CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies both foreign and local that is relevant to the present study. They were taken from selected books on

fractal geometry, unpublished theses, mathematics journals and some articles from internet related to fractals. This had served them as guide to broaden their understanding on fractal sets. Related Literature This part of the study includes foreign literature which contains principles that are closely related to the present study. Cantor (1845-1918) had considered that the geometric shapes were fragmented and possibly quite rough and could be divided into parts that appear to be a reduced copy of the whole shapes as fractal. It came from the Latin word fractus meaning roughly translate as irregular fragments. The mathematical objects were considered true fractals in

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contrast to curve or surfaces in the real world (Barnsley, 1988, p. 215). Cantor further implied that real objects could be viewed only over a finite range of scales. Likewise, true fractals were mathematicians tool that could be used to provide models for physical objects or phenomena. As such, they had provided improved techniques for modeling the

geometry of nature. According to Poincare (1920), many related fractals lead to beautiful and intriguing graphics. Indeed several shapes known today as fractals like Sierpinski Gasket and Von Snowflakes were discovered many years ago. Some of

these mathematical entities appear in the work of other mathematicians. interactively has Being able a to deep play well with for pictures

provided

mathematical

discoveries (Blumenthal, 1989, p. 321). They had further discussed that random fractals

described the real world in a form of random growth called diffusion limited aggregation (DLA). This yields tree-like shape of opposing complexity.

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Mandelbrot (1924) had stated that the most useful fractals involved were chance; both their Many regularities attractive and

irregularities

statistical.

images

could be generated using theory from area of chemistry and physics. One such example is diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), which described among other things, the diffusion and aggregation of zinc ions in an electrolytic solution onto electrodes. A final satisfying spin-off from fractals pictures is that their attractiveness seemed to appeal to the young and is having any influence or restoring

interesting science (Mandelbrot, 1982, p. 131-133). Furthermore Cantor had mentioned that many of the most active uses of fractals were in physics where they helped tackle some very old problems and some altogether new and difficult ones. Physics was the science of matter and energy, while matter was the composition of all life and basic substance of things and energy was the strength power. This means that the most uses or importance of

fractals was in the science of composition of all life and basic substance of things (Prusinkiewicz, 1990 p.40)

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Cantor had shown how fractals could occur in many different places in both mathematics and elsewhere in

nature. He was largely responsible for the present interest in fractal geometry, which plays two roles, the geometry of deterministic chaos, or the irregularities of the system of geometry. It also described the geometry of nature such as mountain, clouds, galaxies, etc (Demko, 1985 p. 271)

Related Studies The following studies both foreign and local were

taken from unpublished theses, articles and journals that are related to the present study.

Local Studies Barcenas and Gonzales (2004) in their study On the Construction of Selected Fractals defined a fractal to be an object that exhibits increasing detail with increasing magnification. self similarity That means it contains it a large degree of

that

usually

contains

little

copies of itself buried deep within the original.

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In their study they found out that fractals have sufficient properties that could help solve problems on how they can be generated. They are as follows: 1. Fractionalization, brokenness or discloseness 2. Self similarity 3. An object that is continuous everywhere 4. An object that is non rectifiable to the limit of measure 5. Point sets that are invariant under a semi group of contraction 6. The closer they look, the more and longer detail can get. They had shown in their study that fractals can be formed in general using a procedure or process performed systematically through a chain of operations so designed to arrive at a desired result called algorithms. This

algorithm is repeated an infinite number of times to form a fractal. Each repetition of algorithm is called iteration. Quenna (1999), in her study, stated that the Beauty of fractals and Chaos has generated the same response: the universal human delight is beautiful. The beetle-like

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double blob of the Mandelbrot set, the sea-horse swirls of the Julia sets, the abstract vortices produced by Newton's algorithm--all these and more stand out in blazing, vivid color. These amazing computer-generated pictures of chaos are called fractals known as which have an underlying When geometric with

regularity

self-similarity.

examined

stronger magnification, they reveal finer levels of detail similar to the large-scale form. Apart is thus a smaller replica of the whole. Chaos has been discovered in weather systems, in the human body, in coastlines, in drops of water dripping from a tap. (Philippine Studies vol. 47, no. 3 (1999) p. 430434) Lao and Tan (1996) on their study On the Koch

Snowflakes Curves discussed one very popular example of a fractal, that is, the Koch Snowflake Curve. They discussed how fractals are significant to the different fields of knowledge. They also discussed in detail how the snowflake curves are being constructed. They also provided different illustrations of other kinds of fractals such as the Julia Sets, Quadric Koch Curve, Fractal Trees, and Sierpinskis Triangle.

