputs
To specify the function , you will click the Shear-rate dependence of viscosity menu item in the Material Data menu Shear-rate dependence of viscosity and to specify the function , you will click the Temperature dependence of viscosity menu item. Temperature dependence of viscosity See Non-Automatic Fitting (p. 37) and Automatic Fitting (p. 42) for information about where and how the material data specification occurs in the non-automatic and automatic fitting procedures, respectively. See Shear-Rate Dependence of Viscosity (p. 50) and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity (p. 62) for details about the parameters and characteristics of each fluid model.
6.2.2.1. Constant
For Newtonian fluids, a constant viscosity
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=
value is 1.
(67)
is the default setting. is referred to as the Newtonian or zero-shear-rate viscosity, and its default The units for and its name in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac Mass 1 Length 1 . Time 1
= +
where
+
(68)
= infinite-shear-rate viscosity ! = zero-shear-rate viscosity " = natural time (i.e., inverse of the shear rate at which the fluid changes from Newtonian to
power-law behavior)
# = power-law index
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac facinf tnat expo Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 1
By default, and are equal to 1, and and are equal to 0. Figure 6.4 (p. 52) shows a plot of a for the Bird-Carreau law.
The Bird-Carreau law is commonly used when it is necessary to describe the low-shear-rate behavior of the viscosity. It differs from the Cross law primarily in the curvature of the viscosity curve in the vicinity of the transition between the plateau zone and the power law behavior.
=
where is the consistency factor, is the natural time, and of a given material.
(69)
is the power-law index, which is a property
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Generalized Newtonian Flow Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac tnat expo Mass 1 Length 1 Time 1 1
By default, , , and are equal to 1. Figure 6.5 (p. 53) shows a plot of
The power law is commonly used to describe the viscous behavior of polymeric materials, such as polyethylene, with shear rates greater than 2 or 3 decades. If the behavior at low shear rates needs to be fitted as well, the Bird-Carreau or Cross law will capture the plateau zone of the viscosity curve for low shear rates better than the power law.
+ = +
(610)
<
where is the yield stress and ! is the critical shear rate, beyond which Binghams constitutive equation is applied. For shear rates less than " #, the behavior of the fluid is normalized in order to guarantee appropriate continuity properties in the viscosity curve. The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac ystr gcrit Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 2 1 for the Bingham law.
By default, , , and are equal to 1. Figure 6.6 (p. 54) shows a plot of
The Bingham law is commonly used to describe materials such as concrete, mud, dough, and toothpaste, for which a constant viscosity after a critical shear stress is a reasonable assumption, typically at rather low shear rates.
= +
where =
(611)
!.
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Generalized Newtonian Flow Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac ystr gcrit Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 2 1 for the modified
By default, , , and are equal to 1. Figure 6.7 (p. 55) shows a plot of Bingham law.
Compared to the standard Bingham law, the modified Bingham law is an analytic expression, which means that it may be easier for ANSYS POLYFLOW to calculate, leading to a more stable solution. The value = has been selected so that the standard and modified Bingham laws exhibit the same behavior above the critical shear rate, .
= '
) & ) &0 !$
%( ' +" ! ! !$
! >!$
(612)
+"
# + #
! !$
! !$
where 1 2 is the yield stress, 3 4 is the critical shear rate, 5 is the consistency factor, and 6 is the powerlaw index.
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter
Mass 1 1
Length 1 1
Time 2 1 1 1
By default, , , , and are equal to 1. Figure 6.8 (p. 56) shows a plot of Bulkley law.
Like the Bingham law, the Herschel-Bulkley law is commonly used to describe materials such as concrete, mud, dough, and toothpaste, for which a constant viscosity after a critical shear stress is a reasonable assumption. In addition to the transition behavior between a flow and no-flow regime, the HerschelBulkley law exhibits a shear-thinning behavior that the Bingham law does not.
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(613)
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac1 fac2 gcrit expo Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 2 1 1 1
By default, ,
Herschel-Bulkley law.
, ! ", and # are equal to 1. Figure 6.9 (p. 57) shows a plot of $
Compared to the standard Herschel-Bulkley law, the modified Herschel-Bulkley law is an analytic expression, which means that it may be easier for ANSYS POLYFLOW to calculate, leading to a more stable solution. The integer value 3 that appears in the argument of the exponential term has been selected
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters so that the standard and modified Herschel-Bulkley laws exhibit the same behavior above the critical shear rate, .
(614)
where
= zero-shear-rate viscosity = natural time (i.e., inverse of the shear rate at which the fluid changes from Newtonian to power-law behavior) = Cross-law index (= 1 for large shear rates)
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter
Mass 1
Length 1
Time 2 1
By default, is equal to 1, and and are equal to 0. Figure 6.10 (p. 58) shows a plot of the Cross law.
for
Like the Bird-Carreau law, the Cross law is commonly used when it is necessary to describe the lowshear-rate behavior of the viscosity. It differs from the Bird-Carreau law primarily in the curvature of the viscosity curve in the vicinity of the transition between the plateau zone and the power law behavior.
(615)
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac tnat expom Mass 1 Length 1 Time 2 1
By default, is equal to 1, and and are equal to 0. Figure 6.11 (p. 59) shows a plot of the Cross law.
for
This law can be considered a special case of the Carreau-Yasuda viscosity law (Equation 617 (p. 61)), where the exponent has a value of 1.
=
(616)
where 34 is the zero-shear-rate viscosity and 56, 78, and 9@@ are the coefficients of the polynomial expression. The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT a0 a1 a11 fac gcrit Mass 1 Length 1 Time 1 1
By default, and are equal to 1, and , , and are equal to 0. Figure 6.12 (p. 60) shows a plot ! for the log-log law. of
This viscosity law is purely empirical, but sometimes provides a better fit to experimental data than the others. Nevertheless, you should pay special attention to the coefficients you specify for the log-log law, as detailed below.
" # ) space. Depending on the values of the polynoThe function is a parabola in the ( mial coefficients, the viscosity may decrease as the shear rate approaches zero, which does not reflect physical behavior. Moreover, for high shear rates, the slope of the curve may be less than 1, which is also not physical. When you are using the log-log law, you must therefore ensure that the range of shear rates in your application lies within the range of physically-acceptable shear rates for the law. This is accomplished by careful specification of the polynomial coefficients.
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Important
Note that, for non-isothermal flows using the log-log law, the mixed-dependence law (described in Mixed-Dependence Law (p. 73)) must be used for the thermal dependence of the viscosity.
= +
where
(617)
= natural time (i.e., inverse of the shear rate at which the fluid changes from Newtonian to = index that controls the transition from the Newtonian plateau to the power-law region = power-law index
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT fac facinf tnat expo expoa Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 1
By default, , !, and " are equal to 1, and # and $ are equal to 0. Figure 6.13 (p. 62) shows a plot of
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The Carreau-Yasuda law is a slight variation on the Bird-Carreau law (Equation 68 (p. 51)). The addition of the exponent allows for control of the transition from the Newtonian plateau to the power-law region. A low value (<1) lengthens the transition, and a high value (>1) results in an abrupt transition.
(618)
(619)
where spectively.
(620)
and ! "
In Equation 618 (p. 62), the temperature scales the viscosity so there is only a vertical shift on the model curves # $ % vs. temperature. Four of the temperature-dependent viscosity laws follow this format: 62 Arrhenius approximate law Arrhenius law
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In Equation 619 (p. 62), the time-temperature equivalence is introduced by also scaling the shear rate by temperature. Thus, there is a horizontal shift in addition to the vertical shift on the model curves vs. temperature. Three of the temperature-dependent viscosity laws follow this format: Arrhenius approximate shear-stress law Arrhenius shear-stress law WLF shear-stress law
The final form of the viscosity definition, Equation 620 (p. 62), corresponds to the mixed-dependence law. By default, there is no temperature dependence of the viscosity (i.e.,
= ).
(621)
where is the ratio of the activation energy to the perfect gas constant and is a reference temperature for which = . The temperature shift must be specified when a non-absolute temperature scale is used. It corresponds to the lowest temperature that is thermodynamically acceptable, given with respect to the current temperature scale. Typically, if you use Kelvin as the temperature unit, = . If you use Celsius, = . The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT alfa talfa t0 Mass Length Time Temperature 1 1 1
! "# $%
Important
Note that & for the Arrhenius model is not the same as ' for the approximate Arrhenius law; they have different units. By default, (, )0, and 12 are equal to 0. Figure 6.14 (p. 64) shows a plot of 3 4 law. for the Arrhenius
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63
(622)
where is the first-order coefficient of the Taylor expansion and is a reference temperature. The behavior described by Equation 622 (p. 64) is similar to that described by Equation 621 (p. 63) in the is not neighborhood of . Equation 622 (p. 64) is valid as long as the temperature difference too large.
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
Parameter
Mass
Length
Time
Temperature 1 1
Important
Note that for the approximate Arrhenius model is not the same as they have different units. By default, and Arrhenius law.
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The units, default values, and names for the parameters in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are the same as for the Arrhenius law, described above.
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The units, default values, and names for the parameters in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are the same as for the approximate Arrhenius law, described above.
where
(623)
, , and are the Fulcher constants. The Fulcher law is used mainly for glass.
Name in ANSYS POLYMAT F1 Mass Length Time Temperature
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter
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Mass
Length
Time
Temperature 1 1
By default,
and
are equal to 0. Figure 6.18 (p. 67) how the impact of each parameter on the
increases. For
,
the behavior is
;
if
is greater than the fixed temperature, the viscosity decreases with an increase in
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67
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Figure 6.20 Effect of Increasing f3 (Less Than Fixed Temperature) on the Fulcher Law for Viscosity
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Figure 6.21 Effect of Increasing f3 (Greater Than Fixed Temperature) on the Fulcher Law for Viscosity
where
+ +
(624)
and are the WLF constants, and and are reference temperatures.
Name in ANSYS POLYMAT c1 c2 Ta Tr-Ta Mass Length Time Temperature 1 1 1 1
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter
!" !#
Figure 6.22 (p. 71) and Figure 6.23 (p. 71) show the impact of each parameter on the viscosity curves. The viscosity drops if increases; the opposite occurs if , , or increases.
$%
&' () 01 02
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The units, default values, and names for the parameters in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are the same as for the WLF law, described above.
+ +
(625)
In this equation, , !"", and #$% are the coefficients of the polynomial expression, and &' is the temperature shift; it must be specified when a non-absolute temperature scale is used. It corresponds to the lowest temperature that is thermodynamically acceptable, given with respect to the current temperature scale. Typically, if the units for temperature are Kelvin, () will be 0; if the units for temperature are Celsius, 01 will be 273.15. The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT a2 a22 a12 Mass Length Time Temperature 1 2 1
23 455 678
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT T0 Mass Length Time Temperature 1
By default, , , and are equal to 0. Figure 6.26 (p. 74) and Figure 6.27 (p. 75) show the impact of each parameter on the viscosity curves. The viscosity increases when either or increases. For , there is a rotation of the viscosity curves around a point when the value is changed.
Figure 6.26 Effect of Increasing a2 or a22 on the Mixed-Dependence Law for Viscosity
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Figure 6.27 Effect of Increasing a12 on the Mixed-Dependence Law for Viscosity
Depending on the values of the parameters, there may be a decrease in viscosity when the shear rate approaches zero (as shown in Figure 6.27 (p. 75)). This does not reflect physical behavior. Moreover, for high shear rates, the slope of the curve may be less than 1, which is also not physical. For the mixeddependence law to be valid, the range of useful shear rates must lie between these two intervals.
6.3.1. Introduction
The differential approach to modeling viscoelastic flow is appropriate for most practical applications. Many of the most common numerical models for viscoelastic flow are provided in ANSYS POLYMAT, including Maxwell, Oldroyd, Phan-Thien-Tanner, Giesekus, FENE-P, POM-POM, and Leonov. Appropriate choices for the viscoelastic model and related parameters can yield qualitatively and quantitatively accurate representations of viscoelastic behavior. Improved accuracy is possible if you use multiple relaxation times to better fit the viscoelastic behavior at different shear rates. If required, you can even use different viscoelastic models for the different relaxation times, although this has a very limited physical basis.
6.3.1.1. Equations
For a differential viscoelastic flow, the constitutive equation for the extra-stress tensor is
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75
= +
(626)
(the viscoelastic component) is computed differently for each type of viscoelastic model. (the purely-viscous component) is an optional component, which is always computed from =
(627)
is the rate-of-deformation tensor and is the viscosity factor for the Newtonian (i.e., purelyviscous) component of the extra-stress tensor. The viscosity ratio is defined as . The relationship where of and to is expressed by
(628)
and
! = "# ! $
(629)
When a multi-mode viscoelastic model is used, the purely-viscous component of the extra-stress tensor is defined through the first mode only.
6.3.1.2. Inputs
To specify the viscosity model for a differential viscoelastic flow, you will click the Differential viscoelastic models menu item in the Material Data menu Differential viscoelastic models and then choose 1-st viscoelastic model. 1-st viscoelastic model If you want to specify different parameters for different relaxation times, click Addition of a viscoelastic model. To specify the temperature dependence of viscosity for a differential viscoelastic flow, you will click the Temperature dependence of viscosity menu item. Temperature dependence of viscosity See Non-Automatic Fitting (p. 37) and Automatic Fitting (p. 42) for information about where and how the material data specification occurs in the non-automatic and automatic fitting procedures, respectively. See Differential Viscoelastic Models (p. 77) and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity (p. 118) for details about the parameters and characteristics of each fluid model.
