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SCI PUBLICATION P390

TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance and


Engineering Update
W I Simms BEng, PhD, C Eng, MICE
S Bake BSc, MSc
Published by:
The Steel Construction Institute
Silwood Park
Ascot
Berkshire, SL5 7QN
Tel: 01344 636525
Fax: 01344 636570
P390 TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance and Engineering Update
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2010 The Steel Construction Institute
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticism or review, as permitted under the
Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance
with the terms of the licences issued by the UK Copyright Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued
by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers, The Steel Construction
Institute, at the address given on the title page.
Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are
accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of
publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or
misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use.
Publications supplied to the Members of the Institute at a discount are not for resale by them.
Publication Number: SCI P390



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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
iii
FOREWORD
TSLAB is a software tool that has been developed by SCI to facilitate the
design of composite floor slabs in fire conditions, using the design method described
in SCI publication P288 Fire Safety Design: A new approach to multi-storey
buildings. The TSLAB software is available free of charge from
(www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/design_software/software_sci_tslab ).
Part 1 of this publication provides information on the operation of the TSLAB software.
The use of TSLAB V3.0 is illustrated by a worked example. Part 2 of this publication
details some aspects of the engineering methodology which have changed between
versions 2.4 and 3.0, including the development of a new design method for edge
beams. Additional background information is also provided in Appendices including the
determination of the design methods on the basis of the thermal model in TSLAB.
This guide has been written by Dr Ian Simms and Mr Siamak Bake of The Steel
Construction Institute.
The preparation of this guide was funded by Tata Steel Europe
*
and their support is
gratefully acknowledged.

*
Corus is a subsidiary of Tata Steel Europe
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P390 TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance and Engineering Update
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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
v
Contents
Page No
FOREWORD iii
SUMMARY vi
PART 1: TSLAB V3.0 USER GUIDANCE 1
1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Software availability 2
1.2 Scope of User Guidance 2
2 TSLAB V3.0 3
2.1 Operating the program 3
2.2 Input data 4
2.3 TSLAB V3.0 Output 7
PART 2: ENGINEERING UPDATE 13
1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 General 14
1.3 Combination of actions 15
1.4 Floor slab and beams 16
1.5 Reinforcement details 20
2 DESIGN OF FIRE RESISTING PERIMETER BEAMS 22
2.1 Floor design zone with edge beams on sides B and D 23
2.2 Floor design zone with an edge beam on one side 25
2.3 Floor zone without edge beams 28
2.4 Design of edge beams 28
3 WORKED EXAMPLE 29
3.1 Design of composite slab in fire conditions 33
3.2 Reinforcement details 37
3.3 Fire design of perimeter beams 38
3.4 Fire protection of columns 39
4 REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX A: Thermal analysis 42
A.1 Configuration factors 43
A.2 Material properties for steel and concrete 44
A.3 Internal heat transfer by conduction 45
A.4 Design temperatures for unprotected steel beams 46
APPENDIX B: Simple design method 48
B.1 Calculation of resistance of composite floors in accordance with the
simple design method 48
B.2 Compressive failure of concrete 61

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vi
SUMMARY
This publication consists of two parts and two appendices:
Part 1 provides a user guide for TSLAB V3.0 which replaces TSLAB V2.4 released in
2006. This guide should be read in conjunction with the SCI publication P288 Fire safe
design: A new approach to multi-storey steel-framed building (Second edition), which
sets out the basis of the design method.
Part 2 introduces changes to the engineering methodology including a new method for
the design of the fire protected beams on the perimeter of each floor design zone. The
introduction of this new method is in response to the latest findings of finite element
analysis and will ensure the robustness of the solution for all allowable floor design
zone geometries.
The appendices provide previously unpublished background information on the thermal
model used in TSLAB V3.0 and the thermal property data which has been adopted for
the thermal analysis.


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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
1




