1

International Seminar on Infrastucture Development in Cluster

Island Eastern Part of Indonesia, Baubau, Indonesia




EXPERI MENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN CHECK DAM ON DEBRIS FLOWS

Farouk Maricar
1
and Haruyuki Hasimoto
2


ABSTRACT: We present the experimental investigation of the depositional process of debris flows (wood-sediment-
water mixture flows) trapped by an open check dam. The experiments were carried out with sediment grains, wood
model pieces and a check dam model in a rectangular flume. In the experiments, a rectangular flume was used; it was
12 m long, 30 cm wide, and 32.8 cm high with smooth glass on the both lateral sides. The results show that the pieces
trapped by the open check dam increases in volume with the whole pieces on the fixed bed. However trapping pieces by
the check dam model requires sufficient number and volume of wood model pieces moving from the upstream side. The
pieces trapped by the check dam model also increases with an increase in their length. The ratio of the size of the
opening of the check dam to the scale of pieces is important for trapping the pieces. Furthermore, the accumulation
depth of trapped pieces increases sediment deposition behind the trapped pieces.

Keywords: Open check dam, woody debris, wood-sediment-water mixture flow, debris flow.


INTRODUCTION

Closed and open types of check dams have been
installed in order to capture debris flows in the mountain
areas. However, the closed type always has to be kept
empty to trap a large amount of sediment during a debris
flow event. On the other hand, the open type allows finer
sediment to pass through at lower discharge and coarser
sediment to be trapped at higher discharge such as debris
flow. From the viewpoint of environments, the open type
recently becomes more popular than the closed type.
However, designing their appropriate opening becomes a
difficult subject (e.g. Ashida and Takahashi, 1980;
Ashida et al., 1987; Armanini, 2001). The open type is
subdivided into slit-check dams, beam-check dams and
grid-check dams. For example, concrete slit-check dam
is typical of a slit type, and steel-pipe check dam is
typical of a beam- type.

Actual debris flows, in particular landslide-induced
debris flows, contain a large amount of wood as well as
sediment. Maricar et al. (2011) pointed out importance
of wood in sediment deposition at open check dams.
They described the case study of open check dams which
trapped a large amount of wood in their opening and
deposited a large amount of sediment behind the trapped
wood (Figure 1 (a) and (b)). Planning of open check
dams requires knowledge of the behavior of sediment
and wood contained in debris flows at the check dams.
There are some experimental works on the effect of
open check dams on debris flows containing wood
(Matsumura et al., 1990; Katatani and Yamada, 2006;
Shibuya et al., 2009). They examined the sediment and
wood control functions of open check dams. Matsumura
et al. (1990) and Shibuya et al. (2009) dealt with grid
type, and Katatani and Yamada (2006) dealt with slit
type. However, little quantitative methods for estimating
these open check dams are known. In particular, less
previous works have discussed the effect of the steel-
pipe check dams on debris flow.









Figure 1 Situation
of wood trapped in
the opening and
sediment deposited
behind the open
check dam.

In this paper, laboratory flume experiments simulated
the behavior of sediment and wood in debris flows at an
open check dam (Maricar et al., 2012). For simplicity,
debris flows containing wood were termed wood-
sediment-water mixture flows in this study. First, we

1
Department of Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University, fkmaricar@yahoo.com, Makassar INDONESIA
2
Department of Civil Engineering Kyushu University, hasimoto@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Makassar INDONESIA
Farouk Maricar, et al
2









show the method of laboratory flume experiments on the
mixture flows using a steel-pipe check dam model.
Second, we discuss a relationship among whole pieces,
trapped pieces, piece scale and opening size of the check
dam model. Finally, we investigate the process of
sediment deposition from the mixture flows.

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

We conducted experiments with a laboratory flume to
examine the depositional process of sediment and wood
dam model in the laboratory flume. The stainless tubes
with the diameter of 18 mm were used for the open
check dam model. The reduced size of the prototype was
1/50. The opening size of this check dam model was lo
=3.5 cm. The check dam model was set at 1.5 m from
the downstream end.

Bed Materials in the Experiments
Homogeneous sediment grains were used as the
movable bed material. Their specific weight was o/ =
2.65. The representative diameter of the sediment grains


Figure 2. Laboratory flume: (1) Flume; (2)Filter; (3) Movable bed; (4) Grid dam model; (5)
Bed of the check dam; (6 Trap); (7) Water tank; (8) Inflow;(9) surface flow..



at an open check dam model (Maricar et al., 2012).

