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Ref: F001
Purpose
To ensure minimal operational time and risk exposure to personnel, process, production and equipment. The following extended leak off test procedures will ensure that both well integrity and stability are maintained as effectively and as efficiently as practicable. If wellbore problems did occur, procedures in well specific guidelines and other relevant documents should be followed.
Responsibilities
It will be the responsibility of the Operators drilling representative and senior contractor drilling personnel to ensure that others with duties relating operations contained within this document are aware of their roles and responsibilities.
Scope
These procedures shall apply to all drilling personnel.
Further References
Drilling contractors and Operators mutually agreed specific Extended leak off test Procedures.
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Ref: F001
Table of contents
EXTENDED LEAK OFF TESTING.............................................................................................1 Purpose..........................................................................................................................................2 Responsibilities .............................................................................................................................2 Scope .............................................................................................................................................2 Further References ........................................................................................................................2 Table of contents ...........................................................................................................................3 Pre planning Preparations .............................................................................................................4 Pre job Procedures.........................................................................................................................5 EXTENDED LEAK OFF TEST? ..................................................................................................8 General ..........................................................................................................................................8 Draw guidelines on LOT chart (Fig. 1).........................................................................................9 During the test .............................................................................................................................11 Data interpretation.......................................................................................................................13 Retesting......................................................................................................................................14 Difference from standard L.O.T. procedures ..............................................................................15
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Ref: F001
Check logs
(a) Look for exposed sands: may require higher pump rates, have nonlinear LOT plots, have lower leak-off pressures and minimum stresses (b) Check calliper for washouts: increased risk of poor cement job
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2.
3.
4.
7.
8.
9.
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10. Pump at the planned pump rate (typically 40-80 lpm or 0.25-0.5 bbls/min, see comments below) with the cement, until 1 minute after the formation breakdown occurs (formation breakdown occurs when subsequent pressure readings are equal to or less than the previous pressure reading). 11. Close in the well with a valve on the cement unit and record the pressure decline until the pressure has been constant for 5 minutes. 12. Record the data in an appropriate plot format and record the interpretation. 13. Bled back volumes and measure volumes returned. 14. Report leak off pressure, volumes pumped and returned and equivalent mud weight obtained from leak off in drilling, IADC reports etc.
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Ref: F001
Step 4
It is best to see a minimum of four pressure readings before leak-off occurs to characterise the linear build of the pressure curve so that leak-off can be recognised.
Step 6
Take care to clean the rat hole properly, so that the induced fracture will not be propped open by cement or cuttings debris. Consider pumping a hi-vis/hi-density pill to aid in clearing cuttings, which must be circulated out of the hole before the start of the test. If the mud weight is to be increased before drilling ahead, perform leak off before increasing the mud weight to be able to optimise the display of the pressure/volume plot.
Step 10
The planned pump rate should be a rate that builds pressure at a minimum of one half the rate observed in the casing test. Typically, this would 80 lpm or 0.5 bbls/min. However, in shallow or higher permeability sediments, higher pumps rates may be required. If the initial pressure build rate is too low, repeat the test at a higher test rate. Pump rates of 120 to 160 lpm (0.75 to 1.0 bbls/min) may be required to get a satisfactory test. Caution: low pressure build rates can also be indicative of significantly increased borehole volume which may indicate the lack of cement behind the casing shoe. If there is a down hole pressure gauge that records data during the test (ex. PWD sub), it should be programmed to give reasonable sampling rate during the test (depends on memory size). Remember to synchronize all clocks (cement unit, mudlogger, PWD etc.) before the LOT.
Steps 13 and 14
Bleed back should be done with a constant and low rate. Avoid adjusting the valve during the bleed-back period, as this will disturb interpretation of fracture closure during bleed-back.
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Ref: F001
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3. V.min: volume at which the minimum volume line intersects the estimated leak-off pressure. 4. Maximum volume line: double the volume of the minimum volume line. Used to decide if pump rate is fast enough. 5. Minimum acceptable leak-off pressure. Used to decide when to stop pumping, and evaluate cement job. Taken as one of the following: Estimated leak-off pressure minus 1/2 ppg (1 ppg for wildcats) Site-specific criteria
6. Maximum pressure: limit imposed by surface equipment, casing, etc. Typical operators LOT procedures specify pressure should not exceed 80% of the minimum internal yield of the weakest segment of the casing string.
