CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Of Chapter

We use all kinds of devices or equipment. Begin with the basic design, the basic theory and then all the weaknesses followed by step by step improvement. So this project also has the same reason which the improvement will be applied to bring the advantages to the user when detect magnetic field around us depending on several problems that had been identified. The problems occur from measuring frequency product and improvement soon identified by covering some factors likes the functionality, reliability and also safety besides covering on cost, so that the aim of why this improvement is carried out will be achieved. Generally, this project is developing as the detecting magnetic field becomes easier, more effective and reliable to the distance reading result through a device. The main purpose of this project in EMF detector is to detect the electrical and magnetic field.

1.2 Project Background

Electrosmog is relatively a new term referring to the electrical and magnetic field (EMF) emitted by almost all the electrical equipment that we fill our environment with. Papers on the subject indicate that we cannot hear or see these fields but the effects on our body may prove to be harmful in the long term. The Electrosmog detector is very simple portable design that allows you to listen into both magnetic field activities. However, to approve it, take the detector on tour around your house or even around the town, you will be surprised at just how noisy the invisible worlds of magnetic and electric field can be.

1.3 Problem Statement

The Electrosmog that first begins developing with the rollout of the electrical grid a century ago and now envelops every inhabitant of earth is responsible for many of diseases that impair or kill them. Usually the Electrosmog detector mostly has been carried out using listening technique. Using listening technique is having a different reading to implement. By these techniques, there are several problems that occur during the measurement activity and could affect the result. The most identified problem for this project are:

The non accurate reading o The non-accurate reading will effect to the result. In order to get the accurate reading of the magnetic field, the user should take at least three times of the reading result if use the technique that mentioned before. o It also does not detect the maximum frequency range to inform people.

Time taken during the measurement process o

When the reading is taken frequently to get the accurate result, the time that is taken to carry out the result also will be affected. The user should take at least three times of reading result and it is quite wasting time and energy as well.

1.4 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design an electrical and magnetic field detector which effects our environment by using the antenna, light of LED and buzzer. This electrical and magnetic field will detect by producing sound. The point of the whole flow of this project has been classified first to bring out expected result successfully. The following project objectively had been created to make sure the aim of this project will be achieved in the end. The objective is as shown below:

To listen the magnetic and electric field activity. To detect the frequency of magnetic field and electrical surrounding. To make the detector sensitive to both electrical and magnetic field by fitting both the aerial and the coil at the input.

1.5 Scope of Project / Limitations

1.5.1

Study and Research

The findings information of this project mainly comes from books, internet, journals and supervisor. The information can also be found from the products that are already in the market so that more knowledge can be obtained especially on the EMF aerial and magnetic-field noise source.

1.5.2

Program design and compilation using computer

After completing the study and research, next is to do simulation of the circuit using related software. This must be done first before any installation of the component is made on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB).

1.5.3

Installation for the Hardware

These projects consist of several electronic circuits such as audio, magnet detector and others. All these must be combined together to produce the result that could be listened through the audio or headphone. The Buzzer can be heard and can also see with the light up of LED.
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1.6 Summary

This project is to design the magnetic field detector instrument to detect the magnetic field and electrical by using Electrosmog detector and the result could be heard by using a headphone or hear on buzzer and look up at the light up of LED. This project involved hardware and software. The hardware development consists of design circuit, redesign the circuit, testing and troubleshoots all the circuit involve. The component used is EMF aerial, magnetic-field noise source and light up of LED. For the software, Eagle software is used to construct the PCB layout. There are many approaches implemented in this project. The first approach is designing the circuit and developing a method on how to detect the magnetic field and electrical surrounding by using the headphone. Secondly, is the process and develop the solution to know the accurate reading and the frequency that effect healthy environment. The final result of the project is to develop device that can detect the electrical and magnetic field with the accurate reading based on the listening or light up of LED.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

History

For years now, most of humanity has come to realize that there are dangerous pollutants in the atmosphere that we are being exposed to on a daily basis. Now we have another atmospheric condition to be concerned with, only this time it is the air around us in our indoor environments. Our homes and offices today are filled with EMFs or electromagnetic fields thanks to all of the modern technologies we have grown accustomed to. As a result, we now have to worry about Electrosmog pollution. Electrosmog is the current terminology that is used to define and describe any form of EMF radiation that is being emitted in our homes or offices from a number of different electronic devices and/or sources. Some of the
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more common causes of electromagnetic radiation that we are aware of include the broadcast towers, cell phones or cordless telephone, cordless baby monitors, smart meters, Wi-Fi (wireless computer internet connectivity) or wireless networks and also anything with the high frequencies. Basically, Electrosmog is a type of radiation that is emitted from any type of battery-operated, electric, or wireless device or source within the home or office. Additionally, Electrosmog has been linked to certain health issues in those individuals who come into contact with electromagnetic frequency radiation in numerous commercial and residential structures.