PART 1: TSLAB V3.0 USER GUIDANCE
P390 TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance and Engineering Update
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2
1 INTRODUCTION
The TSLAB software has been developed as a calculation tool to support the
application of the design method described in an SCI publication, P288 Fire
safety design: A new approach to multi-storey buildings
[ 1]
.
TSLAB was first released in 2006 when the second edition of P288 was
published. Prior to that, a web based design tool had been provided for use with
the first edition of P288. Table 1.1 gives the revision history of the software.
Table 1.1 TSLAB revision history
Version Issue Date Remarks
2.2 01/02/2006 First release
2.3 01/03/2006 Partial factor for imposed loads was reported as 0.5 in all cases
regardless of the input value set by the user on the Structure
sheet and used in the calculations. Error in output was corrected.
2.4 01/08/2006 A fixed value of mesh weight now used and included and
reported in the slab weight. Previously, the mesh weight was
computed and used but not reported. This made checking the
factored load difficult. The prompt on the Structure Sheet was
amended.
The Load and Save directories now the same as the directory of
the active workbook.
3.0 01/04/10 Version 3 has been updated to Eurocode requirements. It
includes new engineering check on edge beam capacity and
modified mesh temperature.
User interface has also been revised.
1.1 Software availability
TSLAB V3.0 can be downloaded free of charge from the following website.
www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/design_software/software_sci_tslab
1.2 Scope of User Guidance
This document explains the main changes made to the software between
versions 2.4 and 3.0 and provides an updated user guide to replace that in
Section 7 of P288.
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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
3
2 TSLAB V3.0
TSLAB V3.0 calculates the temperature of the structural elements and their
resistance at one minute intervals based on the design methodology described
in P288.
The design methodology is based on calculating the load-bearing capacity of
the composite floor plate at a particular value of maximum displacement. The
displacement can be predicted from knowledge of the thermal curvature of the
slab and the elongation of the mesh. The loss of mesh strength due to heating is
also considered. The resistance calculations are based on yield line analysis and
membrane action. When design is based on the standard temperature time
curve, the calculation continues until the time step is equal to the required
period of fire resistance. For the parametric fire, in which the fire temperature
rises and then falls, the slab capacity will reduce to a minimum value before
increasing, as the natural fire enters its cooling phase. Calculations based on
parametric fire curves use the minimum value of load-bearing capacity to
assess the performance of the floor plate.
The structural calculations carried out by TSLAB V3.0 are in accordance with
the principles of Eurocodes. TSLAB V3.0 is intended for use with the UK
National Annex and default values of input parameters use UK NA values for
national determined parameters but these may be modified by the user as
appropriate.
2.1 Operating the program
TSLAB V3.0 must be installed locally and cannot be run from the website or
over a network. Full instructions for downloading and installation are given on
the website.
The program is written in Excel and uses a VBA macro. Macros must be
enabled for the program to run; SCI recommend that macro security is set to
medium.
The Excel file has been password protected to allow users to enter data in
selected areas only. The VBA macro is also protected to prevent the file being
corrupted. The Excel file is supplied as Read Only. It is recommended that
the Read Only status is not changed.
TSLAB V3.0 contains four worksheets and two graph sheets. On loading and
enabling macros, the Information sheet is displayed. This contains
disclaimers, references and diagrams showing the definition of some
dimensions. Structural data is entered on the Structure sheet and the fire data
is entered on the Fire sheet. Buttons on the Fire sheet are also used to
initiate the thermal and structural analysis. The results of the analysis appear on
the Results sheet and temperatures and resistances are also shown graphically
on the two graph sheets.
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2.2 Input data
2.2.1 Structural Inputs
The general structural inputs are shown in Figure 2.1. The user must define the
dimensions of the floor design zone using the Span 1 and Span 2 dimensions L
1

and L
2
, as shown by Figure 2.4. Guidance on selection of valid floor design
zones is given in P288 Section 3.1.2.


Figure 2.1 TSLAB V3.0 Structure sheet general inputs
The composite slab is defined in terms of the steel decking used in its construction,
the overall slab thickness, the concrete type, the concrete strength and the size,
strength and position of the mesh reinforcement. As TSLAB V3.0 is based on
Eurocodes, the characteristic cylinder strength is required for the concrete.
The capacity of the steel decking is not included in the calculation of slab
load-bearing capacity but the geometry of the decking is required to define the
slab geometry for thermal analysis. The user selects the appropriate decking
type from a list of those currently available on the UK market, using a combo
box. A user-defined option is also available for decking types which are not
listed. For this option, the decking geometry is defined in terms of the decking
depth, the trough centres, the width of the top flange, the width of the bottom
flange and the height of the top stiffener.
The mesh reinforcement can be defined using a drop down list of A and B
series meshes commonly available in the UK. The mesh position within the
slab is defined by the average mesh axis distance measured from the top
surface of the slab to the intersection of the longitudinal and transverse, bars as
shown by Figure 2.2.
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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
5
The yield strength and ductility of the reinforcing steel material should be
specified in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 10080. In the UK the
characteristic yield strength of reinforcement to BS EN 10080 will be
500 N/mm
2
. In order that the reinforcement has sufficient ductility to allow the
development of tensile membrane action, Class B or Class C should be
specified.
Average mesh
axis distance
Deck depth
Top flange Bottom flange
Top stiffener height


Figure 2.2 Average mesh axis distance
The loading on the slab may be defined in terms of the characteristic values of
permanent and variable actions. The software provides separate inputs for the
leading variable action and the accompanying variable actions. The software
calculates the permanent action due to the self weight of the slab; other
permanent actions can be included as a separate input.
For fire design, the user may input the combination factors for use with the
leading and accompanying variable actions, in accordance with the
recommendations of BS EN 1990.
TSLAB V3.0 allows the size of the steel sections within the floor design zone
and on its perimeter to be specified. The input items for beams on the
Structure Sheet are shown in Figure 2.3. This input data is used to provide
critical temperatures for the fire protected perimeter beams and means that the
contribution of the unprotected beams to the fire resistance of the floor design
zone can be more accurately calculated.