Experimental Flume
In the experiments, a rectangular flume was used; it was
12 m long, 30 cm wide, and 32.8 cm high with smooth
glass on the both lateral sides. A schematic diagram of
this flume is shown in Figure 2. The flume bed was
composed of movable and fixed parts; the former part
was 6 m long and the latter part is 4 m long. The fixed
bed was roughened with the same material as that for the
movable bed. The bed sediment grains and wood model
pieces were placed on the movable bed part and the
check dam model was on the fixed bed part.

Model of The Check dam
was d
50
= 3.6 mm. The grain size distribution of
sediment is shown in Figure 4. The sediment grains
were very small compared with the opening size of the
check dam (lo =3.5 cm). The material was laid in the
movable bed part with a thickness of 10 cm. The length
of the movable bed part was 6 m

100

80

60

40

20


Figure 3. The
check dam model
in the laboratory
flume.



Referring to the steel-pipe check dam in the
Hachimandani River, we made the check dam model for
the laboratory experiments. Figure 3shows the check
0
1 10 100
diameter (mm)

Figure 4 Grain size distribution of the material.

Wood Model
(1) The wood model characteristics
Four kinds of wooden cylinder were used as the
wood models; their diameter was D= 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm,
4.1 mm and 5.2 mm, respectively (Table 1). The length
of wood model A, B and C was set equal to L=7 cm and
Experimental Study of The Effect of Open Check Dam on Debris Flows

3






Material

Specific
gravity

Diameter
(mm

Length
(cm)
Bed sediment grain 2.65 3.6

Wood piece A 0.76 2 7, 10
Wood piece B 0.68 3 7, 10
Wood piece C 0.66 4.1 7, 10
Wood piece D 0.65 5.2 5.25, 7, 10



10 cm, and that of wood model D was set equal to
L=5.25 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm. This condition results in the
relation of LD. Their specific weight was o/ = 0.65 ~
0.76. The wood model pieces of equal length and
diameter were placed in their different directions on the
movable bed surface. Number density of the pieces was
1 piece/(10cm*10cm). The characteristics of the wood
models is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Material Properties
17 experimental runs were conducted under the
condition of different piece number, length and diameter.
For comparison, the experimental run without the model
pieces was also made under the same hydraulic condition.
The duration time of each experimental run was around
20 seconds from the arrival of flow front at the check
dam model. The experimental conditions are described
in Table 2.

Table 2. Experiment condition
Channel Condition Condition of the wood models


No.
Supplied
water
flow
discharge
qwo
(/s)

Ground
water flow
discharge
qg
(/s)

Length of
bed with
wood
Lt
(m)

Channel
slope
0 ()

Piece
diameter
D(mm

Piece
length
Lcm
Number of
the whole
pieces on
the
movable
bed


l o /L




(2) The wood model pattern
The wood model pieces were placed on the movable bed
part and the check dam model. Five different
orientations of the pieces were considered, namely
perpendicular to the flow, left oblique to the flow, right
oblique to the flow, parallel to the flow and vertical to
the movable bed.

Experimental condition
Video cameras were installed on the top and right-
hand side of the flume to record the depositional process
of wood model pieces and sediment grains.
The flume was set at the slope angle of 8
o
. The wood
model pieces were placed on the movable bed. The
sediment bed 10 cm deep was saturated by seepage
water of about 9 cm
2
/s.

Furthermore, water flow of steady state was supplied
at the upstream end of the flow. The supplied water
discharge was set equal to about 100 cm2/s. The quick
inflow of water from the upstream end yielded mixture
flow of wood, sediment and water; the mixture flow
moved downstream along the flume bed. Most of the
wood model pieces accumulated at the flow front and
then arrived at the check dam model. Sediment followed
the pieces accumulating at the flow front. Some amount
of the wood and sediment were trapped by the check
dam model and the other passed through it. Figures 5(a)
and (b) are photos of situation of wood and sediment
trapped by the open check dam model.







Figure 5 The wood and sediment deposition at the
open check dam model.
1 99 7 2 8 5.2 10 60 0.35
2 103 8 4 8 5.2 10 120 0.35
3 99 9 6 8 5.2 10 178 0.35
4 101 8 2 8 2 10 59 0.35
5 99 8 2 8 3 10 55 0.35
6 102 8 2 8 4.1 10 60 0.35
7 100 7 4 8 5.2 5.25 120 0.67
8 101 7 4 8 3 7 119 0.50
9 100 7 6 8 5.2 5.25 180 0.67
10 101 7 2 8 3 10 60 0.35
11 100 7 6 8 3 7 180 0.50
12 100 6 6 8 4.1 7 180 0.50
13 100 6 6 8 2 7 180 0.50
14 100 7 6 8 5.2 7 180 0.50
15 101 8 6 8 2 7 180 0.50
16 101 7 6 8 3 7 179 0.50
17 100 6 4 8 5.2 7 120 0.50
18 101 6 8 0


The data collection and analysis
After stopping the water inflow, we counted wood
pieces and measured the weight of sediment stopping at
and passing through the check dam model. The sediment
bed elevation behind the check dam model was also
measured by the point gage. The interval of the
measured bed elevation was 10 cm in the downstream
direction, and 5 cm in the transverse direction.