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Important
Note that you cannot explicitly select the Johnson-Segalman model in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface. It is obtained by selecting the PTT model and setting the value of to 0. FENE-P (Finitely Extensible Non-Linear Elastic Dumbbells Peterlin) model: This model is derived from molecular theories and is based on the assumption that the material behaves as a series of dumbbells linked together by springs. Unlike the Maxwell model, springs can have only a finite extension, so the energy of deformation of the dumbbell becomes infinite for a finite value of the spring elongation. The FENE-P model requires only four parameters (, , , and the length ratio for the spring), yet it predicts a realistic shear thinning of the fluid and a first normal-stress difference that is quadratic for low shear rates and has a lower slope for high shear rates. It has been observed in practice that
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters viscometric properties of several fluids can often be accurately modeled. The FENE-P model is well suited for simulating the rheological behavior of dilute solutions. POM-POM model: The pom-pom molecule consists of a backbone to which arms are connected at both extremities. In a flow, the backbone may orient in a Doi-Edwards reptation tube consisting of the neighboring molecules, while the arms may retract into that tube. The concept of the pom-pom macromolecule makes the model suitable for describing the behavior of branched polymers. The approximate differential form of the model is based on the equations of macromolecular orientation and macromolecular stretching in connection with changes in orientation. In this construction, the pom-pom molecule is allowed only a finite extension, which is controlled by the number of dangling arms. In particular, the strain hardening properties are dictated by the number of arms. Beyond that, the model predicts realistic shear thinning behavior, as well as a first and a possible second normal stress difference. Leonov model: This model has been developed for the simultaneous prediction of the behavior of trapped and free macromolecular chains for filled elastomers with carbon black and/or silicate. From the point of view of morphology, macromolecules at rest are trapped by particles of carbon black, via electrostatic van der Waals forces. Under a deformation field, electrostatic bonds can break, and macromolecules become free, while a reverse mechanism may develop when the deformation ceases. One can thus be facing a macromolecular system consisting of trapped and free macromolecules, with a reversible transition from one state to the other one. This model involves actually two tensor quantities and a scalar one. The tensors focus respectively on the behavior of the free and trapped macromolecular chains of the elastomer, while the scalar quantity quantifies the degree of structural damage (debonding factor). The model exhibits a yielding behavior. It is intrinsically non-linear, as the non-linear response develops and is observable at early deformations. Details about each model are provided below.
6.3.2.1.1. Equations
For the upper-convected Maxwell model, the purely-viscous component of the extra-stress tensor ( ) is equal to zero. The viscoelastic component ( ) is computed from
+ =
where is a model-specific relaxation time,
(630)
is the rate-of-deformation tensor, and is a model-
specific viscosity factor for the viscoelastic component of . The relaxation time is defined as the time required for the shear stress to be reduced to half of its original equilibrium value when the strain rate vanishes. A high relaxation time indicates that the memory retention of the flow is high. A low relaxation time indicates significant memory loss, gradually approaching Newtonian flow (zero relaxation time).
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6.3.2.1.2. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc trelax Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 2 1
Figure 6.29 (p. 80) shows the behavior of the upper-convected Maxwell model in a simple extensional flow.
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In this example (where =1 s and =1000 Pa-s), , , and are unbounded for =
, and
" != $ &' % = ) 12 0 =
= =
#
= $( = )3
Figure 6.30 (p. 81) shows the behavior of the upper-convected Maxwell model in a transient shear flow.
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In this example (where =1s, =1000Pa-s, and = s-1 ), there is no stress overshoot and the transient phase depends upon the relaxation time.
6.3.2.2.1. Equations
For the Oldroyd-B model, is computed from Equation 630 (p. 78), and is computed (optionally) from Equation 627 (p. 76). in Equation 630 (p. 78), and in Equation 627 (p. 76) are partial shear
viscosities. ANSYS POLYMAT uses Equation 628 (p. 76) and Equation 629 (p. 76) to compute the value of , based on a specified value for the viscosity ratio, .
6.3.2.2.2. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc Mass 1 Length 1 Time 1
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT trelax ratio Mass 1 Length 1 Time 1 2 1
By default, and are equal to 1, and the viscosity ratio is equal to 0 (i.e., and are equal to 0).
ulting curves, ! is constant, " is linear, #$ is quadratic, %& is zero, '( is constant, )0 is zero, and 12 is linear, showing non-asymptotic behavior. Notice that the curves are moved down in comparison to the upper-convected Maxwell model; this is due to the Newtonian part of the model (non-zero value for 34), which reduces the viscoelastic effects (56, 78, 9@, and A BCD).
Figure 6.32 (p. 83) shows the behavior of the Oldroyd-B model in a transient shear flow. In this example,
E =1s, FG=1000 Pa-s, and HI = s1 . Notice that there is an instantaneous response of the shear stress
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Differential Viscoelastic Flow to the applied shear rate; this is due to the Newtonian part of the model. Otherwise, the Oldroyd-B model exhibits the same behavior as the upper-convected Maxwell model.
6.3.2.3.1. Equations
The White-Metzner model computes from
+ =
(635)
and is computed (optionally) from Equation 627 (p. 76). in Equation 635 (p. 83) and in Equation 627 (p. 76) are partial shear viscosities. The relaxation time ( ) and the viscosity () can be constant or represented by the power law or the Bird-Carreau law for shear-rate dependence. The power-law representation of the total viscosity is
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83
(636)
where is the consistency factor, is the power-law index, and is the natural time (i.e., inverse of the shear rate at which the fluid changes from Newtonian to power-law behavior). The Bird-Carreau representation of the viscosity is
=
+
" !
+
(637)
'( and )0 are then computed from Equation 628 (p. 76) and Equation 629 (p. 76), based on a specified value for the viscosity ratio, 12 .
The power-law representation of the relaxation time is
3 = 4 7 57 6 8@ 9
The Bird-Carreau representation of the relaxation time is
(638)
A = AF
GC G + BD
EI H G
(639)
Important
Note that the power-law representation for the relaxation time should be avoided, since it leads to high relaxation times for low shear rates. The Bird-Carreau representation is better, yielding a constant (and bounded) relaxation time at low shear rates.
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6.3.2.3.3. Inputs
The units for the White-Metzner parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT viscosity function relaxation time function ratio Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 2 1
By default, and are constant values equal to 1, and the viscosity ratio is equal to 0 (i.e., and are equal to 0).
is 1 s. Notice that !"# and $% are non-constant for large shear rates, & is non-linear, '( is non-quadratic for large shear rates, and )0 and 12 are equal to 0.
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In transient shear flow, the White-Metzner model is similar in behavior to the upper-convected Maxwell model. The shape of the curves is the same, but the duration of the transient phase depends on the relaxation time function. If this function is constant, the duration to reach the regime situation is the same; if it is not constant, the duration of the transient phase depends upon the relaxation time function. Usually, the relaxation time is a decreasing function of the shear rate, so the duration of the transient phase is reduced for high shear rate. Figure 6.34 (p. 87) shows the viscometric curves for a constant relaxation time and Figure 6.35 (p. 88) shows the curves for a shear-rate-dependent relaxation time. In Figure 6.34 (p. 87), the shear thinning affects the final value of the viscosity and the first normal-stress coefficient. The transient phase is not
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Differential Viscoelastic Flow affected by the shear rate. In Figure 6.35 (p. 88), there is no shear thinning, so there is no effect on the final value of the viscosity. The first normal stress coefficient is affected by the variation of relaxation time with shear rate. The transient phase is affected by the shear rate.
Figure 6.34 White-Metzner Model for a Transient Shear Flow with Constant Relaxation Time
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Figure 6.35 White-Metzner Model for a Transient Shear Flow with a Bird-Carreau Relaxation Time
6.3.2.4.1. Equations
The PTT model computes from
+
(640)
and is computed (optionally) from Equation 627 (p. 76). in Equation 640 (p. 88) and in Equation 627 (p. 76) are partial shear viscosities. ANSYS POLYMAT uses Equation 628 (p. 76) and Equation 629 (p. 76) to compute the value of , based on a specified value for the viscosity ratio, .
and are material properties that control, respectively, the shear viscosity and elongational behavior. A non-zero value for leads to a bounded steady extensional viscosity.
6.3.2.4.2. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Differential Viscoelastic Flow Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc trelax ratio eps xi Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 2 1
By default, and are equal to 1, the viscosity ratio is equal to 0 (i.e., and are equal to 0), and and are also equal to 0. Note that when =0, the PTT model is reduced to the Johnson-Segalman model.
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The parameter also affects the extensional viscosities, as shown in Figure 6.37 (p. 91). The steady extensional viscosities are finite, and tend toward the Newtonian component of the extensional viscosity (i.e., they are uniaxial) for large extension rates. For small values of , there is extension thickening and thinning; for large values, there is only extension thinning.
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Important
If the parameter is not zero, then the viscosity ratio must be at least 1/9, in order to ensure the stability of the shear flow. The slope of the shear stress vs. shear rate curve must be positive everywhere, contrary to what is shown on the left in Figure 6.38 (p. 92) with =0.1.
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The parameter has almost no effect on extensional viscosity, as shown in Figure 6.39 (p. 93). The maximum of the extensional viscosities decreases when increases.
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Figure 6.39 Effect of on the PTT Model for a Steady Extensional Flow
In a transient shear flow (Figure 6.40 (p. 94)), a moderate stress overshoot is observed. The stress overshoot increases as shear rate increases. Shear thinning is observed, and the normal stress is non-quadratic. The transient phase is reduced as the shear rate increases.
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6.3.2.5.1. Equations
The Giesekus model computes from
+ + =
(641)
and is computed (optionally) from Equation 627 (p. 76). in Equation 641 (p. 94) and in Equation 627 (p. 76) are partial shear viscosities. ANSYS POLYMAT uses Equation 628 (p. 76) and Equation 629 (p. 76) to compute the value of , based on a specified value for the viscosity ratio, . is the unit tensor and is a material constant that controls the extensional viscosity and the ratio of the second normal-stress difference to the first. For low values of shear rate,
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(642)
For the majority of fluids, this ratio is between 0.1 and 0.2.
6.3.2.5.2. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc trelax ratio alfa Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 2 1
is also equal to 0.
By default, and are equal to 1, the viscosity ratio is equal to 0 (i.e., and
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Figure 6.42 (p. 97) shows the behavior of the Giesekus fluid in an extensional flow.
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Here, the steady extensional viscosities are finite. For small values of extension thickening occurs, and for large values extension thinning occurs. In a transient shear flow (Figure 6.43 (p. 98) ), the stress overshoot is less severe than for the PTT model; there are fewer oscillations.
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The duration of the transient phase depends on the imposed shear rate (the same behavior as for the PTT model). For a high shear rate, the stress overshoots during the transient phase. As the shear rate increases, the final value decreases as the overshoot increases. The duration of the transient phases decreases as the shear rate increases.
6.3.2.6.1. Equations
The FENE-P model computes from
(643)
where
is computed from
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+ =
(644)
and is the ratio of the maximum length of the spring to its length at rest:
(645)
is an equilibrium length that corresponds to rigid motion (in this case, =0 and the tension in the connector equals the Brownian forces). is the maximum allowable dumbbell length. Figure 6.44 (p. 99)
shows how the distance between dumbbells is based on the relative position of both ends.
is always greater than 1. As becomes infinite, the FENE-P model reduces to the upper-convected
Maxwell model.
tion 627 (p. 76) are partial shear viscosities. ANSYS POLYMAT uses Equation 628 (p. 76) and Equation 629 (p. 76) to compute the value of #$, based on a specified value for the viscosity ratio, %& . The motion of the dumbbells is the result of hydrodynamic, Brownian, and spring forces. ' represents the tension in the spring (spring forces) and the Brownian motion. ( represents the Newtonian (hydrodynamic) forces. See [1] (p. 199) for additional information about the FENE-P model. Note that the FENE-P model is not available for non-isothermal flows.
6.3.2.6.2. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows:
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc trelax ratio Lsqrd Mass 1 1 Length 1 2 1 Time 1 1 2 1
By default, , , and are equal to 1, and the viscosity ratio is equal to 0 (i.e., and are equal to 0).
! decreases, down to a value of 3. No asymptotic behavior is observed. For low values '
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Figure 6.45 Effect of Small Values of L^2 on the FENE-P Model for Shear Flow
The behavior of the FENE-P model with large values of for a simple shear flow is illustrated in Figure 6.46 (p. 102).
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Figure 6.46 Effect of Large Values of L^2 on the FENE-P Model for Shear Flow
For large values of , the FENE-P model is observed to exhibit Maxwellian behavior: quadratic first normal-stress difference and low shear rates,
close to . For close to 1, Newtonian behavior is observed: quadratic but small first normal-stress difference, tends toward 0, cut-off occurs at high shear rates. For
=
(646)
For extensional flows, controls the extensional viscosity. As shown in Figure 6.47 (p. 103), the extensional viscosities are finite. For large values of ! , the FENE-P model is observed to exhibit Maxwellian behavior: the extensional viscosities are very high for is observed: the extensional viscosities are constant.
"
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Figure 6.47 Effect of L^2 on the FENE-P Model for Extensional Flow
The behavior of the FENE-P model for a transient shear flow is shown in Figure 6.48 (p. 104) and Figure 6.49 (p. 105). For high shear rates, the stress overshoots in the transient phase. When the shear rate increases, the final value and the transient phase decrease while the overshoot increases. For large values of , the FENE-P model is observed to exhibit Maxwellian behavior: no stress overshoots. For mid-range values of , the stress overshoots increase and the transient phase decreases as decreases. For close to 1, Newtonian behavior is observed: no stress overshoots and a short transient phase even for high values of shear rate.