Figure 2.3 TSLAB V3.0 Structure sheet beam inputs
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6

The steel grade may be specified as S275 or S355 grades, which are commonly
available in the UK. The software can not currently be used to calculate the
moment resistance of composite beams in grade S460 steel.
The unprotected beams within the floor design zone must be composite,
otherwise the use of TSLAB is not permitted. The degree of shear connection
for these beams may be specified as may the section size from a choice of
UKB and UKC sections provided in a drop down list. The number of
unprotected beams within the floor design zone must also be specified, so that
their contribution to the load-bearing capacity may be calculated (Figure 2.4).
Each floor design zone must contain at least one unprotected beam.
SIDE A
SIDE C
S
I
D
E

D
S
I
D
E

B
L
1
L
2
Unprotected
internal
beams
Protected
perimeter
beams


Figure 2.4 Layout of a typical floor design zone
The four perimeter beams which bound the sides of each floor design zone may
be specified individually in the software. These perimeter beams may also be
edge beams and may be designed as composite or non-composite beams. A
section size may be selected for each perimeter beam from drop-down lists
containing the current range of UKB and UKC sections. Where the perimeter
beams are composite, the degree of shear connection may be specified. The
degree of shear connection should be calculated in accordance with
BS EN 1994-1-1.
2.2.2 Fire Information:
TSLAB V3.0 allows the user to specify the thermal action on the basis of
standard temperature-time curve given by BS EN 1991-1-2 or natural fire
behaviour. The natural fire is modelled using the parametric temperature-time
curve given in BS EN 1991-1-2, Annex A
When using the standard temperature-time curve the user only needs to specify
the period of fire resistance required in minutes. The thermal and structural
analysis can then be initiated using the command button Analyse using
Standard Fire.
The parametric fire curve requires more detailed input data regarding the size
of the compartment, the size of openings in the compartment walls, the amount
of combustible material in the compartment, the fire growth rate, the
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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
7
combustion factor and the thermal properties of the compartment boundaries.
Further guidance on how to determine design values for these inputs can be
obtained from BS EN 1991-1-2.
The thermal and structural analysis based on the parametric fire is initiated
using the button marked Analyse using Parametric Fire


Figure 2.5 TSLAB V3.0 fire sheet parametric fire curve and standard temperature-
time curve inputs
2.2.3 Saving and retrieving data
Using the command buttons on the Structure sheet, input data may be saved
or retrieved from disc. TSLAB V3.0 date files are saved in IISCI format with
the file extension .tbf.
2.3 TSLAB V3.0 Output
The results of a TSLAB V3.0 analysis are displayed on the 'Results sheet,
shown in Figure 2.6. The input data, including details of the thermal action,
are summarised at the top of the sheet, followed by the main tabular output,
which provides details of the variation of temperatures at key locations and the
slab capacity with time.
The main output data is presented under the headings shown in Figure 2.7. An
explanation of the meaning of the value given under each heading is provided
in Table 2.1.
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8
TSLAB V3.0.xls
The analysis of composite floor slabs in fire
29-Mar-10
Default
Structural information
Span 1 9.0 m Span 2 9.0 m
Slab depth 130 mm
Concrete type NW Concrete Grade (f
ck
) 25
N/mm
2
Deck type Trapezoidal Deck Top Flange Stiffener 15 mm
Deck Depth 60 mm Deck Trough Centres 300 mm
Deck Top Flange 130.7 mm Deck Bottom Flange 120 mm
Average mesh axis distance 40 mm Mesh strength 500 N/mm
2
Larger mesh area 193 mm
2
/m Smaller mesh area 193 mm
2
/m
Loads for normal design
Leading variable action 4.00 kN/m
2
Other variable action 1.00 kN/m
2
Dead load, excluding slab 1.00 kN/m
2
Slab weight including mesh 2.63 kN/m
2
Fire
Partial load factor for non-permanent loads Note: All other loads have factors of 1.0
Computed factored load in fire 6.13 kN/m
2
Standard Fire 60 mins
Compartment length 9.0 m Compartment width 9.0 m
Compartment height 4.00 m Window height 1.00 m
Window length 12.0 m Percentage open window 90
Fire Load 500 MJ/m
2
Wall lining factor 720 J/m
2
s
1/2
K
Combustion factor 1.00 Growth rate medium
Results of slab resistance calculations
----------Temperatures---------
Time Beam Mesh
Slab
top
Slab
bottom
Beam
capacity
Displa-
cement
Slab yield
Enhanc-
ement
Slab
capacity
Total
capacity
Unity
factor
(mins) (C) (C) (C) (C) (kN/m
2
) (mm) (kN/m
2
) (kN/m
2
) (kN/m
2
)
Mesh area in long span 193
Mesh area in short span 193
0 20 20 20 20 16.93 190 1.08 2.33 2.52 19.45 0.32
5 144 31 20 138 16.93 250 1.08 2.77 2.99 19.92 0.31
10 319 50 22 283 16.91 322 1.08 3.29 3.55 20.47 0.30
15 486 75 26 419 13.87 389 1.08 3.78 4.08 17.95 0.34
20 622 82 33 524 7.35 439 1.08 4.14 4.47 11.82 0.52
25 719 107 39 600 3.70 474 1.08 4.40 4.75 8.45 0.73
30 784 154 48 658 2.32 499 1.08 4.58 4.94 7.26 0.84
35 828 187 58 703 1.73 516 1.08 4.71 5.08 6.81 0.90
40 859 208 64 739 1.45 532 1.08 4.82 5.20 6.66 0.92
45 883 224 68 770 1.24 546 1.08 4.92 5.31 6.55 0.94
50 902 256 77 797 1.08 555 1.08 4.99 5.38 6.46 0.95
55 919 287 80 820 1.02 564 1.08 5.06 5.46 6.48 0.95
60 934 313 83 840 0.96 574 1.07 5.12 5.49 6.45 <0.95>
Maximum unity factor 0.95 Floor slab adequate
Perimeter Beams - Critical Temperatures
Side A
Beam Size 457x152x52 Composite Internal Beam
Shear Connection 76%
Degree of Utilisation 0.48
Critical Temperature 616
Side B
Beam Size 533x165x66 Composite Internal Beam
Shear Connection 84%
Degree of Utilisation 0.37
Critical Temperature 655
Side C
Beam Size 406x140x53 Composite Edge Beam
Shear Connection 100%
Degree of Utilisation 0.54
Critical Temperature 598
Side D
Beam Size 533x165x66 Composite Edge Beam
Shear Connection 100%
Degree of Utilisation 0.41
Critical Temperature 650