The material had been packed and marked, and then the
packet had dried at 110
o
C for 24 hour. The weight of
each sample was measured. Furthermore, the reviewing
video and still photographs had been observed for stages
of sediment deposition. We can get clear view and
accurate shape, height and thickness of the pieces
trapped and sediment deposition.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Behavior of Wood-sediment-water Mixture at Open
Check dam
The flow behavior of wood-sediment-water mixture
in the flume experiment is shown in Figures 6. The wood
model pieces were concentrated in the flow front. Flow
situation before and after the arrival of the flow front at
the check dam model was quite different from each other.
Farouk Maricar, et al
4











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Figure 6 Flow situation at 0.5 second before the
arrival of the flow front at the check dam model.



(1) Flow situation before the arrival of the flow
front at the check dam model


Finally, the rate of the pieces trapped by the check dam
model to the whole pieces on the fixed bed is discussed.

Figure 7 expresses the relationship between the
number of wood model pieces trapped by the check dam
model and the number of the whole pieces moving on
the fixed bed. The number of the whole pieces on the
fixed bed is almost same as that of the pieces placed
initially on the movable bed. The solid line indicates that
the number of pieces trapped by the check dam model is
same as that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed. Here
N was defined as the initial number of the whole pieces
on the movable bed. In the case of N=120 and piece
length L=5.25 cm, most of the pieces passed through the
check dam model.
In the preliminary experiments, most of the wood
pieces on the smooth fixed bed became parallel to the
flow direction and passed through the model check dam.
The fixed bed part in the present flume, on the other
hand, is roughened with the same material as bed
sediment in the movable bed part. The interaction among
the flowing pieces and bed roughness made the pieces
hold in the various directions during their movement. It
can be considered that this situation made the check dam
200


150


100


50


0
200


150


100


50


0
0 50 100 150 200
Number of whole pieces on the fixed bed
model trap the pieces.

(2) Flow situation after the arrival of the flow
front at the check dam model
The sediment followed the pieces accumulating at the
flow front. Moving sediment pushed the trapped pieces
against the check dam model, pressed them and formed
their complicated mesh structure. At the same time, the
trapped pieces caused sediment deposition in the
upstream direction. These results suggest that a larger
number of pieces trapped causes an increase in
sediment deposition behind the open check dam.
Figure 7. Number of pieces trapped by check dam model
versus that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed.

The total volume of the pieces trapped by the check
dam model is plotted against the volume of the whole
pieces in Figure 8. The broken line indicates that the
volume of the pieces trapped by the check dam model is
same as that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed. For
the wood model pieces of L=10.0 cm, we can see an
almost linear relationship between the volume of the
trapped pieces and that of the whole pieces. However,
the linear relationship cannot be found for L=5.5 cm and
7.0 cm.
Wood Accumulation at The Open Check dam Model
The experiments show that some of the wood model
pieces concentrating at the flow front part were trapped
by the open check dam model. The trapped pieces
formed a kind of the mesh structure at the open check
dam model and deposited sediment behind the trapped
pieces from the subsequent mixture flow. This result is
the one originally produced by the laboratory flume
experiments.
400


300


200


100


0
400


300


200


100


0


In this section, first, we examine dependence of the
pieces trapped by the check dam model on their number,
volume and length scale at the initial stationary, moving
and trapping stage. Second, the relationship between
deposited sediment and trapped wood is investigated.
0 100 200 300 400
Volume of whole pieces on the fixed bed (cm
3
)

Figure 8. Volume of pieces trapped by check dam model
versus that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed.