2.1.1

Previous work

The basic concept of design and development of tune into Electrosmog which is listening to EMF sounds capes as referring to the magazine in Appendix A. The previous work detects the magnetic field but only detect at the cell phone and not other objects that have electrical and magnetic field. The new project, magnetic field detector it to detect the entire objects that have magnetic field and electrical. By developing the new detector, the problem of searching magnetic field and electrical will be solved faster and easier.

2.1.2

Present work

For this project, it is different from previous work which manually and using electrical sensor. The measure to detect the magnetic field is not accurate. This project used amplifier with a headphone output socket to optimize for the producing of speakers and sounds. Furthermore, this project uses the EMF aerial to detect and find the magnetic field and electrical at our surrounding. It is more modern compare to the detector before. There is also amplifier sensitivity but according to the audio experts, properly adjusting your amplifiers input sensitivity allows you to obtain the biggest sound with the widest dynamic range and minimal distortion. Distortion can occur when the level of sound being sent through an amp is beyond the amps capacity. Noise can occur when an audio sources output level hasnt been adjusted to fully occupy the amps maximum power level. This project is needed to make sure we can avoid from always near to radiation that effects our health.

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2.2

Review History

Electrosmog in your ears which it is not only contemporary musician and ambient or noise bands like Orbital , Nine inch Nails and Einturzende Neubauten who use sound to express themselves artistically. There is also a movement within contemporary sounds in the environment to make sound sculptures or sounds capes. For example, recently there has been UK media interest in the work of an artist who attaches sound sensors to railway suspension bridge. The German artist Christina Kubisch is also active in the field of sound art and exhibited in Cologne in 2004 along with seven other artists from seven different countries. Visitors are invited to do a set of special headphones and take a stroll through the city. The headphone enabled them to actually hear magnetic fields and the busy city centre and the environment.

Engineer Manfred Fox developed the special headphones. Their design was based on inductive loop headset used in museum and art galleries to provide visitor information. The inspiration for the project came when it was noticed that headsets were also capable of picking up (unwanted) signals from other magnetic field sources in the exhibition area.

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2.3

Summary

If you are concerned about high levels of magnetic field and electrical (Electrosmog) present in todays wireless world, you should know that there are many affordable Electrosmog detectors in the market. Electrosmog detectors are compact, handheld instruments which detect the presence of microwave radiation in your immediate environment. Microwave radiation is emitted from an array of man-made sources, such as cordless phones, cell phones and cell towers, Bluetooth devices, wireless computer networks, and even baby monitors and anti-intrusion devices.Some people suffer from electromagnetic hypersensitivity and report symptoms that include headaches, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia and even memory loss, when exposed to low to moderate levels of microwave radiation. Even if you do not suffer from electromagnetic hypersensitivity, evidence continues to mount linking microwave radiation to various cancers, neurological problems and even mood disorders. To make sure this potential danger to our health, many people are purchasing Electrosmog detectors. Electrosmog detectors are not alarms that warn you to vacate an area when microwave radiation becomes excessive. Instead, these instruments are designed to alert you to the presence of radiation so that you can identify its source and make changes to reduce your exposure.

Most moderately priced Electrosmog detectors warn of microwave radiation by allowing you to actually hear the radiation by emitting an audible tone which increases as the radiation level increases. Radiation from different devices causes the Electrosmog detector to emit different tones, thus allowing you to pinpoint the source. For example, if the Electrosmog detector is brought in contact with a wireless router, the tone
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may change to a sharp clicking sound, while the radiation emitted from a cordless telephone will result in still another type of sound. As a result, you may find that turning off your wireless router at night, or moving your cordless telephone base from your nightstand will result in a significant decrease in your exposure to potentially harmful radiation. Electrosmog detectors are becoming increasingly popular as we strive to make sure the places we live, work, learn and play are safe.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This project contains two parts which is hardware and software. For the first part is software. In this project, the software use is EAGLE PCB layout. This software can be used to draw a complete circuit for the project. There are many steps using the software such as complete the schematic diagram, then convert the schematic diagram to the PCB layout and arrange the PCB layout completely.
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The second part is hardware. The component of the hardware part uses a pick up coil or antenna. The antenna or pick up coil is functioning to connect the input of the circuit ,thus to allow it to detect magnetic or electrical field respectively. We also used audio component which is to connect with the headphone .This component is used to hear the sound when the magnetic and electrical field is near to us. The high pitch of the sound is the sign that the frequency is high and equal to high radiation. We also use many component in this project to make it functioning well and can be used easily. The other component will be explained more in hardware and development part.

