IMO Monographs Caucasus Wild Plants PLANTS OF THE CAUCASUS

MONOGRAPHS
FOR SELECTED WILD COLLECTED PLANTS OF COMMERCIAL INTEREST FROM THE CAUCASUS REGION
November 2010
Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Dag-Hammarskjld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn Telefon +49-6196 79-0 Telefax +49-6196 79-1115 www.gtz.de
Authors: Institute for Marketecology as branch of the BIO Foundation Switzerland Heiko Schindler Weststrasse 51 CH-8570 Weinfelden Switzerland Tel: +41-71-6260626 Fax: +41-71-6260625 Email: biofoundation@imo.ch Disclaimer: The information provided in this document is believed to be accurate at the time of writing. It is, however, passed on to the reader without any responsibility on the part of the publishers or the authors and it does not release the reader from the obligation to comply with all applicable legislation. Neither the publishers nor the authors of this publication make any warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy of the information presented, and will not be liable for injury or claims pertaining to the use of this publication or of the information contained therein. No obligation is assumed for updating or amending this publication for any reason, be it new or contrary information or changes in legislation, regulation or jurisdiction.
Monographs for wild collected plants of commercial interest from the Caucasus
Table of Content
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Preface ................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 4 Abies nordmanniana............................................................................................ 8 Achillea millefolium ............................................................................................ 11 Artemisia absinthium ......................................................................................... 14 Castanea sativa ................................................................................................. 17 Cornus mas ....................................................................................................... 20 Corylus avellana ................................................................................................ 23 Crataegus pentagyna ........................................................................................ 26 Equisetum arvense ........................................................................................ 33 Foeniculum vulgare........................................................................................ 37 Helichrysum plicatum ..................................................................................... 41 Hippophae rhamnoides .................................................................................. 44 Humulus lupulus ............................................................................................ 47 Hypericum perforatum ................................................................................... 50 Juglans regia ................................................................................................. 54 Leonurus cardiaca ......................................................................................... 57 Malus orientalis .............................................................................................. 60 Melissa officinalis ........................................................................................... 63 Mentha longifolia ............................................................................................ 66 Origanum vulgare .......................................................................................... 70 Picea orientalis............................................................................................... 73 Pinus sylvestris .............................................................................................. 76 Plantago lanceolata ....................................................................................... 80 Prunus cerasifera ........................................................................................... 83 Punica granatum ............................................................................................ 86 Rosa canina ................................................................................................... 89 Rubus idaeus ................................................................................................. 93 Rubus fruticosus ............................................................................................ 96 Salvia verticillata ......................................................................................... 101 Tussilago farfara .......................................................................................... 104 Urtica dioica ................................................................................................. 107 Vaccinium myrtillus ...................................................................................... 110 References .................................................................................................. 115
Preface
These Monographs were written within the framework of the programme Sustainable management of the biodiversity in protected areas and forests, South Caucasus financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (Gtz). This programme has a specific component for sustainably managed wild plant diversity; in order to address this component the Institute for Marketecology (IMO) was assigned with the implementation of a sustainability standard specifically written for the management of wild plants, the FairWild Standard Version 2.0. The Monographs contain specific descriptions and details for wild plants of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, but the presented knowledge can also be used in different contexts and countries. Natural resources of the Caucasus are not always managed in a sustainable way, and poverty is widespread among rural populations of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Local collectors are forced to exploit the existing wild plant resources above sustainable levels. Wild collection is not seen as a profession but as seasonal work although for many people the generated income is the main or only source of income throughout the year. These conditions lead to a low esteem of wild collection activities and collected products, and put the natural resources at risk of over exploitation. FairWild is a management system which provides tools for sustainable collection practices, and which enables local, national and international stakeholders to improve current business practices. The aim of these Monographs is to provide full descriptions of targeted plants in the sense of the FairWild Standard Version 2.0.; to promote the sustainable usage of wild plants and to give recommendations for their collection. It is written for collection operations, for collectors, furthermore it is also suitable for scientists, local and national authorities, students, as well as persons who are interested in wild plants of the Caucasus. For their contributions we would like to thank to Ms. Anna Sanner, Ms. Mari Gvianidze and Ms. Lusine Gharajan as well as Mr. Elmaddin Namazov and Mr Udo Hirsch. Especially we would like to thank Mr. Frank Flasche, team leader of the GTZ Programme, for his support of this work. Weinfelden, November 2010
2 Introduction How to use these monographs Each monograph gives information about the biology and identification of the target plant, as well as information about collection practices, sustainability and quality requirements. The given information is very relevant for good collection practices as defined through WHO, and as required for FairWild certified goods. Description of the plant Key characteristics for correct identification of the target plant are given here. The information about reproductive system is especially important in order to judge how high the risk is for non-sustainable collection practices. Most of the described plants here are perennial or woody plants and have hermaphrodite flowers, with both male and female organs in the same flower, and are pollinated by insects. They produce the collected plant parts annually in the same quality. These are favourable conditions for sustainable wild collection practices, as described in the FairWild Standard Version 2.0 Indicator Table of conditions / factors influencing risk of unsustainable wild collection. Life forms are categorized into the following classes: Trees and shrubs: projecting into the air on stems always higher than 25-50 cm; accordingly, resting buds at least more than 25 cm above soil level; including evergreen trees, deciduous trees, shrubs Dwarf shrubs/subshrubs: Shoots (partly) persistent, often densely branched, at or near ground; resting buds very close to the ground, not more than c. 50 cm above soil level; including erect, procumbent or sprawling dwarf shrubs. Perennial herbs and bulbs: herbaceous perennials, shoots periodically dying back to soil; resting buds at or near soil level, often protected by living or withered leaf or shoot remainings, or all plant parts above ground periodically dying back Annuals: they flower and produce seeds only once in their plants life and die after seed formation and the seeds persist Also the geographic distribution is described for each species. Species with wide distribution are less likely to be threatened for extinction than restricted or even endemic species. Each monograph also mentions if the target plant has any special functions in the ecosystem.
Pictures and Herbarium specimen Pictures show each plant and the typically collected plant parts. For each plant a Herbarium specimen is shown. By using the reference to the picture, the details for most of the plants can be looked up in the internet through the Zoom function. The related data bases also give information about world wide collections of herbarium specimen. This information may be needed to find out if the scientific name is correct, and to compare the collected plant with type herbarium specimen. FairWild certified companies need to have herbarium specimen for each of their own target plants. The herbarium specimen are needed to guarantee the correct botanical identification, to train collectors in the differences between the target plant and other similar plants which must not be collected, and to hand out the information to potential buyers. Confusion possible with other plants Close relatives of the target plant and possible toxic as well as protected species are described here. This information is linked with the information about the protection status. Protection status The correct assessment of the national and international protection status is very important, as well as the knowledge why a plant is protected. The international Red List of IUCN gives information about the likelihood that a plant can become extinct in the future. The national
protection status may or may not use the same system, it is important to know in how far the national protection status influences the legal system and framework for wild collection: can a protected plant be legally collected? Under which conditions? Description of the collection habitat The description of places where the plant grows gives important information about the suitability for wild collection. The collection of a plant which mainly grows on paths, roads, gardens, fields etc bears more risks of contamination than a plant which grows in the high mountains. Also, a plant which grows only under special ecological conditions is more likely to be negatively effected than a plant which is not as specific. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The described plant parts are mainly fruits, seeds, the whole herb or parts of it such as leaves and flowers. The following description contains the whole range of products which can be collected: Bark: overlaying wood as the outer layer of stems, branches and roots of woody plants, namely trees. It usually consists of three layers: cork, phloem and vascular cambium. Exudates: include gums, rubber, resin, balsam, and plant sap; exudates extracted from plant parts after harvest are treated as the respective plant part or plant part group; Herbs: refers to the aerial plant part of herbaceous target plants, and to (annual) vegetative, green or soft shoots of woody target plants; Leaves: above-ground plant part used for photosynthesis; plant organs of respiration and transpiration; Sexual reproduction parts: include all organs and parts of inflorescences and flowers at all different stages from flowering to fruiting; e.g., calyx, petal, stamen, pistil, fruit, and seeds. Underground parts: depending on harvesting methods, it is further divided into two groups: (1) partial harvest possible (e.g. rhizomes), and (2) partial harvest impossible (e.g. often in the case of bulbs) Whole plant: includes the aerial and the underground part of a plant; Wood: solid material derived from the stems, branches, and roots of woody plants, namely trees and shrubs; wood is mostly secondary xylem and consists of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Reference is given to plants/plant parts which are described in the European Pharmacopoeia. This quality standard is most important for medicinal grade raw materials. Description of collection technique The collected plant part(s), the used tools, the quality criteria and timing of collection are described here, as well as measurements for security. The collection manager should establish further quality criteria, which can be expressed in size and age classes: Age class: Defines the limits of youngest and oldest harvestable plants/plant parts which should be commercially harvested. Size class: Defines the minimum and maximum size of plants or plant parts for collection.
Sustainability In this section, the ideal collection intensity (how much per plant is collected?) and frequency (how often can a collector go back to the same plant?) are described. Plants which produce the collected goods annually again and again (for example most perennial fruit trees like apples) are not very susceptible to over collection. In these cases it is still important to make sure that enough fruits and seeds remain on the plant so that new growth of seedlings will continue. Other plants react fast on over collection, and a rotation system for the collected
plants or plant parts is important. These collection rules have to be made clear to collectors, both in trainings and with written collection instructions. Even if the collection does not endanger the plant itself, it has to be guaranteed that enough of the target plant remains for the ecosystem, for birds, insects etc. Post collection treatment This section describes techniques and conditions for simple processing. Care has to be taken that the collected plants are not contaminated during processing. The place for processing has to be clean, free of insects and other animals, chemicals, dust and must not be too moist. The following table shows the conditions and factors which determine a successful sustainable wild collection and which influence the risk of unsustainable wild collection. For most of these conditions and factors the present monographs are trying to give an answer. The only conditions and factors which are not addressed here are the local population size, because this can only be answered by resource assessments, the commercial demand because this depends on changing markets, and the single via multiple groups of users because this depends on how many companies or collectors are active in the same collection area.
FairWild Standard Version 2.0 Indicator Table of conditions / factors influencing risk of unsustainable wild collection
Abies nordmanniana Botanical Family: Pinaceae
Botanical Name: Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach Plant Local name(s) Georgian: kavkasiuri soWi
Armenian: Azerian: Nordman a shami Russian: English: Nordmann fir, Caucasian Fir German: Nordmanntanne, Weihnachtsbaum Description of the Plant An evergreen Tree growing to 50 m by 5 m at a medium rate. Trees grow quickly when young, a 60 cm increase within 2 years of planting out is not uncommon. Production of first seed cones takes at least 20 years; trees can live more than 100 years. Trees are densely branched from ground up, branches regularly arranged. Bark grey-brown, smooth with resin blisters until very old. Needles dense, directed forward, 20-30 mm long, 22.5 mm wide, apex rounded and notched, lustrous dark green above, 2 white stomatal bands below, buds not resinous. Cones 15 cm long and 5 cm wide, cylindrical. The seeds ripen in October. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind. The seed is dispersed by wind or animals. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus. The typical subspecies occurs in the Caucasus (Georgia, Abkhazia, Russian Federation) and in the mountains of Turkey. It grows in mountains around the Black Sea at 900-2100 m, on various types of soils. The climate is continental and wet, with annual precipitation of 10003000 mm. It can grow in full shade (deep woodland) semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade.
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant IMO .aspx?LatinName=Abies%20 nordmanniana
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki /File:Abies_spec.jpg
Herbarium specimen
Rpert, D. (Ed.) 2000- (continuously updated): Digital specimen images at the Herbarium Berolinense. - Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/ (Barcode: B 10 0272641 / ImageId: 303556) [accessed 07-Oct-10]. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: Lower Risk/least concern National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): No danger of confusion with other plants Description of the collection habitat Abies nordmanniana occurs in the montane belts of the Caucasus, in pure stands or mixed with Picea orientalis, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus orientalis, Acer trautvetteri, Carpinus caucasica, Ulmus elliptica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia caucasica, Taxus baccata and Rhododendron ponticum. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Plant part: the ripe seed cones are harvested. Optimal quality: fully ripe, largest size available, not damaged by insects Description of collection technique The ripe seed cones are harvested by hand, beginning by End of September until November. One collector climbs up the tree and puts the ripe cones into a bag which is dropped to the ground when full. Other collectors gather the bags and deliver them to the brigadier. Care has to be taken that collectors do not fall off the trees: Preferably the collection should be done by using a rope for security of the climber. Trees must be strong enough to support the climber. No unexperienced collectors may climb the trees. Harvest should take place only when the trees are dry, in order to avoid slip hazard. Sustainability Typical Frequency of collection at the same location should be not more often than once a year. All mature trees in the collection area may be harvested, provided that not more than
30% of all cones from one tree are harvested. Care has to be taken not to cause soil erosion when accessing the collection area with cars or trucks. The cones must not be harvested by using axes, saws or chainsaws for cutting whole branches. It is forbidden to cut branches or whole trees for harvesting. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. The seed is mainly used for cultivation of Christmas trees. It remains viable for up to 5 years if it is well stored. Dry in a cool and well aerated place with no direct sunlight. If used for distillation of essential oil, the whole cone may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. For distillation also the needles may be used. References http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies%20nordmanniana http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=10004&sipnr=10004& http://www.moe.gov.ge/index.php?site-id=182 http://data.gbif.org/occurrences/searchWithTable.htm?c[0].s=20&c[0].p=0&c[0].o=14705698 http://www.conifers.org/pi/ab/nordmanniana.htm
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Achillea millefolium Botanical Family: Asteraceae
Botanical Name: L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: farsmanduki
Armenian: Azerian: boymaderen Russian: English: Milfoil, Yarrow German: Schafgarbe Description of the Plant Perennial plant with white flowers, growing to 0.6 m by 0.6 m. Plant 30-80 cm, stem erect, simple, leafy, whole plant is covered with long hairs, rhizome thin, creeping, branched, leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, 2-3-pinnatisect, primary segments devided into lanceolate or linear,sharply acuminate lobes, lower cauline and vegetative shoot leaves 1040 cm long, capitula arranged in terminal compound corymb, marginal flowers in capitula lingulate, pistilate, white to dark green, central flowers tubular, bisexual, white, phyllaries oblong-ovate, fruit - achene. It is in flower from June to August, and the seeds ripen from July to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. It is noted for attracting wildlife. The plant tolerates light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils but prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. A widespread plant in Asia, Europe and northern America. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, from low-land hillside areas up to mountaineous meadows of 3500 metre.
left: Achillea ptarmica right: Achillea millefolium http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_ptar http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: mica_millefolium_040807.jpg Achillea_millefolium_habito.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/l Rpert, D. (Ed.) 2000- (continuously updated):