From Figures 7 and 8, it is found that trapping the
pieces by the open-check dam model requires sufficient
Experimental Study of The Effect of Open Check Dam on Debris Flows

5













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number and volume of the pieces. In the case of
L=5.25cm and D=5.2 mm, critical condition for trapping
the pieces by the open-check dam model is Nc 120 and
Vc 140 cm3. Here Nc and Vc denote the number and
volume of pieces in the critical condition, respectively.
volume of trapped pieces. The ratio of accumulation
depth to length of trapped pieces is investigated (Figure
13). Except the case of smaller amount of piece volume,
the ratio is close to the value of 1.0.
20 20 10 10

8 8
A comparison of the opening size of the check dam
15 15

model with the length scale of pieces is important in the
discussion of trapping wood by the check dam model.
4 4

The size of opening of the check dam model is lo=3.5
5 5

cm. The scale of pieces can be represented by their
0 0
length or diameter.
0 2 4 6 8 10
Accumulation depth of pieces trapped
by check dam (cm)
0 100 200 300 400
Volume of pieces trapped by the check dam (cm
3
)
The number of wood model pieces trapped by the Figure 11. Figure 12.
check dam model versus length of the pieces; this is
depicted under the condition of N=180. In the other hand,
the volume of pieces trapped by the check dam model
against length of the pieces in the case of N=180. The
number and volume of the pieces trapped by the check
dam model depend on their length. The number and
volume of the pieces trapped increase with an increase in
their length.

2


1.5


1


0.5


0

2


1.5


1


0.5


0
0 100 200 300 400
Figure 9 shows the relationship between the weight
of deposited sediment grains and the number of trapped
pieces. The relationship between the weight of deposited
sediment grains and the volume of trapped pieces is
presented in Figure 10. It is found that a larger amount of
piece volume caused significant sediment deposition
behind the trapped pieces.
Volume of pieces trapped by the check dam (cm
3
)

Figure 13. Ratio of accumulation depth to length of
trapped pieces versus volume of pieces trapped by the
check dam.

Ashida and Takahashi (1980) and Ashida et al.(1987)
introduced the non-dimensional ratio lo/dmax in order to
examine the effect of grid-type open check dams on
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0 50 100 150 200
Number of pieces tra pped by chec k da m
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0 1 00 200 300 400
Volume of piece s tra pped by check dam (cm
3

debris flows. Here lo indicates the size of the opening of
the check dam, and dmax indicates the maximum size of
sediment materials moving as debris flows. Referring to
the discussion, we introduce the non-dimensional ratio
lo/L for the discussion of the effect of the steel-pipe
check dam on the wood-sediment-water mixture flows.
Here L denotes the length of the pieces and lo the
opening size of the check dam model.
Figure 9. Figure 10.

Especially, the accumulation depth of trapped pieces
extremely affects sediment deposition from the
subsequent debris flow (Figure 11). We can see a linear
relation of weight of sediment deposited behind the
check dam to accumulation depth of the trapped pieces.

Therefore, the length scale and structure of
accumulation of the trapped wood become important for
sediment deposition from the subsequent mixture flow.
The relationship between the accumulation depth and
volume of trapped pieces is shown in Figure 12.The
accumulation depth of trapped pieces increases with

Figures 14 and 15 indicate volume ratio of trapped
wood model pieces to the whole pieces. The volume
ratio of the trapped pieces to the whole pieces varies
from 58% to 90% under the condition of N=180. Some
scatter of the data is noted near the region of smaller
number and volume of the whole pieces. Therefore, we
focus the discussion on the condition of N=120 and 180.
Under this condition, we plot the volume ratio of trapped
pieces to the whole pieces versus lo/L (Figure 16). It is
found that the volume ratio of the trapped pieces to the
whole pieces decreases with lo/L and becomes smaller
rapidly at lo>0.6L. Therefore, we can draw regressive
curves for each number of the whole pieces. The volume
Farouk Maricar, et al
6

10cm-2mm
10cm-3mm
10cm-4mm
10cm-5mm
7cm-2mm
7cm-3mm
7cm-4mm
7cm-5mm
5.25cm-5mm















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ratio of the trapped pieces to the whole pieces can be
determined by lo/L for each number of the whole pieces.

1.00


0.80


0.60


0.40
Process of Sediment Deposition Behind The Open
Check dam Model
Figure 17 shows the time variation in the longitudinal
profile of sediment deposition behind the check dam
model. These indicate sediment deposition process after
the arrival of flow front at the check dam model. It is
found that sediment deposition proceeded in the
upstream and vertical direction of the fixed bed behind
the check dam model.
100
t=0 second
t=5 seconds
0.20


0.00



0 50 100 150 200
Number of whole pieces on the fixed bed
80 t=10 seconds
t=15 seconds
t=20 seconds
60

40

20
Figure 14 Volume ratio of pieces trapped by the check
dam model to the whole pieces versus number of the
whole pieces on the fixed bed.