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Figure 6.48 Effect of Large Values of L^2 on the FENE-P Model for Transient Shear Flow
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Figure 6.49 Effect of Mid-Range Values of L^2 on the FENE-P Model for Transient Shear Flow
(647)
where is the shear modulus and is a non-linear material parameter (the non-linear material parameter will be introduced later on). The state variables and are computed from the following differential equations:
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105
+
+
+ =
=
(648)
(649)
In these equations, and are the relaxation times associated with the orientation and stretching mechanisms respectively. In the last equation, ! characterizes the number of dangling arms (or priority) at the extremities of the pom-pom molecule or segment. It is an indication of the maximum stretching that the molecule can undergo, and thus of a possible strain hardening behavior. " can be obtained from the elongational behavior. # is a nonlinear parameter that has enabled the introduction of a nonvanishing second normal stress difference in the DCPP model. A multi-mode DCPP model can also be defined. Each contribution $ will involve an orientation tensor % and a stretching variable & '. A few guidelines are required for the determination of the several linear and non-linear parameters. Consider a multi-mode DCPP model characterized by ( modes sorted with increasing values of relaxation times ) 0 (increasing seniority). The linear parameters 1 2 and 3 4 characterizing the linear viscoelastic behavior of the model can be determined with the usual procedure. Then the relaxation times (5 67) for stretching should be determined. Depending on the average number 8 of entanglements of backbone section, the ratio 9 should be within the range of 2 to 10. For a com8 @9
pletely unentangled polymer segment, you may accept the physical limit of A B=C DE. F GH should also satisfy the constraint I P R I QP I P, since S T U sets the fundamental diffusion time for the branch point controlling the relaxation of polymer segment (V).
The parameter WX indicating the number of dangling arms (or priority) at the extremities of a pom-pom segment Y, also indicates the maximum stretching that can be undergone by that segment, and thus its possible strain hardening behavior. For a multi-mode DCPP model, both seniority and priority are assumed to increase together towards the inner segments; hence ` a should also increase with b c. The parameter d e can be obtained from the elongational behavior.
f g is a fifth set of non-linear parameters that control the ratio of second to first normal stress differences.
The value of parameter h i should range between 0 and 1. For moderate values, p q corresponds to twice the ratio of the second to the first normal stress difference, and may decrease with increasing seniority.
As for other viscoelastic models, a purely-viscous component r can be added to the viscoelastic component s, in order to get the total extra-stress tensor:
= t+ u
where
(650)
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=
where is the rate-of-deformation tensor and is the viscosity.
(651)
6.3.2.7.1. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc2 trelax G0 tlambda nbarms xi Mass 1 1 1 Length 1 1 1 Time 1 1 2 1 2 1 -
, ,
By default, and are set to 1, the number of arms to 2 and the other parameters to 0.
linear behavior, while it also generates a non-vanishing second normal stress difference. The other nonlinear parameters $ % and & have actually a negligible influence on the viscometric properties.
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In Figure 6.51 (p. 109), we display the steady elongation viscosity of a single mode DCPP fluid model for increasing values of . For the continuous curves, the shear modulus equals 1000, while the relaxation times for orientation and stretching have been assigned the values 1 and 0.5, respectively. Also, the non-linear parameter is equal to 0.1. As is known for the DCPP model, and more generally for pompom models, the parameter is an indication of branching, and thus of strain hardening in elongation. As can be seen from Figure 6.51 (p. 109), the elongation viscosity increases when the strain rate is larger than , and the strain hardening is enhanced for increasing values of . The figure also shows the steady as well as for = . As can be seen, the influence of these elongation viscosity obtained for = parameters on the steady elongation viscosity remains moderate as compared to that of parameter .
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Finally, Figure 6.52 (p. 110) shows the transient elongation viscosity of various single-mode DCPP fluid model characterized by different branching levels (), at elongation rates successively equal to 0.1, 1 and 10. We find that all curves collapse at low strain rate (0.1), while they markedly differ at high strain rate (10).
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Figure 6.52 Effect of Parameter q on Transient Elongation Viscosity for Different Values of the Elongation Rate
(652)
As for other viscoelastic models, a purely-viscous component is added to the viscoelastic components in order to get the total extra-stress tensor: 110
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=
where is the rate-of-deformation tensor and is the viscosity.
(653)
In Equation 652 (p. 110), subscripts and respectively refer to the free and trapped parts. Each of these contributions obeys its own equation. In particular, they invoke their own deformation field described by means of Finger tensors. An elastic Finger tensor
+ +
is defined for the free chains, which obeys the following equation:
=
(654)
where is the relaxation time, is the unit tensor, while and are the first invariant of respectively, defined as
and
,
= =
(655)
(656)
(657)
is defined for the trapped chains, which obeys the following equation:
+6 7
9+
89 8@
=
E , respectively, defined as
(658)
and
FG = HI =
(659)
(660)
In the equation for the trapped chains, the variable Q quantifies the degree of structural damage (debonding factor), and is the fraction of the initially trapped chains that are debonded from the filler
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111
ation time and is referred to as the mobility function". A phenomenological kinetic equation is suggested for :
+ =
(661)
In Equation 661 (p. 112), is the local shear rate while time factor, which may delay or accelerate debonding. For the mobility function plemented:
appearing in Equation 658 (p. 111), the following form has been im-
+
(662)
The above selection for the mobility function endows the rheological properties with a yielding behavior. When is large (or unbounded), the algebraic term dominates the constitutive equation for ! (Equation 658 (p. 111)), and the solution is expected to be =1. When " # is vanishing, becomes governed by a purely transport equation; this may lead to numerical troubles when solving a complex steady flow with secondary motions (vortices). This situation can occur if parameter $ is set to zero and under no-debonding situation (% = ). Therefore, we suggest imposing a small (but non-zero) value for parameter & (by default, we suggest the value 0.05, which is a reasonable compromise between rheological properties and solver stability). Based on this, parameter ' can be understood as the value of the mobility function under no-debonding. Finally, in order to relate the Finger tensors to the corresponding stress tensor, potential functions are required. For and , the following expressions are suggested:
( 3
) 0
25
+1
26
(663)
7B
8 9
AD
+@
AE
(664)
with F and G . It is interesting to note that H has no effect on the shear viscosity, while it contributes to a decrease of the elongational viscosity. On the other hand, the parameter I increases both shear and elongational viscosities. From there, stress contributions from free and trapped chains in Equation 652 (p. 110) are respectively given by:
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+ +
+
(665)
=
(666)
where parameter is the initial ratio of free to trapped chains in the system. A vanishing value of indicates that all chains are trapped at rest, while a large value of indicates a system that essentially consists of free chains.
6.3.2.8.1. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT visc, additional viscosity trelax, relaxation time G, shear modulus alpha, initial ratio of free to trapped chains beta, coefficient in potential function # n, index in potential function % m, deformation history-dependence nu, power index ( in mobility function k, mobility under no-debonding q, dimensionless time factor gamma*, yielding strain Mass 1 1 1 Length 1 1 1 Time 1 1 2 2 1 -
B are set to 1, C and D are set to 2, E is set to 0.05 and the other parameters
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Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters From the point of view of rheology and numerical simulation, for single- and multi-mode fluid models, a purely viscous contribution must be added to the total extra-stress tensor. Actually, this is largely motivated by the fact that the matrix of the discretized system can be singular when all fields are initialized to values that correspond to the solution at rest. Hence, the first or only mode will always be accompanied by a Newtonian contribution, whose corresponding viscosity value received a unit default value. This value can be modified by the user. Also, as suggested above, a non-vanishing value should be selected for the mobility function under no-debonding. As can be seen, next to parameters and controlling the linear properties, the model involves two functions and several non-linear parameters. In a single mode approach, the influence of these parameters on the viscometric and elongational properties can be easily identified, and appropriate values can be selected accordingly. By default, the non-linear parameters are assigned values that are relevant from the point of view of rheology. In a multi-mode approach, in order to facilitate the definition of a flow case, corresponding non-linear parameters should preferably be identical for each mode.
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Figure 6.53 Shear Viscosity of the Leonov Model with Parameters G=1000, =1, q=1, =0, =2, *=2, and a=1, k=n=m=0 (continuous lines).
Dashed and dashed-dotted lines show the viscosity for the value of the parameters as indicated. The insert shows the viscosity curves obtained for various values of the mobility function under no-debonding (parameter k). Note that these curves are not obtained from ANSYS POLYMAT; they result from semianalytical calculations. Figure 6.54 (p. 116) shows that similar trends are found for the first normal stress difference. Figure 6.54 (p. 116) shows that an increase of the parameter slightly decreases the first normal stress difference at all shear rates. The figure also shows that parameter increases the first normal stress difference at all shear rates, while parameter decreases it at high shear rates. Finally, as can be seen, the first normal stress difference shows a plateau at low shear rates; this is a counterpart of the yielding behavior of the fluid model, which is also controlled by the value of the mobility function under no-debonding (parameter ). Actually, if increases, the first normal stress difference exhibit a quadratic behavior at low shear rates; however, as can be seen in the insert, this does not affect the behavior at high shear rates, while it may improve the stability of the solver.
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Figure 6.54 First Normal Stress Difference of the Leonov Model with Parameters G=1000, =1, q=1, =0, =2, *=2, and a=1, k=n=m=0 (continuous lines).
Dashed, dashed-dotted and dotted lines show the first normal stress difference for the value of the parameters as indicated. The insert shows the curves of first normal stress difference obtained for various values of the mobility function under no-debonding (parameter ). Note that these curves are not obtained from ANSYS POLYMAT; they result from semi-analytical calculations. In simple elongation flow, the Leonov model exhibits marked strain thinning at low strain rates; it is slightly affected by some parameters. Figure 6.55 (p. 117) shows that an increase of the parameter (initial ratio of free to trapped chains) slightly decreases the elongation viscosity at low strain rates. This can be easily understood if one considers e.g. that when =0, the material consists only of trapped chains at rest. The figure also shows that parameter increases the elongation viscosity at high strain rates, while parameters and decrease the elongation viscosity. Finally, as can be seen in Figure 6.55 (p. 117), elongation viscosity curves do not show a plateau. This is the fingerprint of the yielding behavior of the fluid model, which is controlled by the value of the mobility function under no-debonding (parameter ). Actually, if increases, the elongation viscosity curves exhibit a plateau at low strain rates; however, as can be seen in the insert of Figure 6.55 (p. 117), this does not really affect the behavior at high strain rates while it may improve the stability of the solver.
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Figure 6.55 Elongation Viscosity of the Leonov Model with Parameters G=1000, =1, q=1, n=1, =2, *=2, and a=1, =k=m=0 (continuous lines).
Dashed, dashed-dotted and dotted lines show the elongation viscosity for the value of the parameters as indicated. The insert shows the curves of the steady elongation viscosity obtained for various values of the mobility function under no-debonding (parameter ). Note that these curves are not obtained from ANSYS POLYMAT; they result from semi-analytical calculations. Figure 6.56 (p. 118) shows the transient shear viscosity versus time at shear rates ranging from 10-2 to 10, for various values of parameters and . At first, as can be seen, the transient shear viscosity exhibits an overshoot before reaching the steady value. It is also interesting to note that the response time decreases when the shear rate increases. This actually results from the increasing mobility function under increasing shear rates. Eventually, we find that parameter decreases the elongation viscosity, while the other parameters have a somewhat less marked influence.
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Figure 6.56 Transient Shear Viscosity of the Leonov Model Versus Time, at Shear Rates Ranging from 10^-2 to 10, With Parameters G=1000, =1, q=1, n=1, =0, =2, *=2, and a=1, k=m=n=0, (continuous lines).
Dashed and dotted lines show the viscosity for the value of the parameters as indicated. Note that these curves are not obtained from ANSYS POLYMAT; they result from semi-analytical calculations.
= =
A purely-viscous component can also be added.
(667)
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Differential Viscoelastic Flow Consider, for example, a fluid being modeled with two relaxation modes as follows: mode 1: PTT model, =0.1 s, = mode 2: PTT model, =1 s, = Pa-s, =0.2, = Pa-s, =0.2, =
Figure 6.57 (p. 119) shows the viscometric behavior for this fluid in a simple shear flow. Here, the cut-off is controlled by the larger relaxation time, and the slopes of the curves (for shear rates between 1/ and 1/) are affected.
Figure 6.58 (p. 120) shows the viscometric behavior for this fluid in an extensional flow. The slopes of the curves (for extension rates between 1/ and ) are affected.
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Figure 6.59 (p. 121) shows the viscometric behavior for this fluid in a transient shear flow. The multiple relaxation modes have an effect on the transient phase. In this case, the length of the transient phase depends upon the larger relaxation time. The multiple relaxation modes also affect the overshoot magnitude.
120
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6.4.1. Introduction
While the differential approach is well-suited for practical applications, the integral approach is generally used for advanced rheological research. ANSYS POLYMAT provides several numerical models for viscoelastic flow, including Doi-Edwards and KBKZ. Appropriate choices for the viscoelastic model and related parameters can yield qualitatively and quantitatively accurate representations of viscoelastic behavior. Note that the integral approach to modeling viscoelastic flow is limited to 2D models; it cannot be applied to 3D models.
6.4.1.1. Equations
For an integral viscoelastic constitutive equation, the extra-stress tensor the following equation:
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121
(668)
where
$ %
and "#
= current time
&=
'(
13
(669)
and
46
(670)
7 8
The various integral viscoelastic models are characterized by the form of the functions 9A @A @B , and CE DF DE . For non-isothermal flows,
X G
tion 668 (p. 122)), provided that a modified time scale H is used for evaluating the strain history:
= I
RW
SW SY
Q + RY
SW SY
UP Q UQ UQ
(671)
fe
(672)
where i is the shift function, which can be obtained from steady-state shear-viscosity curves at different temperatures. This is the principle of time-temperature equivalence.