Figure 2.6 TSLAB V3.0 Results sheet



Figure 2.7 Headings for tabular output

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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
9
Table 2.1 Explanation of tabular output
Column Value Comment
C Time The analysis is reported in time increments up to the
required fire resistance or, for a parametric fire, to a
point when the unity factor is decreasing.
D The computed
temperatures for the beam
bottom flange
The bottom flange temperature for the unprotected
secondary beams is calculated using the method
given in BS EN 1993-1-2, Clause 4.2.5.
E The computed
temperatures for the mesh
F The computed
temperature of the top of
the slab
G The computed
temperature of the bottom
of the slab
The temperatures of the composite slab are
calculated using an embedded version of the SCI
program TFIRE. TFIRE has been validated against
the results of fire tests on composite slabs.

The mesh temperature will vary with slab thickness
across the width of the slab. In TSLAB V2.4 the
mesh temperature was taken as a weighted average
temperature across the width of the slab analysed. In
TSLAB V3.0 the mesh temperature is now taken as
the maximum mesh temperature calculated in the
thermal analysis

The temperatures of the top and bottom surface of
the slab are used to calculate the deflection due to
thermal curvature.
H The capacity of the internal
beams
This the uniformly distributed load that can be
supported by the unprotected secondary beam
based on the bending resistance calculated for the
beam temperature in column D.
I The slab displacement This is a function of the slab temperatures and the
elongation of the mesh
J The slab yield capacity This is the yield line capacity of the slab computed
using the mesh temperature.
K The membrane effect
enhancement factor
This is the enhancement factor to be applied to the
yield line capacity to account for membrane effects.
L The slab capacity This is the enhanced value of yield line capacity.
M Total capacity The total slab capacity includes the enhanced yield
line resistance and the bending resistance of the
unprotected beams.
N Unity factor