3 2.5
Estimated LOP Maximum Allowable Pressure Min. Volume
(Casing Test)
2 1.5
Pressure
Minimum Acceptable LOP Estimated Leak-Off Pressure = 0.052*TVD*(Est-MW) Est = estimated LOP (ppg) MW = mudweight in the hole TVD = true vertical depth to casing shoe (top of sand for open hole tests) 2*Vmin
Max. Volume
0.5
Vmin
0 0
Volume 1
7. Circulate mud until shaker is free of cuttings, and mud weight in equals mud weight out for three consecutive measurements with a pressurized mud balance (bottoms up is usually sufficient). Objective: i. Obtain uniform column of drilling fluid with known density ii. Break-down gel structure iii. Build up filter cake
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Ref: F001
8. Hang off drill string approximately 10 ft. into casing. Rig up cement pump as shown in Fig. 2.
TEST HEAD
PURGE VALVE PRESSURE CEMENT PUMP DRILLING FLUID DRILL PIPE SHUT-IN VALVE RIG BLEED VALVE FLOOR GAUGE
DISPLACEMENT TANK
CLOSED BOP
1. Shut-in valve: Installed between the pressure gauge and pump. Close this valve during shut-in; do not rely on the pump to hold pressure. 2. Bleed valve: Installed between shut-in valve and pump. Open during shut-in to check for leaks in the shut-in valve. Also used to bleed off pressure when the test is completed. 3. Purge valve: Used to purge air. Open while filling drill pipe and test head; close when mud starts to flow out valve. 4. Pressure gauge: Four inches or larger for easy visibility. Liquid filled, mounted away from test line for smoother readings. Lowest range, smallest dial increments possible to minimize uncertainties caused by needle oscillations 5. Pump down drill pipe whenever possible. Mud in the drill pipe is less likely to be gelled or contaminated with drill solids than in the annulus. 6. Pressure test: Pressure test the entire surface system before running either a CIT or leak-off test. Observe for leaks. 7. Close annular blow-out preventer.
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Ref: F001
Too Slow
1Volume
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Predicted LOP
D A C B
If slope decrease occurs above the minimum acceptable LOP, pump an additional 3/4 - 1 bbls (3-4 data points), then stop. If slope decrease occurs below the minimum acceptable LOP, pump 1 or 2 more bbls to see if pressure build-up resumes. For continuously curving plot, stop when pressure levels off. Stop if pressure abruptly drops while pumping (hard breakdown).
Volume
Shut-in Well
1. Stop pumps, close shut-in valve. 2. Plot Initial Shut In Pressure (ISIP) immediately after valve is closed, and every two minutes thereafter. 3. Monitor shut-in pressure until the shut-in pressure stabilizes. 4. Look for surface leaks. Bleed-off pressure: record recovered: volume.
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Data interpretation
Record Measured Depth (MD), True Vertical Depth (TVD), Azimuth and Inclination of the well at the shoe (top of first sand for open hole LOT). Also record pump rate, volume pumped, volume recovered, casing size, and mud properties from the morning report (mud weight, WBM or OBM, LC material, PV, YP, etc.)
Stop Pump
ISIP MS: First Point After Slope Decreases
600
400
Record Every Minute for 20 Minutes, or Until the Pressure Stabilizes, Whichever Time Is Least
20
2 VOLUME (BBLS)
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3. Compute equivalent mud weights (ppg) for leak-off pressure and minimum stress: LOPEMW = MW + LOP/(0.052*TVD) MSEMW = MW + MS/(0.052*TVD) where MW is the mud weight (ppg) in the hole at the time of the leak-off test, and TVD is true vertical depth to the casing shoe (top of first sand for open hole LOT). 4. Evaluate the cement job. Cement channels may be indicated by any of the following:
1.
LOPEMW is below the equivalent mud weight for the minimum acceptable leak- off pressure
2. LOPEMW / MSEMW 1.10. 3. Shut-in pressure not levelling off (in shale) Keep in mind that the LOP at the shoe could be less than the LOP that is needed. If the minimum stresses measured before and after a squeeze are similar, the squeeze was wasted, even if the LOP went up. Similar minimum stresses mean the same formation is taking fluid. Either: 1. The channel was not repaired, or 2. There is no channel, and the targeted LOP is unrealistic.
Retesting
ALWAYS retest before squeeze 1. Use same mud weight, pump rate. 2. Channel confirmed when retest shows no improvement. Retest to confirm minimum stress measurement Test again if results vary significantly from previous test. Retest if pressure abruptly dropped significantly while pumping (hard break-down) to determine a valid LOP. Do not use the peak pressure as the LOP.
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Ref: F001
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Ref: F001