Digital specimen images at the Herbarium Berolinense. - Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/ (Barcode: B 10 0326851 / ImageId: 297463) [accessed 08-Oct10]. Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): There is danger of confusion with other similar looking and white flowering Achillea species from the Caucasus which are not accepted under the different Pharmacopeia: Achillea biserrata M. Bieb.: Caucasus: Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Ciscaucasia Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan Achillea ptarmica L.: East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Russian Federation European part; Ukraine Achillea species with yellow flowers must not be harvested, these are different species which are not accepted by the different Pharmacopeia : Achillea filipendulina Lam. ; Achillea vermicularis Trin. Achillea tenuifolia Lam. Further reference to Achillea species from the Caucasus is given under the Herbarium of Vascular Plants of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE), one of the largest collections in the World and the main herbarium of Russia: http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguide/species/index.html Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed eguide/collections/117/1898.html
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Description of the collection habitat A common plant in meadows and along pathways. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Millefolii herba: The dried herb plus flowers, cut to a length of up to 30 cm Flores millefolii: the dried flower heads with stalk of max. 10 cm length An essential oil obtained from the leaves is used medicinally. The leaves contain from 0.6 to 0.85% essential oil, for distillation Millefolii herba can be used. Description of collection technique The whole plant is harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, when in full flower. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. During harvest and processing, gloves should be worn because this herb may cause allergic rashes and may make the skin more sensitive to sunlight. Sustainability The plant produces flowers annually, but the danger of overharvesting is given when harvest is repeated on the same site every year. It takes about 2 to 3 years from germination to the development of new flowers and seeds. For that reason, about 30% of the flowers per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Take care to harvest only Achillea millefolium since other Achillea species do not have the same medicinal properties and might not be accepted by your buyer. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a cool and well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. If used for distillation of essential oil, the whole herb may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. For conformity with Pharmacopoeia Europea: Not more than 5 per cent of stems, with a diameter greater than 3 mm and not more than 2 per cent of other foreign matter. References
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea%20millefolium http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=27&sipnr=27& http://www.moe.gov.ge/index.php?site-id=182 http://data.gbif.org/search/Achillea%20millefolium

Europe, Council. European Pharmacopoeia 6.0., Version 2007.
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Artemisia absinthium Botanical Family: Asteraceae
Botanical Name: Artemisia absinthium L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: abzinda Armenian: Azerian: Yovshan otu Russian: English: Artemisia, Wormwood, Absinth German: Wermut, Absinth
Description of the Plant Perennial plant growing to 1 m by 0.6 m, with a hard, woody rhizome. The stems are straight, growing to 0.8-1.2 m (rarely 1.5 m) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green. The leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silky silvery-white trichomes, and bearing minute oil-producing glands; the basal leaves are up to 25 cm long, bipinnate to tripinnate with long petioles, with the cauline leaves (those on the stem) smaller, 510 cm long, less divided, and with short petioles; the uppermost leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a petiole). Its flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula), which are in turn clustered in leafy and branched panicles. Flowering is from early summer to early autumn; pollination is done by wind. The fruit is a small achene; seed dispersal is by gravity. It is in flower from July to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). It grows naturally on uncultivated, arid ground, on rocky slopes, and at the edge of footpaths and fields. The plant is common in temperate Asia, northern Africa, Europe, and widely naturalized elsewhere. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worm
wood.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File :Artemisia_absinthium_0002.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
Rpert, D. (Ed.) 2000- (continuously updated): http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Digital specimen images at the Herbarium Koeh-164.jpg Berolinense. - Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/ (Barcode: B 10 0059434 / ImageId: 245502) [accessed 08-Oct10]. Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): There is danger of confusion with Artemisia vulgaris L.: Caucasus: Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Ciscaucasia. This plant is accepted under the Pharmacopeia Europaea (Herba Artemisiae) but for different use and should not be confused or mixed with Artemisia absinthium. There is danger of confusion with other similar looking Artemisia species from the Caucasus which are not accepted under the Pharmacopeia Europaea: Artemisia annua L.: Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Ciscaucasia Artemisia campestris L.: Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Russian Federation - Dagestan Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill.: Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Dagestan Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.: Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Ciscaucasia Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb.: Caucasus: Armenia Further reference to Artemisia species from the Caucasus is given under the Herbarium of Vascular Plants of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE), one of the largest collections in the World and the main herbarium of Russia: http://www.mobot.org/
mobot/research/leguide/species/index.html
Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed
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National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat A common plant in meadows and along fields and pathways. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Absinthii herba: The dried herb with flowers, cut to a length of up to 50 cm An essential oil obtained from the leaves is used medicinally, but is toxic due to the high content of Thujone. Description of collection technique The whole plant is harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, when in full flower. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. During harvest and processing, gloves should be worn because this herb may cause allergic reactions. Sustainability 30% of the stalks per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Take care to harvest only Artemisia absinthium since other Artemisia species do not have the same medicinal properties and might not be accepted by your buyer. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a cool and well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. If used for distillation of essential oil, the whole herb may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. The plant is poisonous if used in large quantities. Even small quantities can cause nervous disorders, convulsions, insomnia etc. The scent of the plant has been known to cause headaches and nervousness in some people. The plant contains thujone, in small quantities this acts as a brain stimulant but is toxic in excess. For compliance with Pharmacopoeia Europea the following criteria must be met: Wormwood consists of the basal leaves or slightly leafy, flowering tops, or of a mixture of these dried, whole or cut organs of Artemisia absinthium L. It contains not less than 2 ml/kg of essential oil, calculated with reference to the dried drug. Not more than 5 per cent of stems with a diameter greater than 4 mm and 2 per cent of other foreign matter. References http://www.moe.gov.ge/index.php?site-id=182 http://data.gbif.org/species/13748418/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium Europe, Council. European Pharmacopoeia 6.0., Version 2007.
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Castanea sativa Botanical Family: Fagaceae
Botanical Name: Castanea sativa Mill. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Cveulebrivi wabli
Armenian: Azerian: Shabalid meyvesi Russian: English: Sweet Chestnut German: Esskastanie, Edelkastanie, Marroni Description of the Plant Castanea sativa is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree attaining a height of 20-35 m with a trunk often 2 m in diameter. The oblong-lanceolate, boldly toothed leaves are 16-28 cm long and 5-9 cm broad. The flowers of both sexes are borne in 10-20 cm long, upright catkins, the male flowers in the upper part and female flowers in the lower part. In the northern hemisphere, they appear in late June to July and are pollinated by Bees. By autumn, the female flowers develop into spiny cupules containing 3-7 brownish nuts that are shed during October. The female flowers eventually form a spiky sheath that deters predators from the seed. The bark often has a netshaped (retiform) pattern with deep furrows or fissures running spirally in both directions up the trunk. The tree requires a mild climate and adequate moisture for good growth and a good nut harvest. Its year-growth (but not the rest of the tree) is sensitive to late spring and early autumn frosts, and is intolerant of lime. Under forest conditions it tolerates moderate shade well. The tree is noted for attracting wildlife such as bees and Lepidoptera for pollinisation, and mammals who feed on the seeds. The plant is widespread In the Caucasus in Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia. It also occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Turkey, Northern Africa, South Eastern Europe, and is naturalized and cultivated in Europe and Asia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maroni2.jpg http://picses.eu/image/b4a95c45/
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/1255.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The tree can not easily be confused with other trees. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: The plant is listed as Vulnerable (A2): Reduction in population size of 30% over the last three generations related to decline in area of occupancy (arealis Semcirebisa da fragmentaciis tendencia). National Red List of Armenia: Endangered species. At present two natural sub-populations are known (in the Soviet period this species was used in many regions during afforestation). The species faces decline of the extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy caused by changes in habitat condition in the result of forestry activities. It was included in the first edition of the Red Data Book of Armenia under Category 1: Endangered species. Distribution. In Armenia it occurs only in Idjevan (surroundings of Idjevan) and Zangezur ("Shikahogh" State reserve) floristic regions. AOO is 20 km2; the number of locations is 2. National Red List of Azerbaijan: Included in the Red Data Book of Azerbaijan. Description of the collection habitat It grows in lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of 900-1300 meters above sea level, in the forests. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe fruit without the spiny pericarp is collected when falling off the trees. For medicinal purpose also the leaves are collected (Folia Castaneae). Description of collection technique The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. During harvest and processing, gloves
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should be worn because this plant has spines. Sustainability The fruit is produced annually; the tees take 30 years from seed to come into bearing. Trees can live for several hundred years but are slow growing once mature. From one tree not more than 70% of the fruit should be harvested to leave enough fruit for wildlife, and not more than 80 % of the trees in one population should be harvested. It is not allowed to harvest with an axe, saw or chainsaw. It is not allowed to break off branches for harvesting. The chestnut blight, a disease caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica , is the cause of massive extinction of the once-widespread American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The disease also occurs in Georgia. In trade, the fungus may be carried by host plants, or on wood or bark. There is a small risk of transmission by fruits or unprocessed seeds. Care has to be taken not to further spread the disease in the Caucasus. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Drying and sorting have to be done by specialized machinery or small quantities can be preserved by drying, cooking, milling or deep freezing. References http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea%20sativa http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=1323&sipnr=1323& http://www.moe.gov.ge/index.php?site-id=188&subcategory=17 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/fungi/Cryphonectria_parasitica/ENDOPA_ds.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_blight
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Cornus mas Botanical Family: Cornaceae
Botanical Name: Cornus mas L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Sindi
Armenian: Azerian: Zoqal/zoqal/ /zoqal murebbesi Russian: English: cornel cherry German: Kornelkirsche Description of the Plant It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 512 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 410 cm long and 24 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (510 mm diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 1025 together from February til April, well before the leaves appear. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed. It ripens in September. The bush is noted for attracting wildlife such as bees and Lepidoptera for pollinisation, and birds and mammals who feed on the fruit. The plant is widespread in the Caucasus in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan. It also occurs in Turkey and Europe, and is cultivated in plantations.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrati http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm on_Cornus_mas0.jpg ons/f/f1/Cornus_mas_A.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/1783.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The bush can not easily be confused with other plants. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 1500 meters above sea level, in forests, forest edges and open woodland. Cornelian cherries which grow in gardens should not be mixed with wild harvested cornelian cherries, because they have different taste and size and because the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe fruit is harvested when fully red up to dark ruby red. First grade fruit: (e.g. for sweet preserve) pulpy grown, dark ruby red but not over ripe, not bruised or damaged, with good appearance and no damage by hail. Fruit should not be too small (below one centimetre). Second grade fruit: (e.g. for distillation into vodka) also fruit can be used which is less ripe,
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but bruised fruit should also not be used. Description of collection technique The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. When climbing the tree, care must be taken not to break off any branches. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Sustainability Fruits are produced annually. Seedlings can take up to 20 years to come into fruit. About 20% of the fruit from one tree should remain, about 20% of all trees should be left unharvested. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Harvested fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cornel http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=1649&sipnr=1649& http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus%20mas Gtz (2010): Analysis of Processors and Traders Involved in Value chain of Selected Biodiversity Products in Armenia
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Corylus avellana Botanical Family: Betulaceae
Botanical Name: Corylus avellana L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Cveulebrivi Txili
Armenian: Azerian: Findig Russian: English: Hazel nut German: Haselnuss Description of the Plant A deciduous bush or tree growing to 6 m by 3 m at a medium rate. Simple, rounded leaves with double-serrate margins. The flowers are produced very early in spring before the leaves, and are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant), with single-sex catkins, the male pale yellow and 512 cm long, the female very small and largely concealed in the buds, with only the bright red 13 mm long styles visible. The seeds are nuts 12.5 cm long and 12 cm diameter, surrounded by an involucre (husk) which partly to fully encloses the nut. They ripen from September to October. The bush is noted for attracting wildlife such as birds and mammals who feed on the nuts. A food plant for the caterpillars of many lepidoptera species. The plant is widespread in the Caucasus in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan. It also occurs in Western Asia, Turkey and Europe, and is cultivated in plantations.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hazelnut.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/File:Illustration_Corylus_avellan a0.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/1481.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): Corylus avellana is not a protected species, but some other Caucasian species are, thus it is important to differenciate:
Nut surrounded by a soft, leafy involucre. Multi-stemmed, suckering shrubs to 12m tall. o Involucre short, about the same length as the nut. Corylus avellanaCommon Hazel. Europe and western Asia. o Involucre long, twice the length of the nut or more, forming a 'beak'. Corylus colchicaColchican Filbert. Perennial shrub that grows up to 1 m tall. Endemic to Western Transcaucasia. Grows in Abkhazia (Bzyb Mountains) and Mingrelia (Georgia). Nut surrounded by a stiff, spiny involucre. Single-stemmed trees to 2035 m tall. o Involucre moderately spiny and also with glandular hairs. Corylus colurnaTurkish Hazel. Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor.
Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed, but Corylus colchica Albov is listed as vulnerable, Endemic to Georgia. Restricted to Colkhic forest with other relict species. It is threatened by exploitation of its habitat. Its population is in continuing decline due to selective cutting. Its area of occurrence is <10,000 km. National Red List of Armenia: not listed, but Corylus colurna L. is listed: Category. Endangered species. The extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy are less than 500 km. Western Asia, Caucasus, South Eastern Europe. National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed, but Corylus colurna L. is listed. Description of the collection habitat Throughout its range, hazel tends to occur as an understory species in deciduous woods, forest edges and open woodland. It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 2000 meters above sea level. Hazelnuts which grow in gardens should
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not be mixed with wild harvested hazelnut, because they have different taste and size and because the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe nut is harvested when the involucre (husk) begins to get dry. Leaves are also used medicinally: Folia Coryli avellanae. Description of collection technique The nuts are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Sustainability The nuts are produced annually. Seedlings can take up to 15 years to come into fruit. About 20% of the fruit from one tree should remain, about 20% of all trees should be left unharvested. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. After harvest, the nuts with the husk are transported to a drying floor which needs to be clean from dust, stones, other plants or other sources of contamination. Nuts have to be turned twice every day until the husk is falling off. When fully dry, clean the harvest from husks, leaves, twigs or other foreign matter. Always take care that the harvest is stored well aerated, so that the nuts can not get spoiled through mould. Nuts are cracked by specialized machinery. The seed contains up to 65% of a non-drying oil, used in paints, cosmetics etc. References http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=1676&sipnr=1676& http://www.moe.gov.ge/index.php?site-id=188&subcategory=17
http://data.gbif.org/search/corylus%20avellana http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus%20avellana http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus%20colurna http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel

http://www.arkive.org/hazel/corylus-avellana/?src=portlet&o=p#text=FurtherInfo
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Crataegus pentagyna Botanical Family: Rosaceae
Botanical Name: Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Savi kuneli Armenian: Azerian: Yemisan meyvesi Russian: English: Crataegus, Hawthorn German: Weissdorn, Crataegus Description of the Plant A shrub or small tree, mostly growing to 5-15 m tall , with a small pome fruit and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the trunk, and are typically 1-3 cm long. The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots, and in clusters on spur shoots on the branches or twigs. The leaves have lobed or serrate margins and are somewhat variable in shape. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The fruit, sometimes known as a "haw", is berry-like, but structurally a pome containing from 1 to 5 pyrenes that resemble the "stones" of plums, peaches, etc. which are drupaceous fruit. Fowers and fruits are noted for attracting wildlife. The plant is native to the Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Ciscaucasia, as well as Western Asia (Iran; Iraq; Turkey), Middle Asia (Turkmenistan), Europe (Hungary, Ukraine incl. Krym, Albania; Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Greece; Romania)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Crataegus_pentagyna_FruitsLeaves_Bot GardBln0906.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguid http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/legu ide/collections/115/1853.html e/collections/115/1857.html

Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): This plant can be easily confused with other Crataegus species. Further reference to Crataegus species from the Caucasus is given under the Herbarium of Vascular Plants of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE), one of the largest collections in the World and the main herbarium of Russia: http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguide/species/index.html Here, only species with protection status are listed:
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Crataegus microphylla K.Koch: Shrub 2-2,5 m, with grey bark. Spines usually few, thin. Leaves 1-3 x 1-1,8 cm, at early stages pubescent from the both sides, later becoming almost glabrous, (3) 5-7-partite, usually oblong-ovate, rarely leaf lobes oval with dentate or crenate margins. Inflorescence 4-10-flowered. Fruits 9-12 mm long, oblongelliptic or ovate to pyriform. Grows in lower mountain belt, at the altitudes of 800-1200 meters above sea level, at forest edges. Flowering in May, fruiting from September to October
Crataegus pontica K.Koch: Small tree or shrub, 3-6 m. Leaves coriaceous, light green, softly pubescent from the both sides, entire, obovate or rhomb-shaped, 3-lobed with cuneate base, deeply 5-7-partite. Fruits yellow, roundedovate or pyriform, slightly ribbed, slightly pubescent; pyrenes 4-5. Grows in lower and middle mountain belts, at the altitudes of 800-1800 meters above sea level, on dry stony slopes, in oak and juniper open forests. Flowering in May, fruiting from June to October. Xerophyte decorative plant, melliferous, with valuable timber.
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Crataegus szovitsii Pojark. Shrub or small tree with brownish-grey bark, 12 m. Spines usually few, thin. Leaves solid, glaucous, adpressed pubescent, broadly ovate-rhomboid, with 3-5 narrow lobes. Inflorescence dense, 10-12-flowered, tomentose-white. Fruits almost globose, ribbed, slightly pubescent, reddish; pyrenes 34.
Crataegus tournefortii Griseb. Shrub or small tree, 2-2,5 m. Leaves from above dark green, covered with short adpressed crisped hairs, from below more light, with dense grayish pubescence; petioles villose. Inflorescence few-flowered. Fruits cherry-red.
Grows in middle mountain belt, at the altitudes of 1300-1400 meters above sea Grows in middle mountain belt, at the altitude level, at the edges of oak and hornbeam of 1200-1300 meters above sea level, at forest forests, in the steppe shrubs. Flowering from edges. Flowering in May fruiting in July- May to July, fruiting from August to October. October.
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Crataegus ulotricha Pojark. Shrub or small tree, 2-5 m, with slightly spiny branches. Leaves bicolor, from above dull green, from below greyish; with crisped, soft, disappearing at the end of vegetation pubescence; broadly ovate or rhomb-shaped, not deeply 3-lobed; at the margins unequally serrate or slightly incised. Inflorescence fewflowered. Fruits dark purple or almost black, globose or elliptic, cherry-red; pyrenes 2-4. Grows in middle mountain belt, at the altitude of 1400-1500 meters above sea level, at the edges of oak-hornbeam forests, in the open forests, on the rocky slopes of river gorges. Flowering in June, fruiting in July-October.
Crataegus zangezura Pojark. Shrub up to 2 m, with thin, glabrous or slightly pilose, brownish-grey shoots. Leaves glabrous, on the fruiting branches elongateobovate, with narrowly cuneate base, 3-5lobed; lobes acute, in the upper part largely dentate. Inflorescence few-flowered. Fruits small, 0,8-1 mm long, shortly elliptic, blackish-purple; pyrenes 1-3. Grows in middle mountain belt, at the altitudes of 1200-1800 meters above sea level, at forest edges, shibliak, rocky slopes of river gorges. Flowering in June, fruiting from July to October.
Protection status IUCN Red List Status: C. pentagyna is not listed, but Crataegus pontica K. Koch is listed as Least Concern. National Red List of Georgia: C. pentagyna is not listed, but Crataegus pontica K. Koch. Is on the Georgian Red List. National Red List of Armenia: C. pentagyna is not listed, but other Crataegus species included in the Red List are Crataegus microphylla: Endangered species. In Armenia it occurs in Idjevan (Kiranc, Voskepar, Shamluh, Akhtala) and Zangezur (Nerkin Hand, Verin Khotanan) floristic regions, the number of locations is 4. Besides Armenia the species grows in West Ciscaucasia, West
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and East Transcaucasia, Nakhichevan, Talish, Iran. Crataegus pontica: Vulnerable species. In Armenia it grows in Yerevan (Khosrov State reserve, Urtsadzor, Dagna) and Darelegis (village Areni) floristic regions. The number of locations is 4. Besides Armenia the species grows in Central and East Transcaucasia, Central and North-West Anatolia, Iraq, Iran, Middle Asia. Crataegus szovitsii: Critically endangered species. In Armenia it occurs in Darelegis floristic region, in neighborhoods of Yeghegnadzor. The number of locations is 1. Besides Armenia the species grows in Nakhichevan, East Transcaucasia, Karabagh, Anatolia, Iran. Crataegus tournefortii: Vulnerable species. In Armenia it grows in Idjevan (neighborhoods of Koti village) and Zangezur (Goris and neighborhoods of Adjabadzh village) floristic regions. The number of locations is 3. Besides Armenia the species grows in Nakhichevan, Europe, Crimea. Crataegus ulotricha.: Critically endangered species. Endemic of Armenia. It grows in Zangezur floristic region (Tass mountain pass). The number of locations is 1. Crataegus zangezura: Endangered species. Endemic of Armenia. Grows in Zangezur (Shikahogh State Reserve, surroundings of the towns Goris and Kapan) floristic regions. The number of locations is 3.
National Red List of Azerbaijan: No Crataegus species are listed. Description of the collection habitat It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 1700 meters above sea level, in forests, forest edges and open woodland. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Crataegus leaves with flowers (Crataegi folium cum flore): The flowers are harvested when half to fully open, with up to 5 cm of stalk and leaves. Crataegus flowers (Crataegi flos): The flowers are harvested when half to fully open, without parts of stalk or leaves. Original text of Pharmacopoeia Europaea: Whole or cut, dried flower-bearing branches of Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata or their hybrids or, more rarely, other Europaean Crataegus species including C. pentagyna, C. nigra, C. azarolus. Crataegus fruit: The fruit is harvested when fully ripe but not over ripe. Pharmacopoeia Europaea does not accept Crataegus pentagyna fruit, it can not be sold as Crataegi fructus. Description of collection technique The flowers and fruits are harvested fresh by hand. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Sustainability Fruits are produced annually. About 20% of the flowers/fruit from one tree should remain, about 20% of all trees should be left unharvested. Do not damage the plants during harvest. Do not collect next to fields, gardens, roads and settlements.
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Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Harvested flowers should be dried in the shade, away from direct sunlight. Protect from insects, animals and other sources of contamination. Harvested fruit should be stored in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter. For compliance with Pharmacopoeia Europea, the following criteria must be met: Hawthorn leaf and flower consist of the whole or cut, dried flower bearing branches of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Lindm.), C. laevigata (Poiret) D.C. (C. oxyacanthoides Thuill.) or their hybrids or, more rarely, other European Crataegus species including C. pentagyna Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd., C. nigra Waldst. et Kit., C. azarolus L. It contains not less than 1.5% of flavonoids, calculated as hyperoside, calculated with reference to the dried drug. Not more than 8% of lignified branches with a diameter greater than 2.5 mm and not more than 2% of other foreign matter. References
http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/taxoquery.xsql?taxname=crataegus&submit.x= 0&submit.y=0&max-rows=10&skip-rows=0 http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?313760 http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63523/0