This is computed as:
total factored load / total capacity

2.3.1 Perimeter Beams
TSLAB V3.0 calculates the critical temperature for each of the four perimeter
beams for each floor design zone, using the method given in Section 2. The
perimeter beam output is shown in Figure 2.8. The results include the section
size, a description of the beam location and construction, the degree of shear
connection for composite beams, the degree of utilisation and the critical
temperature.
Internal perimeter beams will be part of more than one floor design zone and
therefore the critical temperature of internal beams must be taken as the lesser
of the two values given by the analysis of the adjacent floor design zones. This
is illustrated by the example given in Section 3.
The critical temperature for the perimeter beams must be quoted when
specifying fire protection for these beams.
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Figure 2.8 Output format of the critical temperature results for the perimeter beams
2.3.2 Orthotropic reinforcement
When orthotropic reinforcement is specified, TSLAB V3.0 checks the capacity
of the floor slab based on both mesh orientations. The output of the results
sheet will contain two sets of tabular output and perimeter beam output in these
cases, as shown in Figure 2.9.
If the design relies on an orthotropic mesh being placed in a particular
orientation, suitable site controls must be put in place to ensure that this is
achieved during construction.
Accepting a design that only passes the design checks for a specific mesh
orientation carries obvious risks and SCI recommend that this is to be avoided
where possible.
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Part 1: TSLAB V3.0 User Guidance
11
Results of slab resistance calculations
----------Temperatures---------
Time Beam Mesh
Slab
top
Slab
bottom
Beam
capacity
Displa-
cement
Slab yield
Enhanc-
ement
Slab
capacity
Total
capacity
Unity
factor
(mins) (C) (C) (C) (C) (kN/m
2
) (mm) (kN/m
2
) (kN/m
2
) (kN/m
2
)
Mesh area in long span 385
Mesh area in short span 193
0 20 20 20 20 16.93 190 1.53 2.48 3.80 20.73 0.30
5 144 31 20 138 16.93 250 1.53 2.98 4.58 21.51 0.29
10 319 50 22 283 16.91 322 1.53 3.59 5.51 22.42 0.27
15 486 75 26 419 13.87 389 1.53 4.15 6.37 20.25 0.30
20 622 82 33 524 7.35 439 1.53 4.58 7.02 14.37 0.43
25 719 107 39 600 3.70 474 1.53 4.87 7.48 11.18 0.55
30 784 154 48 658 2.32 499 1.53 5.08 7.79 10.11 0.61
35 828 187 58 703 1.73 516 1.53 5.23 8.02 9.75 0.63
40 859 208 64 739 1.45 532 1.53 5.36 8.23 9.68 0.63
45 883 224 68 770 1.24 546 1.53 5.48 8.40 9.64 0.64
50 902 256 77 797 1.08 555 1.53 5.55 8.52 9.59 <0.64>
55 919 287 80 820 1.02 564 1.53 5.63 8.64 9.66 0.63
60 934 313 83 840 0.96 574 1.52 5.77 8.78 9.75 0.63
Maximum unity factor 0.64 Floor slab adequate
Perimeter Beams - Critical Temperatures
Side A
Beam Size 457x152x52 Composite Internal Beam
Shear Connection 76%
Degree of Utilisation 0.72
Critical Temperature 539
Side B
Beam Size 533x165x66 Composite Internal Beam
Shear Connection 84%
Degree of Utilisation 0.55
Critical Temperature 584
Side C
Beam Size 406x140x53 Composite Edge Beam
Shear Connection 100%
Degree of Utilisation 0.81
Critical Temperature 506
Side D
Beam Size 533x165x66 Composite Edge Beam
Shear Connection 100%
Degree of Utilisation 0.62
Critical Temperature 575
Mesh area in long span 193
Mesh area in short span 385
0 20 20 20 20 16.93 190 1.53 1.85 2.83 19.76 0.31
5 144 31 20 138 16.93 250 1.53 2.12 3.25 20.18 0.30
10 319 50 22 283 16.91 322 1.53 2.45 3.76 20.67 0.30
15 486 75 26 419 13.87 389 1.53 2.76 4.23 18.10 0.34
20 622 82 33 524 7.35 439 1.53 2.99 4.58 11.93 0.51
25 719 107 39 600 3.70 474 1.53 3.15 4.83 8.53 0.72
30 784 154 48 658 2.32 499 1.53 3.27 5.00 7.32 0.84
35 828 187 58 703 1.73 516 1.53 3.35 5.13 6.86 0.89
40 859 208 64 739 1.45 532 1.53 3.42 5.24 6.69 0.92
45 883 224 68 770 1.24 546 1.53 3.48 5.33 6.57 0.93
50 902 256 77 797 1.08 555 1.53 3.52 5.40 6.47 0.95
55 919 287 80 820 1.02 564 1.53 3.57 5.47 6.48 0.95
60 934 313 83 840 0.96 574 1.52 3.61 5.49 6.45 <0.95>
Maximum unity factor 0.95 Floor slab adequate
Perimeter Beams - Critical Temperatures
Side A
Beam Size 457x152x52 Composite Internal Beam
Shear Connection 76%
Degree of Utilisation 0.48
Critical Temperature 616
Side B
Beam Size 533x165x66 Composite Internal Beam
Shear Connection 84%
Degree of Utilisation 0.35
Critical Temperature 661
Side C
Beam Size 406x140x53 Composite Edge Beam
Shear Connection 100%
Degree of Utilisation 0.54
Critical Temperature 598
Side D
Beam Size 533x165x66 Composite Edge Beam
Shear Connection 100%
Degree of Utilisation 0.39
Critical Temperature 656


Figure 2.9 Tabular output for orthotropic reinforcement

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Part 2: Engineering Update
13




PART 2: ENGINEERING UPDATE
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14
1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1.1 Introduction
It should be noted that while P288 sets out the design philosophy for the
method, with the release of TSLAB V3.0, a number of Sections are no longer
applicable. The out-of-date Sections in P288 and the alternative guidance given
in this publication are listed below.
Part 2 Section 1 provides recommendations for structural design of the floor
plate and is generally intended to complement the information given in
Section 3 of P288, but also provides a replacement of Section 3.1.5 which
covers the effect of additional load on boundary beams.
Part 2 Section 2 provides information on the engineering underlying the
treatment of the fire protected beams on the perimeter of each floor design
zone. This section complements the basic information given in Section 1.4.2.
Part 2 Section 3 provides a worked example which illustrates the use of
TSLAB V3.0 on a composite floor plate.
Appendix A: provides background information on the thermal analysis used to
determined the temperature distribution in the composite slab and beams. The
thermal properties and coefficients used in this analysis are given by the
Eurocodes.
Appendix B: describes the structural model which forms the basis of the
TSLAB calculation engine.
The engineering model provided in TSLAB now complies with Eurocode
requirements. A list of relevant Eurocodes is provided in Section 4.
1.2 General
Previous tests at normal temperature have shown that the load-bearing capacity
of concrete slabs will be enhanced by membrane forces, provided that vertical
support is maintained along the slab boundaries. Flat slabs which have vertical
supports only at their corners do not develop significant tensile membrane
forces and therefore benefit little from enhancement due to membrane action.
For a composite slab supported on a grillage of steel beams in fire conditions, it
is therefore important to divide the slab into rectangular areas, referred to as
floor design zones, where vertical support can be maintained on the perimeter
of each area. These lines of vertical support are achieved by ensuring that the
perimeter beams frame into column positions and are fire protected. Each floor
plate should be divided into design zones that meet the criteria given in Section
3.1.2 of P288.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
15
At normal temperature, the floor is continuous over the boundary of each floor
design zone. However, in fire conditions it is likely that cracks will form over
the perimeter beams. This may lead to fracture of the reinforcement, either due
to the large thermal curvatures experienced by the slab or due to the
combination of bending and membrane stresses. The fracture of the
reinforcement in these hogging regions will occur before fracture of the
reinforcement in the centre of the floor design zone. Therefore, the floor design
zones are considered to have no rotational or transverse restraint along the
boundary of the slab.
1.3 Combination of actions
The combination of actions for accidental design situations given in
BS EN 1990, Clause 6.4.3.3 and Table A1.3
[ 11]
should be used for fire limit
state verifications. With only unfavourable permanent actions and no
prestressing actions present, the combination of actions to consider is:
( )