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3.2 Flow Chart Figure 3.1: Flow Chart of Magnetic Field Detector

START

ON SWITCH

ANTENN A FIND SIGNAL

NO DETECT ELECTROMAGNETI C

YES OFF SWITCH

END

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3.2.1

Flow Chart Explanations

Based on the Flow chart above we can see that the circuit starts with the antenna detecting the frequency around us and also sense the Electromagnetic Field. Next, it transfers data or inform to the LM358 which is the process before it gives a signal to another step. After that, when Lm358 makes some process if the magnetic field or electrical field (Electromagnetic field) is detected it will produce sound on the buzzer and light up the LED. If the circuit cannot detect the magnetic field then it will go back to antenna which is the first step ,as to detect for the second time.

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3.3 Schematic Diagram

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3.3.1

Schematic Diagram Explanation

The circuit diagram shown in Figure 3.2 consists of a sensitive LF (low frequency) amplifier with a headphone output socket. The three stage direct coupled amplifier automatically adjusts its bias point via a DC feedback path from the output through R4 and R2, any AC signal components are shunted to earth via capacitor C3. The output voltage level will be at 0.7 V with no input signal. The whole circuit runs from a supply voltage in the range of 1.2 to 1.5 V provided by a single battery. The amplification factor achieved by this configuration is so high that you can clearly hear the noise signal produced by T1 in the headphones. For this reason it is a good idea to use a low noise transistor like the BC549C for the first stage of the amplifier. Input signals at the microvolt level are sufficient to produce an output; there is little point in increasing the amplification factor further. The low supply voltage ensures that even if high signal levels drive the amplifier into saturation, the headphone sound intensity will never be excessive. This circuit could also be used as a sensitive microphone amplifier but for this application it would be necessary to decrease the amplifier bandwidth so that unwanted HF signals will not be amplified. The detector circuit does not contain any low pass filters so it is sensitive to HF signals also. Nonlinear transistor characteristics have the effect of demodulating these high frequency signals so that they also can be heard.

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3.4 Study of Electromagnetic Spectrum

Figure 3.3: The electromagnetic spectrum

In general, EM radiation (the designation 'radiation' excludes static electric and magnetic and near fields) is classified by wavelength into radio, microwave, infrared, the visible spectrum we perceive as visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Arbitrary electromagnetic waves can always be expressed by Fourier analysis in terms of sinusoidal monochromatic waves, which in turn can each be classified into these regions of the EMR spectrum.

The behavior of EM radiation depends on its frequency. Lower frequencies have longer wavelengths, and higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and are associated with photons of higher energy. There is no fundamental limit known to these wavelengths or energies, at either end of the spectrum, although photons with energies near the Planck energy or exceeding it (far too high to have ever been observed) will require new physical theories to describe.

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Sound waves are not electromagnetic radiation. At the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum, about 20 Hz to about 20 kHz are frequencies that might be considered in the audio range. However, electromagnetic waves cannot be directly perceived by human ears. Sound waves are the oscillating compression of molecules. To be heard, electromagnetic radiation must be converted to pressure waves of the fluid in which the ear is located (whether the fluid is air, water or something else).

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3.5 Hardware and Development

Device Overview

The device overview is the general review or summary of the electronics component and equipment used in development and design Magnetic Field Detector.

Main component of this project is shown in the table 3.1 below.

No. Component

Function of the component

1.

Resistor

Produce voltage across the terminal

2.

Variable Resistor

An implementation electrical resistance as a circuit element

3.

Capacitor

To storage Current

4.

Transistor (BC547B)

To allow current flow in one direction

5.

Switch

To

manually

operated

electromechanical

device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits
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6.

Battery

To supply current

7.

Jack Socket Audio (3.5 mm)

The connector typically used for analog signals, to fine the signal around us.

8.

Pick up Coil

An electromagnetic coil is formed when a conductor is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet

9.

LED

As a lighting to give sign to people

10.

Buzzer

Produce sounds to give sign to people

11.

LM358

Frequency The two op-amps operate over a wide voltage range from a single power supply

11.

Antenna

connect to the receiver or transmitter antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves

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3.5.1

Resistor

Figure 3.4: Symbol of Resistor

Resistor:

The resistor is the most common electronic component and is used to limit and/or control the voltage and current in an electronic circuit. The unit of resistor is OHM. Resistors are carefully manufactured to provide a predetermined value of electrical resistance which may range from 0.1 ohms to 100,000,000 ohms, depending on the application. The physical size of a resistor also varies depending on the amount of power passing through the resistor, given by:

P = V x I (Power = Voltage x Current) (power measured in watts)

There are also many types of resistors including the variable Resistor. The function of variable resistor is to change resistance when its shaft is rotated (volume knob on a stereo).