Europe, Council. European Pharmacopoeia 6.0., Version 2007.
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10 Equisetum arvense Botanical Name: Equisetum arvense L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Svita Armenian: Azerian: Qatirquyrugu Russian: English: Horsetail German: Ackerschachtelhalm Description of the Plant A rather bushy perennial with a rhizomatous stem formation native to the northern hemisphere, with either sterile or fertile stems. Sterile stems start to grow after the fertile stems have wilted. The sterile stems tend to be much taller and bushier, with the jointed segments being around 2.5 cm long with a diameter of about 1 mm. These segments contain one set of whorled, slender, erect branches each. Some stems can have as many as 20 segments and be as tall as 560 cm. The fertile stems tend to be half as tall as the sterile stems and also tend to be more succulent. It grows in damp to wet meadows, in fields, hedgebanks, waste land, dune-slacks, etc., ascending to nearly 1000 m. The plant is common in Asia, Europe, Northern America. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as Dagestan and Ciscaucasia. Botanical Family: Equisetaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equiset um_arvense_fr.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equiset um_arvense_foliage.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://culture.teldap.tw/taibif_search/item.php?Co http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equis etum_arvense_nf.jpg llectionCode=TAIF052436 Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): There is danger of confusion with other Equisetum species which are either not accepted by the relevant Pharmacopoeia. Large quantities of the following plants can be toxic, their collection must absolutely be avoided! Equisetum hyemale L. Winter horsetail, only Equisetum fluviatile L.: Water unbranched, fertile shoots up to 1,5 m, with unbranched and semi aquatic. whitish teeth. Native to moist forests, forest edges and stream banks, swamps and fens. horsetail,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equisetu m_hyemale_001.JPG
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equis etum_fluviatile_001.JPG
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Equisetum palustre L. Stems to 60 cm tall, with 4-8 deep grooves, and the same number of black or green whitemargined teeth on the sheaths. In cross-section, central hollow of stem hardly larger than outer ones. Lowest internode of branches much shorter than stem sheath. Other features: Fertile and sterile stems alike, apart from cones, all green. Stems die down in autumn. Branches rather irregular, not again branched, and sometimes nil on some of the stems. Branches normally 4-6 angled. Common in bogs, fens, marshes and wet heaths, woods and meadows, ascending to 1000 m.
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Main stems 5075 cm high; greyish green; very rough to slightly rough, bearing whorls of slender branches at the nodes (at least on their lower halves); persisting through the winter. Shoots are all green and alike when vegetative, the sterile and cone-bearing shoots emerge at the same time.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P6130 143.JPG
www.plantidentification.co.uk/skye/equisetaceae/equisetum -palustre.htm Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Main stems of assimilating shoots 100200 cm high; 1012 mm in diameter; erect; dirty whitish; bearing whorls of slender branches at the nodes (these numerous, regular); dying down in autumn. Grows in damp, shady places, ascending to about 400 m. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equisetopsida.jpg
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Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat A common plant in meadows, in fields, hedgebanks, waste land, dune-slacks, etc., ascending to nearly 1000 m. Care must be taken not to collect this plant in or around wetlands, in order to avoid the collection of toxic horsetail species. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Horsetail herb (Equiseti herba): the whole or cut, dried sterile aerial parts of E. arvense, harvested to a size up to 30 cm. Only sterile stems are used in medicine. Description of collection technique The whole plant is harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. During harvest and processing, gloves should be worn. Only experienced and trained collectors can collect this plant! Sustainability About 30 % of the plants have to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Take care to harvest only the described species since other species do not have the same medicinal properties and are toxic! Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a cool and well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plants have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. The plant is poisonous if used in large quantities. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum_arvense http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=2142&sipnr=2142& http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/equisetaceae/equisetum-palustre.htm http://delta-intkey.com/britht/index.htm http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum
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11 Foeniculum vulgare Botanical Name: Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare Mill. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: didi kama Botanical Family: Apiaceae (formerly Umbelliferae)
Armenian: Azerian: Aci shuyud toxumu Russian: English: Bitter fennel, Common fennel German: Wilder Fenchel Description of the Plant Fennel is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is erect, glaucous green, and grows to heights of up to 2.5 m, with hollow stems. The leaves grow up to 40 cm long; they are finely dissected, with the ultimate segments filiform (threadlike), about 0.5 mm wide. Its leaves are similar to those of dill, but thinner. The flowers are produced in terminal compound umbels 515 cm wide, each umbel section having 2050 tiny yellow flowers on short pedicels. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile. The fruit is a dry seed from 410 mm long, half as wide or less, and grooved. It is produced annually. The plant attracts a wide range of insects. A widespread plant in Western Asia and Northern Africa. Fennel has become naturalised along roadsides, in pastures, and in other open sites in many regions, especially close to the sea side. It is also widely cultivated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foeniculum_vul http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 gare.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://culture.teldap.tw/taibif_search/item.php? CollectionCode=TAI083473
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koeh148.jpg
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): Many species in the family Apiaceae are superficially similar to fennel, and some, such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), are toxic. It is therefore unwise, and potentially extremely dangerous, to use any part of any of these plants as a herb or vegetable unless it can be positively identified as being edible. Conium maculatum is a widespread herb with similar distribution as fennel. It is a herbaceous biennial plant which grows between 1.52.5 meter tall, with a smooth green stem, usually spotted or streaked with red or purple on the lower half of the stem. The leaves are finely divided and lacy, overall triangular in shape, up to 50 centimeter long and 40 centimeter broad. The flowers are small, white, clustered in umbels up to 1015 centimeter across. When crushed, the leaves and root emit a rank, unpleasant odour sometimes compared to that of parsnips or mice. It grows in damp areas.
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coniu http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustratio n_Conium_maculatum0.jpg m_maculatum.jpg Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat A common plant on fallow land, fields, in meadows and along pathways. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used, and to keep a distance of minimum 100 meter between the collection area and any field, path, fallow land or settlement. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Fructus Foeniculi: the dried, fully ripe fennel fruit. Description of collection technique The fruit is harvested fresh, by hand, when fully mature. Harvest is best done in the morning. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. During harvest and processing, gloves should be worn in order to protect the skin. Skin contact with the sap or essential oil can cause photo-sensitivity and/or dermatitis. Sustainability The plant produces its seed annually. It takes about 2 to 3 years from germination to the development of new flowers and seeds. About 30% of the flowers per plant and 20 % of the population should remain unharvested. It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil with its roots. Take care to harvest only the correct plant since other similar looking plants from this
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family are toxic. Only experienced and trained collectors should collect this plant. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place. Turn the fruit at least once per day. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired. Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. If used for distillation of essential oil, the whole herb may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. The content of essential varies strongly, between 0.6 to 6%. References
http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Foen_vul.html http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?209 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx http://data.gbif.org/species/13741126/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conium
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12 Helichrysum plicatum Botanical Name: Helichrysum plicatum DC. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: nego Armenian: Azerian: hemisheyashil qurudulmush guller Russian: English: Everlasting German: Helichrysum; Immortelle Description of the Plant Plant glandular, lanate-tomentose. Flowering stems erect or (rarely) procumbent, 4-42 cm, arising from woody branching horizontal caudices. Resting buds usually absent. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, 10-100 by 2-10 mm. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. Flowering from June to August. The plant occurs in temperate western Asia and south eastern Europe. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia. Botanical Family: Asteraceae
http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenus http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenu stur/ast/hel/pli/pli/index.htm tur/ast/hel/pli/pli/index.htm
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Herbarium specimen
http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/images/B/10/00/93/59/thumbs/B_10_0093598.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s) Similar looking species of Helichrysum occur on the Caucasus, collectors who collect this plant species should be well trained in identification in order not to collect different species of Helichrysum. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed, but Helichrysum pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb., a yellow flowering perennial plant up to 34 cm large, flowering June to August. It occurs in steppe and alpine habitats from 1700- 3600 m. National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat Grows in montane to sub-alpine meadows and open vegetation, up to 2800 m. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Dried flower heads of Helichrysum plicatum, cut with stalk of at max. 10 cm. An essential oil obtained from different species of this plant, which is used medicinally. Description of collection technique The inflorescence with a stalk of about 10 cm is harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes,
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scissors or sickle, when in full flower. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. Sustainability 30% of the stalks per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Take care to harvest only Helichrysum plicatum since other Helichrysum species might be endemic to the Caucasus and can be threatened by over-collection. Helichrysum produces its inflorescences annually, but if all plants are continuously harvested every year on one site, the plant population will suffer overharvesting. Rotation of collection areas in a three year cycle will prevent over-harvesting. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place in a thin layer, and turn the plants at least once per day. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant has to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. If used for distillation of essential oil, the whole herb may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. References http://www.kew.org/news/endangered-helichrysum-plicatum-plant-lebanon.htm http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenustur/ast/hel/pli/pli/index.htm http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx http://data.gbif.org/search/helichrysum%20plicatum http://euromed.luomus.fi/euromed_map.php?taxon=416303&size=medium http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Helichrysum%20plicatum &PTRefFk=7000000 http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?Source=epic&ID=34360&Num=qci
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13 Hippophae rhamnoides Botanical Name: Hippophae rhamnoides L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: qacvi Armenian: Azerian: Caytikani meyvesi Russian: English: Sea Buckthorn German: Sanddorn Description of the Plant A decidious shrub or small tree growing to 6 m by 2.5 m at a medium rate, with dense silvery scales, especially on under-sides of leaves. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 30-60 by 3-7 mm. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Wind. Male flowers in small catkins, with 2 stamens and 2 obtuse perianth lobes, 3-4 mm; female flowers in axillary racemes. The plant is not self-fertile. Fruit yellowish-orange, elliptic, 6-9 by 3-7 mm; seed elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes flattened. Flowering in March- May. Important winter food for birds: the majority of fruits fall off at maturity, but some berries remain on the bushes all winter until eaten by birds. Its growing range extends from western Europe to Asia- Japan and the Himalayas. The plant is common in the Caucasus in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan. It is also cultivated in plantations. Botanical Family: Eleagnaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippophae_ rhamnoides_051013.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hippophae_rhamnoides_Sturm41.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/0328.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The plant can not easily be confused with other plants. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat Dry semi-desert sites where other plants cannot survive the dry conditions; in Asia it also occurs as a subalpine shrub above tree line in mountains, and other sunny areas such as river banks, shores, steep rocky slopes, sandy or rocky soils. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Ripe orange to red berries (Fructus Hippophae rhamnoides): The ripe fruit is harvested before the first frost. Seeds ripen from September to October, it is best used before any frosts since the taste and quality of frosted berries quickly deteriorates. Description of collection technique The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Sustainability Plants are fairly slow growing, care must be taken not to damage the plant during harvest: fruits are produced annually but the replacement of whole branches will take several years.
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Seedlings can take up to 20 years to come into fruit. About 20% of the fruit from one tree should remain, about 20% of all trees should be left unharvested. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Harvested fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter before further processing is done. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19177 http://www.vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortandir/hippophaerhca/index.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippophae_rhamnoides http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae%20rhamnoides http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13232862?qs=hippophae
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14 Humulus lupulus Botanical Name: Humulus lupulus L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: svia Armenian: ,, Azerian: Maya otu Russian: English: Hops German: Hopfen Description of the Plant Hop is a perennial herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to the cold-hardy rhizome in autumn, it is growing up to 6 m at a medium rate. The climbing stem has four angles. Leaves opposite, wide ovate or rounded, cordate at base, entire or 3-5-lobed. Perianth and bracts hyaline, with the upper surface covered with glands. Seeds nearly roundish. It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from September to October. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Wind. The plant is not self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife and is a food plant for many caterpillars. The plant occurs in temperate western Asia, most of Europe, northern Africa and North America. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, Ciscaucasia, Dagestan. It is widely naturalized and widely cultivated. Botanical Family: Cannabaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humul us_lupulus_007.JPG
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Herbarium specimen Rpert, D. (Ed.) 2000- (continuously updated): Digital specimen images at the Herbarium Berolinense. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/ (Barcode: B 10 0157437 / ImageId: 232984) [accessed 18-Oct-10]
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s) Can not easily be confused with other plants. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat Forests, forest edges, riversides etc up to 1500 1700 m. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The fully mature dried flowering heads of female plants (Lupuli strobulus). A powder obtained from beating the female flowering heads (Glandulae Lupuli). Dried young leaves can be eaten in salads, to be collected before the end of May. Description of collection technique The fully mature dried flowering heads of female plants without stalk, is harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, and do not cut the whole plant for harvest. Wear gloves during harvest: skin contact with the plant causes dermatitis in sensitive people (Hops dermatitis). Dislodged hairs from the plant can irritate the eyes. Do not collect cultivated hops (in gardens, on plantations) or plants which grow along roads or close to settlements. The risk of contamination with dust, chemicals or heavy metals for plants which do not grow in the wild is high, that is why only plants which truly grow in the wild can be collected. Sustainability 30% of the flowering heads per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil, or to cut the whole plant or parts other than the
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parts which will be used. Hops produces its flowering heads annually, but it will take 2-3 years until the above-ground parts of a plant produce the first flowering heads. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place in a thin layer, and turn the plants at least once per day. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant has to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19415 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus http://www.kew.org/science/ecbot/commusesreport.pdf http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Humulus%20lupulus http://data.gbif.org/species/13731164/
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15 Hypericum perforatum Botanical Name: Hypericum perforatum L. Botanical Family: Hypericaceae, also Clusiaceae Plant Local name(s) Georgian: krazana Armenian: Azerian: qaymaq ciceyi Russian: English: St. Johns Wort German: Johanniskraut Description of the Plant Hypericum perforatum is a yellow-flowering, perennial herb with extensive, creeping rhizomes. The common name comes from its traditional flowering and harvesting on St John's day, 24 June. The species name perforatum refers to the presence of small oil glands in the leaves that look like windows, which can be seen when they are held against the light. Its stems are erect, branched in the upper section, and can grow to 1 m high. The branched and bare stem shows 2 more-or-less prominent longitudinal ridges. The leaves are opposite, sessile, exstipulate, oblong-oval and 15-30 mm long; present on the leaf margins are glands which appear as black dots and over all the surface of the leaves many small, strongly translucent excretory glands which are visible in transmitted light. Its five petaled flowers measure up to 2.5 cm across, and are colored bright yellow with conspicuous black dots. The flowers appear in broad cymes at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer, seeds ripen from July to September. The sepals are pointed, with glandular dots in the tissue. There are many stamens, which are united at the base into three bundles. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees and flies. The plant is self-fertile. The plant is common in temperate Asia, northern Africa, Europe, and naturalized elsewhere. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperi http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StJoh nswort-leaves.jpg cum_perforatum_007.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.uniregensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/0014.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hype ricum_perforatum_i01.jpg
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): There are many Hypericum species recognized in the Caucasus, only experienced collectors can collect Hypericum perforatum, and only with frequent control of the quality manager. Training has to be provided in correct identification. Common in the Caucasus are among others: Hypericum androsaemum L. Hypericum bithynicum Boiss. Hypericum elegans Stephan ex. Willd. Hypericum elongatum Ledeb. Hypericum linarioides Bosse Hypericum montanum L. Hypericum orientale L. Hypericum origanifolium Willd. Hypericum pruinatum Boiss. & Balansa Hypericum scabrum L. Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed, but the following species are listed and must not be collected: Hypericum armenum Jaub. & Spach: Critically endangered species. Perennial plant 7-10 cm. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, integerrime, opposite. Inflorescence a spike-shaped panicle, interrupted, with almost sessile apical branches. Calyx pentamerous; sepals connate at base, at margins densely adenotrichous. Petals 5, yellow, at margins with 1row of black glands.
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Fruit an ovoid capsule; seeds numerous. In Armenia it occurs only in Idjevan (Idjevan mountain range, near the village Hovk) and Zangezur (Gehi river gorge) floristic regions. Grows in upper mountain belt at the altitudes of 2000-2200 m, in the rocky places and in the cracks of the rocks. Flowering in June, fruiting in July. Hypericum eleonorae Jelen.: Critically endangered species. Endemic of Armenia. Perennial small plants 15-25 cm, with numerous stems. Leaves ovate or rounded-ovate, integerrime, opposite. Flowers solitary or sometimes 2-3 at the stem tip. Sepals 5, at margins with dense, sessile or on small peduncles, gland; sometimes without glands. Petals 5, yellow, at margins with 1 row of black glands. Fruit an ovoid capsule; seeds numerous. In Armenia it occurs only in Idjevan (Idjevan mountain range, mountain Aghaya) and Zangezur (Khustup Mountain) floristic regions. Grows in upper and alpine belts, at the altitudes of 2100-3100 meters above sea level, on rocky and stony slopes. Flowering from June to July, fruiting from July to August. Hypericum formosissimum Takht.: Endangered species. Perennial small plants 7-10 (15) cm. Stems numerous, prostrate, thin, almost filiform. Leaves ovate or slightly elongate, 0,5-1 cm long, integerrime, opposite. Flowers by 2-3 on the stem tip. Sepals 5, at base connate, at margins with 1 row of sparse glands. Petals 5, yellow, without glands. Fruit an ovate capsule; seeds numerous. . In Armenia it grows in Darelegis (Areni, Arpa, Noravank gorge, near Khachik village) floristic region. . In Armenia it grows in Darelegis (Areni, Arpa, Noravank gorge, near Khachik village) floristic region. Grows in middle mountain belt, at the altitudes of 1100-1500 meters above sea level, in the cracks of the limestone rocks. Flowering from June to July, fruiting from July to August. Highly ornamental species. National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed, but Hypericum formossimum Takht. Included in the Red Data Book of Azerbaijan Description of the collection habitat A common plant in dry meadows, bushland and forest edges from 800 to 2400 m. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Hyperici herba: Whole or cut, dried flowering tops of Hypericum perforatum L., harvested during flowering time and cut to a length of up to 50 cm. If the plant has to comply with the European Pharmacopoeia, the Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China, the following criteria have to be met: Content : minimum 0.08 per cent of total hypericins, expressed as hypericin (C30H16O8 ; Mr 504.4) (dried drug). The drug may also show the following: immature and ripe fruits and seeds. Immature fruits are green or yellowish, seeds are whitish. Occasional ripe fruits may be present ; these are dry trilocular capsules containing numerous seeds, brown, broad or small-ovate, 5-10 mm long, with broad linear or punctiform glands, irregularly striated ducts, conducting secretions. Ripe seeds are 1-1.3 mm long, cylindrical or trigonous, shortly pointed at both ends, brown or almost black, minutely pitted longitudinally. Total ash: not more than 5.0%. Water content: not more than 10.0%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2.0% Further information: An essential oil obtained from the leaves is used medicinally. When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced.
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Description of collection technique The whole plant is harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, when in full flower. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. During harvest and processing, gloves should be worn because this herb may cause allergic reactions. Skin contact with the sap, or ingestion of the plant, can cause photosensitivity. Sustainability 30% of the stalks per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Take care to harvest only Hypericum perforatum since other Hypericum species do not have the same medicinal properties and might not be accepted by your buyer. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a cool and well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. If used for distillation of essential oil, the whole herb may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19600 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum http://data.gbif.org/species/13741241/ http://www.vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenustur/hypericum.htm http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum%20perforatum Prc, State. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China: V. 1. City: People's Medical Publishing House,China, 2005. Europe, Council. European Pharmacopoeia 6.0., Version 2007.
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16 Juglans regia Botanical Name: Juglans regia L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Cveulebrivi kaklis xe Armenian: Azerian: Qoz Russian: English: Walnut German: Walnuss Description of the Plant Walnuts are deciduous trees, 1040 meters tall. The bark is smooth, olive-brown when young and silvery-grey on older branches, and features scattered broad fissures with a rougher texture. The leaves are alternately arranged, 2540 cm long, odd-pinnate with 59 leaflets, paired alternately with one terminal leaflet. The largest leaflets the three at the apex, 1018 cm long and 68 cm broad; the basal pair of leaflets much smaller, 58 cm long, the margins of the leaflets entire. The flowers of separate sexes are borne upon the same tree and appear in early spring before the leaves, and are pollinized by wind. The male flowers are in drooping catkins 5 10 cm long, and the female flowers terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in the autumn into a fruit with a green, semi-fleshy husk and a brown corrugated nut. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn; the seed is large, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a rich flavour. The tree is noted for attracting wildlife such as mammals who feed on the seeds. Juglans regia is native to the mountain ranges of Central Asia, extending from Xinjiang province of western China, parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and southern Kirghizia and from mountains of Nepal, Tibet, northern India and Pakistan through Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran to portions of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and eastern Turkey. Botanical Family: Juglandaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jugl http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ ans_regia_002.JPG File:Noix_en_automne.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://dsiphoto.mnhn.fr/sonnerat/LAPI/scan K/K20080318/P00605870.jpg