0
140 160 180 200 220 240 260
x(cm)

1


0.75


0.5


0.25
Figure 17. Time variation of longitudinal sediment
deposition profile at y= 0cm

On the other hand, Figure 18 shows plan view of the
sediment deposition profile after stopping the water
inflow at the upstream end. Irregular sediment deposition
profile can be found in the transverse direction at the
check dam model.

30

0
0 100 200 300 400
Volume of the whole pieces on the fixed bed (cm
3
)
25
20
1

15
2

10
5
1
2
3


4
5
6


6
Figure 15 Volume ratio of pieces trapped by the check
1
3
dam model to the whole pieces versus volume of the
whole pieces.


1
N = 120
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
X direction (cm)

Figure 18 Plan view of the final profile of sediment
deposition

0.8


0.6


0.4


0.2


0
N = 180





N=180



N=120


0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
lo / L
Sediment Deposition Behind The open Check dam
Model
Figures 19 to 23 show weight ratio of sediment
deposited behind the open check dam model to the
whole sediment moving downstream on the fixed bed.
Figures 19 and 20 show sediment weight ratio versus
the number and volume of the whole wood pieces
moving on the fixed bed.

Figures 21 show sediment weight ratio versus the
volume of wood pieces trapped by the open check dam
Figure 16 Volume ratio of pieces trapped by the check
dam to the whole pieces versus lo/L (N= 120,180).
model. Figures 22 show sediment weight ratio versus the
accumulation depth of wood pieces trapped by the open
check dam model.
Experimental Study of The Effect of Open Check Dam on Debris Flows

7









u =8
o

0





0.4



0.2


0

0 100 200 300 400





Figure 19. Weight ratio of sediment deposited to whole
sediment versus Number of whole pieces on the fixed
bed.


Figure 20. Weight ratio of sediment deposited to whole
sediment versus Volume of whole pieces on the fixed
bed.

1


through the open check dam model. Furthermore, in the
case of N=120 and L=5.25 cm, most of sediment and
pieces in the mixture flow passed through the check dam
model.


















Figure 22 Weight ratio of sediment deposited to whole
sediment versus accumulation depth of pieces trapped by
check dam on the fixed bed.

Although scatter of the data is noted in Figures 19
and 20, it is found that sediment weight ratio increases
with increase in number and volume of whole pieces on
the fixed bed. The relationship between sediment weight
ratio and the trapped wood pieces becomes more obvious,
as shown in Figures 21 and 22. It is seen that
accumulation depth of the trapped wood pieces
determines sediment weight ratio.

Figure 23 indicates weight ratio of sediment
deposited to the whole sediment moving on the fixed bed.
The weight ratio of sediment deposited to the whole
sediment varies from 35% to 85%.


0.8


0.6



N=180, D=5.2mm




Volume of trapped pieces (cm
3
)
N=120, D=5.2mm

Figure 21. Weight ratio of sediment deposited to
whole sediment versus volume of trapped pieces.

In the case without wood pieces moving on the fixed
bed, most of sediment in the mixture flow passed



Figure 23. Weight ratio of the sediment deposited to
whole sediment versus lo/L
Farouk Maricar, et al

8




CONCLUSIONS

1. Some wood pieces concentrating at the flow front
part were trapped by the open check dam model.
The trapped pieces formed a kind of the mesh
structure at the open check dam model and resulted
in sediment deposition behind the trapped pieces
from the subsequent mixture flow. This is the one
originally produced by the laboratory flume
experiments.
2. A linear relationship can be found between the
volume of pieces trapped by the check dam model
and the volume of the whole pieces on the fixed
bed. However, trapping the pieces by the open-
check dam model requires their sufficient number
and volume.
3. In the case without wood pieces moving on the
fixed bed, most of sediment in the mixture flow
passed through the open check dam model.
Furthermore, in the case of N=120 and L=5.25 cm,
most of sediment and pieces in the mixture flow
passed through the check dam model.
4. The length scale and structure of accumulation of
the trapped pieces become important for sediment
deposition from the subsequent mixture flow. The
accumulation depth of wood pieces trapped by the
open check dam determines sediment deposition
from the mixture flow.
5. The volume ratio of the trapped pieces to the whole
pieces can be determined by lo/L for each number
of the whole pieces.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank to Mr.Shinya
Ikematsu, Tomohiro Miyoshi, Tadahiko Hasuo, Kyosuke
Hashimura and Kensuke Sakada for their support and
assistance during the experiments. This study has been
supported by Kyushu Regional Planning Association.
We would like to appreciate their grant in aid on this
study.
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