Microwave Filters

Prof. D. Kannadassan,
School of Electronics Engineering
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall 2012_13 1
Microwave Filters - Implementation
Richards Transformation
Kurodas Identities
General Design Procedure
N, f
c
, MF or ER,
IL at pass band
and Stop band
To LP,
BP, HP,
BS filters
Maximally Flat Low-pass filter Prototype design
Consider a two-element (2
nd
order) low-pass filter





The input impedance:

And the input reflection coefficient:


And, Power loss ratio
From both equation,




Now compare this equation with Maximally flat response with
c
=1




By simple algebra, [available in Pozar- pp. 392-393]

This same procedure has been extended to calculate for higher order filters and the
lumped elements (normalized to source impedance) are tabulated.

Two possible approached
1. First element is capacitor
2. First element is Inductor
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C
IL
N
e
e
10
20
10
log 2
1 10 log
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
7
Equal Ripple LPF - prototype
For Equal Ripple following specifications are important
Stop band IL (dB) - IL
Ripple Magnitude (dB) - R
Cut-off frequency- f
c

From these, the order of the filter can be calculated:
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C
R
IL
N
e
e
1
20
20
1
cosh
1 10
1 10
cosh
Example
Solution:
Actually we have to calculate the order of the filter




IL=20dB at 11GHz, f
C
=8GHz
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C
IL
N
e
e
10
20
10
log 2
1 10 log
( )
4
44 . 3
8
11
log 2
1 10 log
10
20
20
10
=
=
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>
N
N
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
10
Scaling of f
C
and Z
0
Scaling of cut-off frequency and source impendence is given as


For capacitance:




For Inductance
C
k
k
L R
L
e
0
' =
C
k
k
R
C
C
e
0
' =
Example
Design a maximally flat low-pass filter with a cut off frequency of 2 GHz,
impedance of 50 , and at least 30 dB insertion loss at 3 GHz.
Solution:
Order of the filter for the given specification


5 21 . 4
log 2
1 10 log
10
20
10
~ =
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>
C
IL
N
e
e
Filter Implementation
Lumped elements cant be suitable for
Microwave Frequencies, because:
Lumped elements loose it original value at
higher frequencies
The sizes are comparable with wave length
of operation which will give spurious
response
Accurate designs are much complicated.
For these reasons, and more, we are going
for Equivalent Transmission Line design

Two Implementation procedures:
Richards Transformation and Kurodas Identities
Stepped Impedance method


Richards Transformation
The frequency transformation: ( to domain)
For example
Z
0
=L
Z
0
=L
Z
0
=1/C
Zero length
Kurodas Identities
These identities are introduced to reduce the practical difficulties in circuit
implementations
Physically separate transmission line stubs
Transform series stubs into shunt stubs, or vice versa
Change impractical characteristic impedances into more realizable ones
Example
Design a third order LPF with equal Ripple of 3dB at the pass band.
g
1
=3.3487=L
1
g
2
=0.7117=C
2
g
3
=3.3487=L
3
Prototype Structure





Apply Richards Transformation:






Now,
In order to use Kurodas identities, we need series lines. (Dont confuse the small
series line, they are actually to separate the stubs, have zero length)
Adding Unit line of /8 length will give series line and improve the perforance
Kurodas identities
Next step
n
2
=1+Z
2
/Z
1
=1.299
Finally:
Multiply the lines with Z
0
Typical
Problem-1
Design a LPF with only shunt stubs, for the cut-off frequency of 10GHz. Calculate
the insertion loss at 13GHz. Assume the normalized filter elements as follow:
Problem-2
Problem-3