Three Phase Theory and Symmetrical Components: - Professor J R Lucas

Three Phase Theory & Symmetrical Components Professor J R Lucas 1 May 2011
Three Phase Theory and

Symmetrical Components Professor J R Lucas
With single phase a.c. 2 wires (live and neutral).
Roadside distribution lines usually have 4 wires.
uses three phase, with 4th wire as the neutral.
3 phases are usually 120
o
out of phase
phasor addition zero if supply is balanced.

Figure 1(a) Three phase waveforms

Phases are usually designated A, B, C (earlier red, yellow, blue)
phase voltage V
p
voltage
between any one phase and
neutral, phase-to-neutral voltage.
line voltage V
L
voltage
between any two lines, line-to-
line voltage.
If A-phase voltage V
A
= V
p
Z0,
then V
Y
= V
p
Z-2t/3 and V
B
= V
p
Z-4t/3.
Figure 1(b) Phasor Diagram
N
V
A
V
B
V
C

Balanced Three Phase Supply
Can be connected either in star or in delta.

V
AB
V
BC
V
CA
Figure 2(b) Delta-connected supply
I
d
I
L
|V
L
|
V
A
V
B
V
C
Figure 2(a) Star-connected supply
I
L
I
P
|V
P
|
|V
L
|

In a balanced three phase system, knowledge of one of the
phases gives the other two phases directly.
V
RY
= V
R
V
Y
, V
YB
= V
Y
V
B
, and V
BR
= V
B
V
R
.

V
R
V
Y
V
B
-V
R
-V
B
-V
Y
V
R
V
Y
V
B
V
BR
V
YB
V
BR
V
RY
V
YB
V
RY
Figure 3(b) Triangular addition Figure 3(a) Parallelogram addition

For a balanced star system, the angles between the phases
is 120
o
and the magnitudes are all equal.
Line voltages would lead by 30
0
the nearest phase voltage.
I
L
= I
P
, |V
L
| = \3|V
P
|
Similarly with a delta connected supply, the current in the
|I
L
| = \3|I
d
|, V
L
= V
d
Line voltages must be specified in a sequential manner.
i.e. V
RY
, V
YB
and V
BR
.
[Note: V
BY
is 180
0
out of phase with V
YB
so that the
corresponding angles if this is chosen may appear to be
60
0
rather than 120
0
].

If the direction of V
R
is selected as reference, then
V
R
= V
p
Z0 = V
p
Z0
o
,
V
Y
= V
p
Z-2t/3 = V
p
Z-120
o
,
V
B
= V
p
Z-4t/3 = V
p
Z-240
o

V
RY
= \3V
p
Zt/6 = V
p
Z30
o
,
V
YB
= \3V
p
Z-t/2 = V
p
Z-90
o
,
V
BR
= \3V
p
Z-7t/6 = V
p
Z-210
o


Balanced Load
A balanced load would have impedances of the three
phase equal in magnitude and in phase.
With balanced supply (Figure 4(a))
phase voltages differ by 120
0

phase currents differ by 120
0

loads have same phase angle
Two configurations:
star connection
delta connection.
V
R
V
Y
V
B
I
B
I
R
I
Y
Figure 4(a) Phasor Diagram

For same load,
each phase will have
same impedance
star impedance and
delta impedance will
be different.
Z
D
= 3 Z
s

phase angle of impedance, of star and of delta, is the same.
Note: In the delta, the voltage is \3 times larger and
the current \3 times smaller, giving the impedance 3
times larger.
The equivalent power is unaffected by transformation.
(b) Star connection (c) Delta connection
Z
s
Z
s
Z
s
Z
D
Z
D
Z
D
Figure 4

Three Phase Power
With single phase, P = V I cos |
With three phase, P = 3 V
p
I
p
cos |
Neutral not always available to measure phase voltage.
Also current inside delta not be directly available.
Usual to express power associated in terms of line
voltage V
L
and line current I
L
.
For balanced star connected load,
V
star
= V
L
/\3, I
star
= I
L
Z
star
= V
star
/ I
star
= V
L
/\3I
L
S
star
= 3V
star
I
star
*
= \3V
L
I
L
*