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The tree can not easily be confused with other trees. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened. Although the species has become widely distributed through cultivation, its natural distribution is restricted to central Asia where it is threatened by fruit collection, livestock grazing and cutting. It is threatened by fruit collection, livestock grazing and cutting. National Red List of Georgia: Listed as Vulnerable. National Red List of Armenia: Listed as Least Concern National Red List of Azerbaijan: Not listed Description of the collection habitat In forests or forest edges, often in open oak, lime and elm forests, also single trees on meadows, from sea level until about 1800 m. If collected on meadows it has to be assured that the meadow has not been treated with any agro-chemicals such as fertilizers. Do not collect this plant from your garden, because the risk of contamination is higher from gardens than from the wild. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Young green walnuts: unmature seed with green fleshy outer husks, collected in Mai- July. Collected goods must not be too small or too big (around 2 cm diameter and 3 cm long) and not too old (entirely soft, without hardening shell) Nuts: seeds with inner shell when ripe, collected in September- November
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Dried walnut leaves: Juglandis Folium, collected before fruit is mature, in Mai- July Description of collection technique The green husks and leaves are harvested by hand. One collector climbs up the tree and harvests per hand. Ripe nuts can also be collected when they fall down to the ground. Care must be taken not to damage the trees through strong shaking, beating with sticks etc. Care has to be taken that collectors do not fall off the trees: Preferably the collection should be done by using a rope for security of the climber. Trees must be strong enough to support the climber. No inexperienced collectors may climb the trees. Harvest should take place only when the trees are dry, in order to avoid slip hazard. Do not break off branches or twigs, do not use saws, chainsaws or axes for harvesting. Sustainability The fruit is produced annually; the tees take up to 20 years from seed to come into bearing. Trees can live for over hundred years but are slow growing once mature. From one tree not more than 70% of the fruit should be harvested to leave enough fruit for wildlife, and not more than 80 % of the trees in one population should be harvested. It is not allowed to harvest with an axe, saw or chainsaw. It is not allowed to break off branches for harvesting. Trees need to be protected from illegal logging, since the wood is highly priced for luxury furniture. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Plant name, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Leaves and nuts: Drying needs to be done as quick as possible so that the nuts do not get moldy. For drying, well aerated rooms are adequate. Turn the nuts at least once per day. Cracking and sorting have to be done by specialized machinery. Green fruit: store in a cool and protected place before processing, at maximum 2-3 days. Take care that the fruit does not get bruised or damaged during storage and processing. Special care must be taken that stored nuts do not get moldy, moisture content can be maximally 6-8%. Mould is toxic for humans and the stored products lose their commercial value. Protect the harvested goods from insects and other animals, as well as dust. Processed goods have to be free from other plants and plant parts, and free from stones, dust, dead insects, metal parts etc. References http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63495/0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63495/0 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans%20regia http://data.gbif.org/search/Juglans%20regia
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17 Leonurus cardiaca Botanical Name: Leonurus cardiaca L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Savbalaxa Armenian: Azerian: Ogey ana bitkisi Russian: English: Motherwort German: Herzgespann Description of the Plant Motherwort is a herbaceous perennial plant with a square stem and opposite leaves, growing to about 60-100 cm in height. The leaves have serrated margins and are palmately lobed with long petioles; basal leaves are wedge shaped with three points and while the upper leaves are more latticed. Flowers appear in leaf axils on the upper part of the plant and it flowers between June - August. The flowers are small, pink to lilac in colour often with furry lower lips, and are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). They are pollinated by Bees. The plant occurs in temperate western Asia, and Europe, and is naturalized and cultivated elsewhere. Botanical Family: Lamiaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leo http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teun_Spa nurus_cardiaca_2010_07_25.jpg ans_DSCF1543_Hartgespan.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonur us_cardiaca_Sturm41.jpg
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The plant can not easily be confused with other plants, provided the collectors are properly trained in its identification. Training has to be provided in correct identification. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat A common plant in dry meadows, bushland and forest edges. It can be found along roadsides and in vacant fields and other disturbed areas. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used, as well as roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The dried herb (Leonuri cardiacae herba): Whole or cut, dried flowering tops and stalk with leaves of Leonurus cardiaca, harvested during flowering time and cut to a length of up to 50 cm. Description of collection technique The above ground parts of the plant are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, shortly before they are in full flower, to a length of max. 50 cm. Do not pull up the plant
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with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. During harvest and processing, gloves should be worn because this herb may cause allergic reactions and because the whole plant is pungent when handled. Skin contact with the sap, or ingestion of the plant, can cause photosensitivity. Sustainability The plant produces flowers and leaves annually, but if the same plant is collected annually and completely, overharvesting is possible. For this reason, 30% of the stalks per plant and 20% of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as houses, gardens, settlements, roadsides etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plants have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21756 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonurus_cardiaca http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leonurus%20cardiaca http://data.gbif.org/species/13743807/
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18 Malus orientalis Botanical Name: Malus orientalis Uglitzk Plant Local name(s) Georgian: maJalo Armenian: Azerian: Cralma meyvesi Russian: English: Crab apple German: Wildapfel Description of the Plant It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 1012 m tall. Young shoots brown, the older branches dark grey. Leaves ovate, oblong-ellictical or suborbicular, 3 to 8 cm long and 1.5 to 3.5 cm broad, sparsely pubescent above, woolly pubescent below when young, almost glabrous above in age. Margins are entire to serrate. The inflorescences are corymbs, flowers are white or pinkish. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. Fruits are subglobose pomes with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm. Fowering in April, ripening in September to October. The bush is noted for attracting wildlife such as bees for pollinisation, and birds and mammals who feed on the fruit. The plant is distributed in the Caucasus in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia. It also occurs in Turkey and Iran. The domesticated form is cultivated in plantations worldwide. Botanical Family: Rosaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malus_sy http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/dispimage.pl?212608 lvestris_005.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguid e/specimen-images/116/1896.html
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguide/ specimen-images/107/1692.html
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The bush can not easily be confused with other plants, but has to be distinguished from cultivated garden apples. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 2000 meters above sea level, in forests, forest edges and open woodland. Apple trees which grow in gardens should not be mixed with wild harvested apples, because they have different taste, colour and size. Also the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe fruit is harvested when mature, free from damage of hail and insects. Fruits should not be too small; classified and selected products are preferable. Description of collection technique The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. When climbing the tree, care must be taken not to break off any branches. When shaking the tree for harvest, do not damage the tree or its branches. The harvest of whole branches is
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forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Fruits should not be damaged (by insects, hail or other); and not be over ripe. Take care not to damage fruits during transportation. Sustainability Wild apple trees are slow growing, but can live longer than 100 years. Fruits are produced annually, but care must be taken not to destroy twigs and branches where new flowers and fruits will be produced. Seedlings can take more than 10 years to come into fruit. About 20% of the fruit from one tree should remain, about 20% of all trees should be left unharvested in one collection area. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Before processing, harvested fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter. For processing, cut the fruit into quarters or slices and dry either in warm, dry and well aerated spaces in thin layers, or artificially in dryers with a maximum temperature of 40 Degree Celsius. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?23254 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/acc/display.pl?1652473 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris http://data.gbif.org/species/13680890/ http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx?serach=malus+orientalis http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search Analysis of Processors and Traders Involved in Value Chains of Selected Biodiversity Products in Armenia, GTZ Sustainable Management of Biodiversity/AM Partners Consulting Company, May, 2010.
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19 Melissa officinalis Botanical Name: Melissa officinalis L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: barambo Armenian: Azerian: Melissa Russian: English: Balm German: Melisse Description of the Plant Plant erect, 30-80 cm, sparsely pubescent, rhizome long, branched, stem quadrangular, glandular, pubescent, leaves opposite, ovate, cordate or cuneiform at base, 2-8 cm long, 1,5-5 cm broad, crenate, glandular pubescent to subglabrous. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. Flowers arranged in upper verticillates, bracteoles small, shortly petiolate, elliptic, calyx campanulate, divaricate, pubescent, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower - lanceolate, with acuminate teeth, corolla white or pink, upper lip incised, lower 3-lobed, fruit - nutlet, brown or grey. Reproduction by seeds. It is noted for attracting wildlife, especially bees and other insects. The plant occurs in temperate western Asia, northern Africa and Europe, and is naturalized and cultivated elsewhere. In the Caucasus it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation Ciscaucasia. Botanical Family: Lamiaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melis sa_officinalis_001.JPG Herbarium specimen
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melissa_ officinalis_002.JPG
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http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortand http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koehir/melissaofin/pages/Melissa%20officinalis%2 094.jpg 0%20subsp_%20inodora_jpg.htm Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The plant can not easily be confused with other plants, provided the collectors are properly trained in its identification. Training has to be provided in correct identification. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat The plant grows in dry meadows, bush land and forest edges. It can be found along roadsides and in vacant fields and other disturbed areas. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used, as well as gardens, roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Especially avoid waste places and derelict land near human habitations. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The dried leaves (Melissae folium): Whole or cut, dried flowering tops and stalk with leaves of Melissa officinalis, harvested during flowering time and cut to a length of up to 30 cm. Description of collection technique The above ground parts of the plant are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, shortly before they are in full flower, to a length of max. 30 cm. Do not pull up the plant
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with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. Sustainability The plant produces flowers and leaves annually. 30% of the stalks per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as houses, gardens, settlements, roadsides etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plants have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_officinalis http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortandir/melissaofin/index.htm http://data.gbif.org/search/Melissa%20officinalis http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melissa%20officinalis http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24036
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20 Mentha longifolia Botanical Name: Mentha longifolia L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: tyis pitna Armenian: Azerian: Nane qurudulmush ot Russian: English: Mint, Horse Mint German: Minze Description of the Plant It is a very variable herbaceous perennial plant with a peppermint-scented aroma. Like many mints, it has a creeping rhizome, with erect to creeping stems 40120 cm tall. The leaves are oblong-elliptical to lanceolate, 510 cm long and 1.53 cm broad, thinly to densely tomentose, green to greyish-green above and white below. The flowers are 35 mm long, lilac, purplish, or white, produced in dense clusters (verticillasters) on tall, branched, tapering spikes; flowering in in mid to late summer. Flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). They are pollinated by Bees. It spreads via rhizomes to form clonal colonies, as well as by seed. The plant occurs in temperate western Asia, Africa and Europe, and is naturalized and cultivated elsewhere. In the Caucasus, it occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan. Botanical Family: Lamiaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menth http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menth a_longifolia.jpg a_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortandir/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nsrmenthalolo/images/Mentha%20longifolia%20% slika-395.png 20subsp_%20longifolia_jpg.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The plant can be confused with other Mint species. Some Mint species are toxic, they are listed and described here. Collectors have to be properly trained in identification of the correct species. Mentha arvensis L. It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1060 cm (rarely to 100 cm) tall. The leaves are in opposite pairs, simple, 26.5 cm long and 12 cm broad, hairy, and with a coarsely serrated margin. The flowers are pale purple (occasionally white or pink), in clusters on the stem, each flower 34 mm long Mentha aquatica L. Perennial plant. Rhizome is thin, elbowed, with strong roots. Stem is erected, straight from bottom, simple or mostly branched. Leaves of stem are oviform - elliptical, mostly a bit rough, bright. Flowers are clustered into inflorescence bulb. Crown is mostly bright light violet or lilac.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mentha _arvensis.jpeg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ment ha_aquatica_002.JPG
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Mentha pulegium L. 30-50 cm perennial herbaceous plant. Leaves are short, oviform, 5-15 inflorescences are clustered into spherical, open axile. Corolla is violet, pink or white. Nutlets are oviform, bright and brown. VII-IX. This plant is toxic, do not collect it!
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mentha _pulegium_002.JPG Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat The plant grows in dry meadows, bushland and forest edges. It can be found along roadsides and in vacant fields and other disturbed areas. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used, as well as gardens, roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The dried herb: Whole or cut, dried flowering tops and stalk with leaves of Mentha longifolia, harvested before or during flowering time and cut to a length of up to 40 cm. Description of collection technique The above ground parts of the plant are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, shortly before they are in full flower, to a length of max. 40 cm. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. Sustainability The plant produces flowers and leaves annually, but if the same plant is collected annually and completely, overharvesting is possible. For this reason, 30% of the stalks per plant and 20 % of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as houses, gardens, settlements, roadsides etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment
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Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_longifolia http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24076 http://data.gbif.org/search/Mentha%20longifolia http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha%20longifolia http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenustur/mentha.htm http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search
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21 Origanum vulgare Botanical Name: Origanum vulgare L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: TavSava Armenian: Azerian: Qaraqiniq otu Russian: English: Oregano, Wild Majoran German: Oregano, Dost Description of the Plant Plant erect 20-50 cm, rhiyome horizontal, creeping, branched, with 10 cm long radices, stem quadrangular, often purplish, upper branched, slightly pilose, leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, 25 cm long, 1-3 cm broad, margins entire, or irregularly crenate, obtuse, pubescent, petiolate. Bracts sessile, flowers small, several arranged in spike-like inforescences forming apical panicle, calyx campanulate, with 5 equal teeth corolla pale pink, bluish pink or purple, upper lip incised, lower 3-lobed, fruit - nutlet, oblong-ovate, brown. Flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). They are pollinated by bees. The plant occurs in temperate western Asia and tropical Asia, northern Africa and Europe, and is naturalized and cultivated elsewhere. In the Caucasus, the plant occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; and the Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan. Botanical Family: Lamiaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Origan um_vulgare_2.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Origan um_vulgare_05_ies.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.uniregensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/1350.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The plant can be confused with other similar looking plants of the same family. Collectors have to be properly trained in identification of the correct species. Oregano from gardens must not be collected. A similar looking but always cultivated species ist called Origanum majorana: a perennial plant growing to 0.6 m high, in flower from June to September, and the seeds ripen from August to September.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orig anum_vulgare_Runeberg.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M ajeranek2.jpg Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed
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National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat The plant grows in dry meadows, bushland and forest edges. It can also be found along roadsides and in vacant fields and other disturbed areas. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used, as well as gardens, roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The dried herb (Herba Origani): Whole or cut, dried flowering tops and stalk with leaves of Origanum vulgare, harvested during flowering time and cut to a length of up to 40 cm. Description of collection technique The above ground parts of the plant are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, shortly before they are in full flower, to a length of max. 40 cm. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. Sustainability The plant produces flowers and leaves annually, but if the same plant is collected annually and completely, overharvesting is possible. For this reason, 30% of the stalks per plant and 20% of the population has to stay untouched! It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as houses, gardens, settlements, roadsides etc is forbidden. Reproduction by seeds and by vegetative propagation through rhizomes. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25913 http://data.gbif.org/search/Origanum%20vulgare http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum%20vulgare http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguide/collections/121/1995.html http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search
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22 Picea orientalis Botanical Name: Picea orientalis (L.) Link Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Armenian: Azerian: Russian: English: Oriental spruce, Caucasus spruce German: Kaukasus fichte Description of the Plant The Caucasus spruce is a large evergreen tree growing to 30-45 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m. The shoots are buff-brown, and moderately pubescent. The leaves are needle-like, the shortest of any spruce, 6-8 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, dark green with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind. The plant is not self-fertile. The female cones are slender cylindric-conic, 5-9 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, red to purple when young, maturing dark brown 57 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales. The seed is dispersed by wind or animals. This tree is restricted to some locations in temperate Asia. Apart from Turkey it only occurs naturally in the Caucasus: in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Botanical Family: Pinaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Picea http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borjom i_Kharaguli_National_Park_-_Georgia.jpg _orientalis_foliage_Bakuriani.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Picori 1.JPG Protection status IUCN Red List Status: Lower Risk/least concern National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): Can be confused with Picea abies, which is a cultivated close relative. If collection is done only in natural areas, not in plantations, the danger of confusion is fairly small. Picea orientalis is also characterized by its shorter needles. Description of the collection habitat Found in pure stands or mixed with beech, pine and hornbeam, especially on shaded slopes, preferring deep protected ravines with adequate soil moisture at elevations of 300 - 2100 metres. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Young male catkins (Microstrobuli) from male fruits, collected in January Immature female cones (Strobuli) from female fruits, collected in Mai Other uses: similar to Pines. Description of collection technique Dried young shoots, essential oil and tar: only trees which were felled can be used, as side product from commercial or private timber production in a legal frame. Harvest with scissors, axes and saws, but only on already felled trees. Strobuli and microstrobuli: The green young seed cones are harvested by hand, once in January (microstrobuli) and once in Mai (strobuli). One collector climbs up the tree and puts the collected goods into a bag which is dropped to the ground when full. Other collectors gather the bags and deliver them to the brigadier. Care has to be taken that collectors do not fall off the trees: Preferably the collection should be done by using a rope for security of the climber. Trees must be strong enough to support the climber. No inexperienced collectors may climb the trees. Harvest should take place only when the trees are dry, in order to avoid slip hazard. Sustainability Typical Frequency of collection at the same location should be not more often than once every two years. About 80% of all trees in the collection area may be harvested. Not more than 30 % of all strobuli or microstrobuli from one tree can be harvested. Care has to be taken not to cause soil erosion when accessing the collection area with cars or trucks. The
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collected goods must not be harvested by using axes, saws or chainsaws for cutting whole branches. It is forbidden to cut branches or whole trees for harvesting. Strobuli are produced every year, but need up to two years to fully mature, for that reason the same tree or collection area should be harvested only every two years. The tree itself is fairly long-lived, to 200 years or more and quite fast growing when young. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. If used for distillation of essential oil, whole branches may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. For distillation also the needles may be used. If only strobuli or microstrobuli are used, they should be stored in a cool and clean place for not longer than a week. References http://www.tropicos.org/Name/24900681 http://www.conifers.org/pi/pic/orientalis.htm http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42332/0 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea%20abies http://data.gbif.org/search/picea%20abies http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28264 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28319 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_abies
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23 Pinus sylvestris Botanical Name: Pinus sylvestris L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Armenian: Azerian: otlandiya am Russian: English: Scotch Pine German: Waldkiefer, Fhre Description of the Plant An evergreen tree to 2540 m tall, with straight stem. The crown is variable, with a variety of shapes common in wild populations from level branches to near-fastigiate; open ovoid-conic when young and usually eventually becoming dense, broadly domed or even flat-topped. Bark on lower stem thick, scaly-plated, grey-brown; on upper stem and branches, thin, flaking, orange-red. Shoots green at first, becoming grey-buff by the end of the first summer. Buds ovoid-conic, orange-brown, thinly to occasionally thickly covered in white resin. Leaves in fascicles of two, (2.5 6 cm long, 1.52 mm wide, always moderately to often strongly glaucous (the only two-leaved hard pine with blue-green or grey-green leavesan easy pine to identify), longest on vigorous young trees (59 cm), short on old trees (2.55 cm), commonly slightly twisted, margins finely serrulate; persistent for 26 years; leaf sheath grey, 58 mm, slowly eroding to 34 mm by leaf senescence. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind. The plant is not self-fertile. Male cones 812 mm, yellow or pink. Cones 37.5 cm long, conic, symmetrical or nearly so, green ripening matt grey-buff to greygreen; mature in NovemberDecember, 20 months after pollination, opening FebruaryApril and falling soon after seed shed; scales rhombic, flat to protuberant and (rarely) hooked (with a full range of variation in between). Seeds black, 45 mm, with a 1220 mm wing. The seed is dispersed by wind or animals. A widespread tree in temperate Asia and Europe. In the Caucasus it occurs in Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Abkhazia, Russian Federation. The tree is cultivated in large forestry plantations as timber tree. Botanical Family: Pinaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lake
