Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 6
Multiphase Systems
Dr.
Multiphase Systems
Why Study? - Phase change operations such as freezing, melting evaporation, melting, evaporation condensation Example: 1. brewing a cup of coffee or tea, 2. absorption of SO2, 3. distillation to recover methanol or ethanol from aqueous solution 4. L-L extraction 5. Adsorption
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Gas
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Vapor Pressure
Definition: Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure) is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its nonvapor phases. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their original form (either liquid or solid). At any given temperature, for a particular substance, there is a pressure at which the gas of that substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of that substance at that temperature. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate rate. It relates to the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. Higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the compound is.
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Source
: wikipedia
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6.1-1 Vapor Pressure Estimation using Clausius -Clapeyron Equation: If the vapor pressure of benzene is 40 mm Hg at 7.6 oC and 60 mm Hg at 15.4 oC, find the vapor pressure at 42.2 oc using Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
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Antoine Equation
log10 p* = A - B/ (T + C)
( - B/ /( (T + C)) p* = 10^(A
T is in oC p* is in mm Hg
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Law: pi= yi P = pi* Saturated: pi= yi P = pi* Superheated: pi= yi P < pi*(T) Dew point: if the superheated vapor is cooled at constant pressure, the temperature at which the first dew forms Degrees of superheat: Ti - Tdp
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Example 6.3.2
A stream of air at 100 oC and 5260 mm Hg contains 10% water by volume. a) Calculate the dew point and the degree of superheat of the air b) Calculate the percentage of vapor that condenses and the final composition of the gas phase if the air is cooled to 80 oC at constant pressure. c) Calculate the percentage of vapor that condenses and the final composition of the gas phase, phase if the air is compressed isothermally to 8500 mm Hg.
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Henrys Law: pA= yA P = xA HA(T) - HA is Henrys constant for A at temp. T - works good for xA is close to 0 (i.e., the dilute solution of A) 10/17/2012 ChE 201/shoukat@buet.ac.bd
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Solubility
The solubility of a solid in a liquid is the maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a specified amount of the liquid in the equilibrium. The solubility strongly depends on temperature. Saturated Supersaturated Solubility curve
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Solubility Curves
oC
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Problem 6.78
A solution containing 100 lbm KNO3 / 100 lbm H2O at 80 oC is fed to a cooling crystallizer operated at 25 oC. C Slurry from the crystallizer is fed to a filter where the crystals are separated from the solution. Determine the production rate of crystals (lbm crystals/ lbm of feed) and the solid-liquid mass ratio (lbm crystals/ lbm of liquid) in the slurry leaving the crystallizer. The solubility of KNO3 is 40 g KNO3 / 100 g H2O at 25 oC.
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6.78 solution
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Weather Report
What
Courtesy:
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Gas-Vapor Systems
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Saturation refers to any gas - vapor system - Humidity refers to air water system
Molal saturation sm or hm = pi
P
- pi
pi)Mdry
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- pi
pi* P
pi*
100%
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Problem 6.27
On a hot summer day the temperature is 35 oC, and barometric pressure is 103 kPa, and the relative humidity is 90%. 90% An air conditioner draws in outside air, cools it to 20 oC, and delivers it at a rate of 12500 L/h. Calculate the rate of moisture condensation (kg/h) and the volumetric flow rate of the air drawn from the outside
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6.27 Solution
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Problem 6.38
Stack gas is emerging from a furnace at 300 oC and 105 kPa. It contains CO at a partial 2 pressure of 80 mm Hg p g and no CO, , O2, methane or ethane. The fuel gas fed to the furnace containing methane and ethane is burned with air. Calculate the mole fraction of methane in the fuel and the dew point temperature of the stack gas.
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Example 6.4.3
Do Yourself
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Sulfur trioxide (SO3) dissolves in and reacts with water to form an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The vapor is in equilibrium with the solution contains both SO3 and H2O. If enough SO3 is added, all of the water reacts and the solution becomes pure H2SO4. If still more SO3 is added, it dissolves to form a solution of SO3 in H2SO4, called oleum or fuming sulfuric acid. acid The vapor in equilibrium with oleum is pure SO3. A 20% oleum by definition contains 20 kg of dissolved SO3 and 80 kg of H2SO4 per hundred kg of solution. Alternatively oleum composition can be expressed as % SO3 by mass, with constituents of the oleum considered to be SO3 and H2O. a) Prove that a 15.0% oleum contains 84.4% SO3 b) Suppose a gas stream at 40 oC and 1.2 atm containing 90 mol% SO3 and 10% N2 contacts a liquid stream of 98% H2SO4 (aq), producing 15% oleum at the tower outlet outlet. Tabulated equilibrium data indicate that the partial pressure of SO3 in equilibrium with this oleum is 1.15 mm Hg. Calculate i) the mole fraction of SO3 in the outlet gas if this gas is in equilibrium with the liquid product at 40 oC and 1 atm, and ii) the ratio of (m3 gas feed)/(kg liquid feed).
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Problem 6.44
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Who is he?
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