+ + +
i i j
Q Q A G
k, , 2 k,1 2,1 1,1 d sup , k,
or
where:
G
k,j,sup
Unfavourable permanent action (j
th
value)
A
d
Accidental action
Q
k,1
and Q
k,i
Accompanying variable actions, main and other,
respectively
1,1
Factor for the frequent value of the leading variable action
i 2,
Factor for the quasi-permanent value of the i
th
variable
action.
The use of
1,1
with Q
k,1
is required by the UK National Annex.
The values used for the factors relate to the categories of the variable action
they are applied to. The Eurocode recommended values for the factors for
buildings are given in BS EN 1990; Table A1.1. Those values are adopted or
modified by the relevant National Annex. The UK National Annex to EN1990
has adopted the recommended factor values summarised in Table 1.1 and are
the default values used in TSLAB V3.0.
Table 1.1 Recommended factors values from EN1990
Eurocode recommended values
Actions
1

2

Domestic, office and traffic areas where:
30 kN < vehicle weight s 160 kN
0.5 0.3
Storage areas 0.9 0.8
Other* 0.7 0.6
* Climatic actions are not included
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For floors that allow loads to be laterally distributed, the following uniformly
distributed loads are given for moveable partitions in BS EN 1991-1-1,
Clause 6.3.1.2(8)
[ 12]
:
Movable partitions with a self-weight s 1.0 kN/m wall length: q
k
= 0.5 kN/m
2

Movable partitions with a self-weight s 2.0 kN/m wall length: q
k
= 0.8 kN/m
2

Movable partitions with a self-weight s 3.0 kN/m wall length: q
k
= 1.2 kN/m
2
.
Moveable partitions with self-weights greater than 3.0 kN/m length should be
allowed for by considering their location.
The Eurocode recommended values for variable imposed loads on floors are
given in BS EN 1991-1-1, Table 6.2; those values may also be modified by the
relevant National Annex. Table 1.2 presents the Eurocode recommended
values and the values given in the UK National Annexes for the imposed load
on an office floor.
Table 1.2 Variable actions due to occupancy on an office floor
Eurocode recommended values UK National Annex values Category of
loaded area
q
k
(kN/m
2
) Q
k
(kN) q
k
(kN/m
2
) Q
k
(kN)
B Office
areas
3.0 4.5 2.5* or 3.0** 2.7
* Above ground floor level
**At or below ground floor level
1.4 Floor slab and beams
TSLAB V3.0 calculates the load-bearing capacity of the floor slab and
unprotected beams at the fire limit state. The simple design method
implemented in the software assumes that each floor design zone will have
adequate support on its perimeter. This is achieved in practice by fire
protecting the beams on the perimeter of each floor design zone. To determine
what level of fire protection is adequate, the software calculates the critical
temperature for each perimeter beam, based on the loading applied to the floor
design zone.
1.4.1 Fire design of floor slab
Load bearing performance of the composite floor slab
When calculating the load bearing capacity of each floor design zone, the
resistance of the composite slab and the unprotected beams within the zone are
calculated separately. The slab is assumed to have no continuity along the
perimeter of the floor design zone. The load that can be supported by the
flexural behaviour of the composite slab within the floor design zone is
calculated based on a lower bound mechanism, assuming a yield line pattern as
shown in Figure 1.1.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
17
Yield lines
Simply supported
on 4 edges


Figure 1.1 Assumed yield line pattern used to calculate slab resistance
The value of the resistance calculated using the lower bound mechanism is
enhanced by considering the beneficial effect of tensile membrane action at
large displacements. This enhancement increases with increasing vertical
deflection of the slab until failure occurs due to fracture of the reinforcement
across the short slab span or compressive failure of the concrete in the corners
of the slab, as shown by Figure 1.2. As the design method cannot predict the
point of failure, the value of deflection considered when calculating the
enhancement is based on a conservative estimate of slab deflection, w, that
includes allowance for the thermal curvature of the slab and the strain in the
reinforcement, as shown below.
( )
8
3 5 . 0
2 . 19
2 2
1 2
L
E
f
h
l T T
w
a
sk
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
o