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_
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BaikalWithTree.JPG Herbarium specimen
sylvestris_youngcone.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrat http://www.zuerichherbarien.uzh.ch/herbarimg/Generale/G/Pina ion_Pinus_sylvestris0.jpg ceae/Z-000054508_M.jpg Protection status IUCN Red List Status: Lower Risk/least concern. Its relative Pinus brutia, is also listed as Least Concern National Red List of Georgia: not liste, but Pinus pityusa Stev. Is listed as Vulnerable. National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): Pinus pityusa Stev. Vulnerable: Synonym of Pinus brutia Ten. var. pityusa (Steven) Silba: Occurs in the Caucasus in Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, other populations are in Cyprus; Iraq; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine Krym; Bulgaria; Greece. Protected in Georgia. A medium-size tree, reaching 20-35 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m, exceptionally 2 m. The bark is orange-red, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The needles are in pairs, slender, mostly 10-16 cm long, bright green to slightly yellowish green. The cones are stout, heavy and hard, 6-11 cm long and 4-5 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next year or two to release the seeds, opening to 5-8 cm broad. The seeds are 7-8 mm long, with a 15-20 mm wing, and are mainly wind-dispersed.
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_brutia_pollencones.jpg Description of the collection habitat A common tree in forests and open woodland, especially common in mid- and upper montane zones. Forms pure stands, but also occurs in mixed forests with beech, spruce, fir, etc. up to 2000 m. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Dried young shoots, collected at the beginning of spring (Turiones Pini) Essential oil from the needles, tips of branches or whole branches (Pini aetheroleum) Tar obtained through dry distillation (Pix liquida) Young male catkins (Microstrobuli) from male fruits, collected in January Immature female cones (Strobuli) from female fruits, collected in Mai Description of collection technique Dried young shoots, essential oil and tar: only trees which were felled can be used, as side product from commercial or private timber production in a legal frame. Harvest with scissors, axes and saws, but only on already felled trees. Strobuli and microstrobuli: The green young seed cones are harvested by hand. One collector climbs up the tree and puts the strobuli or microstrobuli into a bag which is dropped to the ground when full. Other collectors gather the bags and deliver them to the brigadier. Care has to be taken that collectors do not fall off the trees: Preferably the collection should be done by using a rope for security of the climber. Trees must be strong enough to support the climber. No unexperienced collectors may climb the trees. Harvest should take place only when the trees are dry, in order to avoid slip hazard. Sustainability Typical Frequency of collection at the same location should be not more often than once every two years. About 80% of all trees in the collection area may be harvested. Not more than 30 % of all strobuli or microstrobuli from one tree can be harvested. Care has to be taken not to cause soil erosion when accessing the collection area with cars or trucks. The strobuli or microstrobuli must not be harvested by using axes, saws or chainsaws for cutting whole branches. It is forbidden to cut branches or whole trees for harvesting. Strobuli are produced every year, but need up to two years to fully mature, for that reason the same tree or collection area should be harvested only every two years. The tree itself is fairly long-lived, to 200 years or more and quite fast growing when young. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which
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are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. If used for distillation of essential oil, whole branches may be distilled. Care has to be taken that material for distillation is not moldy and free from other plants or plant parts. For distillation also the needles may be used. If only strobuli are used, they should be stored in a cool and clean place for not longer than a week. References http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/sylvestris.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Pine http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28552 http://data.gbif.org/species/14705913/ http://www.arkive.org/scots-pine/pinus-sylvestris/?src=portlet&o=p#text=All http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus%20sylvestris http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42347/0
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24 Plantago lanceolata Botanical Name: Plantago lanceolata and P. major L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: lanceta mravalZarRva Botanical Family: Plantaginaceae
Armenian: Azerian: Baayarpaqi neshtere oxshar Russian: English: Buckhort Plantain, Greater Plantain German: Spitzwegerich, Breitwegerich Description of the Plant Plantago lanceolata: perennial herbaceous plant 15-40 cm height; Leaves lanceolate or narrow lanceolate, with 3-7 strings, sharpened, 5-10 cm. length, 0,5 - 1 cm. wide; Flower stem is cut, covered with hairs, Bracts oviform; Sepal is brown, with hairs covered range, top-blunt, wide; Corolla yellowish coloured, with stripped tube; Stamens exceeding corolla, anther yellow coloured, Seed oblong, 2 mm length, black coloured. Plantago major: Plant 50 cm, stem one or several, leaves rosette, rhizome short, leaves wide ovate or elliptic, entire, rarely toothed, glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent, flowering axis erect, cylindrical, flowers arranged in spike, flowers small, inconspicous, sepals oval, margins membranous, corolla light brown, corolla tube cylindrical, fruit - bilocule capsule, brown. The flowers of both species are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by wind. The plant is self-fertile. Both species originate from Eurasia, but are now naturalized worldwide. Plantago lanceolata Plantago major
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/^File:Plant http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pla ago_major.jpg ntago_lanceolata-1.jpg
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Plantago lanceolata
Plantago major
http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100019552 http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100124009 Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The described Plantago species are not easily confused with other plants. There are hybrids of various Plantago species, the Pharmacopoeia Europaea accepts only the two described species. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat Both species grow in meadows and pastures, but also and especially on paths and roads, roadsides, disturbed areas or similar compacted soil, up to an altitude of 2500 m. Special care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to contaminated places, as well as gardens, roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The fresh or dried herb when in flower (Plantaginis lanceolatae herba // Herba Plantaginis majoris): Whole or cut, dried flowering tops and leaves of the two described species, harvested during flowering time from May to October. Description of collection technique The above ground parts of the plant are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, during full flower. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. The leaves should be collected with scissors when they are not covered with dew. Collect young, healthy, undamaged leaf.
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Sustainability The plant produces its leaves annually. 30% of the population at one site has to stay untouched. It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as paths, dirt roads, roadsides, houses, gardens, settlements etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% Processing has to maintain the nice green colour, the characteristic flavour and the slightly bitter taste. References http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25200021 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25200022 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28788 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28787 http://data.gbif.org/species/13746719/ http://data.gbif.org/species/21269213/ http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago%20major http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago%20lanceolata
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25 Prunus cerasifera Botanical Name: Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: aluCa Armenian: Azerian: Alca, meyvesi Russian: English: Cherry Plum German: Kirschpflaume Description of the Plant Wild cherry plum are large shrubs or small trees reaching 6-15 meters tall, with deciduous leaves 4 to 6 cm long. It is one of the first European trees to flower in spring, often starting in mid-February. The flowers are white and about 2 centimeters across, with five petals. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The fruit is a drupe 2 or 3 cm in diameter and yellow or red in colour. It is edible, and reaches maturity from early-July to mid-September. The plant reproduces through seed. The bush is noted for attracting wildlife such as bees for pollinisation, and birds and mammals who feed on the fruit. The plant is distributed in the Caucasus in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia. It also occurs in Afghanistan, Turkey, Irak and Iran, Kirgizstan and China; as well as in southern Europe. The domesticated form is cultivated in gardens worldwide. Botanical Family: Rosaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Prunus_cerasifera_JPG1a.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prunus _March_2008-1a.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgen ustur/ros/pru/di/pages/Prunus%20divaricata %20LEDEB_%20subsp_%20divaricata%20 LEDEB_jpg.htm Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The bush can not easily be confused with other plants, but has to be distinguished from cultivated garden plums. http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/images/ B/10/00/86/35/thumbs/B_10_0086355.jpg Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 2000 meters above sea level, in forests, forest edges and open woodland. Plum trees which grow in gardens should not be mixed with wild harvested plums, because they have different taste, colour and size. Also the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe fruit is harvested when mature, free from damage of hail and insects. Fruits should not be too small; classified and selected products are preferable. Description of collection technique The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. When climbing the tree, care must be taken not to break off any branches. When shaking the tree for harvest, do not damage the tree or its branches. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Fruits should not be damaged (by insects, hail or other); and not be over ripe. Take care not to damage fruits during transportation. Sustainability
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Wild plum trees are slow growing, but can live longer than 100 years. Fruits are produced annually, but care must be taken not to destroy twigs and branches where new flowers and fruits will be produced. About 20% of the fruit from one tree should remain, about 20% of all trees should be left unharvested in one collection area. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Before processing, harvested fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter. For processing, cut the fruit into quarters or slices and dry either in warm, dry and well aerated spaces in thin layers, or artificially in dryers with a maximum temperature of 40 Degree Celsius. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?29860 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cerasifera http://data.gbif.org/search/Prunus%20cerasifera http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus%20cerasifera%20divaricata http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27801090 http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/artenhome.xsql?suchnr=4584&
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26 Punica granatum Botanical Name: Punica granatum L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: borweuli Armenian: Azerian: Nar meyvesi Russian: English: Pomegranade German: Granatapfel Description of the Plant A fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing between 5 and 8 m. The leaves are opposite or sub-opposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 37 cm long and 2 cm broad. The flowers are bright red, 3 cm in diameter, with four to five petals (often more on cultivated plants). It is in flower from June to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by bees. The edible fruit is a berry and is between a lemon and a grapefruit in size, 512 cm in diameter with a rounded hexagonal shape, and has thick reddish skin and around 600 seeds. Each seed has a surrounding water-laden pulp called aril, ranging in colour from white to deep red or purple. The pomegranate is native to Iran and India. It has been cultivated in the Caucasus since ancient times. It is widely cultivated throughout temperate western Asia, northern Africa, the drier parts of southeast Asia and the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe. In Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, there are wild pomegranate groves outside of ancient abandoned settlements. Botanical Family: Lythraceae
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c f/Granatapfelbaum.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ill ustration_Punica_granatum0.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://culture.teldap.tw/taibif_search/item.php?CollectionCode=HAST61292 Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The plant can not easily be confused with other plants. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: Included in the Red Data Book of Azerbaijan. Description of the collection habitat Grows predominantly in the lower mountain belt and penetrates into the middle belt (mainly at elevations of 120-600 m, while on some places it may grow as high as 1800 m). Occurs as single plants and in small groups on southward, fine-earth and rubbly mountainsides, in warm enclosed ravines, on pebbly banks and sandy alluvia in river valleys. Develops better under sufficient moistening in habitats with a closely adjacent groundwater table, near springs, on rocky slopes - in places of moisture condensation. Also grows along roadsides, human settlements and in other places influenced by humans. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe fruits are harvested in October- December. Fruits which are cracked, damaged or otherwise contaminated should not be harvested. Description of collection technique The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe, in October - December. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. When climbing the tree, care must be taken not to break off any branches. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Sustainability Annual yields from wild trees average about 30 kg per tree, it takes 3 to 4 years until the first fruits are produced, and about 20 to 30 years until the tree is fully developed. Under
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cultivation, yields may be about 100-200 kg of fruit per fully developed tree per year, about 50-200 fruits per tree. Care must be taken not to damage the trees during harvest, and since it is important as food tree for birds and other animals, not more than 80% of the fruits of one tree should be harvested. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter and store in dry and clean boxes in well aerated rooms. Mould absolutely has to be avoided! Do not use plastic bags for storage. References http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Punica%20granatum http://data.gbif.org/search/punica%20granatum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30372 http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1829 http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/related/Punica_granatum/
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27 Rosa canina Botanical Name: Rosa canina L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: askili Armenian: Azerian: itburnu meyvesi Russian: English: Dog Rose German: Heckenrose, Hundsrose Description of the Plant A deciduous shrub normally ranging in height from 15 m, though sometimes it can scramble higher into the crowns of taller trees. Its stems are covered with small, sharp, hooked prickles, which aid it in climbing. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by bees and other insects. The flowers are usually pale pink, but can vary between a deep pink and white. They are 46 cm diameter with five petals, and mature into an oval 1.52 cm red-orange fruit, or hip. The plant is noted for attracting wildlife such as bees for pollinisation, and birds and mammals who feed on the fruit. The plant is distributed in the Caucasus in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia, and in the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia. It also occurs in western and middle Asia as well as in Europe and North Africa. It has been planted worldwide and is nowadays widely naturalized. Botanical Family: Rosaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki//File:Hundsr http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa ose-busch.jpg _canina_hips.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustr ation_Rosa_canina1.jpg
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The bush can easily be confused with related rose species In the Caucasus also the following species occur: Rosa doluchanovii Manden. Rosa foetida Herrm. Rosa gallica L. Rosa jundzillii Besser Rosa majalis Herrm. Rosa spinosissima L. Rosa villosa L.
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Here, only one taxonomically recognized species with protection status is shown: Rosa pulverulenta Low-growing shrub, 0.l-l m, often forming dense patches or mats. Prickles weak to rather coarse, straight to curved, occasionally hooked, with a dense covering of bristles and stalked glands. Leaves often small, sticky, aromatic; leaflets usually 5; Flowers solitary or 2-4 together. Pedicels 0.2-1.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent, usually densely stalkedglandular, only rarely smooth. Petals 11.8 cm long, pink. Flowering June-July. Dry open, often grazed places, stony and rocky slopes or banks, screes, subalpine meadows on limestone or igneous substrate, 700-2550 m.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rosa_ pulverulenta Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: Rosa canina is included in the Red Data Book of Azerbaijan. Further included in the National Red List of Azerbaijan are Rosa pulverulenta Rosa karjaginii Rosa nisami Description of the collection habitat It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 2000 meters above sea level, in forests, forest edges and open woodland. Rosehip bushes which grow in gardens and hedges close to human settlements should not be mixed with wild growing rosehip because the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The ripe fruit is harvested when mature, free from damage of hail and insects. Fruits should not be too small; classified and selected products are preferable. European Pharmacopoeia: Rose hips are made up by the receptacle and the remains of the dried sepals of Rosa canina L., R. pendulina L. and other Rosa species, with the achenes removed. The drug consists of fragments of the fleshy, hollow, urceolate receptacle, bearing the remains of the reduced sepals, light pink or orange-pink, the convex outer surface shiny and strongly wrinkled; bearing on its lighter inner surface abundant bristle-like hairs. Description of collection technique Rosehip is collected in the period of September-November, when it is well ripe, somewhat
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dried, and of proper color. This plant is not easily damaged by weather, which makes it possible to organize collection during the late autumn months. The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. No sticks must be used for harvesting because this method will damage the fruit and the plant, only harvest by hand is acceptable. Care must be taken not to break off any branches. The harvest of whole branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Fruits should not be damaged (by insects, hail or other); and not be unripe or over ripe. Take care not to damage fruits during transportation. Sustainability Fruits are produced annually, but care must be taken not to destroy twigs and branches where new flowers and fruits will be produced. About 20% of the fruit from one bush should remain, about 20% of all bushes should be left unharvested in one collection area. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Before processing, harvested fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the fruit from leaves, twigs or other foreign matter. For processing, dry either in warm, dry and well aerated spaces in thin layers, or artificially in dryers with a maximum temperature of 40 Degree Celsius. Quality requirements according to Phar. Eur: Foreign matter max. 1%. Total ash max. 7%. Loss on drying: Maximum 10.0 per cent, determined on 1.000 g of the powdered drug by drying in an oven at 105 C. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5309 http://data.gbif.org/search/Rosa%20canina http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa%20canina http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_canina http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27800145 http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenustur/rosa.htm
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28 Rubus idaeus Botanical Name: Rubus idaeus L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Jolo Armenian: Azerian: Morug meyvesi Russian: English: Raspberry German: Himbeere Description of the Plant A perennial plant which bears biennial stems ("canes") from the perennial root system. In its first year, a new stem grows vigorously to its full height of 1.5-2.5 m, unbranched, and bearing large pinnate leaves with five or seven leaflets; normally it does not produce any flowers. In its second year, the stem does not grow taller, but produces several side shoots, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets. The flowers are produced in late spring on short racemes on the tips of these side shoots, each flower about 1 cm diameter with five white petals. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile, it is noted for attracting wildlife such as insects, birds and mammals who feed on the nectar and the ripe fruit, and who distribute the seed. The fruit is red, edible, sweet but tart-flavoured, produced in summer or early autumn. In raspberry, the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in blackberry the drupelets stay attached to the core. The plant is naturally occurring in central and western Asia and in Europe. On the Caucasus, it occurs in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere. Botanical Family: Rosaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rubu s-idaeus.JPG
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krzak_ malin2.JPG
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Herbarium specimen
http://hoppe.bibliothek.unihttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koehregensburg.de/files/FeB/presentation/0025.jp 124.jpg g Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The bush can be confused with other Rubus species, but if the red fruits are taken as principal identification character, no confusion should occur. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed, and no other Rubus species with red fruit are listed. National Red List of Georgia: not listed, and no other Rubus species with red fruit are listed. National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed, and no other Rubus species with red fruit are listed. National Red List of Armenia: not listed, and no other Rubus species with red fruit are listed. Description of the collection habitat It typically grows in forests, forming open stands under a tree canopy, and denser stands in clearings. In the south of its range (southern Europe, central Asia), it only occurs at high altitudes in mountains, up to 2000 meters above sea level. Raspberry bushes which grow in gardens and hedges close to human settlements should not be mixed with wild growing ones because the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The leaves (Folia Rubi Idaei): Dried green leaves of Rubus idaeus. The ripe fruit: harvested when mature, free from damage of hail and insects. Fruits should not be too small; classified and selected products are preferable. Description of collection technique Raspberry leaves are collected during spring and summer, before the fruit is ripe. The raspberry cane is stripped from its leaves by hand. Gloves should be worn for this work in order not to injure hands of collectors.
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Raspberry fruit is collected in the period of July-November, when it is well ripe but not over mature, and of proper red color. The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. The harvest of whole plants or raspberry branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Fruits should not be damaged (by insects, hail or other); and not be unripe or over ripe. Take care not to damage fruits during transportation. Sustainability Leaves and fruits are produced annually. About 20% of the fruit from one bush should remain, about 20% of all bushes should be left unharvested in one collection area. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Before processing, harvested leaves or fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the harvested goods from other plant parts or other foreign matter. For processing, dry either in warm, dry and well aerated spaces in thin layers, or artificially in dryers with a maximum temperature of 40 Degree Celsius. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32348 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus%20idaeus http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27800177 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_idaeus http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32348
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29 Rubus fruticosus Botanical Name: Rubus fruticosus auct. Aggr, as well as other Rubus species from the Caucasus with black fruit Plant Local name(s) Georgian: rusuli mayvali Armenian: Azerian: Byrtkn meyvsi Russian: English: Blackberry, Bramble German: Brombeere Description of the Plant Brambles are deciduous shrubs normally ranging in height from 13 m at a fast rate, with black fruit. Brambles have a complicated taxonomy and the identification of different species in the field is difficult, thus no description of each species can be given here. Rubus fruticosus aggr. has the meaning of aggregate or collective description of different subspecies of Rubus fruticosus, which expresses that various sub-species are lumped under this name. It is in leaf most of the year, beginning its growing season in March. It is in flower from May to September, and the seeds ripen from July to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile, it is noted for attracting wildlife such as insects, birds and mammals who feed on the nectar and the ripe fruit, and who distribute the seed. Rubus fruticosus aggr. is a native plant to Europe, but has been naturalized in southern Africa, temperate and tropical Asia and the United States, it is also planted world wide. Other Rubus species are restricted to the Caucasus region or even endemic to only one country or location. Botanical Family: Rosaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki//File:Rubus _fruticosus_001.JPG
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki//File:Rub us_fruticosus_09_ies.jpg
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Herbarium specimen (of Rubus discolor)
http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortandir/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nsrrubusdi/pages/Rubus%20%20discolor_jpg.htm slika-489.png
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The bush can easily be confused with related bramble species. Among others, in the Caucasus also the following species occur: Rubus armeniacus Focke Rubus caesius L. Rubus canescens DC. Rubus caucasicus Focke Rubus cyri Juz. Rubus georgicus Focke Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. Rubus idaeus L. Rubus karakalensis Freyn Rubus miszczenkoi Juz. Rubus moschus Juz. Rubus nemorosus Hayne ex Willd. Rubus piceetorum Juz. Rubus sanctus Schreb.