6.4.1.2. Inputs
To specify the viscosity model for an integral viscoelastic flow, you will click the Integral Viscoelastic models menu item in the Material Data menu. Integral Viscoelastic models 122
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Integral Viscoelastic Flow If you want to choose a generalized Newtonian flow model with a shear-thinning behavior that is identical to the currently defined integral model, click the Switch to Generalized Newtonian Flow menu item in the Integral Viscoelastic models menu. Switch to Generalized Newtonian Flow If you want to use the Doi-Edwards model instead of the default KBKZ model, click the Switch to Doi - Edwards Model menu item in the Integral Viscoelastic models menu. Switch to Doi - Edwards Model If you want to define a spectrum of relaxation times, click the Modify the spectrum menu item in the Integral Viscoelastic models menu. Modify the spectrum The spectrum can be defined with (relaxation force, time) or (viscosity, time) data pairs. If you are using the KBKZ model, you can click Modify the damping function to specify which damping function is to be used. Modify the damping function The default function is Lodge-Maxwell (i.e., no damping). For the KBKZ model, you can also click Modify N2 / N1 to define the ratio of the normal stress differences. Modify N2 / N1 If you want to add a constant Newtonian viscosity component to the viscoelastic stresses, you can click Modify add visc and set a non-zero value for . Modify add visc To specify the temperature dependence of viscosity for an integral viscoelastic flow, you will click the Temperature dependence menu item in the Integral Viscoelastic models menu. Temperature dependence Note that the Management of the evolutive viscosity and Numerical integration menu items are not relevant for ANSYS POLYMAT. See Non-Automatic Fitting (p. 37) and Automatic Fitting (p. 42) for information about where and how the material data specification occurs in the non-automatic and automatic fitting procedures, respectively. See Integral Viscoelastic Models (p. 123) and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity (p. 135) for details about the parameters and characteristics of each fluid model.
123
Chapter 6: Material Data Parameters Doi-Edwards model: Theoretically, this model has an infinity of relaxation times, determined by only two parameters: the main relaxation time and the zero-shear-rate viscosity. This constitutive equation is characterized by shear thinning and a non-quadratic first normal-stress difference at high shear rates. It also predicts a non-zero second normal-stress difference and a finite steady extensional viscosity. For stability reasons, however, it is necessary to add a purely-viscous component to the extra-stress tensor for simple shear flows. The viscosity associated with this purely-viscous stress leads to a plateau zone at high shear rates. In this way, the slope of the curve as a function of is greater than . KBKZ model: In addition to the spectrum that describes the linear viscoelastic behavior of the material, the KBKZ model also makes use of a damping function. The damping function can be a constant value, or one of two functions: Papanastasiou-Scriven-Macosko (PSM) or Wagner. Each of these two functions has a reversible and an irreversible function type. Both functions are controlled by two parameters: and for the PSM model and and for the Wagner model. A third parameter, , affects the ratio of the second to the first normal-stress difference. For the PSM model, high values of lead to a large constant viscosity plateau; = corresponds to a constant damping function, which corresponds to a Lodge-Maxwell model. If decreases, the constant viscosity plateau moves toward lower shear rates. For the Wagner model, high values of lead to a short constant viscosity plateau, while a small value of gives a plateau for a large range of shear rates. For small values of the invariant (a combination of and , defined in Equation 680 (p. 126) ), both damping functions are very similar. For high values of , however, the exponential function of the Wagner model decreases more quickly than the rational function of the PSM model. High values of occur in the case of large deformations. The parameter has no effect on the shear viscosity or on the first and second normal-stress differences. It affects only the extensional viscosity. A zero value for leads to an unbounded steady extensional viscosity. Increasing ! decreases the maximum value of the steady extensional viscosity curve. For the PSM and Wagner models, it is possible to introduce the concept of irreversibility originally mentioned by Wagner [9] (p. 199). The idea is that the damping function must only decrease. According to Wagner, this is a realistic assumption when intermolecular association occurs, as in a narrowing part of a duct, for example. In the case of a high flow rate through a contraction followed by an expansion, it is reasonable not to allow the damping function to increase again after the narrowing of the channel. As for the Doi-Edwards model, it is necessary to add a purely-viscous component to the extra-stress tensor for simple shear flows with the KBKZ model. Details about each model are provided below.
= =
where
+
(673)
= +
and
+
(674)
!# = !$ "# +
%&'
(675)
) (optional, but strongly recommended) is computed from Equation 627 (p. 76).
B=
9 1 9= B3 D
C 9
@ 2
4 B 7 4 + 1 A 7 4 84 5 6B 6D A 3 9
(676)
and E (optional, but strongly recommended) is computed from Equation 627 (p. 76), based on the specified value of FG. In Equation 676 (p. 125), H is the index of the relaxation mode and I is a scalar parameter that controls the ratio of the normal-stress differences:
PR = PS
Q Q
(677)
and T is the damping function. The simplest case (Lodge-Maxwell model) is for no damping: U = and V = . The Papanastasiou-Scriven-Macosko (PSM) model computes W from
X=
Y Y +`
(678)
where a is a material parameter that primarily influences the shear-thinning behavior. The default value for b is 1, which may be unrealistic for many fluids, due to the large possible range of this parameter.
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125
from
(679)
where is a material parameter that influences both the shear viscosity and the elongational behavior of the material. The reversible PSM model uses Equation 678 (p. 125), allowing PSM model allows only to decrease.
Similarly, the reversible Wagner model uses Equation 679 (p. 126), allowing The irreversible Wagner model allows only to decrease.
In both Equation 678 (p. 125) and Equation 679 (p. 126), is computed from
= +
where
(680)
! is a material parameter that influences only the elongational behavior of the material. The default value for " is 1, which may
are given by Equation 669 (p. 122) and Equation 670 (p. 122). be unrealistic for many fluids, due to the large possible range of this parameter.
and
'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
)0
126
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Figure 6.60 Storage and Loss Moduli for Oscillatory Shear Flow
A comparison of the Wagner and PSM damping functions for oscillatory shear flow is shown in Figure 6.61 (p. 127).
The damping functions are equivalent for small values of invariant . For large values of , the Wagner damping function decreases more quickly than the PSM function ( < ).
127
< . The second normal-stress difference and the second normalstress coefficient are 0 for both. is non-linear and shows asymptotic behavior. For large shear rates, < .
for both functions, with
128
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For the Wagner function, , , and are bounded. For the PSM function, is unbounded and and are bounded. For small extension rates, the type of damping function has no effect on
the extensional viscosity. For large extension rates, the type of damping function strongly affects the extensional viscosity.
Figure 6.64 (p. 130) shows the influence of (or ) for an extensional flow with the PSM damping function and =0.
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129
Figure 6.64 Effect of (or n) on the PSM Damping Function for Extensional Flow (=0)
(or ) has little effect on the viscometric curves or the extensional viscosities. For = (or =0), the
behavior becomes the same as for Maxwell models. Figure 6.65 (p. 131) shows the influence of =14.38.
130
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Figure 6.65 Effect of on the PSM Damping Function for Steady Extensional Flow (=14.38)
is very sensitive to , is affected around =1, and is not affected by . Note that has no
influence on shear viscosity. Figure 6.66 (p. 132) shows the influence of for an extensional flow with the PSM damping function and =14.38, =0.1.
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131
Figure 6.66 Effect of on the PSM Damping Function for Steady Extensional Flow (=14.38, =0.1)
When decreases, decreases, increases, and is not affected. Note that, in a simple shear flow, the viscometric functions (except the second normal-stress difference and coefficient) are independent of .
132
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Figure 6.67 Comparison of Damping Functions for Transient Shear Flow (=0)
For the Wagner function, the overshoot is more significant, especially for the first normal-stress coefficient. The final value of the first normal-stress coefficient is lower for the Wagner function than for the PSM function. While the transient behavior depends upon shear rate, it is independent of the reversibility of the damping function. Figure 6.68 (p. 134) shows the influence of (or ) for a transient shear flow with the PSM damping function and =0.
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Figure 6.68 Effect of (or n) on the PSM Damping Function for Transient Shear Flow (=0)
(or ) has little effect on the development of the transient viscosity and the first normal-stress coefficient. It affects only the final value of the viscosity and the first normal stress. In the reversible PSM damping function, can increase or decrease, and in the irreversible function, can only decrease. To illustrate the difference between reversible and irreversible damping functions, consider a shear-rate history that is a function of time. As shown in Figure 6.69 (p. 134), the shear rate is equal to for < , whereas it becomes for .
134
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Simplified Viscoelastic Model Figure 6.70 (p. 135) shows a comparison between the reversible and irreversible PSM damping function for a transient shear flow with =14.38. The first normal-stress difference for the irreversible function is less than or equal to the first normal-stress difference for the reversible function. As a result, the swelling with the irreversible function is less than with the reversible function.
Figure 6.70 Comparison of Reversible and Irreversible PSM Damping Functions for Transient Shear Flow (=14.38)
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6.5.1. Equations
It is known that the first normal stress difference is mainly responsible for enhanced extrudate swell in extrusion flow. This is typically a viscoelastic property. With respect to this, the simplified viscoelastic model is an extension of existing Newtonian fluid models, where a normal stress difference has been incorporated into the force balance. In other words, in simple shear flow along the first axis and with a shear rate , the total extra-stress tensor is given by:
(681)
In this tensor, is the shear stress component, which involves the shear rate dependent viscosity
. Several laws are available for describing the shear viscosity (see Generalized Newtonian Flow (p. 49)
for more details), for instance, the constant law (Equation 67 (p. 51)), the Bird-Carreau law (Equation 68 (p. 51)), the Power law (Equation 69 (p. 52)), the Cross law (Equation 614 (p. 58)), the modified Cross law (Equation 615 (p. 59)), and the Carreau-Yasuda law (Equation 617 (p. 61)). The first normal stress is given by . This quantity involves the viscoelastic variable , a quantity that can be referred to as the first normal viscosity, and a weighting coefficient . The viscoelastic variable obeys a transport equation involving a characteristic or relaxation time
, and which is given by: ! "# "$
+ #= !
(682)
The equation is such that you recover the solution % = & in simple shear flow. The first normal viscosity
' (
found in Equation 681 (p. 136) is described by means of functions similar to those available for
the shear viscosity ) 0 , where 1 is presently replaced by 2 . In order to facilitate the set up of a flow simulation involving the simplified viscoelastic model, identical dependences for 3 4 and 5 6 are considered by default. However, it is important to note that different functions can be selected for the shear and first normal viscosities. Three algebraic models are available for the relaxation time function: Constant relaxation Bird-Carreau law Power law
Finally, for non-isothermal flows, temperature dependence laws can be selected for the shear and first normal viscosities (see Temperature Dependence of Viscosity (p. 62) for more details). For instance, there is the Arrhenius law Equation 621 (p. 63)), the approximate Arrhenius law (Equation 622 (p. 64) ), and the WLF law (Equation 624 (p. 70)). 136
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Simplified Viscoelastic Model When defining a non-isothermal case, a single function is used to describe the temperature dependence of the material functions , , , and optionally of .
Important
The parameters of the shear viscosity can be fitted automatically in ANSYS POLYMAT based on experimental steady shear viscosity curve(s), as for a generalized Newtonian model. The other parameters of the model cannot actually be fitted in ANSYS POLYMAT. Note that if rheometric curves are drawn in the chart, only the Newtonian part of the model is seen. Next, a function and material parameters should be selected for the first normal viscosity . By default, a relationship identical to the selected shear viscosity is considered, as this appears to be a reasonable choice, at least at first. Of course, this default selection can be revised subsequently. The power law, which exhibits unbounded values under zero deformation, should be avoided if large regions of no deformation are expected. Instead, functions that exhibit a plateau, such as the Bird-Carreau laws, should be preferred.
! and the weighting coefficient ", it is suggested to perform a Eventually, for the relaxation time fast 2D simulation of axisymmetric extrudate swelling, where the effects of the remaining degrees of freedom are examined. Typically, the weighting coefficient # will control the swelling intensity versus
the flow rate, while the relaxation time function $ % will control the development of the extrudate diameter along the jet, and may have a possible influence also on the developed extrudate geometric attributes. Usually, a constant value or a Bird-Carreau law can be selected for the relaxation time; the value or zero-shear value should preferably be in agreement with the typical times involved in the flow. On the other hand, a series of calculations should be performed with various values of the weighting coefficient &, where the development of extrudate versus the flow rate is examined, via an evolution scheme. A comparison with experimental data on swelling should enable the selection of an appropriate numerical value for the weighting coefficient '.
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6.5.3. Inputs
The units for the parameters and their names in the ANSYS POLYMAT interface are as follows: Parameter Name in ANSYS POLYMAT viscosity function first normal viscosity function relaxation time function weighting coefficient Mass 1 1 Length 1 1 Time 1 1 1 -1 -1
By default, the viscosity, the first normal viscosity, and the relaxation time functions are constant and set to 1. The weighting coefficient is also set to 1.
appears in the transport equation for the viscoelastic variable; consequently it will at first affect the development of the swelling along the flow direction. This is visible in Figure 6.72 (p. 140), where the dashed lines indicate the development of swelling versus the axial distance: the development distance increases with the relaxation time, while actually the amount of swelling is less affected by the relaxation time. As can be seen in Figure 6.71 (p. 139), the overall swelling is less affected by the value of the relaxation time.
138
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Figure 6.71 Example of axisymmetric extrusion simulation for the simplified viscoelastic fluid model through a cylindrical tube with a unit radius.
. Note that these curves are not obtained from ANSYS for various values of (dashed lines) at = POLYMAT; they result from ANSYS POLYFLOW calculations.