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3.5.2

Capacitor

Figure 3.5: Symbol of Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

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The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor hence capacitor conductors are often called plates, referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.

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3.5.3

Transistor (BC547B)

Figure 3.6: Symbol For Transistor

A transistor has three leads, called the base, the collector, and the emitter. The voltage of the base (in relation to the ground) determines whether and how much current flows from the collector to the emitter. An NPN transistor can be off, meaning that there is no (or very little) voltage from the base or partly on, meaning that there is some voltage from the base; or saturated, meaning that it is receiving full voltage from the base. A saturated transistor allows the current to flow from the collector to the emitter. Furthermore, a partly on transistor provides some resistance and a transistor that is off provides full resistance. A PNP transistor is similar to an NPN transistor except it performs the opposite function: when it is saturated, the current is fully resisted; when there is no voltage from the base, the current is not at all resisted; and when it is partly on there is some resistance.

In summary, a transistor controls the flow between the collector and the emitter based upon the voltage of the base. A transistor is basically two diodes back to back base being common to both diodes because of impurity doping on purpose at the depletion region the transistor will control the current flow on the other diode. Once it reaches saturation both diodes conduct therefore current can flow in both directions across it
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3.5.4

Switch

Figure 3.7: Symbol of Switch

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is no conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process.
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A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock. An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes, and would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions.

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3.5.5

Battery

Figure 3.8: Symbol of Battery 9v

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniel cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year.

There are two types of batteries. The primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many type of sizes from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
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3.5.6

Jack Socket 3.5mm

Figure 3.9: Symbol of Jack Socket 3.5mm

In electronics, a stereo jack socket is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals, primarily audio. It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although versions with two or four contacts are also common. Three-contact versions are known as TRS connectors, where T stands for "tip", R stands for "ring" and S stands for "sleeve". Similarly, two- and four-contact versions are called TS and TRRS connectors respectively.

It is also termed an audio jack, phone jack, phone plug, and jack plug. Specific models are termed stereo plug, mini-stereo, headphone jack, microphone jack, tiny telephone connector and bantam plug. The stereo jack socket was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 19th century and is still widely used, both in its original 14 in (exactly 6.35 mm) size and in miniaturized versions: 3.5 mm (approx. 18 in) and 2.5 mm (approx. 332 in).

In the UK, the terms jack plug and jack socket are commonly used for the respective male and female phone connectors. In the US, a
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stationary (more fixed) electrical connector is called a "jack". The terms phone plug and phone jack are sometimes used to refer to different genders of phone connectors, but are also sometimes used colloquially to refer to RJ11 and older telephone plugs and the corresponding jacks that connect wired telephones to wall outlets (the similar terms phone plug and phone jack (or in the UK, phone socket) refer to RCA connectors common in consumer hi-fi and audiovisual equipment). In conversation, the diameter is often added to specify which size, as in, for example, "quarter-inch phone plug" or "3.5 mm phone jack."

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3.5.7

Pick up Coil

Figure 3.10: Symbol of Pick up coil

An electromagnetic coil (or simply a "coil") is formed when a conductor (usually an insulated solid copper wire) is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic field. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn or a winding, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings. Windings are used in transformers, electric motors, inductors, solenoids and loudspeaker, and many other applications.

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3.5.8

Antenna

Figure 3.11: Symbol of Antenna An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communications receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as garage door openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth enabled devices,
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wireless computer networks, baby monitors, and RFID tags on merchandise.

Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors ("elements"), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields, when created in the proper proportions, radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

Antennas may also include reflective or directive elements or surfaces not connected to the transmitter or receiver, such as parasitic elements, parabolic reflectors or horns, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. Antennas can be designed to transmit or receive radio waves in all directions equally (unidirectional antennas), or transmit them in a beam in a particular direction, and receive from that one direction only (directional or high gain antennas).

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3.5.9

Ferrite Rod

Figure 3.12: Ferrite Rod The ferrite rod antenna is a form of RF antenna design that is almost universally used in portable transistor broadcast receivers as well as many hi-fi tuners where reception on the long, medium and possibly the short wave bands is required. Ferrite rod antennas are also being used increasingly in wireless applications in areas such as RFID. Here the volumes of antennas required can be huge. The antennas also need to be compact and effective, making ferrite rod antennas an ideal solution.