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Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed, but Rubus takhtadjanii Mulk.: Endangered species. Endemic of Armenia. Only one population is known. Shrub. Leaves compound, of 5 leaflets, glabrous from above, shortly tomentose-grey from below, aculeate on the veins; leaves of generative shoots ternate. Inflorescence fewflowered, terminal, interrupted, compound of small, up to 3-4 cm long, axillary 1-3-flowered branches. Petals pink. Fruits globose, up to 1 cm in diam. Distribution. In Armenia it occurs in Zangezur (surroundings of Tsav and Srashen villages) floristic region. Grows in lower and middle mountain belts, at the altitudes of 800-1400 meters above sea level, on the slopes of mountain rover gorges, at forest edges, on stony slopes and rocks, in road sides. Flowering from June to July, fruiting from August to September
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Rubus zangezurus Mulk.: Endangered species. Endemic of Armenia. The area of distribution is fragmented. Shrub. Leaves compound, of 5 leaflets, from below tomentose-grey, from above with appressed, not numerous hairs. Flower stalks up to 50 cm long, canaliculatedangulate, slightly flexuose at inflorescence. Inflorescence 2-7-flowered, narrowed at top, foliated almost up to top. Petals pink. Fruits black, nitescent, globose, more than 1 cm in diam. In Armenia it occurs in Idjevan (Berd) and Zangezur (Goris, Tsav) floristic regions. Grows in lower and middle mountain belts, at the altitudes of 800-1400 meters above sea level, in the mountain river gorges, forests, at forest edges, in shibliak, stony slopes and screes. Flowering from June to July, fruiting from August to September
Description of the collection habitat It grows in lowlands, lower and middle mountain belts at the altitudes of up to 2000 meters above sea level, in forests, forest edges and open woodland. Bramble bushes which grow in gardens and hedges close to human settlements should not be mixed with wild growing ones because the risk of contamination is higher from gardens and cultivated places. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The leaves (Rubi fruticosi folium): Dried green leaves of Rubus fruticosus and other Rubus species. The ripe fruit: harvested when mature, free from damage of hail and insects. Fruits should not be too small; classified and selected products are preferable. Description of collection technique Bramble leaves are collected during spring and summer, before the fruit is ripe. The bramble cane is stripped from its leaves by hand. Gloves should be worn for this work in order not to injure hands of collectors. Bramble fruit is collected in the period of July-November, when it is well ripe but not over mature, and of proper black color. The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. The harvest of whole plants or
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bramble branches is forbidden, as well as harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Fruits should not be damaged (by insects, hail or other); and not be unripe or over ripe. Take care not to damage fruits during transportation. Sustainability Leaves and fruits are produced annually. About 20% of the fruit from one bush should remain, about 20% of all bushes should be left unharvested in one collection area. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Before processing, harvested leaves or fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the harvested goods from other plant parts or other foreign matter. For processing, dry either in warm, dry and well aerated spaces in thin layers, or artificially in dryers with a maximum temperature of 40 Degree Celsius. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?419819 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/621 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus%20fruticosus http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27801830 http://coldb.mnhn.fr/ScientificName/Rubus/fruticosus
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30 Salvia verticillata Botanical Name: Salvia verticillata L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: dajiri Armenian: Azerian: Adacayi Russian: English: Whorled Sage German: Quirlbltiger Salbei Description of the Plant Salvia verticillata has a leafy base of mid-green leaves covered with hairs, putting up leafcovered stems that carry inflorescences of up to 1 meter length. The tiny lavender flowers grow tightly packed in whorls, with tiny lime-green and purple calyces. The name verticillata refers to the whorls that grow in verticils. Flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). They are pollinated by bees. The plant occurs in the Russian Federation, temperate western Asia and in eastern and southern Europe. In the Caucasus, the plant occurs in Armenia; Azerbaijan and Georgia. Botanical Family: Lamiaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvia_ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvi a_verticillata_300907.jpg verticillata_240606.jpg Herbarium specimen
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32976
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Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): There are several Salvia species growing in the Caucasus, the ones with protection status are described here. Further, the following species are described for the Caucasus: Salvia aethiopis L.; Salvia compar (Wissjul.) Trautv. ex Sosn.; Salvia glutinosa L.; Salvia limbata C. A. Mey.; Salvia sclarea L.; Salvia sylvestris L.; Salvia syriaca L.; Salvia tomentosa Mill.; Salvia verbenaca L.; Salvia viridis L. Salvia suffruticosa Moentbr. & Auch. ex Benth. Endangered species. Semi-shrub up to 50 cm, branched from the base. Leaves pinnate. Inflorescence simple, of 4-8 remote, 6-10flowered pseudoverticilles. Flowers bilabiate. Corolla yellowish-white; upper lip galeiform, lower one tripartite. Calyx greenish; teeth at margins with thick stipulate glandules. Fruit of 4 nutlets. In Armenia it occurs in Yerevan (Geghadir, Garni, Hatsavan villages, Yeranos mountain range) floristic region. Grows in middle mountain belt, at the altitude of 12001700 meters above sea level, on dry stony slopes in the mountain steppes. Flowering in June, fruiting in July. Ether-oil plant with pleasant odor of nutmeg. Salvia spinosa L Endangered species. The species is on the verge of extinction in Armenia caused by anthropogenic factor. Perennial herb 40-50 cm. Leaves entire, large, sessile, smooth, yellowish. Inflorescence paniculate. Flowers bilabiate. Corolla white, with long tube, bilabiate, 20-25 mm long; central tooth of upper lip longer than lateral ones. Nutlets about 3 mm long, almost black. In Armenia it occurs in Yerevan (Hatsavan, Zovashen) floristic region. Grows in lower and middle mountain belts, at the altitude of 1000-1300 meters above sea level, on dry stony places, in the mountain steppe. Flowering in June, fruiting in July. Ether-oil plant with pleasant odor.
Salvia garedji Troitzk Perennial plant, greyish green coloured, 20-40 cm. high. Branched from the bottom, covered with long and frequent hairs; Leaves Short petiole, thickly covered with lanate and spread wide hairs, 5-6 cm. length, with 2-4 twin leaflets; Sepals along the string and on edges dark purple, thick covered with long spread wide hairs. Corolla 30-35 mm. length, beaming purple coloured; Tube exact, inside with hairs ring; Nut backoviform, 4 mm. length, with small net of strings, brown coloured. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed, but Salvia garedji
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National Red List of Armenia: not listed, but Salvia spinosa and Salvia suffruticosa National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat The plant grows in rocky igneous slopes, mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland and forest margins, shale banks and roadsides to 2000 metres. It can also be found along roadsides and in vacant fields and other disturbed areas. Care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to agricultural fields where agro-chemicals might have been used, as well as gardens, roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The dried herb, whole or cut, dried flowering tops and stalk with leaves of Salvia verticillata, harvested during flowering time and cut to a length of up to 30 cm. The dried herb of Salvia verticillata must not be sold as Salviae officinalis folium, since the Pharmacopoeia Europaea does not accept this species as medicinal, only Salvia officinalis. Description of collection technique The above ground parts of the plant are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle, shortly before they are in full flower, to a length of max. 30 cm. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. Sustainability The plant produces flowers and leaves annually, but if the same plant is collected annually and completely, overharvesting is possible. For this reason, 30% of the stalks per plant and 50 % of the population has to stay untouched! Collect this plant at the same location only every two years. Collection every year is forbidden. It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as houses, gardens, settlements, roadsides etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32976 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_verticillata http://data.gbif.org/species/13746508/ http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx?serach=Salvia++verticillata
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31 Tussilago farfara Botanical Name: Tussilago farfara L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: viristerfa Armenian: , Azerian: gey ana Russian: -- English: Coltsfoot German: Huflattich Description of the Plant Coltsfoot is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by seeds and rhizomes, the plant is typically between 10 30 cm in height. It is often found in colonies of dozens of plants. It is in flower from February to April, and the seeds ripen from March to May. The leaves, which resemble a colt's foot in cross section, do not appear usually until after the seeds are set. Thus, the flowers appear on stems with no apparent leaves, and the later appearing leaves then wither and die during the season without seeming to set flowers. The large leaves with their thick felt-covered undersides occur in rosettes. The flowers of both species are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects. The plant is self-fertile. The plant is native to temperate western and northern Asia, Europe and northern Africa, and naturalized elsewhere. In the Caucasus, it occurs in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Botanical Family: Asteraceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coltsf oot.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Huflatt ich_Blaetter.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenu http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koehstur/ast/tus/images/Tussilago-farfara-L.142.jpg ma1768.jpg Petasites hybridus Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The described species is not easily confused with other related plant species. Care must be taken not to confuse the leaves with the leaves of similar looking plants from the Caucasus, e.g.Petasites hybridus, a similar looking species which grows in moist and damp places like riversides. The leaves of Petasites are not as felty as Coltsfoot, they are large, on stout 80-120 cm tall stems, round, with a diameter of 40-70 cm.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pet
asites_hybridus_Sturm53_cleaned_fragment.j pg Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat Coltsfoot is growing mainly on heavy clay soils, in hedgebanks, wasteland, often as a
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pioneer, and on dunes and shingle in coastal zones. It is also common on paths and roads, roadsides, disturbed areas or similar compacted soil. Special care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to contaminated places, as well as gardens, roads, waste deposit and industrial sites. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The fresh or dried leaf, harvested after flowering and seed production (Farfarae folium): Whole or cut, fresh or dried leaves of Coltsfoot, harvested after flowering time from May to summer. Description of collection technique Only young, healthy, green and undamaged leaves are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. The leaves should be collected when they are not covered with dew. Sustainability The plant produces its leaves annually. 30% of the population at one site has to stay untouched. It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as paths, dirt roads, roadsides, houses, gardens, settlements etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% Processing has to maintain the nice green colour, the characteristic flavour and the slightly bitter taste. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40789 http://data.gbif.org/search/tussilago%20farfara http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tussilago%20farfara http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussilago_farfara http://www.arkive.org/colts-foot/tussilago-farfara/?src=portlet&o=p
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32 Urtica dioica Botanical Name: Urtica dioica L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: jinWari Armenian: Azerian: gicitken otu Russian: English: Stinging nettle German: Brennessel Description of the Plant Stinging nettle or common nettle, Urtica dioica, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant Stinging nettle is a dioecious herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2 m tall in the summer and dying down to the ground in winter. It has widely spreading rhizomes and stolons, which are bright yellow as are the roots. The soft green leaves are 3 to 15 cm long and are borne oppositely on an erect wiry green stem. The leaves have a strongly serrated margin, a cordate base and an acuminate tip with a terminal leaf tooth longer than adjacent laterals. It bears small greenish or brownish numerous flowers in dense axillary inflorescences. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by wind. The plant is not self-fertile. The leaves and stems are very hairy with nonstinging hairs and also bear many stinging hairs, whose tips come off when touched, transforming the hair into a needle that injects several chemicals. The plant is noted for attracting wildlife, especially insects who feed on the plant. It is also a pioneering plant which stabilizes the soil. The plant is native to Asia, Europe, northern America and northern Africa, and naturalized elsewhere. In the Caucasus, it occurs in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Botanical Family: Urticaceae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urtica http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urticadioica(Blueten).jpg _dioica06_ies.jpg
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Herbarium specimen
http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/images/B/10/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ 02/74/63/thumbs/B_10_0274635.jpg File:Illustration_Urtica_dioica0_clean.jpg Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): The described species is not easily confused with other related plant species. Protection status IUCN Red List Status: not listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed Description of the collection habitat Stinging nettle prefers a rich soil, it avoids acid soils. It often grows on hedge banks, wasteland, as a pioneer plant on disturbed areas. It is also common on paths and roads, roadsides, waste deposit and on or next to conventional fields. Special care must be taken not to collect this plant on or next to contaminated places such as waste deposits, industrial sites and conventional fields, as well as gardens, roads etc. Description of collected part(s) of the plant The fresh or dried leaf, harvested before or during flowering (Urticae folium): Whole or cut, fresh or dried leaves of Urtica dioica. Do not collect leaves which are too old. The fresh rhizome, harvested in summer and autumn (Urticae radix): Whole or cut rhizome of Urtica dioica. Description of collection technique Only young, healthy, green and undamaged leaves are harvested fresh, by hand, with knifes, scissors or sickle. Do not pull up the plant with its roots, always make a clean cut for harvest. The leaves should be collected when they are not covered with dew. The plant has many hollow stinging hairs on its leaves and stems, which act like needles. Wear gloves for collection!
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Sustainability The plant produces its leaves annually. 30% of the population at one site has to stay untouched. It is not allowed to pull out the plant from the soil. Collection on or next to places with human influence such as paths, dirt roads, roadsides, houses, gardens, settlements etc is forbidden. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New bags should be used which are labeled with the following information: Name of collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Dry smaller quantities naturally in a well aerated place with no direct sunlight. The drying place has to be protected from dust, animals and insects and well-aired (wind). Dry larger quantities in dryers with maximum air temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Dried plant have to be packed in paper or jute bags until used. Storage has to be protected from light and moisture. Care has to be taken that processed material does not become moldy and it has to be free from other plants or plant parts. Water content: not more than 10%. Foreign organic matter: not more than 2% Processing has to maintain the nice green colour, the characteristic flavour and the slightly bitter taste. References http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40944 http://data.gbif.org/search/Urtica%20dioica http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica%20dioica http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguide/species/738.html http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33400020 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica
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33 Vaccinium myrtillus Botanical Name: Vaccinium myrtillus L. and V. arctostaphylos L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: maRali mocvi da mocvi Armenian: Azerian: Qaragile adi Russian: , English: Bilberry German: Blaubeere Description of the Plant Vaccinium myrtillus: Perennial deciduous bushy plant of about 40 cm, stem branched, rhizome long, horizontal, creeping, young branches green, old branches greenish-brown, leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, light green, ovate or elliptic, serrate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, semisericeous, flowers axillar, corolla greenish pink, the fruit is a drupe with several seeds and juice of violet colour which leaves stains on hands. It is in flower from April to June, and the seeds ripen from July to September. Vaccinium arctostaphylos: Perennial deciduous bushy plant of about 2-4 m, rounded, glabrous, rarely pubescent leaves oblong elliptic or oblong-ovate, serrate, acuminate, dark green above, light green beneath, pubescent along veins, flowers arranged in axillar clusters, corolla campanulate, whitish-red. The fruit is a black drupe with several seeds and juice of clear colour, which does not leave stains on the hands. It is in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen from August to September. Both species are hermaphrodite (they have both male and female organs in the same flowers) and are pollinated by bees, flies, and other insects such as lepidoptera, also self-pollination is possible. They attract wildlife during flowering time for pollination and during fruiting time, the seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals. Vaccinium myrtillus is fairly widespread worldwide, it grows naturally in temperate Asia, Europe and northern America. In the Caucasus, it grows in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. This species is widely cultivated for its fruit. Vaccinium arctostaphylos grows naturally only in restriced places in temperate Asia (Caucasus, Iran, Turkey) and south Eastern Europe (Bulgaria). In the Caucasus it grows naturally in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as Ciscaucasia. Botanical Family: Ericaceae
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Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacciniu m_myrtillus_pl.jpg Herbarium specimen of Vaccinium myrtillus
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacc inum_myrtillus_260405.jpg Details of Vaccinium myrtillus
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/vh/specimen.php?irn= 603616
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:203_ Vaccinium_Murtillus_L.jpg
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Vaccinium arctostaphylos
Vaccinium arctostaphylos
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacciniu m_arctostaphylos-1.jpg Herbarium specimen of Vaccinium arctostaphylos
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacc inium_arctostaphylos-2.jpg Herbarium specimen of Vaccinium arctostaphylos
http://www.linnean-online.org/5423/
http://dsiphoto.mnhn.fr/sonnerat/LAPI /scanR/R20081211/P00647819.jpg
Confusion possible with other similar plant(s): There is also danger of confusion with Vaccinium uliginosum: This close relative to bilberries is native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Asia, Europe and northern America) and occurs at medium to high altitudes in the Caucasus, at altitudes of 2500-3300 m. It grows on wet acidic soils on heathland, moorland, tundra, and in the understory of coniferous forests. It is a small deciduous shrub growing to 10-75cm tall, rarely 1 m tall, with brown stems (unlike the green stems of the closely related Vaccinium myrtillus). The leaves are oval, 4-30 mm long and 2-15 mm wide, blue-green with pale net-like veins, with a smooth margin and rounded apex. The flowers are pendulous, urn-shaped, pale pink, 4-6mm long, produced in mid spring. The fruit is a dark blue-black berry 5-8 mm diameter, with a white flesh, edible and sweet when ripe in late summer.
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Comparison of fruit of Vaccinum myrtillus (upper part of photo) and Vaccinium uliginosum (lower part of photo)
Fruits and leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blokkeb aer.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacci nium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JP G Protection status IUCN Red List Status: Neither Vaccinium myrtillus, nor V. arctostaphylos nor V. uliginosum are listed National Red List of Georgia: not listed National Red List of Azerbaijan: not listed National Red List of Armenia: not listed, but Vaccinium uliginosum is listed as endangered species. At present only two precise sub-populations are known in Armenia, it grows in Gegham (Gridzor) and Upper Akhuryan (mountain Ghukasyan Mets) floristic regions. The species faces decline caused by changes in habitat conditions in the result of global climate change. Description of the collection habitat Vaccinium myrtillus: In the Caucasus, it grows in mixed and broad-leaved forests from the upper montane belt to alpine zones up to 3500 m. Vaccinium arctostaphylos: Grows in mixed and broad-leaved forests from sea level up to the upper montane belt. Description of collected part(s) of the plant Vaccinium myrtillus: The ripe fruit (Myrtilli fructus): fresh ripe fruit collected in AugustSeptember. Also the young leaves before summer (Myrtilli folium). Vaccinium arctostaphylos: The fruit is collected, but fruits of Vaccinium arctostaphylos may not be sold as Myrtilli fructus as described in the Pharmacopoeia Europaea, since only fruit of V. myrtillus is accepted as medicinal. Description of collection technique Leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus are collected during spring and early summer, before the leaves become hard and lose their soft green colour. The upper 10 cm of the plant are harvested with scissors. Bilberry fruit is collected in the period of August to October, when it is well ripe but not over mature, and of proper black color. The fruits are harvested fresh by hand when fully ripe. The harvest of whole plants or branches
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is forbidden, as well as fruit harvesting with scissors, knives, axes or saws. Fruits should not be damaged (by insects, hail or other); and not be unripe or over ripe. Take care not to damage fruits during transportation. Sustainability Leaves and fruits are produced annually. About 20% of the fruit from one bush should remain, about 20% of all bushes should be left unharvested in one collection area. For collection of leaves, the same collection area should be harvested only every second year to guarantee proper regeneration of the plants. Post collection treatment Harvest containers have to be clean, dry and well ventilated. New containers should be used which are labeled with the following information: Collected plant, collection area, collector name, date of collection, weight. Before processing, harvested leaves or fruit should be stored not longer than one or two days in the shade and under cool temperature. Fruit must not be bruised during storage or processing. Clean the harvested goods from other plant parts or other foreign matter. For processing, dry either in warm, dry and well aerated spaces in thin layers, or artificially in dryers with a maximum temperature of 40 Degree Celsius. References Vaccinium myrtillus http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41040 http://data.gbif.org/species/13742510/ http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinNam e= Vaccinium%20myrtillus http://www.tropicos.org/Name/12300055 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillu s
Vaccinium arctostaphylos http://coldb.mnhn.fr/ScientificName/Vaccinium/ arctostaphylos http://data.gbif.org/species/15474666/ http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40985 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx? LatinName=Vaccinium%20arctostaphylos http://www.tropicos.org/Name/12303144
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34 References Red Lists/Books Armenia Biodiversity Strategy for the Republic of Armenia: Red Book of Armenia, available on homepage http://www.nature-ic.am/biodiv/eng/red%20book/index.html, accessed 12.10.2010 Red Book of Armenia. Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Armenia. Draft Version 2010, unpublished Red Lists/Books Azerbaijan Red Data Book of Azerbaijan. Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic homepage: http://www.eco.gov.az/en/b-qirmizikitab.php, accessed 5.11.2010 Country Study on Biodiversity of the Republic of Azerbaijan. First National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Baku, 2004 Red Lists/Books Georgia Red List of Georgia. Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources homepage. http://moe.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=48, accessed 15.10.2010 Red Book of Georgia. Vili Kacharava, Niko Ketskhoveli, Levan Maruashvili, Boris Kurashvili. Committee for Nature Protection of Georgia, Academy of Sciences, University of Tbilisi. Tbilisi 1982.
Pharmacopoeia and other Quality Standards State Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. People's Medical Publishing House, China, 2005. European Pharmacopoeia 6.0. Council of Europe (COE) - European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, 2008 ISO Standard BS 7087-19 FENNEL SEEDS (WHOLE AND GROUND) GOST 15161 - HERB OF SAINT-JOHN'S-WORT. SPECIFICATIONS GOST 3852 FRUITS OF HAWTHORN. SPECIFICATIONS GOST 16832 PERSIAN WALNUTS. SPECIFICATIONS Y-W-50 WALNUTS,ENGLISH (PERSIAN),SHELLED FRESH ISO 7701 DRIED APPLES - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS BS 7087-10 HERBS AND SPICES READY FOR FOOD USE - SPECIFICATION FOR DRIED MINT (WHOLE, RUBBED AND GROUND) ISO 7925 DRIED OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE LINNAEUS)- WHOLE OR GROUND LEAVES SPECIFICATION ISO 23391 DRIED ROSEHIPS - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS GOST 3525 - RASPBERRY FRUITS ISO 11165 DRIED SAGE (SALVIA OFFICINALIS L.) SPECIFICATION ISO 6754 DRIED THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS LINNEAUS) SPECIFICATION GOST 13382 - FOLIUM FARFARAE COLTSFOOT. LEAF. SPECIFICATIONS GOST 21568 - COMMON COLTSFOOT FLOWERS. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPORT PRODUCTS GME TM 280300 NETTLE GOST 12529 - NETTLE (LEAF) GOST 3322 - FRUITS OF BILBERRY. SPECIFICATIONS
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Other sources of information Data base on wild plants of Georgia. CUNA Georgica, Tbilisi 2006, unpublished. Analysis of Processors and Traders Involved in Value Chains of Selected Biodiversity Products in Armenia, GTZ Sustainable Management of Biodiversity/AM Partners Consulting Company. Yerevan 2010. Plants of Georgia. A Field Guide. David Kikodze, Maia Tavartkiladze, Teimuraz Svanidze. Department of Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources. Tbilisi 2007 Der Kosmos Heilpflanzenfhrer: Europische Heil- und Giftpflanzen. Peter und Ingrid Schnfelder. Franck- Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 1995 Flowers of Turkey. A Photo Guide. Gerhard Pils. Eigenverlag G. Pils 2006 Gebirgsflora & Bume des Kaukasus. Shamil Shetekauri, Martin Jacoby. Buneba Print 2009
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MONOGRAPHS