Swelling of an extrudate versus the flow rate, for various values of (continuous lines) at =0.5 and
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139
Figure 6.72 Example of axisymmetric extrusion simulation for the simplified viscoelastic fluid model through a cylindrical tube with a unit radius.
Development of an axisymmetric extrudate versus the axial distance at a flow rate of 10 (see also Figure 6.71 (p. 139)), for various values of (continuous lines) at =0.5 and for various values of (dashed lines) at =1.2. Note that these curves are not obtained from ANSYS POLYMAT; they result from ANSYS POLYFLOW calculations.
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= = =
(71)
where , , and are the velocity components in the , , and directions, respectively, and is the constant shear rate, which is equal to .
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Chapter 7: Rheological Properties On the basis of this flow field, the following properties can be computed: steady shear stress:
In the Load Curves (Part I) menu, click Shear Stress. steady shear viscosity:
(72)
(73)
In the Load Curves (Part I) menu, click Shear Viscosity. first normal-stress difference:
=
In the Load Curves (Part I) menu, click 1st Normal Stress Difference. second normal-stress difference:
(74)
=
(75)
In the Load Curves (Part I) menu, click 2nd Normal Stress Difference. first normal-stress coefficient:
(76)
(77)
01 2 =
37 2 4 56 2
(78)
In the Load Curves (Part I) menu, click Stress ratio Sr. estimated relaxation time:
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142
(79)
Note
Equation 74 (p. 142) Equation 79 (p. 143) have non-zero values only for viscoelastic fluids. For this reason, these properties are not available in ANSYS POLYMAT for generalized Newtonian fluids. To compute each of these curves, you will need to specify a minimum and maximum shear rate ( and ), and the number of sampling points. See Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 38) and Defining
Numerical Parameters (p. 44) for information about specifying numerical parameters for viscometric property curves. See Specifying the Curves to be Calculated (p. 38) for information about specifying which curves you want to compute and plot. (Note that, if you use the automatic fitting method, ANSYS POLYMAT will automatically compute and plot the curves for all properties for which experimental data curves have been defined.)
= ! = " =
(710)
where # is a constant elongational strain rate. The corresponding stress distribution can be written as
$ '' % 1 34 2
$ (( % = $ '' % $ )) % = %&0 % = 1 35 2 = 1 45 2 =
(711) (712)
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143
Biaxial extensional flow is illustrated in Figure 7.3 (p. 144) and defined as follows:
= =
=
where is a constant elongational strain rate.
(713)
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= = = = =
where is the biaxial extensional viscosity. Planar extensional flow is illustrated in Figure 7.4 (p. 145) and defined as follows:
(714) (715)
= ! = " =
where # is a constant elongational strain rate.
(716)
$ '' % $ (( % = %&)0 %
where 123 is the planar extensional viscosity.
(717)
For extensional flow fields, the uniaxial, biaxial, and planar extensional viscosity curves (45, 678, and 9@A) can be computed. Click Uniaxial Extensional Viscosity, Biaxial Extensional Viscosity, and/or
Planar Extensional Viscosity in the Load Curves (Part I) menu if you want ANSYS POLYMAT to compute one (or more) of these curves. To compute each of these curves, you will need to specify a minimum and maximum extensional strain rate ( B CDE and F GHI), and the number of sampling points. See Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 38) and Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 44) for information about specifying numerical parameters for viscometric property curves. See Specifying the Curves to be Calculated (p. 38) for information about
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Chapter 7: Rheological Properties specifying which curves you want to compute and plot. (Note that, if you use the automatic fitting method, ANSYS POLYMAT will automatically compute and plot the curves for all properties for which experimental data curves have been defined.)
= =
+
(718)
For oscillatory shear flow fields, the property curves for the storage and loss moduli ( and ) can be computed. Select Storage Modulus and Loss Modulus in the Load Curves (Part I) menu if you want ANSYS POLYMAT to compute these curves. To compute each of these curves, you will need to specify a minimum and maximum frequency ( and ), and the number of sampling points. See Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 38) and Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 44) for information about specifying numerical parameters for viscometric property curves. See Specifying the Curves to be Calculated (p. 38) for information about specifying which curves you want to compute and plot. (Note that, if you use the automatic fitting method, ANSYS POLYMAT will automatically compute and plot the curves for all properties for which experimental data curves have been defined.)
(719)
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< <
< <
= =
(720)
= =
(721)
(722)
The double-step flow is used to assess the irreversible character of the viscoelastic material.
For transient shear flow fields, the transient property curves for the properties defined by Equation 72 (p. 142) Equation 79 (p. 143) can be computed. Click Select transient curves in the Load Curves (Part I) menu to open the Load Curves (Part II) menu, where you can then select Transient Shear Rate, Transient Shear Stress, Transient Shear Viscosity, Transient 1st Normal Stress Difference, Transient 2nd Normal Stress Difference, Transient 1st Normal Stress Coefficient, and/or Transient 2nd Normal Stress Coefficient if you want ANSYS POLYMAT to compute one (or more) of these curves.
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Chapter 7: Rheological Properties To compute each of these curves, you will need to define the desired number of time intervals during which a constant shear rate is applied. The time interval is bounded by the time values and + .
All times must be included between the specified minimum and maximum times, ( and ). The number of sampling points per time interval must also be specified. See Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 38) and Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 44) for information about specifying numerical parameters for viscometric property curves. See Specifying the Curves to be Calculated (p. 38) for information about specifying which curves you want to compute and plot. (Note that, if you use the automatic fitting method, ANSYS POLYMAT will automatically compute and plot the curves for all properties for which experimental data curves have been defined.)
!! = "
(723)
# && $
# '' $ = $%()
$%(0
(724)
For transient extensional flow fields, the transient property curves for the properties defined in Steady Extensional Flow (p. 143) can be computed. Select Transient Extensional Rate, Uniaxial Extensional Stress vs. Strain [ln(1/lo)], Uniaxial Extensional Stress vs. Time, Uniaxial Extensional Viscosity vs. Time, Biaxial Extensional Stress vs. Strain [ln(1/lo)], Biaxial Extensional Stress vs. Time, Biaxial Extensional Viscosity vs. time, and/or Planar Extensional Stress vs. Strain [ln(1/lo)], Planar Extensional Stress vs. Time, Planar Extensional Viscosity vs. Time in the Load Curves (Part II) menu if you want ANSYS POLYMAT to compute these curves. To compute each of these curves, you will need to define the desired number of time intervals during which a constant extensional strain rate is applied. The time interval 1 is bounded by the time values 2 3 and 4 5 + 6. All times 7 must be included between the specified minimum and maximum times, (8 9@A and B CDE). The number of sampling points per time interval must also be specified. See Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 38) and Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 44) for information about specifying numerical parameters for viscometric property curves. See Specifying the Curves to be Calculated (p. 38) for information about specifying which curves you want to compute and plot. (Note that, if you use the automatic fitting method, ANSYS POLYMAT will automatically compute and plot the curves for all properties for which experimental data curves have been defined.)
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8.1. Overview
You can load 2D curves from files (as described in Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Non-Automatic Fitting Method (p. 27)), or create them in ANSYS POLYMAT (as described in Working with Curves (p. 150)). These curves are automatically displayed in a chart, which is a tab with a white area with two axes. You can manipulate the display using the various GUI controls and your mouse. Each curve can also have different attributes (color, marker, etc.) and can be included in more than one chart, if desired. After you have defined the curves in a particular chart, you can save it for use in a later ANSYS POLYMAT session. When you click the Draw menu button, the curves that were selected with the Rheometry menu button will be updated and added to the current chart. This allows you to progressively fit the selected fluid model to the available rheological data by adjusting the model parameters one by one. See Non-Automatic Fitting (p. 37) for details. Note that you will not need to click Draw and Rheometry if you use the automatic fitting procedure, because ANSYS POLYMAT will update the chart for you automatically after it completes the fitting calculation.
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2. 3. 4.
Enter a name for the curve in the Name text-entry box. This name will be displayed and available for selection in the curve list when you finish creating the curve. Enter the X and Y value for each data pair. At any point you can delete a single data pair by selecting it and clicking Delete, or you can delete all of the data pairs by clicking Delete All. Click OK to create the specified curve. The data points will be automatically plotted in the current chart and the name will be added to the curve list. button. The Save If you want to save the curve to a file, select it in the curve list and click the curve dialog box will open, where you can specify a file name and directory. The format of the curve file is described in Reading Experimental Data Curves for the Non-Automatic Fitting Method (p. 27). To add additional curves, repeat the previous steps.
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5.
6. 150
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To delete a chart, right-click on the name of the chart to be deleted and select Close from the menu that opens, as shown in Figure 8.4 (p. 153). To delete every chart but one, right-click on the name of the chart to be preserved and select Close All But This from the menu that opens.
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152
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153
You can also revise the range/scaling via the axis attributes, as described in Modifying the Axis Attributes (p. 154).
154
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Adding, Removing, and Modifying Charts ciated with the current chart, right click in the chart and select Properties from the menu that opens. The attributes for the x axis are shown in Figure 8.6 (p. 155).
To define a new name for the axis, specify it in the Title text-entry box. The Ticks group box allows you to specify whether you want to show gridlines in the chart (via the Show Grid option), and whether to display numbers for the axis markers (via the Show Ticks Label option). Note that the Show Grid option must be disabled in both axes' tabs to remove the gridlines. The Ticks group box also allows you to specify the Format and Precision of the numbers. Three formats are available for the numbers: Auto (i.e., as many decimal places as necessary) Scientific (e.g., 1.20e+001) Fixed (i.e., two decimal places)
The Range group box allows you to specify whether a linear or a logarithmic (base 10) scale is used for the axis (via the Logarithmic scale option). When the Auto-adjust option is enabled, the scale of the axis automatically adjusts to show all of the data points; when disabled, the axis only shows the range specified via the Min and Max number-entry boxes. The changes you specify will not take effect until you click Apply or OK in the Properties dialog box.
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155
156
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9.1. Introduction
There are several viscoelastic models available in ANSYS POLYMAT, as described in detail in Material Data Parameters (p. 47). These models involve linear and non-linear parameters, which in turn carry viscometric and extensional properties. It can often be a difficult task to select the best constitutive equation with the most appropriate material parameters. The task can be more easily addressed if it is broken into three smaller questions: how many modes, which constitutive equation, and which parameter settings. These questions implicitly assume that everything is known about the material being modeled, and that all properties are equally important, which is usually not the case. The purpose of this section is to suggest useful guidelines for the selection of a constitutive model and associated parameters. Two strategies are possible: you can evaluate the numerical values of parameters in order to match some experimental data in a given range, or you can try to fit all viscometric (and possibly elongational) measured data over a broad range. The two approaches lead more or less to the selection of a rheological model for a flow and the selection of a rheological model for a fluid, respectively. Although you may prefer one of these two approaches, useful guidelines can be found in both of them. Thus, the guidelines that follow will be presented on the basis of the flow being simulated. For example, the kinematics involved in profile extrusion is significantly different from that in blow molding or thermoforming. Indeed, swelling during extrusion results from a velocity rearrangement and normal stress difference developed in a shear flow, while blow molding involves an elongational component with a strain-hardening or strain-thinning response from the melt. Recommendations will be given for the four most-commonly encountered types of flow: extrusion (Guidelines for Extrusion (p. 161)), fiber spinning (Guidelines for Fiber Spinning (p. 163)), film casting (Guidelines for Film Casting (p. 165)), and blow molding/thermoforming processes (Guidelines for Blow Molding and Thermoforming (p. 165)).
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=
This number indicates the elasticity involved in a flow.
(91)
Important
Note that a polymer melt is characterized by a relaxation spectrum, rather than by a single , it is important to consider an adequate relaxation relaxation time. Hence, when evaluating time .
General Strategy for Fitting 9.4.3. Relaxation Time vs. Relaxation Spectrum in Extrusion, Fiber Spinning, and Film Casting 9.4.4. Relaxation Time vs. Relaxation Spectrum in Blow Molding and Thermoforming
159
Chapter 9: Guidelines for Viscoelastic Models The DCPP model (described in Differential Viscoelastic Models (p. 77)) involves the parameter , which simultaneously increases shear thinning and the second normal-stress difference while the parameter q increases the strain-hardening property. You can fix the value of and q, based on your requirements, knowledge, or available experimental data. When viscometric properties are relevant for the flow, values of ranging around 0.2 are reasonable. If elongational properties are needed, and in particular if strain hardening is needed, the parameter q should be increased; it reflects the number of branches, and thus affects the behavior in elongation. The Leonov model (described in Differential Viscoelastic Models (p. 77)) involves several non-linear parameters, affecting either the viscometric behavior or the elongation properties. You assign values to some of these non-linear parameters, based on your requirements, knowledge, or available experi mental data. Parameters q and affect the transition from trapped to free configuration of macromolecular chains. When viscometric properties are relevant for the flow, it is interesting to note that enhances the shear thinning property, while increases the viscosity. has no effect on the shear viscosity, while it contributes to a decrease of the elongational viscosity. If elongational properties are needed it can be noted that n increases the strain hardening, while b and m decrease it. It is possible that the fitting calculation may yield values for non-linear parameters that are unusual, although within the limits of accuracy. In this case, you should set these parameters to more appropriate fixed values, and rerun the fitting calculation. This will yield another set of parameters with the expected properties. In general, the fitting calculation will determine parameter values on the basis of the available experimental data. However, the available data do not necessarily include the operating conditions, as measurement techniques do not always allow for reaching the conditions present in the actual process. Fiber spinning is a typical example, where the melt is processed at strain rates much higher than those available for rheometric measurement. For such cases, you can extrapolate from available data.