The deflection is also limited by the acceptable elongation of the reinforcement
as follows.
( )
30 2 . 19
2
1 2
l
h
l T T
w +

s
o

where:
(T
2
T
1
) is the temperature difference between the top and bottom surface
of the slab
L is the longer dimension of the floor design zone
l is the shorter dimension of the floor design zone
f
sk
is the characteristic strength of the mesh reinforcement
E is the modulus of elasticity of the steel
h is the overall depth of the composite slab
o is the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete.
All of the available test evidence shows that this value of deflection will be
exceeded before load bearing failure of the slab occurs. This implies that the
resistance predicted using the design method will be conservative compared to
its actual performance.
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18
The load-bearing capacity due to the residual bending resistance of the
unprotected composite beams is then added to the enhanced slab resistance to
give the total load-bearing capacity of the complete system.
Integrity and insulation performance of the composite slab
TSLAB V3.0 does not check the insulation or integrity performance of the
floor slab. The designer must therefore ensure that the slab thickness chosen is
sufficient to provide the necessary insulation performance in accordance with
the recommendations given in BS EN 1994-1-2
[ 18]
.
To ensure that the composite slab maintains its integrity during the fire and that
membrane action can develop, care must be taken to ensure that the reinforcing
mesh is properly lapped. This is especially important in the region of
unprotected beams and around columns. Further information on required lap
lengths and placement of the reinforcing mesh is given in SCI publication P300
Composite slabs and beams using steel decking: Best practice for design and
construction (Revised edition)
[ 24]
.
Full depth crack Compression failure of concrete
Edge of slab moves towards centre
of slab and 'relieves' the strains in
the reinforcement in the short span
Yield-line pattern
Reinforcement in
longer span fractures

(a) Tensile failure of the reinforcement

Edge of slab moves towards centre
of slab and 'relieves' the strains in
the reinforcement in the short span
Yield-line pattern
Concrete crushing due
to in-plane stresses

(b) Compressive failure of the concrete

Figure 1.2 Failure modes in the floor design zone

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Part 2: Engineering Update
19
1.4.2 Fire design of beams on the perimeter of the floor design
zone.
The beams along the perimeter of the floor design zone, labelled A to D in
Figure 1.3, should achieve the fire resistance required for the floor plate, in
order to provide the required vertical support to the perimeter of the floor
design zone. This usually results in these beams being fire protected.
SIDE A
SIDE C
S
I
D
E

D
S
I
D
E

B
L
1
L
2
Unprotected
internal
beams
Protected
perimeter
beams


Figure 1.3 Layout of a typical floor design zone

TSLAB V3.0 calculates the design effects of actions on these perimeter beams
and the normal temperature moment of resistance of the beam, in order to
calculate the degree of utilisation for each perimeter beam, which is calculated
using the guidance given in BS EN 1993-1-2
[ 17]
, Clause 4.2.4, as shown below.
d,0 fi,
d fi,
0
R
E
=
where:
E
fi,d
is the design effect of actions on the beam in fire
R
fi,d,0
is the design resistance of the beam at time t = 0.
Having calculated the degree of utilisation, the software can compute the
critical temperature of the bottom flange of the perimeter beams. This critical
temperature is reported in the TSLAB V3.0 output for use when specifying the
fire protection required by each of the perimeter beams on the floor design
zone. Full details of the calculation method are given in Section 2.
For perimeter beams with floor design zones on both sides, the lower value of
critical temperature given by the design of the adjacent floor design zones
should be used to design the fire protection for that perimeter beam. The
method of design for a perimeter beam that is shared by two floor design zones
is illustrated in the worked example, see Section 3.
When specifying fire protection for the perimeter beams, the fire protection
supplier must be given the section factor for the member to be protected and
the period of fire resistance required and the critical temperature of the
member. Most reputable fire protection manufacturers will have a
multi-temperature assessment for their product, assessed in accordance with
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EN 13381-4
[ 22]
for non-reactive materials or EN 13381-8
[ 23]
for reactive
materials (intumescents). Design tables for fire protection which relate section
factor to protection thickness are based on a single value of assessment
temperature. This assessment temperature should be less than or equal to the
critical temperature of the member.
1.5 Reinforcement details
The yield strength and ductility of the reinforcing steel material should be
specified in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 10080
[ 19]
. The
characteristic yield strength of reinforcement to BS EN 10080 will be between
400 MPa and 600 MPa, depending on the national market. In order that the
reinforcement has sufficient ductility to allow the development of tensile
membrane action, Class B or Class C should be specified.
In the UK, national standards for the specification of reinforcement still exist
as non-contradictory complimentary information (NCCI)
[ 20, 21]
because a
common range of steel grades has not been agreed for BS EN 10080.
In composite slabs, the primary function of the mesh reinforcement is to
control the cracking of the concrete. Therefore, the mesh reinforcement tends
to be located as close as possible to the surface of the concrete while
maintaining the minimum depth of concrete cover required to provide adequate
durability, in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1
[ 14]
. In fire conditions, the
position of the mesh will affect the mesh temperature and the lever arm when
calculating the bending resistance. Typically, adequate fire performance is
achieved with the mesh placed between 15 mm and 45 mm below the top
surface of the concrete.
Typically, sheets of mesh reinforcement are 4.8 m by 2.4 m and therefore must
be lapped to achieve continuity of the reinforcement. Sufficient lap lengths
must therefore be specified and adequate site control must be put in place to
ensure that such details are implemented on site. Guidance on fulfilling the
recommendations of BS EN 1992-1-1, Clause 8.7.5
[19]
are given in P300
[ 24]
.
The minimum lap length for mesh reinforcement should be 250 mm. Ideally,
mesh should be specified with flying ends, as shown in Figure 1.4, to
eliminate build up of bars at laps. It will often be economic to order ready fit
fabric, to reduce wastage.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
21
Flying
ends