Ferrite rod antenna basics As the name suggests the antenna consists of a rod made of ferrite, an iron based magnetic material. A coil is would around the ferrite rod and this is brought to resonance using a variable tuning capacitor contained within the radio circuitry itself and in this way the antenna can be tuned to resonance. As the antenna is tuned it usually forms the RF tuning circuit for the receiver, enabling both functions to be combined within the same components, thereby reducing the number of components and hence the cost of the set.
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Typical ferrite rod antenna assembly used in a portable radio

The ferrite rod antenna operates using the high permeability of the ferrite material and in its basic form this may be thought of as "concentrating" the magnetic component of the radio waves. This is brought about by the high permeability of the ferrite. The fact that this RF antenna uses the magnetic component of the radio signals in this way means that the antenna is directive. It operates best only when the magnetic lines of force fall in line with the antenna. This occurs when it is at right angles to the direction of the transmitter. This means that the antenna has a null position where the signal level is at a minimum when the antenna is in line with the direction of the transmitter.

Operation of a ferrite rod antenna

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Ferrite rod antenna performance This form of RF antenna design is very convenient for portable applications, but its efficiency is much less than that of a larger RF antenna. The performance of the ferrite also limits the frequency response. Normally this type of RF antenna design is only effective on the long and medium wave bands, but it is sometimes used for lower frequencies in the short wave bands although the performance is significantly degraded, mainly arising from the losses in the ferrite. This limits their operation normally to frequencies up to 2 or 3 MHzs Ferrite rod antennas are normally only used for receiving. They are rarely used for transmitting anything above low levels of power in view of their poor efficiency. It any reasonable levels of power were fed into them they would soon become very hot and there would be a high likelihood that they would be destroyed. Nevertheless they can be used as a very compact form of transmitting antenna for applications where efficiency is not an issue and where power levels are very low. As they are very much more compact than other forms of low or medium frequency RF antenna, this can be an advantage, and as a result they are being used in applications such as RFID. Radiation resistance of a ferrite rod antenna One of the advantages of using a ferrite in the antenna is that it brings the radiation resistance of the overall antenna to a more reasonable level. The ferrite rod antenna can be considered as a small loop antenna. In view of its size, the loop is much less than a wavelength in length and without the ferrite it would have a very low radiation resistance. Accordingly the losses due to the resistance of the wire would be exceedingly high. Placing the ferrite core in the coil has the effect of
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raising the radiation resistance by a factor of ^2, and thereby bring the value into more acceptable limits. While the introduction of the ferrite rod raises the radiation resistance of the antenna, and hence reduces the losses due to the resistance of the wire, it does introduce other losses. The ferrite itself absorbs power. This arises from the energy required to change the magnetic alignment of the magnetic domains inside the granular structure of the ferrite. The higher the frequency, the greater the number of changes and hence the higher the loss. The ferrite rod antenna is a particularly useful form of RF antenna design despite its limitations and drawbacks in terms of efficiency, top frequency and the need for tuning. Nevertheless ferrite rod antennas are widely used, being used almost universally as the RF antenna in portable radios for long and medium waveband reception as well as being used in a number of RFID applications.

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3.5.10 Light Emitted Diode (LED)

Figure 3.13: Symbol of LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED is used as indicator lamps in many devices and is increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

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Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players and other domestic appliances. LEDs are also used in sevensegment display.

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3.5.11 BUZZER

Figure 3.14: Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer. Furthermore, early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise those electromechanical buzzers made. There is also a

piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

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3.5.12 IC LM 358

Figure 3.15: Symbol of IC LM358

The LM358 contains two independent high gain operational amplifiers with internal compensation. Frequency the two op-amps operate over a wide voltage range from a single power supply. Also use a split power supply. The device has low power supply voltage. The low power drain also makes the LM358 a good choice for battery operation. When your project calls for a traditional op-amp function, now you can streamlines your design with a simple any digital system or personal computer application, without requiring an extra 15V power supply just to have the interface electronics you need. The LM358 is a versatile, rugged workhorse with a thousand-and-one use, from amplifying signals from a variety of transducers to do gain blocks, or any op-amp function Features

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3.6 Software Development

3.6.1

Eagle PCB software

EAGLE (Easily Application Graphical Layout Editor) is a flexible and expandable Electronic Design Automation (EDA) schematic capture, PCB layout, auto router and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). It is easy to use because it is freeware license. User can easily download it from the internet, EAGLE also suitable for all operating system such as Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Linux (Intel-based) with kernel, Mac OS X version 10.6 and so on.

This software can be use to draw complete circuit for a magnetic field and electrical detector. It also can test interactively. EAGLE retains a host of features aimed at the PCB designer, so that the same design can exported for production with other PCB layout software. For the educational user and engineering author, EAGLE also excels at producing attractive schematic. It provides total control of drawing appearance in terms of line width, fill styles, color, and fonts. After circuit is completed draw in, the next step is to convert the schematic to PCB layout. EAGLE 6.3.0 light version is used in this project.