9.4.3. Relaxation Time vs. Relaxation Spectrum in Extrusion, Fiber Spinning, and Film Casting
When a large amount of data is available, it can be tempting to build a rheological model involving a broad relaxation spectrum, even ranging up to 100 s or beyond. In most cases, this will be impractical and not very useful. Indeed, in a cessation of steady shear flow, measurements reveal that the relaxation mechanism occurs with a time scale on the order of , where is the actual shear rate involved in the experiment. This observation allows for the identification of a typical time scale for the description of mechanisms occurring in a flow characterized by a typical wall shear rate . Consequently, if a single-mode constitutive equation is selected, the corresponding relaxation time should be specified as about . For a multi-mode model, the relaxation times should be selected in the vicinity of . This is quite important, since a qualitative consequence is the doubtful relevance of Weissenberg numbers as high as 10 or 100. For most applications, the computational domain is open, with fluid entry and exit. The residence time of fluid particles in the computational domain usually remains moderate, so extremely long relaxation times are not usually effective. Fluid particles trapped in vortices usually do not affect the main flow; they are instead a consequence of it. Finally, in extrusion, the extruded material solidifies long before the effects of these long relaxation times become visible.
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9.4.4. Relaxation Time vs. Relaxation Spectrum in Blow Molding and Thermoforming
Typical time scales for blow molding and thermoforming are rather short: from on the order of a tenth of a second for a milk bottle, to on the order of a few seconds for a gas tank. Hence, starting from a reasonable assumed initial rest state, stresses develop within that time interval. Although the deformation speed (and thus the strain rate) is usually unknown, deformations remain moderate. Consequently, dynamic or linear measurements alone provide a good characterization of the melt for blow molding and thermoforming. The selected spectrum of the rheological model may, of course, involve very short times and very long times. Actually, very short time scales (i.e., those smaller than the typical process time) can be replaced by a purely-Newtonian contribution. Similarly, long times (i.e., much longer than the process time) probably do not have the opportunity to develop their own contribution to the stress, and can be omitted, if necessary.
9.5.1.2. 3D Extrusion
In 3D extrusion flows, the normal-stress difference also plays a role in the swelling, but velocity rearrangements in 3D generate much more dramatic effects than in 2D. Indeed, a 3D cross-section may be such that the resulting velocity distribution is strongly non-uniform. Typically, low velocities are encountered in narrow cross-sections and tiny details, while high velocities are encountered in wide-open regions. At the die exit, significant deformations may occur, which usually lead to a further reduction of the previously-narrow cross-sections. Thus, more so in 3D than in 2D, an appropriate flow balancing inside the die (based on stresses, velocity, pressure, etc.) may improve the flow. Finally, as in 2D, the effects of the elongational properties are negligible, compared to those resulting from velocity rearrangement and normal-stress difference, and they can therefore be neglected.
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, with no more than one decade between relaxation times. For a three-mode (or more) model, select relaxation times < and > , with no more than one
decade between relaxation times. For a strain-hardening material (e.g., LDPE), a low value can be specified for the PTT models or the Giesekus models . Values of 10-3 to 10-2 are typical. For strain-thinning or moderate strain-hardening materials (e.g., LLDPE or HDPE), a higher valuetypically about 0.1can be specified. Also, for strain hardening materials, the DCPP model can be used with a large enough value of q (number of arms). For the simulation of the flow of filled materials, the use of the Leonov model can be a good idea. The model involves several parameters, and have received reasonable default values. It is worth mentioning that the Leonov model involves the calculation of several tensors, and that the use of a multi-mode model can be computationally expensive. Finally, for very large flow simulations, it may be relevant to consider the simplified viscoelastic model" suggested in Simplified Viscoelastic Model (p. 135), suited for extrusion simulation. Here, the identification of parameters is based on rheometric information, such as viscosity and swelling versus the flow rate. Typically, the first normal viscosity equals the shear viscosity by default, while a relaxation time function and a weighting factor have to be identified in order to reproduce the swelling behavior. In other words, a 2D axisymmetric flow simulation is required for parameters identification. In the automatic fitting procedure, it is preferable to consider the data in the range of shear rates of interest, typically one decade above and one below. If data extrapolation is necessary, it should be done over no more than one decade. Also, use appropriate weighting factors (see Weighting Measured Data (p. 159)) if some data are more reliable than others. 162
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Guidelines for Fiber Spinning The whole shear viscosity curve for the model may differ from measurements at low shear rates, but this can generally be disregarded, since low shear rates are encountered only in a few areas of the flow.
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Chapter 9: Guidelines for Viscoelastic Models of 1 or 2. It is therefore reasonable to believe that a similar behavior occurs at higher strain rates, regardless of whether the melt is strain-hardening or strain-thinning. This is a qualitative extrapolation, as the Gleissle mirror relationship is extended to the development of the transient elongational viscosity. The minimum experimental data needed for successful fitting are the linear properties and the nonlinear shear viscosity (possibly obtained from the Cox-Merz rule [4] (p. 199)). If data for the transient elongational viscosity are available, they should also be used. When all the properties are available, you can allocate a low weighting to the shear viscosity and a high weighting to the elongational properties (as described in Defining Numerical Parameters (p. 44)), since the elongational component in the fiber is more important.
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Guidelines for Blow Molding and Thermoforming strain-hardening materials (e.g., LLDPE or HDPE), use the PTT or Giesekus model with a higher valuetypically about 0.1 or morefor or or the DCPP model with a low value of q. If data on elongational viscosity are available, they should be used. If the resulting values for the nonlinear parameters are not in agreement with the expected behavior of the melt, they can be fixed as noted in Assigning a Value to a Parameter (p. 159). In the automatic fitting procedure, it is preferable to consider the data in the range of frequencies and deformation rates of interest, typically one decade above and one below the value 1/. If data extrapolation is necessary, it should be done over no more than one decade. Also, use appropriate weighting factors (see Weighting Measured Data (p. 159)) if some data are more reliable than others. A purely-Newtonian contribution can be added to the model. This corresponds to that part of the spectrum associated with very short times, and the response of which is shorter than the process time itself. The shear viscosity curve for the model may differ from measurements, but this can generally be disregarded, since elongation is the main component of the flow.
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168
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The files for these data curves are provided on the ANSYS POLYFLOW product CD, in the test/polymat/example1 subdirectory.
10.1.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models and Fix Parameters
Material Data 1. Specify the shear-rate dependence. Shear-rate dependence of viscosity a. Select the Carreau-Yasuda law. Carreau-Yasuda law b. 2. Return to the Material Data menu.
Specify the temperature dependence. Temperature dependence of viscosity a. Select the Arrhenius shear stress law. Arrhenius shear stress law b. Enable the fixing of parameters.
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Example 1: Non-Isothermal Generalized Newtonian Model i. ii. c. Click the Fix button at the top of the ANSYS POLYMAT menu. Click OK to confirm that fixing is enabled.
Fix the value of to be 240. i. Specify = Modify talfa ii. Specify that is fixed. talfa is a fixed value iii. Return to the Arrhenius shear stress law menu. . . .
d.
Fix the value of to be i. Specify = Modify t0 ii. Specify that is fixed. t0 is a fixed value iii.
e.
Disable the fixing of parameters. i. ii. Click the Fix button at the top of the ANSYS POLYMAT menu. Click OK to confirm that fixing is disabled.
f.
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Chapter 10: Examples b. Set the reference temperature to 200. Modify the temperature c. 4. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Add the second experimental curve (temp=220.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named temp=220.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220. Modify the temperature c. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
5. 6. 7.
Repeat to add the third and fourth experimental curves (temp=240.crv and temp=260.crv) and set the appropriate reference temperatures. Return to the Automatic Fitting menu. Plot the four experimental data curves. Draw experimental curves
10.1.2.5. Results
The results of the fitting calculation are as follows:
RESULTS
Carreau-Yasuda law f(g) = facinf + (fac-facinf) * [1+(tnat*g)**expoa]**((expo-1)/expoa) fac tnat expo facinf expoa = = = = = 0.1332193E+04 0.5920190E-02 0.2140585E-01 0.1497098E-06 0.3413773E+00 [auto] [auto] [auto] [auto] [auto]
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The computed and experimental curves are shown in Figure 10.1 (p. 173).
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Chapter 10: Examples visco_200.crv (viscosity vs. shear rate at 200 C):
1.0476158e-01 1.2618569e-01 1.5199111e-01 1.8307383e-01 2.2051308e-01 2.6560879e-01 3.1992671e-01 3.8535285e-01 4.6415886e-01 5.5908102e-01 6.7341506e-01 8.1113082e-01 9.7700995e-01 1.1768119e+00 1.4174742e+00 1.7073526e+00 2.0565124e+00 2.4770765e+00 2.9836473e+00 3.5938139e+00 4.3287611e+00 5.2140083e+00 6.2802911e+00 7.5646334e+00 9.1116276e+00 1.0974989e+01 1.3219412e+01 1.5922827e+01 1.9179104e+01 2.3101297e+01 2.7825592e+01 3.3516029e+01 4.0370174e+01 4.8626015e+01 5.8570202e+01 7.0548027e+01 8.4975342e+01 1.0235312e+02 4.7409219e+04 4.6221703e+04 4.4989727e+04 4.3684172e+04 4.2269406e+04 4.0711258e+04 3.8987227e+04 3.7095207e+04 3.5058137e+04 3.2921125e+04 3.0742695e+04 2.8582736e+04 2.6492119e+04 2.4505934e+04 2.2641396e+04 2.0899119e+04 1.9267033e+04 1.7725678e+04 1.6254397e+04 1.4836971e+04 1.3465704e+04 1.2142567e+04 1.0877272e+04 9.6834766e+03 8.5747520e+03 7.5614922e+03 6.6494995e+03 5.8398315e+03 5.1295151e+03 4.5126445e+03 3.9814446e+03 3.5272209e+03 3.1410603e+03 2.8143108e+03 2.5388992e+03 2.3074878e+03 2.1135415e+03 1.9513297e+03
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Experimental data for the storage and loss moduli ( and gprime.crv ( vs. frequency curve at 220 C):
1.0000000e-01 1.5850000e-01 2.5120000e-01 3.9810000e-01 6.3100000e-01 1.0000000e+00 1.5850000e+00 2.5120000e+00 3.9813000e+00 6.3101000e+00 1.0001000e+01 1.5850000e+01 2.5121000e+01 3.9813000e+01 5.9316000e+02 1.1784000e+03 2.2076000e+03 3.9173000e+03 6.5593000e+03 1.0419000e+04 1.5724000e+04 2.2596000e+04 3.1232000e+04 4.1570000e+04 5.3470000e+04 6.6881000e+04 8.1509000e+04 9.7119000e+04
) are as follows:
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The files for these data curves are provided on the ANSYS POLYFLOW product CD, in the test/polymat/example2 subdirectory.
10.2.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models and Fix Parameters
Material Data 1. Specify the temperature dependence. Temperature dependence of viscosity a. Select the Arrhenius law. Arrhenius law
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Example 2: Non-Isothermal Differential Viscoelastic Model b. Enable the fixing of parameters. i. ii. c. Click the Fix button at the top of the ANSYS POLYMAT menu. Click OK to confirm that fixing is enabled. . .
Fix the value of to be i. Specify = Modify t0 ii. Specify that is fixed. t0 is a fixed value iii.
d.
Disable the fixing of parameters. i. ii. Click the Fix button at the top of the ANSYS POLYMAT menu. Click OK to confirm that fixing is disabled.
e. 2.
Specify the differential viscoelastic models. Differential viscoelastic models a. Specify the differential viscoelastic model for the first relaxation mode and fix parameters. 1-st viscoelastic model i. Select the Giesekus model. Giesekus model ii. iii. b. Accept the current values. Return to the Differential viscoelastic models menu.
Specify the differential viscoelastic model for the second relaxation mode. Addition of a viscoelastic model i. Select the Giesekus model. Giesekus model ii. iii. Accept the current values. Return to the Differential viscoelastic models menu.
c.
Specify the differential viscoelastic model for the third relaxation mode and fix parameters.
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Chapter 10: Examples Addition of a viscoelastic model i. Select the Giesekus model. Giesekus model ii. iii. 3. Accept the current values. Return to the Differential viscoelastic models menu.
Add the second experimental curve (visco_220.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named visco_220.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220.
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Example 2: Non-Isothermal Differential Viscoelastic Model Modify the temperature c. Specify that the curve is a shear viscosity curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose steady shear viscosity (the default). steady shear viscosity ii. 5. 6. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Repeat to add the third shear viscosity curve (visco_240.crv) and set the appropriate reference temperature and curve type. Add the storage modulus curve (gprime.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named gprime.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220. Modify the temperature c. Specify that the curve is a storage modulus curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose storage modulus G. storage modulus G ii. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
7.
Add the loss modulus curve (gsecond.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named gsecond.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220. Modify the temperature c. Specify that the curve is a loss modulus curve. Modify the curve type
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Chapter 10: Examples i. Choose loss modulus G". loss modulus G" ii. 8. 9. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Return to the Automatic Fitting menu. Plot the five experimental data curves. Draw experimental curves
10.2.2.4. Step 4: Set Numerical Options and Run the Fitting Calculation
1. Set the numerical parameters for the calculation. Numerical options for fitting a. Limit the range of relaxation times to be from a minimum of 0.1 to a maximum of 10. Modify the range of relaxation times b. 2. Return to the Automatic Fitting menu.
Specify a name for the material data file (e.g., example2.mat). Enter the name of the result file
3.