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Jimenez and Maldia (1995) had their thesis entitled On Fractal Dimension where they discussed about obtaining fractal dimension using Box Counting Theorem. They had

shown the role of linear algebra, geometry and analysis in studying fractal geometry. In the paper of the of Orense and Corpus (1996) entitled in Image of

Application Compression

Fractal writers

Modeling discussed

techniques how the

concept

fractals, particularly how the fractal modeling techniques is applied in image compression. They provided a history of fractal geometry, some basic concepts and some examples of fractals. regarding make a They also presented the different There were theorems able to

fractal in

image C++

compression. that uses

program

affine

transformation,

metric space and contractive mapping. Basco and Serrano (1993) on their paper The Hausdorff Metric and Contraction Mapping Theorem presented the

contraction mapping theorem and its application to fractal geometry. They used different methods of generating

attractors which are necessary on generating Mandelbrot set.

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Foreign Studies Barton (1990) in his article Chaos and Fractals has introduced a specific version of the chaos game applying affine transformation that can be performed using pencil and paper. He also presented a generalized version of the chaos game using a BASIC program. These versions both produced the Sierpinski Gasket. In his article A Fractal Excursion Camp (1991)

extended the process of generating the Koch Curve in three dimensional space and offered some procedural tips and

model construction. The article Investigating Fractal Geometry using

Logo by Thomas (1989) introduced a method of presenting Fractal Geometry to students using Logo, a geometric

computer program. In addition, Fractals Kern A and Mauk (1990) Solving in their paper using

Exploring

problem

Adventure

Mathematics and Logo used the Logo language in generating fractals. They also gave some reasons why fractals should be introduced to secondary and higher level students.

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Using Fractal Cards, Simnt and Davis (1998) in their article Fractal Cards: A Space for Explorations in Geometry and Discrete Mathematics introduced another way of

encouraging students from diverse backgrounds to engage in tasks appropriate to their own questions and problems using fractal cards. Another article Self-similar Sets, Integer Matrices and Fractal Tilings of by Bandt (1991) discusses the

concepts on self-similar tiles which were constructed from the matrices of integers thereby extending the works of Levy, Mandelbrot, Bedford and others. The article entitled Fractal Geometry Derived from Complex Bases of by the William Gaussian Gilbert integers presented in the the

presentations

complex

plane. These presentations yield some intriguing geometric patterns in the complex plane whose boundaries are the

fractal curves. Douady and Hubbard (1980) have shown that the

complement of the Mandelbrot set in the Riemann sphere is conformally isomorphic to the open unit disk, which implies that the Mandelbrot set is connected, and every loop is

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contractible

to

point.

The

Mandelbrot

set

is

also

conjectured but unproven to be path connected and locally connected. The Hausdorff dimension of the boundary of the

Mandelbrot set equals 2 by a result of Shishikura (1920), therefore it qualifies The its as a fractal set is under Mandelbrot's and thus by of R. the

definition. measurable; Munafo. An

Mandelbrot area was

compact, as

estimated exists

1.5065918 the area

exact

formula

for

Mandelbrot set, but it converges so slowly that more than 101000 terms are needed to determine just the first three digits. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuhiro_Shishikura) In the Blum-Shub-Smale model of real computation, the Mandelbrot set is not computable, but its complement is computably enumerable. However, many simple objects (e.g., the graph of exponentiation) are also not computable in the BBS model. At present it is unknown whether the Mandelbrot set is computable in models of real computation based on computable analysis, which correspond more closely to the intuitive notion of "plotting the set by a computer".

Hertling has shown that the Mandelbrot set is computable in

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this model, if the so-called hyperbolicity conjecture is true. (Douady and Hubbard proved earlier that the

hyperbolicity conjecture is implied by local connectedness of the Mandelbrot set.) (http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mandelbrot_set_Mathematics/id/1743568)

Relevance

of

the

Related

Literature

and

Studies

to

the

Present Study The reviewed literature and studies had significant relevance in the present study of the researchers in the sense that all of the topics are in line with the study of fractals, and those reviewed studies served as a great help in understanding and exploring fractals. The literature gathered were focused and concentrated more on the in objects modeled by fractals, systems the and and were use of

fractals

modeling of

dynamic

fractal

representations found in

different In their

occurrence study they

phenomenon shown how

nature.

fractals applied to real life situations.

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The book entitled Fractals Everywhere by M. Barnsley and the book Fractal of Geometry fractals of and Falconer different presented ways of

detailed

definitions

producing them. These books dealt with the tools, methods and theory of deterministic geometry. It gives the

preliminary ideas and concepts necessary for the discussion of fractal sets.