Thus P
star
= \3V
L
I
L
cos |,
Q
star
= \3V
L
I
L
sin |
For a balanced delta connected load,
V
delta
= V
L
, I
delta
= I
L
/\3
Z
delta
= V
delta
/ I
delta
= \3V
L
/ I
L
S
delta
= 3V
delta
I
delta
* = \3V
L
I
L
*
Thus P
delta
= \3V
L
I
L
cos |, Q
delta
= \3V
L
I
L
sin |
For a three phase system
Apparent Power S = \3V
L
I
L

Active Power P = \3V
L
I
L
cos |
Reactive Power Q = \3V
L
I
L
sin |

Analysis of three phase balanced systems
Sufficient to calculate for just one phase (usually A).
(a) Single circuit of a three phase system
Figure 5 Three phase system
E
R
E
Y
E
B
z
s
z
s
z
s
z
line
z
line
z
line
Z
L
Z
L
Z
L
N

S


Consider 3 phase 3 wire system (with neutral wire absent).
For a balanced system,
supply voltages E
R
, E
Y
and E
B
, 120
0
out of phase.
potential of star point S of load is equal to potential of
neutral N of supply.
whether a neutral wire is present or not, the analysis of
the system becomes identical.
Draw neutral wire of zero impedance between S and N.
as no potential difference exists between S and N,
analyse only one single phase A of the system.

P
p
Z
L
E
p
z
s
z
line
V
p
I
p
Figure 6 One phase of Three phase system

Comparing with the line quantities,
E
L
= \3 E
p
, I
L
= I
p
and P
p
= P/3
Usually, knowing voltage and power are more
important from practical considerations, than current.
Thus reformulate problem to give voltage and power at
the desired values, at the expense of a wrong current.
Multiply source voltage E
p
in figure 6 by \3.
increases both current I
p
and voltage V
p
by \3.
Phase voltages become line voltages (\3 times)
Phase power becomes total power (\3\3 or 3 times)

Line current increases to \3 times higher (error).

(b) Equivalent circuit for 3 phase balanced system

Known as equivalent single phase diagram and gives
Correct voltage as for 3 phase system
Correct power as for 3 phase system
but with current being in error by \3 times.

E
L
=\3 E
p
z
s
z
line
Z
L
V
L
=\3 V
p
\3I
L
=\3 I
p
Figure 7 Equivalent single phase of Three phase system
P = 3P
p

Example
A three phase 400V, 50 Hz, balanced supply feeds a
balanced load consisting of (a) three equal single phase
loads of (40 + j 30) O connected in star, and (b) a three
phase heating load (purely resistive) of 1.8 kW.
Determine the supply current, supply power factor,
active and reactive power supplied and the value of the
capacitances that must be connected in delta to
improve the overall power factor to 0.95 lag.
Obtain the result using
(i) one phase of the three phase system, and
(ii) the equivalent single phase circuit.

Solution
(i) Using one-phase diagram
Z
L1
= 40 + j 30 O
E
p
= 400/\3 = 230.9Z0
P
p
= 1.8/3 = 0.6 kW
= 600 W
0
0
1
87 . 36 619 . 4
87 . 36 50
0 9 . 230
30 40
0 9 . 230
Z =
Z
Z
=
+
Z
=
j
I
p

[Note: Quite often, phase voltage of 3 phase 400 V
system is taken to be 230 V rather than calculated value of
230.9 V, which would get a slightly different answer.]
E
p
Z
L2
V
p
I
p
Figure 8 Single phase diagram
Z
L1
I
p1
I
p2

Using P = V I cos |.
0 598 . 2
1 9 . 230
600
2
Z =
=
p
I

[Note: angle is zero because it is purely resistive]
Thus I
p
= I
p1
+ I
p2
= 4.619Z-36.87
0
+ 2.598
= 6.293 j 2.771 = 6.876Z-23.77
0
A
supply current = 6.876Z-23.77
0
A
supply power factor = cos (0 (-23.77
0
)) = 0.915 lag
active power supplied = \3V
L
I
L
cos |
= \3 400 6.876 0.915 = 4360 W
reactive power supplied = \3V
L
I
L
sin |
= \3 400 6.876 sin (-23.77) = 1920 var