10.2.2.5. Results
The results of the fitting calculation are as follows:
RESULTS
nb. of modes = 3 mode # 1 - Giesekus model T = T1 + T2 (1+alfa*trelax/visc1*T1)*T1 + trelax*T1up = 2*visc1*D T2 = 2*visc2*D where - visc is the viscosity - visc1 = (1-ratio)*visc - visc2 = ratio*visc - trelax is the relaxation time - T1up is the upper-convected time derivative of T1 visc trelax alfa ratio = = = = 0.8395177E+04 0.1000000E+00 0.5175758E+00 0.8191842E-01 [auto] [auto] [auto] [auto]
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mode # 3 - Giesekus model T = T1 + T2 (1+alfa*trelax/visc1*T1)*T1 + trelax*T1up = 2*visc1*D T2 = 2*visc2*D where visc trelax alfa ratio = = = = visc is the viscosity visc1 = (1-ratio)*visc visc2 = ratio*visc trelax is the relaxation time T1up is the upper-convected time derivative of T1 0.9246148E+04 0.1000000E+02 0.3902228E+00 0.0000000E+00 [auto] [auto] [auto] [fixed]
Arrhenius law h(t) = exp( alfa / (t-t0) - alfa / (talfa-t0) ) alfa talfa t0 = 0.5019328E+04 [auto] = 0.2200000E+03 [auto] = -0.2731500E+03 [fixed]
The computed and experimental curves are shown in Figure 10.2 (p. 181).
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181
182
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1.0476158e-01 1.5199111e-01 2.2051308e-01 3.1992671e-01 4.6415886e-01 6.7341506e-01 9.7700995e-01 1.4174742e+00 2.0565124e+00 2.9836473e+00 4.3287611e+00 6.2802911e+00 9.1116276e+00 1.3219412e+01 1.9179104e+01 2.7825592e+01 4.0370174e+01 5.8570202e+01 8.4975342e+01
2.2935412e+04 2.2018766e+04 2.1021365e+04 1.9975033e+04 1.8819420e+04 1.7439488e+04 1.5771608e+04 1.3898310e+04 1.2011361e+04 1.0277535e+04 8.7546172e+03 7.4047461e+03 6.1631475e+03 5.0064775e+03 3.9653857e+03 3.0831277e+03 2.3787000e+03 1.8422029e+03 1.4472250e+03
Experimental data for the storage and loss moduli ( and gprime.crv ( vs. frequency curve at 220 C):
0.1 593.16 0.1585 1178.4 0.2512 2207.6 0.3981 3917.3 0.631 6559.3 1 10419 1.585 15724 2.512 22596 3.9813 31232 6.3101 41570 10.001 53470 15.85 66881 25.121 81509 39.813 97119 63.101 113520 100 130360
) are as follows:
The files for these data curves are provided on the ANSYS POLYFLOW product CD, in the test/polymat/example3 subdirectory.
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10.3.2.2. Step 2: Specify the Material Data Models and Fix Parameters
Material Data 1. Enter the Integral Viscoelastic models menu. Integral Viscoelastic models 2. Specify the temperature dependence. Temperature dependence a. Select the Arrhenius approximate law. Arrhenius approximate law b. 3. Return to the Integral Viscoelastic models menu.
Specify the number of relaxation modes. Modify the spectrum a. Set the number of relaxation modes to 4. Number of relaxation modes b. Return to the Integral Viscoelastic models menu. No modification
4.
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Example 3: Non-Isothermal Integral Viscoelastic Model a. Select the Reversible Papanastasiou-Scriven model. Reversible Papanastasiou-Scriven model b. Select the Modify alfa and Modify beta menu items, and keep the default values for each. (This step is necessary so that ANSYS POLYMAT will not remind you that you need to set or confirm those values by selecting the menu items.) Return to the Integral Viscoelastic models menu.
c. 5.
Add the second experimental curve (visco_220.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named visco_220.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220.
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Chapter 10: Examples Modify the temperature c. Specify that the curve is a shear viscosity curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose steady shear viscosity (the default). steady shear viscosity ii. 5. 6. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Repeat to add the third shear viscosity curve (visco_240.crv) and set the appropriate reference temperature and curve type. Add the storage modulus curve (gprime.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named gprime.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220. Modify the temperature c. Specify that the curve is a storage modulus curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose storage modulus G. storage modulus G ii. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
7.
Add the loss modulus curve (gsecond.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named gsecond.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Set the reference temperature to 220. Modify the temperature c. Specify that the curve is a loss modulus curve. Modify the curve type
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Example 3: Non-Isothermal Integral Viscoelastic Model i. Choose loss modulus G". loss modulus G" ii. 8. 9. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Return to the Automatic Fitting menu. Plot the five experimental data curves. Draw experimental curves
10.3.2.4. Step 4: Set Numerical Options and Run the Fitting Calculation
1. Set the numerical parameters for the calculation. Numerical options for fitting a. Limit the range of relaxation times to be from a minimum of 0.1 to a maximum of 10. Modify the range of relaxation times b. 2. Return to the Automatic Fitting menu.
Specify a name for the material data file (e.g., example3.mat). Enter the name of the result file
3.
10.3.2.5. Results
The results of the fitting calculation are as follows:
RESULTS
Integral Viscoelastic models Integral viscoelastic flow Type of model : KBKZ model N2 / N1 = 0.0000000E+00 [auto] ad.visc. = 0.7632522E+03 [auto] Damping function : Reversible Papanastasiou - Scriven alfa = 0.6365238E+01 [auto] beta = 0.0000000E+00 [auto] Number of relaxation modes = 4 Mode - Viscosity - Relaxation 1 6.63042E+03 [auto] 1.00000E-01 2 7.89786E+03 [auto] 4.64159E-01 3 1.51692E+04 [auto] 2.15443E+00 4 4.68693E+03 [auto] 1.00000E+01
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The computed and experimental curves are shown in Figure 10.3 (p. 188).
+ =
(101)
where
=
+
(102)
where is the length of the sample at time . The Giesekus model with 4 relaxation times is used. For the fitting calculation, the range of relaxation times is limited to between 0.01 and 100 s. 188
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Experimental data for storage and loss moduli (G and G") are as follows : G1.crv (G vs. frequency curve)
9.9999998e-03 1.5848933e-02 2.5118863e-02 3.9810721e-02 6.3095726e-02 1.0000000e-01 1.5848932e-01 2.5118864e-01 3.9810717e-01 6.3095737e-01 1.0000000e+00 1.5848932e+00 2.5118864e+00 3.9810719e+00 6.3095737e+00 1.0000000e+01 1.5848933e+01 2.5118862e+01 3.9810719e+01 6.3095726e+01 1.0000000e+02 3.5167976e+01 8.7100800e+01 2.1137102e+02 4.8953040e+02 1.0309354e+03 1.8629243e+03 2.8503687e+03 3.9749304e+03 5.6332231e+03 8.4511943e+03 1.2569028e+04 1.7147389e+04 2.1693041e+04 2.7440998e+04 3.6552094e+04 4.9613684e+04 6.4043047e+04 7.8277656e+04 9.6098992e+04 1.2392985e+05 1.6244308e+05
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Experimental data for stress vs. Hencky strain are as follows: Stress_01.crv (stress vs. Hencky strain with mode)
9.9950028e-04 3.4975763e-03 4.3310076e-03 5.1519061e-03 5.9449933e-03 6.6795419e-03 7.2960192e-03 7.7497927e-03 8.1741009e-03 9.0343673e-03 1.0988208e-02 1.7310996e-02 2.5077807e-02 3.2225050e-02 3.8228299e-02 4.2950768e-02 4.7312122e-02 5.5426948e-02 7.3435947e-02 1.2336361e-01 1.6961214e-01 2.0687814e-01 2.4421628e-01 3.1127003e-01 4.4549382e-01 6.0200286e-01 7.3499125e-01 9.2299604e-01 1.1368132e+00 1.3128684e+00 1.4625189e+00 1.5926619e+00 1.7078016e+00 1.8110423e+00 1.9046148e+00 1.9901757e+00 2.0689895e+00 2.1420429e+00 2.2101209e+00 2.2738583e+00 2.3337755e+00 2.3903048e+00 2.3978953e+00 4.7493774e+02 1.1649296e+03 1.3302749e+03 1.4737156e+03 1.6005024e+03 1.7103892e+03 1.7980840e+03 1.8603550e+03 1.9169126e+03 2.0268396e+03 2.2556704e+03 2.8492520e+03 3.4017185e+03 3.8135403e+03 4.1159541e+03 4.3344062e+03 4.5241104e+03 4.8511318e+03 5.4840532e+03 6.7618486e+03 7.5459292e+03 7.9897729e+03 8.3163574e+03 8.7072051e+03 9.0984199e+03 9.1738301e+03 8.9499355e+03 8.2168379e+03 7.0296606e+03 5.9730420e+03 5.1118062e+03 4.4254043e+03 3.8785447e+03 3.4393530e+03 3.0826299e+03 2.7892783e+03 2.5450134e+03 2.3391619e+03 2.1637117e+03 2.0126024e+03 1.8812087e+03 1.7659636e+03 1.7510774e+03
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191
The files for these data curves are provided on the ANSYS POLYFLOW product CD, in the /test/polymat/example4 subdirectory.
Note
The fitting calculation for this example will take significant time, due to the transient elongational curves added for the fitting.
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Example 4: Isothermal Differential Viscoelastic Model Accept current values c. Return to the Differential viscoelastic models menu. Upper level menu 3. Specify the second, third and fourth viscoelastics models of type Giesekus. Addition of a viscoelastic model
Note
You do not have to change values of the different modes. They will be fitted automatically later. 4. Return to the top-level ANSYS POLYMAT menu.
Add the second experimental curve (g1.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named g1.crv.
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193
Chapter 10: Examples Enter the name of the curve file b. Specify that the curve is a storage modulus curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose storage modulus G. storage modulus G ii. 5. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Add the third experimental curve (g2.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named g2.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Specify that the curve is a loss modulus curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose loss modulus G". loss modulus G" ii. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
6.
Add the fourth experimental curve (stress_01.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named stress_01.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Specify that the curve is a transient extensional flow curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose transient extensional flow. transient extensional flow ii. iii. In this menu, choose uniaxial mode, stress vs. strain [ln(l/lo)], and constant extensional velocity. In the menu Experimental curve #4, modify the initial strain rate (V/lo) and set it to 0.1. Modify the initial strain rate (V/lo)
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Example 4: Isothermal Differential Viscoelastic Model iv. 7. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
Add the fifth experimental curve (stress_1.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named stress_1.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Specify that the curve is a transient extensional flow curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose transient extensional flow. transient extensional flow ii. iii. In this menu, choose uniaxial mode, stress vs. strain [ln(l/lo)], and constant extensional velocity. In the menu Experimental curve #5, modify the initial strain rate (V/lo) and set it to 1. Modify the initial strain rate (V/lo) iv. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
8.
Add the sixth experimental curve (stress_10.crv). Add a new curve a. Select the curve named stress_10.crv. Enter the name of the curve file b. Specify that the curve is a transient extensional flow curve. Modify the curve type i. Choose transient extensional flow. transient extensional flow ii. iii. In this menu, choose uniaxial mode, stress vs. strain [ln(l/lo)], and constant extensional velocity. In the menu Experimental curve #5, modify the initial strain rate (V/lo) and set it to 10. Modify the initial strain rate (V/lo) iv. Return to the List of Experimental Curves menu.
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10. Plot the six experimental data curves. Draw experimental curves The curves will be presented in two graphics: In the first one, you can see the steady shear viscosity, G and G"; while in the second, you can see the extensional curves.
10.4.2.4. Step 4: Set Numerical Options and Run the Fitting Calculation
1. Set the numerical parameters for the calculation. Numerical options for fitting a. Limit the range of relaxation times to be from a minimum of 0.01 to a maximum of 100. Modify the range of relaxation times b. 2. Return to the Automatic Fitting menu.
Specify a name for the material data file (e.g., example4.mat). Enter the name of the result file
3.
10.4.2.5. Results
The results of the fitting calculation are as follows:
RESULTS nb. of modes = 4 mode # 1 - Giesekus model T = T1 + T2 (1+alfa*trelax/visc1*T1)*T1 + trelax*T1up = 2*visc1*D T2 = 2*visc2*D where visc trelax alfa ratio = = = = visc is the viscosity visc1 = (1-ratio)*visc visc2 = ratio*visc trelax is the relaxation time T1up is the upper-convected time derivative of T1 0.1940853E+04 0.1000000E-01 0.7392697E+00 0.2350520E-04 [auto] [auto] [auto] [auto]
mode # 2 - Giesekus model T = T1 + T2 (1+alfa*trelax/visc1*T1)*T1 + trelax*T1up = 2*visc1*D T2 = 2*visc2*D where - visc is the viscosity - visc1 = (1-ratio)*visc - visc2 = ratio*visc
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mode # 3 - Giesekus model T = T1 + T2 (1+alfa*trelax/visc1*T1)*T1 + trelax*T1up = 2*visc1*D T2 = 2*visc2*D where visc trelax alfa ratio = = = = visc is the viscosity visc1 = (1-ratio)*visc visc2 = ratio*visc trelax is the relaxation time T1up is the upper-convected time derivative of T1 0.4098902E+05 0.4641589E+01 0.4906601E+00 0.0000000E+00 [auto] [auto] [auto] [fixed]
T = T1 + T2 (1+alfa*trelax/visc1*T1)*T1 + trelax*T1up = 2*visc1*D T2 = 2*visc2*D where visc trelax alfa ratio = = = = visc is the viscosity visc1 = (1-ratio)*visc visc2 = ratio*visc trelax is the relaxation time T1up is the upper-convected time derivative of T1 0.4973851E+04 0.1000000E+03 0.4113689E+00 0.0000000E+00 [auto] [auto] [auto] [fixed]
The computed and experimental curves are shown in Figure 10.4 (p. 197) and Figure 10.5 (p. 198).