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FIGURE 3.16: Schematic For EAGLE PCB Software

FIGURE 3.17: Board for EAGLE PCB Software

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FIGURE 3.18 :Magnetic Field Detector Schematic

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FIGURE 3.19 : Magnetic Field Detector Board

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3.7 PCB Fabrication

Printed circuit board (PCB) layout of Magnetic Field Detector design by using Eagle software.

The next step to do a PCB fabrication.

FIGURE 3.20: PCB Layout on the OHP paper

Firstly we draw the circuit on PCB drawing using eagle software, this software automatically convert the schematic diagram to PCB layout. After that we do film printing which we use Photostat machine to convert the circuit that we have printed out to the OHP paper. The next step, we cut the PCB layout to fix the OHP paper to the PCB board size. Then, we cut the PCB board by using a saw.

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FIGURE 3.21 : The UV BOX process

After that, we continue with PCB photo etching. In this process we paste the PCB layout at the OHP paper on the UV PCB board. Then we put the OHP paper with PCB layout and the UV PCB board together in the UV BOX (Ultra Violet Box) to make sure it gets the UV radiation. For your information the process will convert the PCB layout at the OHP paper stick to the UV PCB board. This process only takes for 55 second only.

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FIGURE 3.22: PCB Developer manual process

After 55 second, we do the next process which is to develop the PCB. First thing we wash the PCB board using the PCB Developer Powder about 5 minute on the PCB Developer machine until we can see the circuit was on the PCB board clearly. Unfortunately the PCB Developer machine was not in good condition so we do manually. Then we wash again the PCB board by using normal water.

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FIGURE 3.23: Etching Process

Next is we do etching process which starts with acid etching. Before we start our etching process the liquid in the etching machine must be heated until . Then we put our PCB board in the machine and wait for 120 second to make sure the PCB layout are pasted smoothly on the board. For your information we use Ferric Chloride liquid inside the machine. After 120 second we take our PCB board from the machine by using the glove for our safety. Then the PCB board is washed by the normal water. Lastly the etching process ends with the smooth PCB layout on the board.

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FIGURE 3.24: Drilling process and Soldering process

After the etching process, there is drilling process which is to make hole on the board. The function of the hole is to solder the component on the board. Normally, the sizes of the drill we use is 0.8mm, 1.0mm and 1.2 mm for relay and other electronic component on the PCB board. Lastly is soldering the component on the board. When the soldering process completed we make some cleaning to make sure our PCB look nice.

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3.7.1

Figure 3.25 : Flow of the PCB Fabrication

PCB Layout on OHP paper

UV Box

Etching Process

PCB Developer

Process End with soldering component on the PCB Board.

Drilling Process

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3.8 Planning and Costing

Introduction

The price of the project is not expensive and it is reasonable because the entire component used in this prototype is just a local manufacturer. Depending on the customer, they always need a high performance in a low price of the equipment. Here is the estimated price of the component which is not accurate but it is reasonable.

3.8.1 Tools

To develop the project, we need to use all this tools and equipment:I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Soldering iron Tinned iron Cutter Test pen Eagle (software) Etching machine

3.8.2 Equipment

The equipment and costing in producing Magnetic Field Detector prototype are listed in the table 3.2 below: EQUIPMENT Breadboard Solder iron Cover Box Casing QUENTITY 1 1 1 1 Total PRICE (RM) RM12.00 RM10.00 RM14.95 RM6.00 TOTAL PRICE RM12.00 RM10.00 RM14.95 RM6.00 RM42.95

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3.8.3 Component

The component and costing in producing over current detection prototype are as listed in the table 3.3 below : EQUIPMENT Resistors 10k Resistors 100k Resistors 1k Variable Resistor Capacitors 10F Capacitors 220F Transistor BC547B Transistor BC549C Switch Battery 9v 3.5-mm jack socket 3-way terminal block Pickup coil ferrite rod UV PCB Jumper wire Ear phone Antenna Battery Holder LM358 LED Buzzer QUENTITY 8 8 4 3 12 4 8 4 4 3 4 4 1 4 2 1 1 2 4 3 3 3 TOTAL PRICE (RM) RM0.80 RM0.80 RM0.80 RM0.80 RM1.00 RM1.00 RM1.00 RM1.00 RM1.50 RM9.00 RM3.00 RM1.50 RM10.00 RM1.50 RM22.00 RM18.00 RM20.00 RM3.00 RM1.50 RM1.20 RM0.40 RM0.50 TOTAL PRICE RM6.40 RM6.40 RM3.20 RM2.40 RM12.00 RM4.00 RM8.00 RM4.00 RM6.00 RM18.00 RM12.00 RM6.00 RM10.00 RM6.00 RM44.00 RM18.00 RM2.00 RM6.00 RM6.00 RM3.60 RM1.20 RM1.50 RM186.70

