Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ISSA -SALWE
MARCH 2000
1. Introduction
Since the breakdown of the Somali state in early 1991, there have been many efforts by the
international community to revitalise the Somali state. Instead they were unsuccessful and,
generally, counter-productive. The failure lies, first, in the approach as it aimed at the
resuscitation of an externally driven state structure where the local people’s say, contribution
and involvement were rarely sought. Second, the memories of the dreadful fratricidal war still
linger on in the minds of the Somalis, thus, creating major obstacles to peace. Third, none of
previous peace processes were based on the reality of today's Somalia and the background of
the tragedy. They were all relying on collaboration with the warlords in the attempt to form a
‘government’ based on power sharing between/among the power-thirsty warlords, rather than
on confidence building among the people concerned. Fourth, none of these conferences was
based on any well-though-of programme or any clear vision for rebuilding from the rubble of
the shattered statehood and country.
Is there a way out from the current Somalia’s nightmare? What is the basis for the
rehabilitation of a central authority in Somalia?
State Relations
5.2.6 People’s Participation and Consensus: People’s participation is essential in
the process of the revival of authority and nation building in the Somali nation.
Recently, new administrations have emerged in Somalia where stable local
administrations/states have been established. Some of these are Puntland,
Somaliland, etc. These areas have experimented with some local governance
based on consensus. These positively adapted ideas should be encouraged,
nurtured and applied to the rest of the country.
5.2.7 Public Institute Building and Rehabilitation of Authority: As mentioned
above, one of the main causes of Somalis’ present dilemma is the degeneration of
authority. The rehabilitation of authority can come about only with the
participation of the people. The aim of this process should be to create an
environment of confidence building which can ensure a smooth transformation of
the socio-cultural and political norms.
5.2.8 Accountability and representation: There must be a way for people to
choose their representatives in the government. This will give the people an
opportunity to supervise and control their representatives. It will also make their
leaders accountable for their actions. This practice would also stimulate a
positive political culture which could change the destructive instincts which have
affected the people in the last two decades and which caused the erosion of the
foundations of the Somali nationhood.
5.2.9 Rule of Law: At all levels, the government should apply the rule of law. The
law should be the official principle or order which guides the behaviour of the
government.
5. What the International Community Can Do
The international community’s help to institute building process in the existing local
administrations is essential. However, if this help is mismanaged or routed to the wrong hands,
not only may it hamper the peace in the country, but also may perpetuate the conflict. In fact, it
has been proven that some of the humanitarian aid has been used to fuel the fighting in
Somalia.
The time needed to process such a bold initiative is an important factor in its success. Too short
a time for careful planning was an important factor leading to the breakdown of the previous
so-called peace processes.
As the Djibouti initiative is at the crossroads between proposal and implementation, care
must be given to its practicality, as it lies poised between failure and success.
What should and what should not be done
What Previous conferences Solution/reality
Process period Quick-fix for solution Reasonable process time
needed; minimum 2-3 or more
years; process should not be
an end, but a means to an end.
Local people’s involvement None Local people’s involvement is
essential
Restoring civil society None Civil society is essential
Type of government Warlord government Establishment of a national
operational body in the
transitional stage;
Representative federal
government at later stage;
State structure Unitary system; centralised Decentralised; preferable
federal based on waaxo
(cantons); waax made of
groups of regions.
5.2 Other tasks which the international community should undertake for Somalia.
5.2.2 Aid: Help in rehabilitation and reconstruction should be given to any area
where there is stable administration or a community willing to help themselves.
This helps local administration/community to rehabilitate the local life.
5.2.3 Local Administration Performance: Help should be conditional on the
performance of the respective local administration or community heads. This
should influence the local authority to distance itself from being myopic and self-
centred.
5.2.4 Mandate: Dealing with individuals/groups who do not have clear mandate
from their given area has frustrated any attempt towards building local
administrations/institutes. It has also created the view that NGOs are simply
enriching themselves or individuals/groups. This will contradict the charitable
purpose NGOs were created for.
5.2.5 Reconciliation/Compensation Fund: One of the effects of the civil war is the
expropriating of properties such as building, farmlands, etc. Some of these
properties might have been ruined or their value might have been deteriorated
over the years. Likewise, returning these properties to their original owners may
be difficult as some of the occupiers may not have anywhere to go or may not go
back to their area because of fear of persecution. In addition, for the original
owners it is a tormenting experience to have someone, whom he/she has never met
before, occupying one’s property.
This problem proves to be one of the main obstacles to peace in Somalia.
However, to overcome this obstacle, there should be a
Reconciliation/Compensation Fund which helps the present occupiers of land to
give up the property they are occupying or holding and set up their own properties
in different area of the country. Moreover, the Fund should give opportunity to the
original owners to get back their original property or to set up their properties in
their preferred areas if they wish to do so.
6.1 Injecting the Know-how: The Diaspora should return to their respective area and inject
their expertise and intellectual prowess to the rehabilitation/reconstruction process in the
country.
7. Conclusion
Any solution, unless it is based on today’s reality, is prone to fail or possibly to complicate and
intensify the conflict. One of the main causes of Somalis’ present dilemma is the degeneration
of authority. This began as consequence of the colonial manipulation of the traditional authority
followed by the failure of the opportunity to facilitate a smooth transformation of the socio-
cultural, political norms and institution.
Now there is an opportunity to create structures of governance which balance the various
communities throughout Somalia. We must now reject the old centralised rigidities which led
to the chaos from which we all suffered. Only a fully federal system which allows the people
to govern themselves at the most local level appropriate can give us and our children the
promise of a peaceful and prosperous future.
8. Reference
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Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M.; The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial
Legacy, (London: Haan Associates, 1996).
------ “The Welfare State of the Somali Nation: A Possible Solution to the Somali Dilemma”, in
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