Calibration

Calibration is the process of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of measurement equipments. Proper calibration of an instrument allows people to have a safe working environment and produce valid data for future reference. or

Calibration is a comparison between measurements one of known magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as possible with a second device. The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the standard. The second device is the unit under test, test instrument, or any of several other names for the device being calibrated.

Different types of calibration

The process of testing calibration can be performed on a number of products and types of equipment, across multiple sectors. Following are some of the most common types of calibrations service used today;

Pressure Calibration
This is a widely used calibration process in which gas and hydraulic pressure are measured across a broad spectrum. A number of pressure balances and calibrators are generally used, along with a variety of pressure gages. Examples of pressure equipment that can be tested for calibration include;

Barometers Analogue Pressure Gauges Digital Pressure Gauges Digital Indicators Transmitters Test Gauges

Electrical Calibration
This calibration service is used to measure voltage, current frequency and resistance. The process also monitors resistance and thermocouple simulation covering process instrumentation. Examples of electrical equipment that can be tested for calibration include;

Multi-meters Counter timers Insulation Testers Loop Testers Clamp Meters

RCD Data Loggers

Mechanical Calibration
Generally speaking, mechanical calibration housing facilities will be temperature controlled. A number of dimensional, mass, force, torque and vibration elements will be calibrated during the testing process. Examples of mechanical equipment that can be tested for calibration include;

Weight & Mass Sets Torque Wrenches & Screwdrivers Scales/Balances Micrometers, Verniers, Height Gauges Accelerometers Load Cells & Force Gauges

Temperature
Temperature calibration usually takes place in a controlled environment. A number of different types of equipment can be tested using temperature calibration, including the following;

Thermometers/Thermocouples Dial Thermometers PRTs and Thermistors Thermal Cameras Infrared Meters Chambers/Furnaces Weather Stations Data Acquisition Systems

Process dynamics
A process is a dynamical system, whose behavior changes over time. Control systems are needed to handle such changes in the process. Thus, it is important to understand the process dynamics when a control system is designed. Mathematically, the process dynamics can be described by differential equations.

Process Control
Process control is the study and application of automatic control in the field of chemical engineering. The primary objective of process control is to maintain a process at the desired operating conditions, safely and efficiently, while satisfying environmental and product quality requirements. Proper application of process control can actually improve the safety and profitability of a process.

Manipulated variable
An independent variable that is manipulated to achieve a particular effect or tested to determine if it is the cause of the effect. For example, to find out if your weight depends on the amount of calories you consume, you could lower your caloric intake (calories is the manipulated variable) for a period of time and see how your weight changes in response. Or The manipulated variable in process control is the variable that the controller action influences, such as flow through a valve. In algebra and statistics, it is simply the independent variable (usually x is independent, and y is dependent on x).

Controlled variables

Controlled variables are influences that could affect the outcome of an experiment, and so are purposely controlled so that they do not impact the experimental results. Wherever possible, the controlled variable is kept constant.

Forcing function
A forcing function is any task, activity or event that forces you to take action and produce a result. Or A forcing function is an aspect of a design that prevents the user from taking an action without consciously considering information relevant to that action.

First Order Differential equations

A first order differential equation is of the form:

Second Order Differential equations

A second order differential equation is an equation involving the unknown function y, its derivatives y' and y'', and the variable x. We will only consider explicit differential equations of the form,

Ye topic b karna notes me hn Controller and types (methamically and transfer function likhna) Interacting and non interacting (definitions) Sensing instruments (ye b notes me hn)