Capacitances are connected to improve power factor to 0.95.
With pure capacitance, active
power remains at P = 4.360 kW.
Q
capacitance
= Q
original
Q
new

kvar 433 . 1
19 . 18 tan 360 . 4 tan
0
=
= =
new new
P Q |
Q
cap
= 1.920 1.433
= 0.487 kvar
Each of 3 capacitors would provide 1/3 of this reactive power.
Q per capacitance = 0.487/3 = 0.162 kvar = V
2
C e
P

Q

Q
new
Q
cap
Figure 9 Power factor correction

If capacitors are connected in delta, then line voltage
would appear across each.
162 = 400
2
C 100 t
C = 3.230 F each connected in delta
If capacitors are connected in star, then phase voltage
would appear across each.
162 = 230.9
2
C 100 t
C = 9.689 F each connected in star

Usual to connect capacitors in delta as the value
required would then be smaller.

(ii) Using equivalent single-phase diagram
Z
L1
= 40 + j 30 O
E
L
= 400Z0
P = 1.8 kW = 1800 W
0
0
1 1
87 . 36 8
87 . 36 50
0 400
30 40
0 400
3
Z =
Z
Z
=
+
Z
= =
j
I I
L

using P = \3 V
L
I
L2
cos | = V
L
I
2
cos |.
0 5 . 4
1 400
1800
2
Z =
= I
[angle is zero because it is purely resistive]
\3I
L
= I = I
1
+ I
2
= 8Z-36.87
0
+ 4.5 = 10.9 j 4.8 = 11.910Z-23.77
0
A
supply current=11.910Z-23.77
0
/\3 = 6.876Z-23.77
0
A (same)
I
1
Figure 9 Equivalent diagram
E
L
Z
L2
V
L
I = \3I
L
Z
L1
I
2

Unbalanced three phase systems
(a) Star connected supply feeding a star connected load

E
R
E
Y
E
B
z
s
z
s
z
s
z
line
z
line
z
line
Z
LR
Z
LY
Z
LB
Figure 10 Unbalanced Three phase system
N

S

Z
neutral

(i) If Z
neutral
= 0
I
LR
=
LR line s
R
Z z z
E
+ +
, I
LY
=
LY line s
Y
Z z z
E
+ +
,
I
LB
=
LB line s
B
Z z z
E
+ +

Then load voltages etc can be determined.
(ii) If Z
neutral
= 0
using Millmanns theorem, determine voltage of the star point
neutral LB line s LY line s LR line s
neutral
B
LB line s
Y
LY line s
R
LR line s
SN
z Z z z Z z z Z z z
z
E
Z z z
E
Z z z
E
Z z z
Y
V Y
V
1 1 1 1
0 .
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
= =


Load currents can be determined from
I
LR
=
LR line s
SN R
Z z z
V E
+ +

, I
LY
=
LY line s
SN Y
Z z z
V E
+ +

, I
LB
=
LB line s
SN B
Z z z
V E
+ +

Hence the remaining quantities can be determined.

(iii) If 3-wire system, rather than 4-wire system,
analysis would correspond to z
neutral
= (1/z
neutral
= 0).
Millmanns theorem is used to determine V
SN
and the
load currents are then determined.

(b) Delta connected supply feeding a star connected load
not common in practice
write Kirchoffs current law equations for the
loops and solve as a normal circuit problem.

z
line
z
line
z
line
Z
LR
Z
LY
Z
LB
Figure 11 Delta supply feeding star load
S

E
BR
E
RY
E
YB
z
s
z
s
z
s

(c) Delta connected supply feeding a delta connected load

Line voltages are known so that currents inside delta can be obtained
directly from Ohms Law.
Line currents can then be obtained by phasor addition of currents
inside the delta. The remaining variables are then obtained directly.
Figure 12 - Delta connected supply feeding a delta
connected load
z
line
z
line
z
line
E
BR
E
RY
E
YB
z
s
z
s
z
s

(d) Star connected supply feeding a delta connected load

From phase voltages the line voltages are known.
Currents inside the delta can be obtained directly from
Ohms Law. Remaining variables are then obtained.
z
line
z
line
z
line
E
R
E
Y
E
B
z
s
z
s
z
s
Figure 13 - Star connected supply feeding a delta connected load

Symmetrical Components (or Sequence Components)

Phase Sequence
A three phase system of voltages (or currents) has a
sequence (or order) in which the phases reach a
particular position (for example peak value).
This is the natural phase sequence of the supply.
Three phase waveforms
A B C

According to usual notation, sequence is A-B-C.
A balanced system of voltages (or currents) will only have
natural sequence, and no other components present.
Fortescue formulated that any unbalanced system can be
split up into a series of balanced systems.

Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
Zero
Sequence
R

Y

B

Figure 14 Decomposition of unbalanced three phase
R
1
Y
1
B
1
R
2
Y
2
B
2
R
0
,Y
0
,B
0


Unbalanced three phase system, can be split up into
(i) a balanced system having same phase sequence as
the unbalanced system,
(ii) a balanced system having the opposite phase
sequence to the unbalanced system (rotation of
phasors is always anticlockwise whether they are
in the same sequence or opposite, so that it is the
order of the phases that changes, and not the
direction of rotation), and
(iii) a balanced system of inphase quantities.

In any three phase system, phase quantities
A, B and C is expressed as phasor sum of
a set of balanced positive phase
sequence quantities A
1
, B
1
and C
1

(phase sequence a-b-c : same sequence
as original unbalanced phasors),
a set of balanced negative phase
sequence currents A
2
, B
2
and C
2

(phase sequence a-c-b: opposite
sequence to unbalanced phasors),
a set of identical zero phase sequence
values A
0
, B
0
and C
0

(inphase, no phase sequence).
Figure 15 - Regrouping

Original unbalanced system has
3 complex unknown quantities A, B and C
magnitude and phase angle of each is independent.
Balanced components has
only one independent complex unknown each.
effectively 3 complex unknown quantities.
usually selected as components of the first phase A
(i.e. A
0
, A
1
and A
2
) .
A = A
0
+ A
1
+ A
2

B = B
0
+ B
1
+ B
2

C = C
0
+ C
1
+ C
2


Most frequently occurring angle is 120
0
.
In complex number theory, define
i.e. j = 1 Z90
0
= \-1
Define a new complex operator o which
has a magnitude of unity
rotates any complex number anti-clockwise by 120
0
.
i.e. o = 1 Z120
0
= 0.500 + j 0.866

Let us again examine the sequence components of the
unbalanced quantity.

Express all sequence components in terms of the quantities
for A phase using properties of rotation of 0
0
, 120
0
or 240
0
.
A = A
0
+ A
1
+ A
2

B = A
0
+ o
2
A
1
+ o

A
2

C = A
0
+ o A
1
+ o
2
A
2

Figure 16 Decomposition of unbalanced three phase

A

B

C

A
1
B
1
C
1
A
2
B
2
C
2 A
0
=B
0
=C
0

=oA
1
=o
2
A
1
=oA
2
=o
2
A
2

This can be written in matrix form.

| | Sy Ph
A
A
A
C
B
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
o o
o o

Ph phase component vector
Sy symmetrical component vector
[A] symmetrical component matrix.
Since the matrix is a [33] matrix, it is possible to
invert it and express Sy in terms of Ph.
Convenient to express some properties of o.

Some Properties of o
o = 1Z2t/3 or 1Z120
0

o
2
= 1Z4t/3 or 1Z240
0
or 1Z-120
0

o
3
= 1Z2t or 1Z360
0
or 1
o
3
- 1 = ( o - 1)( o
2
+ o + 1) = 0
Since o is complex, o = 1,
o - 1 cannot be zero.
o
2
+ o + 1 = 0
Also has the physical meaning that the three sides of an
equilateral triangles must close.
Also o
1 =
o
2
and o
2 =
o
1
o

o
2
Figure 17 Phasor Addition

Inverse of Symmetrical component matrix
| |
(
(
(
= A
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
o o
o o
, so that
| |
1
2
2
1
1
1
1 1 1

(
(
(
= A
o o
o o

(
(
(

A
=
1 1
1 1 ) (
) (
1
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 4
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o

(
(
(

A
=
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o


[A]
-1
=
(
(
(
+
+

A
) 1 )( 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
1 ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o o

and discriminent A = 3(o - o
2
) = 3o (1-o)
[A]
-1
=
(
(
(
+
+
) 1 ( 1
1 ) 1 (
3
1
o o
o o
o o o
o

Since o
1 =
o
2
, o
2 =
o and 1 + o + o
2
= 0,
[A]
-1
=
(
(
(
o o
o o
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
3
1


o is the complex conjugate of o
2
,
o
2
is the complex conjugate of o.
Matrix [A]
-1
is one-third of complex conjugate of [A].
i.e. [A]
-1
=
3
1
[A]
*

This can now be written in the expanded form as
| | Ph Sy
C
B
A
A
A
A
*
3
1
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
o o
o o


Example1
Find the symmetrical components
of unbalanced system of voltages
1Z0
0
V, \3Z-120
0
V and 2Z90
0
V.