Figure 10.4 Computed and Experimental Curves for Steady Shear Viscosity, Storage Modulus and Loss Modulus
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197
Figure 10.5 Computed and Experimental Curves for Stress vs. ln(1/lo) at Different Initial Strain Rates (0.1,1, and 10).
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Bibliography
[1] R. B. Bird, P. J. Dotson, and N. L. Johnson.J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 7:213. 1980. [2] N. Clemeur, R. P. G. Rutgers, and B. Debbaut.On the Evaluation of Some Differential Formulations for the Pompom Constitutive Model. Rheol Acta. 42(1). 217231. 2003. [3] P. Coussot, A. I. Leonov, and J. M. Piau. Rheology of Concentrated Dispersed Systems in a Low Molecular Weight Matrix. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 46. 179217. 1993. [4] W. P. Cox and E. H. Merz. J Polym Sci. 28:619. 1958. [5] G. S. Fulcher. J Am Ceram Soc. 8(6). 339355. 1925. [6] T. C .B. McLeish and R. C. Larson. Molecular Constitutive Equations for a Class of Branched Polymers The Pom-Pom Polymer. J Rheo. 42(1). 82112. 1998. [7] M. Simhambathla and A. I. Leonov. On the Rheological Modeling of Filled Polymers with Particle-Matrix Interactions. Rheol Acta. 34. 329338. 1995. [8] M. V. Simhambhatla. The Rheological Modeling of Simple Flows of Unfilled and Filled Polymers. PhD Thesis University of Akron. 1994. [9] M. H. Wagner. A Constitutive Analysis of Uniaxial Elongational Flow Data of Low-Density Polyethylene Melt. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 4. 3955. 1978.
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Index
A
adding charts, 152 ANSYS DesignModeler, 3 ANSYS FIPOST, 3 ANSYS FLUENT/CFD-Post, 23 ANSYS Meshing, 3 ANSYS POLYCURVE, 5 graphical user interface, 24 ANSYS POLYDATA, 23 ANSYS POLYFLOW, 23 ANSYS POLYMAN, 3 ANSYS POLYMAT, 23 chart buttons, 21 chart window, 22 curve buttons, 22 curve list, 23 curve settings, 23 graphical user interface, 17 help, 18 menu, 21 menu bar, 18 menu buttons, 20 output text window, 24 ANSYS POLYPLOT, 3 ANSYS POLYSTAT, 23 approximate Arrhenius law, 64 approximate Arrhenius shear-stress law, 66 Arrhenius law, 63 approximate, 64 Arrhenius shear-stress law, 65 approximate, 66 automatic fitting, 37, 42 examples, 13, 169, 173, 182, 188 numerical parameters, 44 weighting data, 44 axes attributes, 154 linear scale, 155 logarithmic scale, 155 range, 154 scale, 155 scaling, 154 axis, 149
C
CAMPUS files, 31 Carreau-Yasuda law, 61 Cauchy-Green strain tensor, 122 CFView-PF, 3 chart axes, 154 chart buttons, 21 chart window, 22 charts, 149, 152 adding, 152 legend, 153 range, 154 removing, 152 scaling, 154 title, 153 concrete, 54, 56 consistency factor, 52, 55, 84 copying curves, 151 Create a New Curve dialog box, 150 critical shear rate, 47, 53, 55 Cross law, 58 index, 58 modified, 58 curve buttons, 22 curve list, 23 curve settings, 23 curves, 149150 computing, 38 copying, 151 defining, 150 deleting, 151 drawing, 45 experimental, 150 reading, 27, 29 experimental drawing, 45 exporting, 151 modifying data pairs, 151 modifying display attributes, 23 moving, 151 removing, 151 saving, 30, 151 weighting, 44
B
biaxial extensional flow, 144 transient viscosity, 148 Bingham law, 53 modified, 54
D
damping function, 125 DataVisualizer, 3 defining curves, 150 deleting charts, 152 201
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Index deleting curves, 151 differential viscoelastic flow, 75 example of fitting, 173 example of fitting with extensional curves, 188 FENE-P model, 98 Giesekus model, 94 Johnson-Segalman model, 89 Maxwell model, 78 Oldroyd-B model, 81 Phan-Thien-Tanner model, 88 temperature-dependent viscosity, 118 White-Metzner model, 83 Doi-Edwards model, 124 dough, 54, 56 Draw menu button, 20 CAMPUS, 31 experimental data, 27 format, 27 reading, 27, 29 saving, 30 units for, 35 material data, 3 reading and writing, 31 reading and writing, 27 film casting, 160, 165 first normal-stress coefficient, 142 first normal-stress difference, 47, 142 fitting, 37 automatic, 37, 42 examples, 13, 169, 173, 182, 188 automatic numerical parameters, 44 automatic weighting data, 44 examples, 169, 173, 182, 188 guidelines, 157 blow molding, 161, 165 extrusion, 160161 fiber spinning, 160, 163 film casting, 160, 165 thermoforming, 161, 165 methods, 37 non-automatic, 37 example, 6 non-automatic numerical parameters, 38 relaxation times, 44 strategy, 158 weighting data, 159 Fix menu button, 20, 43 Fulcher law, 66
E
Edit <name> dialog box, 151 elongational strain rate, 143 elongational viscosity, 47 estimated relaxation time, 142 examples, 5, 169 isothermal differential viscoelastic model, 188 isothermal generalized Newtonian model, 5 non-isothermal differential viscoelastic model, 173 non-isothermal generalized Newtonian model, 169 non-isothermal integral viscoelastic model, 182 experimental data, 27 defining, 150 file format, 27 for blow molding, 166 for extrusion, 162 for fiber spinning, 163 for film casting, 165 for thermoforming, 166 measuring, 158 reading, 27, 29 saving, 30 units for, 35 exporting curves, 151 extensional flow steady, 143 steady numerical parameters, 38 transient, 148 transient numerical parameters, 39 extra-stress tensor, 50 extrusion, 160161
G
GAMBIT, 2 generalized Newtonian flow, 49 approximate Arrhenius law, 64 approximate Arrhenius shear-stress law, 66 Arrhenius law, 63 Arrhenius shear-stress law, 65 Bingham law, 53 modified, 54 Bird-Carreau law, 51 Carreau-Yasuda law, 61 Cross law, 58 modified, 58 example of fitting, 169 Fulcher law, 66 Herschel-Bulkley law, 55 modified, 56 Leonov model, 110
F
FENE-P model, 98 fiber spinning, 160, 163 files, 27 202
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log-log law, 59 mixed-dependence law, 73 modified Bingham law, 54 modified Cross law, 58 modified Herschel-Bulkley law, 56 POM-POM model [DCPP], 105 power law, 52 shear-rate-dependent viscosity, 50 temperature-dependent viscosity, 62 WLF law, 70 WLF shear-stress law, 72 Giesekus model, 94 glass, 66 graphical user interface (GUI), 17 ANSYS POLYCURVE, 24 ANSYS POLYMAT, 17 graphics display window, 22 GUI, 17 ANSYS POLYCURVE, 24 ANSYS POLYMAT, 17 guidelines for fitting, 157 blow molding, 161, 165 extrusion, 160161 fiber spinning, 160, 163 film casting, 160, 165 thermoforming, 161, 165
J
Johnson-Segalman model, 89
K
KBKZ model, 125 kernel function, 122 kinematics, 141
L
LDPE, 159, 162, 164 legend, 153 Leonov Model, 110 linear scale, 38, 155 LLDPE, 159, 162, 164 Lodge-Maxwell model, 125 log-log law, 59 logarithmic scale, 38, 155 loss modulus, 47, 146, 158
M
magnifying the view, 22 manuals, x material data file, 3 reading and writing, 31 material data parameters, 47 differential viscoelastic flow, 75 fixing, 43 generalized Newtonian flow, 49 integral viscoelastic flow, 121 overview, 47 setting, 40 simplified viscoelastic flow, 135 Maxwell model, 78 measuring data, 158 memory function, 122 menu, 21 menu bar, 18 menu buttons, 20 mixed-dependence law, 73 modified Bingham law, 54 modified Cross law, 58 modified Herschel-Bulkley law, 56 modifying curves data pairs, 151 display attributes, 23 Move or Copy Curve(s) dialog box, 151 moving curves, 151 mud, 54, 56
H
HDPE, 159, 162, 164 help, 18 Herschel-Bulkley law, 55 modified, 56
I
I-deas, 3 infinite-shear-rate viscosity, 51, 61 integral viscoelastic flow, 121 damping function, 125 Doi-Edwards model, 124 example of fitting, 182 KBKZ model, 125 Lodge-Maxwell model, 125 Papanastasiou-Scriven-Macosko model, 125 temperature-dependent viscosity, 135 Wagner model, 126 isothermal flow example of fitting with extensional curves, 188 iterations maximum number, 44
N
natural time, 51, 58, 61, 84
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Index Newtonian flow, 50 Newtonian viscosity, 50 non-automatic fitting, 37 example, 6 numerical parameters, 38 non-isothermal flow example of fitting, 169, 173, 182 experimental data for, 40, 42 normal-stress coefficient, 142 transient, 147 normal-stress difference, 47, 142 transient, 147 numerical parameters, 38, 44 Numerics menu button, 20, 38 time, 78, 160161 estimated, 142 relaxation times activation of fitting, 44 removing charts, 152 removing curves, 151 rheological properties, 141 rheometric measurements, 158 Rheometry menu button, 20, 38
S
sample session, 5 Save curve dialog box, 151 saving curves, 151 saving files, 27 second normal-stress coefficient, 142 second normal-stress difference, 142 setting up a problem, 4 examples, 5, 169, 173, 182, 188 shear flow oscillatory, 146, 158 oscillatory numerical parameters, 38, 44 steady, 141 steady numerical parameters, 38, 44 transient, 146 transient numerical parameters, 38 shear rate, 141 critical, 47, 53, 55 transient, 147 shear stress, 142 transient, 147 shear thinning, 56, 124, 159, 162, 173 shear viscosity, 47, 142, 158 transient, 147 simplified viscoelastic flow, 135 starting ANSYS POLYCURVE, 5 ANSYS POLYMAT, 4 steady extensional flow, 143 numerical parameters, 38 steady shear flow, 141 numerical parameters, 38, 44 storage modulus, 47, 146, 158 strain hardening, 157, 159, 161167 strain rate elongational, 143 strain thinning, 157, 161166
O
Oldroyd-B model, 81 oscillatory shear flow, 146, 158 numerical parameters, 38, 44 output text window, 24
P
Papanastasiou-Scriven-Macosko model, 125 PATRAN, 3 Phan-Thien-Tanner model, 88 planar extensional flow, 145 transient viscosity, 148 planning the analysis, 3 plotting curves, 149 POLYCEM, 3 polyethylene, 53 POLYMESH, 3 POM-POM Model [DCPP], 105 power law, 52 index, 5152, 55, 84 POWERMESH, 3 problem setup, 4 examples, 5, 169, 173, 182, 188 program structure, 2 Properties dialog box, 153154 pulling velocity, 163
R
rate-of-deformation tensor, 50, 76 reading curves automatic fitting method, 29 non-automatic fitting method, 27 recoverable stress, 49, 142 relaxation mode, 125 spectrum, 160161
T
take-up velocity, 163 temperature-dependent viscosity, 62, 118, 135 thermoforming, 161, 165
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third-party attributions, 18 toothpaste, 54, 56 transient extensional flow, 148 numerical parameters, 39 transient flow numerical parameters, 38, 44 transient shear flow, 146 numerical parameters, 38 translating the view, 22 tutorials, 5, 169, 173, 182, 188 typographical conventions in the manual, xi
U
uniaxial extensional flow, 143 transient viscosity, 148, 158 units, 33 converting, 33 restrictions, 35 user interface, 17 ANSYS POLYCURVE, 24 ANSYS POLYMAT, 17 using the manual, ix
constant, 50 Cross law, 58 differential viscoelastic flow, 77 extensional, 143, 145 Fulcher law, 66 generalized Newtonian flow, 50 Herschel-Bulkley law, 5556 infinite-shear-rate, 51, 61 integral viscoelastic flow, 123 Leonov model, 110 log-log law, 59 mixed-dependence law, 73 modified Bingham law, 54 modified Cross law, 58 modified Herschel-Bulkley law, 56 Newtonian, 50 POM-POM model [DCPP], 105 power law, 52 shear-rate-dependent, 50 temperature-dependent, 62, 118, 135 WLF law, 70 WLF shear-stress law, 72 zero-shear-rate, 5051, 5859, 61
V
V3DMSH, 3 viscoelastic flows damping function, 125 Doi-Edwards model, 124 FENE-P model, 98 Giesekus model, 94 Johnson-Segalman model, 89 KBKZ model, 125 Lodge-Maxwell model, 125 Maxwell model, 78 memory effects, 78 numerical parameters, 44 Oldroyd-B model, 81 Papanastasiou-Scriven-Macosko model, 125 Phan-Thien-Tanner model, 88 Wagner model, 126 White-Metzner model, 83 viscometric measurements, 158 viscometric properties, 47, 141 viscosity approximate Arrhenius law, 64 approximate Arrhenius shear-stress law, 66 Arrhenius law, 63 Arrhenius shear-stress law, 65 Bingham law, 53 modified, 54 Bird-Carreau law, 51 Carreau-Yasuda law, 61
W
Wagner model, 126 weighting, 44, 159 Weissenberg number, 49, 157 White-Metzner model, 83 WLF law, 70 WLF shear-stress law, 72 writing files, 27
Y
yield stress, 53, 55
Z
zero-shear-rate viscosity, 5051, 5859, 61 zooming in, 22
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