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Introduction to Energy Utility Industry

Module-04b Power Distribution- Transformers

Jerry Bernardini

Community College of Rhode Island

11/19/2012

Distribution References
Transformers: Basics, Maintenance, and Diagnostics U.S. Department of Interior, 2005, pp. 1-26 Transformers, IEEE Electrical Engineering Training Series, http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/5.htm Basic Power Transformers, http://www.bristolwatch.com/ele/transformers.htm Single Phase vs. Three Phase Power Systems, http://www.federalpacific.com/university/transbasics/chapter3.html Distribution Transformers, Chapter-15, http://books.mcgrawhill.com/downloads/products/0071467890/0071467890_ch15.pdf An Introduction to Electric Power Distribution, second edition, Wayne Beaty; pp. 35-104 Basic Electric Power Distribution, third edition, Anthony J. Pansini; pp. 55-88 Electric Power Industry Overview 2007 , eia
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/prim2/toc2.html

Community College of Rhode Island

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Simplified Electric Power System

Community College of Rhode Island

11/19/2012

Transformer Importance
Generator step-up (GSU) transformers represent the second largest capital investment in Reclamation power productionsecond only to generators. Reclamation has hundreds, perhaps thousands, of transformers, in addition to hundreds of large GSU transformers. The total investment in transformers may well exceed generator investment A transformer has no internal moving parts, and it transfers energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. Transformers are typically used because a change in voltage is needed. Power transformers are defined as transformers rated 500 kVA and larger. Generator step-up transformers and transmission line stepdown transformers Transformers smaller than 500 kVA are generally called distribution transformers.

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Transformer Operation
The transformer is just two (or more) inductors, sharing a common magnetic path The iron core is a more efficient magnetically than air When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is created - this works with AC or DC Only with AC will we get transformer action. The iron core is typically made of laminated iron (to reduce (Eddie current losses)

Community College of Rhode Island

11/19/2012

Small Transformer Construction and Losses

There are three general types of power losses in transformers: Hysteresis: iron core in the transformer resists the change in magnetic fields caused by the AC current. Eddy currents: small current flow induced in the iron core of the transformer. Solution-laminated sheets bonded together. Copper Loss = I*I*R where I is the current flowing in the conductor and R the resistance of the conductor. Good transformer is often over 95% efficient.

Community College of Rhode Island

11/19/2012

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Transformer Turns Ratio and Voltage

A coil (the primary) is connected to an AC voltage source The flux induced into the core is coupled through to the secondary, a voltage is induced into the winding, and a current is produced through the load. The primary will induce a magnetic field into the core in sympathy with the current produced by the applied AC voltage. The magnetic field is concentrated by the core, and nearly all of it will pass through the windings of the secondary The magnitude of the voltage in the secondary is determined by the "turns ratio" (N) N = Ts / Tp Vs = Vp * N N = Vs / Vp Is = Ip / N For an efficient transformer Primary power equals secondary power Pp = Ps Tp Vs Is = Vp Ip Is / Ip = Vp / Vs Is / Ip = / N Is = Ip / N

Example of step-up transformer: For Tp= 100 turns Ts =400 turns N= 4 For Vp=120 volts Vs = (120)(4)=480 volts For Ip=20 amps Is = (20) / (4)=5 amps Reverse the connection of the transformer: For Tp= 400 turns Ts =100 turns N= 1/4 For Vp=120 volts Vs = (120)(1/4)=30 volts For Ip=20 amps Is = (20) / (1/4)=80 amps This is now a step-down transformer
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Transformer Types

Step-Down Transformer
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Distribution Transformer
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Transformer Basics

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Inside a Transformer

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Current Transformer

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Potential Transformer

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Autotransformers

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Regulators

Three Phase Regulator

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Single Phase Regulator

Regulator Dial
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Regulator Controls
Load tap changer

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Load Tap Changer Transformer

Contacts

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