Solution
Writing the matrix equation
(
(
(
Z
Z
Z
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
0
90 2
120 3
0 1
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
o o
o o
R
R
R
V
V
V

V
B
= 2V
V
R
= 1V
V
Y
= \3V
60
o
Figure 18 Unbalanced Phasors

Expansion gives
V
R0
=
3
1
[1Z0
0
+\3Z-120
0
+ 2Z90
0
]
=
3
1
[1 - \3/2 j3/2 + j2] =
3
1
[0.134 + j 0.5]
= 0.045 + j 0.167 = 0.173Z75.0
0
V
V
R1
=
3
1
[1Z0
0
+1Z120
0
\3Z-120
0
+1Z240
0
2Z90
0
]
=
3
1
[1 + \3 +\3 j1]
=
3
1
[4.464 j1] = 1.488 j0.333 = 1.525Z-12.6
0
V
V
R2
=
3
1
[1Z0
0
+1Z240
0
\3Z-120
0
+ 1Z120
0
2Z90
0
]
=
3
1
[1 - \3/2 + j3/2 -\3 j1]
=
3
1
[-1.598+j0.5]= -0.533+j0.167= 0.558Z162.6
0
V

Graphical Method of Solution
A graphical solution gives an insight to components very
quickly without the need of a rigorous analysis.
Multiplication by o or o
2
would
correspond to an anticlockwise
rotation of 120
0
or 240
0
respectively.
Example 2
For the unbalanced set of phasors
shown, verify graphically the
sequence components obtained in
example 1.

Figure 19 Unbalanced Phasors
V
B
= 2V
V
R
= 1V
V
Y
= \3V
60
o

Solution
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
B
Y
R
R
R
R
V
V
V
V
V
V
o o
o o
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1

V
R0
=
| |
B Y R
V V V + +
3
1

or 3V
R0
=
| |
B Y R
V V V + +

More common to determine 3V
R0
rather than V
R0
and to
obtain one-third the result.
Visual inspection gives resultant to have a magnitude of about
half that of V
R
(say 0.5) and an angle of slightly greater than
that of the V
Y
(say 75
0
). This corresponds to 3 V
R0
.
Figure 20

Figure 21
120
0

240
0

Compare result with that of the analytical method where the value for 3
V
R0
should be 30.173Z75.0
0
V agreeing with the observation.
Similarly, V
R1
=
| |
B Y R
V V V
2
3
1
o o + +

or 3V
R1
=
| |
B Y R
V V V
2
o o + +

It is seen that resultant has a magnitude of slightly
greater than 1 times that of V
R
& V
y

(say 4.2) together and an angle close to 15
0
below
the horizontal axis. This
corresponds to 3 V
R1
.
Compare the result with that of
analytical method in example 1,
where the value for 3V
R1

should be 31.525Z-12.6
0
V agreeing with the observation.

V
R2
=
| |
B Y R
V V V o o + +
2
3
1

or 3V
R2
=
| |
B Y R
V V V o o + +
2

Resultant has a magnitude of slightly
less than that of V
y
(say 1.7) together
and an angle close to 15
0
above the
negative horizontal axis. This
corresponds to 3 V
R2
.
If we compare the result with that of the
analytical method in example 1, we see
that the value for 3V
R2
should be
30.558Z162.6
0
V roughly agreeing with
the observation.
Figure 22
240
0

120
0


Summary
V
p
= [A] V
s
, I
p
= [A] I
s

V
s
= [A]
*
V
p
, I
s
= [A]
*
I
p

| |
(
(
(
= A
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
o o
o o
, [A]
-1
=
3
1
[A]
*
=
(
(
(
o o
o o
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
3
1


Sequence Impedances
How does impedance appears in sequence components ?
V
p
= [Z
p
].I
p