3.8.4 Total Cost

Table 3.4 below shows the total cost of Magnetic Field Detector : Total Price RM42.95 RM186.70 RM229.65

Equipment Component Total Cost

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3.8.5 Table 3.5 :Time Planning

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3.9 Summary

This chapter introduces about the entire component we used in our project. All the equipment and the component chosen are a simple usage, it is also suitable for the diploma student to understand the process. Our costing of the Magnetic Field Detector is also reasonable and inexpensive.

Moreover, we do the entire task by following schedule as well. Then we combined the entire component in a circuit following the schematic layout. After doing troubleshoot, we found that there are some problems in our circuit. Then we solve our problems by troubleshooting them again.

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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will explain the result of the project that is Magnetic Field Detector. For this project circuit we use basic component such as resistor, transistor and many more. For your information the main component in this project is Antenna, coil and Stereo Jack Socket (Audio) or Buzzer and LED .The function of the Antenna is to find signal surrounding, while the Stereo Jack Socket (Audio) or Buzzer will produce generate sound based on the signal giving by Antenna after it detects the magnetic and electrical field.

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4.2 Analysis 4.2.1 Effect Electromagnetic field to Human (example use Mobile Phone) Mobile phones in relation to health is now being studied with great effort and in comprehensive studies, particularly in the Interphone Study. The results of the Interphone Study will soon become available. It has to be doubted, however, that the results will be entirely conclusive, as the first results from published national components of this study already raise a number of questions with respect to the potential of bias. Another limitation is that, in the current studies, long-term mobile phone users have had hardly more than 10 years of regular use of mobile phones, which may still be a relatively short latency period, particularly for slowly growing benign tumors. Among those long-term users, most were initially users of analogue mobile phone and thus, the number of long-term users of the digital technology is even smaller. Prospective long term follow up studies overcome both the limitations of retrospective exposure assessment and the latency problem and are recommended as a powerful long-term surveillance system for a variety of potential endpoints, including cancer, to fill current gaps in knowledge.

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4.2.2 Electromagnetic Waves

Figure 4.1: Electromagnetic Waves The electromagnetic waves that compose electromagnetic radiation can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. This diagram shows a plane linearly polarized EMR wave propagating from left to right. The electric field is in a vertical plane and the magnetic field in a horizontal plane. The two types of fields in EMR waves are always in phase with each other with a fixed ratio of electric to magnetic field intensity.

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4.3 Problem Encountered During the Project Developed and Solution

During the development of the project, some problem need to be solved. The problem is when we want to troubleshoot our project then the circuit is not functioning properly. So we get some advice from our supervisor and tried to rectify the circuit problem. After a week of thorough research from many material, we managed to detect problems. The problem the cause the functioning of the circuit was due to the pickup coil and the road. For you information we had added some component to solve the problem. We add IC LM358 and also HF of capacitor and variable resistor. Besides that, there is also a problem with the component leg when the soldering process it not properly done on the board. Then we make the soldering again and change the component with the new one. During the second soldering, we are more careful to avoid the soldering and the circuit from any damage. After finished soldering and change the component we try to troubleshoot again. At last the project is functioning properly.

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Figure 4.3: New circuit after last troubleshoot

Figure 4.4: New PCB layout after last troubleshoot

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4.4 Project Features

The Project is primarily to design a prototype for Magnetic Field Detector and avoid people from getting maximum radiation to their bodies. Nowadays, there are a lot of radiations of electrical and magnetic field around us. For example, electrical and magnetic field around us such as headphones, computers, radios and many more. That is the reason we were inspired to design this detector as to warn people to minimize their activities from getting near to the electrical and magnetic field. Now to detect the magnetic and electrical is mostly done manually. Before this, the detector must be charged by using Alternating Current if the battery is low. For the conveniences, we upgrade the project and the user just needs to renew the 9V battery as to make the product continue working.

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4.5 Result

First thing, switch on the switch in order to see the result. So the power supply is needed here. The power supply that we used for this project is 9V battery. After switching on the power, the LED will flash first as a signal that the project is starting to work. Then, place the project near to us to find out whether the electromagnetic is around us or not.

Figure 4.5: When switch on the switch on starting

After that, the antenna wil start detecting the frequency around us and also sense the Electromagnetic Field. Next, it transfers the data or inform to the LM358 which is the process before it gives signal to another step. After that, when Lm358 makes some process that is if the magnetic field or electrical field (Electromagnetic field)is detected, it will produce sound on the buzzer and soon light up the LED. If the circuit cannot detect the magnetic field then it will go back to antenna which is back to the first step and to detect for the second time.

