CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background As we know, our body has five sense such as sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing. The five of sense is called sense system. The five sense system is used to introduce the environment surrounded us so sense system is very useful for our body. The sight sense in our body is eyes. The eye is the organ of vision. The smell sense in our body is nose. The taste sense in our body is tongue. The touch sense in our body is skin. The hearing sense in our body is ears. Each of the senses consists of specialized cells that have receptors for specific stimuli. These cells have links to the nervous system and thus to the brain. Sensing is done at primitive levels in the cells and integrated into sensations in the nervous system. Sight is probably the most developed sense in humans, followed closely by hearing. In this paper we present about the sense system in human body especially in skin.

1.2

The Problem Statement 1. What is the definition of skin? 2. What is the structure of Skin? 3. What is the function of skin? 4. What is the kinds of skin disease?

1.3

The Objectives 1. To know about the definition of skin

2. To know the main part of skin 3. To know the function of skin 4. To know the kinds of skin disease

CHAPTER II EXPLAINATION

2.1 The Definition of Skin The skin is the outer covering of the body. In human, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of mesodermal tissue . At the adults body, the large of skin can reach more than 19.000 cm2. Skin covers the organ that located at under it, such as muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs and so on. The top layer of skin contains citin substance that protect skin surface from the lost of water. Skin is very important in regulating the body temperature.

2.2 The Structures of Skin In general, the type of skin can be differ to be 2 kinds those are the main structure and the additional structure.

2.2.1 The Main Structure of Skin

Seeing for the structure, skin consist of 2 layers. The outer part is called by epidermis and the under of the epidermis is called by dermis. a. Epidermis Epidermis is composed by scuamosa epitelium, it contains pigment cells that given the colors of the skin and that function is protecting the skin from the damaged of sunlight. Epidermis consist of some of cells layer. the outset layer is called stratum corneum, that also called as horned substance, because that layer composed from ceratin flat cells . In the case that cells is death cells. Ceratin is a protein that is water proof. So that layer is like a natural body coat that protecting the tissues from the lost of water. That layer will always happen the rubbing and get peeled off, but it also will be changed by the new cells. At the under of corneum is lusidum stratum that looks more bright because of accumulation from ceratin molecule. The under of lusidum stratum granulosum. It is area where is the cells begin to die because of the accumulation of ceratin molecules which is separating this cells from that area.

Epidermis layer that bordered with dermis is stratum germinativum, that composed of stratum spinosum and stratum basale. Stratum germinativum composed of epidermal cell that received the enough nutrition from dermis. That cells will be constant in happening the fission and produces a million of cells everyday. The older cells will be pressed out and keep away from the nutrition source. So, that cells will die and happening the ceratinisation. Melanin is a brown pigment that produced by special cells that called by melanosit. It is located in basale stratum from germinativum stratum. The production of melanin will increase if the skin hitten by the sunlight. So, the skin will be browner . Melanin provided an umbrella protector pigmen from nucleus of basale cells , so it protects genetic matter (DNA) from ultraviolet radiations influence. Skin color is produced from 2 factor, those are amount of melanin production and level of blood oxygenation. The people that has the higher of the melanin production will have brown skin. On the people that has brightly skin, has a little of melanin, dermal blood distributes the

blood skin from layer cells that more transparent , so the skin will be red. If the blood dermal less of oxygen or doesnt circulate well, the skin will be blue or called by sianotik.

b. Dermis Dermis arrange of bunch tissue, consist of two main area such as papilar area and reticular area. This area is like epidermis. It is thickness and the structure is not flat. For example, dermis in palm of hand and dermis in sole of foot is thicker than the other skin. Papilar layer is a dermal layer most of above skin layer. Its structure is not flat. In papilar layer, there are many capiler tissue. Papilar layer provide nutrient to epidermis. And it possible the heat absorbed to the skin surface. The touch receptor is located in the papilar layer too. Reticular layer is located inside of skin layer. It contain of many arteries, veins, sweat gland and sebaseus gland and pressure receptor. Papilar layer and reticular layer contain of many kolagen fiber and elastic fiber. Entire dermis contains of fibroblast, adipose cells, some kinds of microfage which very important for our body defense and many kind of the other cells. Dermis has blood vessel and it possible to do regulation temperature of our body. If the temperature increase, arteriol dilatation and capileres in dermis become contain with heat blood. So it possible the heat that was flowed from skin surface to the air. If the temperature of environment decrease (cold), so the heat of body must be put. Dermal atriol has contraction so the blood flow for a little to skin surface. Because of it a little body heat become loss.