Abies nordmanniana Botanical Family: Pinaceae

http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant IMO .aspx?LatinName=Abies%20 nordmanniana

Achillea millefolium Botanical Family: Asteraceae

Botanical Name: L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: farsmanduki

http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/l Rpert, D. (Ed.) 2000- (continuously updated):

http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea%20millefolium http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/druck.xsql?suchnr=27&sipnr=27& http://www.moe.gov.ge/index.php?site-id=182 http://data.gbif.org/search/Achillea%20millefolium

Artemisia absinthium Botanical Family: Asteraceae

Castanea sativa Botanical Family: Fagaceae

Cornus mas Botanical Family: Cornaceae

Botanical Name: Cornus mas L. Plant Local name(s) Georgian: Sindi

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrati http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm on_Cornus_mas0.jpg ons/f/f1/Cornus_mas_A.jpg

Corylus avellana Botanical Family: Betulaceae

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/File:Illustration_Corylus_avellan a0.jpg

http://data.gbif.org/search/corylus%20avellana http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus%20avellana http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus%20colurna http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel

Crataegus pentagyna Botanical Family: Rosaceae

Botanical Name: Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.

http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/leguid http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/legu ide/collections/115/1853.html e/collections/115/1857.html

http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/taxoquery.xsql?taxname=crataegus&submit.x= 0&submit.y=0&max-rows=10&skip-rows=0 http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?313760 http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63523/0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foeniculum_vul http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 gare.JPG

http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Foen_vul.html http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?209 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel http://www.pfaf.org/user/DatabaseSearhResult.aspx http://data.gbif.org/species/13741126/

http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenus http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/famgenu stur/ast/hel/pli/pli/index.htm tur/ast/hel/pli/pli/index.htm

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperi http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StJoh nswort-leaves.jpg cum_perforatum_007.JPG

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jugl http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ ans_regia_002.JPG File:Noix_en_automne.JPG

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leo http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teun_Spa nurus_cardiaca_2010_07_25.jpg ans_DSCF1543_Hartgespan.JPG

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malus_sy http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/dispimage.pl?212608 lvestris_005.JPG

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melis sa_officinalis_001.JPG Herbarium specimen

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menth http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menth a_longifolia.jpg a_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mentha _arvensis.jpeg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ment ha_aquatica_002.JPG

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Picea http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borjom i_Kharaguli_National_Park_-_Georgia.jpg _orientalis_foliage_Bakuriani.jpg

BaikalWithTree.JPG Herbarium specimen

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/^File:Plant http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pla ago_major.jpg ntago_lanceolata-1.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c f/Granatapfelbaum.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ill ustration_Punica_granatum0.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki//File:Hundsr http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa ose-busch.jpg _canina_hips.jpg

Herbarium specimen (of Rubus discolor)

http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortandir/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nsrrubusdi/pages/Rubus%20%20discolor_jpg.htm slika-489.png

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvia_ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvi a_verticillata_300907.jpg verticillata_240606.jpg Herbarium specimen

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urtica http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urticadioica(Blueten).jpg _dioica06_ies.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacciniu m_myrtillus_pl.jpg Herbarium specimen of Vaccinium myrtillus

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacc inum_myrtillus_260405.jpg Details of Vaccinium myrtillus

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacciniu m_arctostaphylos-1.jpg Herbarium specimen of Vaccinium arctostaphylos

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vacc inium_arctostaphylos-2.jpg Herbarium specimen of Vaccinium arctostaphylos

Fruits and leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium arctostaphylos http://coldb.mnhn.fr/ScientificName/Vaccinium/ arctostaphylos http://data.gbif.org/species/15474666/ http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40985 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx? LatinName=Vaccinium%20arctostaphylos http://www.tropicos.org/Name/12303144

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