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Figure 4.6: Buzzer produces sound when detecting electromagnetic field

Figure 4.7: Electromagnetic Field Circuit at last troubleshoot

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Figure 4.8: Flow Chart of the project

The figure above is the flowchart to the overall of this project. The detail about this project is explained early in this chapter.

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4.6 Result of Objectives Project and Comparisons

The result of the project is as we expected it to be that is to listen and detect the magnetic and electrical field activity. The project completely as we had planned. Therefore the project is feasible to work with. Overall, the project planning process is successful because we have met all the objectives. Moreover, we had spent a lot of time doing research through the internet and also to resolve some of the circuit problem. Based on the research we managed getting more details on our project and solving the circuit problem for many times until it functions. The magnetic field before that can merely hear from the buzzer but with some effort we upgrade it by making for individually hearing which is only for personal use. The detectors will increasingly produce sound when they are very near to the electrical and magnetic field.

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4.1 Summary

Using the Magnetic field detector gives much more advantages because it is related to our health. Magnetic field detector will prevent us from getting into the maximum radiation. Based on the result that we get, it is truly impressive to assure that our bodies are in save condition. We wish the device had come with more literature about Magnetic Field Detector itself, the reported health problems (like headaches) that some claim to be linked with Magnetic Field Detector, and (most importantly) what to do once you find some Magnetic Filed Detector in your house. We definitely agree that the rooms of our house that have the least Magnetic Detector are the rooms that we would describe as "most peaceful." We should think of doing do a little furniture rearranging and to spend more time in those rooms as to make sure the cell phone base station stays far away from our bed at night. The detector will produce sound when it is to near to us.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss the conclusion of this project according to the aims set out in the introduction in the earlier chapter. Furthermore, we also would be sharing the ideas or methods as to improve this project in the future and to achieve the better application of this project.

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5.2 Recommendation

There is a lot of improvement can be made from the project. One of the recommendations that I can suggest is about the LCD. When the magnetic field and the Electrical field are detected the LCD will display a sign of which direction it comes. Moreover, the LCD setting can be used arduino as the coding of the project. Other recommendation is to make his project becomes smaller. When the project build is smaller, we can bring it everywhere especially when we visit the factory which has high frequencies .Furthermore, the project can be added with more LED which will light up when the detector detects with magnetic and electrical field.

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5.3 Summary

The main objective of this project is to design the electromagnetic field detector circuit and the effect of frequencies to human. The other objective is we want to detect the electromagnetic field detector with the generating of sound. For your information the detector of electromagnetic field is easier to the blind people to know they are in the dangerous place. This project is carried out to make sure people are always bewaring with the high radiation which is will be effect parts of our body. As described in this report, the project is developed that can detect the electromagnetic field around us. To know there are near to high frequencies the buzzer will increasing producing of the sound. Furthermore this project also had light emitted device to produce a light to the deaf user. The light emitted device will produce speed of light as sign that they are at the dangerous place. Lastly is the main purpose of this project is to make we are in good health and try to avoid from the High frequency effect our body. To make sure we are in good health used the electromagnetic field detector as the main part of things in house, factory and offices. Our health is in important to do daily activities actively.

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REFFERENCES LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY

References from books 1. C. W. SMITH, J. LHEUREUX and N. F. NESS, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A. 2. M. H. ACUNA, L. F. BURLAGA and J. SCHEIFELE, Code 695, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, U.S.A. 3. Magazine Elector Electronic, June 2005 4. Electrosmog in the environment, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape SAEFL, June 2005 5. By Ali Zamanian and Cy Hardiman, Fluor Corporation, Industrial and Infrastructure Group, From July 2005 High Frequency Electronics

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References from Internet 1. www.sensoryperspective.com 2. http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html 3. http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/spectrum.html 4. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html 5. http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/2-whatis-electromagnetic-radiation.html 6. http://www.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?genericPartNumber=lm358& fileType=pdf 7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgabuG9-LHs 8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQ7JZsd9y1c 9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APt-AAPKL0I 10. http://www.techterms.com/definition/integratedcircuit 11. http://icplatformchina.blogspot.com/2011/03/introduction-to-function-aboutvariable.html 12. www.elector-electronics.co.uk

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APPENDIX A POSTER FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DETECTOR PROJECT

Poster

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APPENDIX B BOOKS ABOUT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Book 1

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Book 2

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Book 3

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APPENDIX C ETCHING PROCESS

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APPENDIX D DATA SHEET FOR LM358

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