2.2.2 Additional Structure of Skin Hair, fingernail, and skin gland is derivate from epidermis. Although its located inside dermis. The structures is from stratum germinativum which grow to below to the part diper from skin.

a. Skin Gland

Skin gland is devided into two kind such as sebaseus gland and sweat gland. Sebaseus gland is located at most of skin except in areas dont have hair. Is like palm of hand and sole of foot.
Secretion of sweat gland called sebum. It is mixture form oil substance and piece cells.

Sebum use as glossy which contain skin. It makes skin become smooth and damp and make hair strong. Sebum often coagulate on one place, dry and sometimes contain of bacteria. The bacteria can make the disorder for our skin. The disorder is called black hand. Sometimes sweat gland occur active infection, it makes acne. Sweat gland is exocrin gland. It will be secreted outside from the skin surface through pores. There are two kin of sweat gland such as Ecrin gland and Apocrin gland. Ecrin gland spread entire skin surface. The gland produce pure sweat which contain water, NaCl and ammonia. Apocrin gland is found on armpit and genital area. Beside secrete water, NaCl and ammonia. The gland secrete protein substance too. It is a good medium for microorganism to life.

b. Hair Hair is found at all of body surface except at hand surface, foot surface, and lip. Hair is covered by hair folikel, that is an invagination epidermis that happen until the period of growing with enlargement of the end that called by hair bulbus. The hair part that located in the hair folikel is called by hairs root. Hair is formed by mitosis of germinal epithelial that enough of food in hair bulbus. That germinal cells will split and happening the differentiation to be cells which form hair medulla, hair cortecs, and hair cuticula. The older cells will be pushed away from growing area, that cell will die and happening ceratinisation, from the bigger part from base of hair. An hair consist of layers, centre part is called by medulla, that surrounded by protector korteks and by cuticula. Wound on cuticula cause the top of hair. Hair folicel is separated from dermis by nonceluler hialin membrane that called by glasi membrane that is thickly from basalis membrane. The color of hair depends on amount of pigment in hair cortex.

On the part of dermis is located a small of ribbon from artless. muscle that is called pili arektor, it related one of folicel hair to dermis papilla layer. If the cold weather and afraid the muscle will contract. The base of hair will push on the top to vertical position. In human there are two kind of hair such as laguno, fetus hair, and terminal hair. Lanugo fetus hair is short, it doesnt have pigment, soft and its root on the dermis. Terminal hair more long, rough, and it has pigment. Terminal hair consists of head hair (capilli),moustache (barba), armpit hair (hirci) and genitals hair (pubes).

2.3 The Functions of The Skin Skin has many function, such as: 1. Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.[4][3]
2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure,

vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics.

3. Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which

allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heat loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. Erector pili muscles are significant in animals.
4. Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier

to fluid loss. Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns. 5. Aesthetics and communication: others see our skin and can assess our mood, physical state and attractiveness.
6. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of

synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV on certain parts of the skin.

7. Excretion: sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence

excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation. 8. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts, some animals using their skin for their sole respiration organ (contrary to popular belief, however, humans do not absorb oxygen through the skin).[8] In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin, by ointments or by means of adhesive patch, such as the nicotine patch or iontophoresis. The skin is an important site of transport in many other organisms. 9. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body.