Substitution gives
[A] V
s
= [Z
p
]. [A] I
s

pre-multiplying equation by [A]
-1
gives
V
s
= [A]
-1
.[Z
p
]. [A] I
s
i.e. V
s
= [Z
s
].I
s

Thus [Z
s
] = [A]
-1
.[Z
p
].[A]=
3
1
[A]
*
.[Z
p
].[A]

In a similar manner,
[Z
p
] = [A].[Z
s
]. [A]
-1
= 3
1
[A].[Z
s
]. [A]
*

Consider the sequence impedance matrix for practical
problems such as the transmission line,

R
a
L
a
R
b
L
b
R
c
L
c
M
ab
M
bc
M
ca
Figure 23 3 phase transmission line

It can be assumed that the self impedance components
are equal for each phase.
i.e. R
a
= R
b
= R
c
and L
a
= L
b
= L
c

Also all 3 phase conductors behave similarly, so that
mutual coupling between phases are also equal.
i.e. M
ab
= M
bc
= M
ca

In such a situation, impedance matrix would be fully symmetrical,
| |
(
(
(
=
s m m
m s m
m m s
p
z z z
z z z
z z z
Z


Then the symmetrical component impedance matrix is
| | | | | || |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
A A =
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
. .
*
3
1
o o
o o
o o
o o
s m m
m s m
m m s
p s
z z z
z z z
z z z
Z Z

(
(
(
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
(
(
(
=
m s m s m s
m s m s m s
m s m s m s
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
) ( ) ( 2
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o


Using the property 1+o+o
2
= 0, this simplifies to:
| |
(
(
(
+
+
+
(
(
(
=
) ( ) ( 2
) ( ) ( 2
2
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
2
2
2
2
m s m s m s
m s m s m s
m s m s m s
s
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
Z
o o
o o
o o
o o

(
(
(
+ +
+ +
+
=
) )( 1 ( 0 0
0 ) )( 1 ( 0
0 0 ) 2 ( 3
3
1
3 3
3 3
m s
m s
m s
z z
z z
z z
o o
o o

i.e.
| |
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
+
=
2
1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
) ( 0 0
0 ) ( 0
0 0 ) 2 (
Z
Z
Z
z z
z z
z z
Z
m s
m s
m s
s


While the phase component impedance matrix was a full matrix,
although it had completely symmetry, the sequence component
impedance matrix is diagonal.
The advantage of a diagonal matrix is that it allows decoupling for
ease of analysis.
To understand the importance of decoupling (or a diagonal matrix),
consider the following simple algebraic problems.
5 x + 3 y + 3 z = 6
3 x + 5 y + 3 z = 4
3 x + 3 y + 5 z = -10
4 x + 0 y + 0 z = 12
0 x + 5 y + 0 z = 10
0 x + 0 y + 3 z = -15
Problem is very symmetric, but solution
cannot be written without solving
Problem is very simple to solve by inspection as
each equation has only one unknown variable.

Power associated with Sequence Components
With phase components,
single phase
P
phase
= V I cos | or S
phase
= V
phase
I
*
phase
three phase balanced system
P = \3 V
L
I
L
cos | = 3 V
p
I
p
cos |
Unbalanced three phase system
S = E V
phase
I
*
phase

S = V
a
I
a
*
+ V
b
I
b
*
+ V
c
I
c
*

Active power P is obtained as the Real part of the
complex variable S.

Re-written in matrix form as

| | | | | | | | | |
s
T
s p
T
p
c
b
a
c b a
I V I V
I
I
I
V V V S . . . .
*
*
*
*
A A = =
(
(
(
=

which may be expanded as
S =
| | | |
* *
. .
s
T T
s
I V A A
=
| | | |
* 1
. 3 .
s
T
s
I V

A A
= 3V
s
T
. I
s
*

i.e. S = 3 (V
a0
I
a0
*
+ V
a1
I
a1
*
+ V
a2
I
a2
*
)
Result is as expected, as there are 3 phases in each of
sequence components taking the same power.
Thus P = 3(V
a0
I
a0
cos |
0
+ V
a1
I
a1
cos |
1
+ V
a2
cos |
2
)

Three Phase Theory and Symmetrical Components: - Professor J R Lucas

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Three Phase Theory & Symmetrical Components Professor J R Lucas 1 May 2011

Three Phase Theory and

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