2.4 Types of Skin Diseases As is true of many of the diseases on the medical spectrum, skin diseases reference a wide array of conditions which affect the skin. Diseases affecting the skin can be caused by complications of other medical conditions, fungal infections, bacterial infections, allergic reactions, and even insect bites. The skin is affected by both internal and external conditions and factors. The skin is exposed to a range of environmental hazards making it vulnerable to all manner of threats. Genetic predispositions to certain conditions are also attributed to the emergence of certain skin diseases. Even the occurrence of one type of skin disease can lead to the appearance of another. Skin diseases usually fall into a specific category or type. The most common types of skin diseases include inflammatory disorders, viral, bacterial, cancerous, and fungal. The skin diseases associated with a certain type will usually exhibit similar symptoms, be caused by similar sources, and is treated and/or cured in a similar manner. Of course each skin disease will exhibit variances in the symptoms and severity and may display some unique characteristics. Skin diseases can range from barely noticeable to disfiguring, even to life threatening. But the

type of skin disease will help determine the probable cause and the best course of proven treatment to follow.

a. Inflammatory Disorders Inflammatory skin diseases reference most of the more common rashes. Eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, and diaper rash fall into this category. Acne is also an inflammatory skin disease. Most of these conditions are long term. These conditions cause redness, swelling, blistering, lesions, and raised plaques on the skin. The skin becomes inflamed and can be warm to the touch. Blisters can form and ooze. Many of the inflammatory skin diseases are associated with itching. The symptoms can become severe if left untreated; sometimes even painful. Certain of the inflammatory skin diseases can lead to scarring and disfigurement. The symptoms need to be treated to control the severity and often the spread of the condition. The skin diseases considered to be an inflammatory disorder are generally treated with medications to relieve itching, swelling, and skin dryness. Patients are given topical ointments to apply to the affected areas. Cortisone ointments can be obtained off the shelves of most stores. Corticosteroid topical medications are often prescribed for more severe and reoccurring rashes like psoriasis. When blisters or cysts become infected, they may need to be looked at and drained by a doctor. Oral medications are sometimes prescribed to treat the underlying causes of the condition. Light treatments are also commonly used to control and diminish more extensive rash symptoms.

b. Viral skin diseases Viral skin diseases are those which are caused by a virus of some type. Many of the viral skin diseases are short-lived conditions which come with a list of uncomfortable symptoms. Chicken Pox and measles are the most recognizable. Both diseases are accompanied by fevers, a skin rash, and some cold like symptoms. Chicken pox is infamous notorious for the itchy blisters

which cover the body. Later in years, the chicken pox virus rears its head again in the form of shingles. Shingles results in a blistering rash. The blisters fill with pus, scab, and then heal. Shingles is a painful condition which lasts several months. Herpes 1 and 2 are another type of viral skin disease. Both are spread by physical contact. Blisters cover the areas associated with the particular type of herpes contracted. Herpes 1 causes cold sores to form on the lips. Herpes 2 causes them to form on the genitals. Both are painful. Type 2 sores cause itching. c. Chicken Pox Viral skin diseases are treated with medications. Topical medications are used to cure the viral infections which cause warts and for type 1herpes. Prescription medications are used to treat most of the other viral skin diseases and to control the spread of the diseases. A series of vaccinations are recommended for chicken pox. Even those who have had chicken pox are encouraged to get a vaccination later in life to prevent the reoccurrence of the condition leading to shingles. The herpes viruses are still not curable at this time and are reoccurring conditions. The symptoms are controlled with medication, but a permanent cure has yet to be discovered to eliminate the disease completely. d. Skin Cancer Skin cancer is a condition caused by exposure to certain light rays from the sun and from tanning beds. This cancer has been on the rise in the general population for many years and has emerged as the leading type of cancer in men. People are being diagnosed with this type of cancer at much younger ages than in decades past. Skin cancer is preventable. In order to protect yourself from skin cancer, sun block must be applied to your skin everyday, all year long. Lips should be protected using a lip balm which contains sun protection. Tanning beds should be avoided. Skin cancer is completely curable with detected early. Most of the skin cancers diagnosed are basal cell cancer, which spreads very slowly. The most dangerous cancer attacks the inner most layer of skin and spreads rapidly to other organs and throughout the body. If not caught early enough, melanoma will result in death. The cancers usually present themselves as lesions or moles which change in shape and color. People with light hair, light eyes, and light skin tones
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are usually most susceptible to skin cancer. Regular screenings are important and rapid treatment is necessary to prevent a diagnosis of skin cancer from becoming a tragedy. d. Bacterial skin diseases Most bacterial skin diseases are caused by staphylococci or staph. This bacteria causes the majority of the bacterial skin diseases. The staph bacteria which cause the diseases live on humans. In fact, as much as 40% of humans are carriers of the type of staph which causes diseases. Bacterial skin diseases occur when bacteria enters through a break in the skin. The infections are generally a result of another underlying condition which makes the person more susceptible or vulnerable to infections. Conditions such as diabetes or atopic dermatitis are among those which are most often attributed to the emergence of this type of infection. e. Impetigo Many serious skin diseases are among those classified as bacterial skin diseases. Impetigo, cellulitis, MRSA, folliculitis, scabies, and (probably the most feared skin disease of all) necrotizing fasciitis. These diseases include a wide range of symptoms from mild to life threatening. The skin can break out in rashes, pimples, boils, and lesions. The conditions spread over the skin and some can spread internally also. Necrotizing fasciitis is the most serious of the bacterial infections. The bacteria which cause this infection release toxins that cause clotting in the blood vessels. The disease results after a surgery or significant injury. But the bacteria can enter the body through even a small cut. Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis include pain around the injury area, flu symptoms, intense thirst, low blood pressure, and a high temperature.

f. Necrotizing fasciitis Many of the staph infections are treated with antibiotics. But some of the staph has become antibiotic resistant; causing great concern among the medical community and a reluctance to administer antibiotics. Doctors are stressing the importance of preventive measures to keep people from contracting a staph infection in the first place. In an effort to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance, often the underlying cause for the staph infection is treated. When

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necessary, the infected area is drained or removed. Sometimes hospitalization can be necessary depending on the severity or type of bacterial infection diagnosed.

g. Fungal infections Fungal infections are those caused by microscopic fungi. The fungi survive by living off of our dead skin cells. Most of the time, these organisms are harmless. But fungi can become a problem when they reproduce rapidly. Fungal infections include ringworm and athletes foot. Candida is another fungal infection that most commonly affects the genital area. The symptoms of the various fungal conditions are very similar. Itching and burning are common. Some can cause redness and raised areas on the skin. Lesions may also appear. h. Candida Fungal infections are treated with medications. Topical antifungal ointments and creams or powders eliminate the fungi causing the infection. Some infections are treated with oral medications prescribed by a doctor. Usually the more severe infections are treated in this manner. Oral antiseptics are also prescribed. Precautionary methods should be taken to minimize or eliminate the risk of reinfestation. The affected area should be cleaned regularly. Towels, sheets, blankets and clothes should be washed regularly. Try to wear loose clothing to prevent the fungi from multiplying.

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CHAPTER III CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
The skin is the outer covering of the body. In human, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of mesodermal tissue.

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 In general, the type of skin can be differ to be 2 kinds those are the main structures and the additional structures. The main structures are epidermis and dermis. The additional structure are skin hair and hair. Skin has many function, such as: protection, sensation, heat regulation, control of evaporation, aesthetics and communication, storage and synthesis, excretion, absorption, and water resistance. The types of skin disease are inflammatory disorders, viral skin disease, chicken pox, skin cancer, bacterial skin disease, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, fungal infection, and candida.

3.2 Suggestion Sens organ especially skin is one of main organ of . skin is covering of our body so it is very important to know about our skin. We must maintain our skin because there are many bacteria that can disturb our skin and it make diseases.

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REFERENCES
. Amien,moh.1997.Biologi.Jakarta:Balai Pustaka Handayani,Nuri.2009.Buku Kantong Biologi SMA.Jakarta:Pustaka Widyatama. Winatasasmita,Djamur.1994.Biologi Umum.Jakarta:Universitas Terbuka.

Web: www.wikipedia.com

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