Figure 1.4 Mesh with flying ends

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2 DESIGN OF FIRE RESISTING
PERIMETER BEAMS
The design method described in Appendix B: assumes that an envelope pattern
of yield lines will form in the slab at the ultimate limit state. In order for this to
occur, the beams on the perimeter of the floor design zone must have sufficient
bending resistance to prevent a beam and slab mechanism occurring at a lower
load level.
The perimeter beams which bound each floor design zone must be designed to
achieve the period of fire resistance required by the floor slab. This will ensure
that the pattern of yield lines and the associated enhancement due to tensile
membrane action which are assumed to occur in the design methodology
actually occur in practice.
For a typical floor design zone, as shown in Figure 2.1, two yield line patterns
have been considered which include the formation of a plastic hinge in the
perimeter beams. The yield lines may occur across the centre of the slab, either
parallel to the unprotected beams in the Span 1 direction with plastic hinges
forming in the perimeter beams on Sides A and C or perpendicular to the
unprotected beams in the Span 2 direction with plastic hinges forming in the
perimeter beams on Side B and D and in the unprotected beams.
SIDE A
SIDE C
S
I
D
E

D
S
I
D
E

B
L
1
L
2
Unprotected
internal
beams
Protected
perimeter
beams


Figure 2.1 Typical floor design zone
Using this pattern of yield lines shown in Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3 and
equating the internal and external work for the mechanism, the moment
resistance of the perimeter beams required to achieve a load bearing capacity
equal to that for the floor slab may be determined. The derivation of
appropriate design equations is given below.
Having calculated the required bending resistance of these beams to ensure that
they provide sufficient support to allow development of the tensile membrane
enhancement of the slab load bearing resistance, a critical temperature for the
beams can be calculated and appropriate levels of fire protection can be applied
to ensure that this critical temperature is not exceeded during the required fire
resistance period.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
23
2.1 Floor design zone with edge beams on sides B
and D
2.1.1 Yield line parallel to unprotected internal beams
This case considers the required bending resistance of the perimeter beams on
Sides B and D of a floor design zone when these beams are also at the edge of
the slab. A single yield line is assumed to form across the centre of the floor
design zone in the Span 1 direction, as shown in Figure 2.2. In keeping with the
assumptions of the design method, the perimeter of the floor design zone is
assumed to be simply supported.

o
o
o
o
M
M
M
HOT
HOT
Edge
of slab
Edge
of slab
b,1
Yield line
Axis of rotation
Axis of rotation


Figure 2.2 Yield line parallel to the unprotected beams with edge beams on
Sides B and D
Considering a unit displacement along the yield line, the rotation of the yield
line can be calculated as follows:
Yield line rotation =
2
1
2
2
L
=
2
4
L

The internal work done due to the rotation of the yield line is given by:
Internal Work = ( )
2
1 , b eff 1,
4
2
L
M ML + =
2
1 , b
2
eff 1,
8 4
L
M
L
L M
+
where:
L
1,eff
is the effective length of the yield line discounting the effective width
of slab assumed to act with the perimeter beams where these are
designed as composite members.
M is the resistance moment of the slab per unit length of yield line.
For a uniform load on the slab, p, the external work due to the displacement is
given by:
External Work =
2 1
2
1
L L p
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24
Equating internal and external work gives:
2
b,1
2
eff 1,
2 1
16 8
L
M
L
ML
L L p + =
If the load on the slab is the load bearing capacity determined in accordance
with Appendix B:, the required minimum values of bending resistance for the
perimeter beams on Side B and D is given by:
16
8
eff 1,
2
2 1
b,1
ML L pL
M

=
where:
p is the uniformly distributed load to be supported by the floor design
zone in fire conditions.
2.1.2 Yield line perpendicular to unprotected beams
This case considers the required moment resistance of the perimeter beams on
Sides A and C of the floor design zone when these are at the edge of the slab.
A single yield line is assumed to form across the centre of the floor design zone
in the Span 2 direction, as shown in Figure 2.3. In keeping with the
assumptions of the design method, the perimeter of the floor design zone is
assumed to be simply supported.

o
o
o
o M
M
M
M
HOT
HOT
Axis of rotation
zero vertical
displacement
Axis of
rotation
Displacement
along yield line
equal to unity
b,2
b,2


Figure 2.3 Yield line perpendicular to the unprotected beams
Considering a unit displacement along the yield line, the rotation of the yield
line can be calculated as follows:
Yield line rotation =
2
1
2
1
L
=
1
4
L

The internal work done due to the rotation of the yield line is given by:
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Part 2: Engineering Update
25
Internal Work = ( )
1
HOT 2 , b eff 2,
4
2
L
nM M ML + +
=
1
HOT
1
2 , b
1
eff 2,
4
8
L
4
L
nM
L
M L M
+ +
where:
L
2,eff
is the effective length of the yield line discounting the effective width
of slab assumed to act with the perimeter beams where these are
designed as composite members and the composite unprotected
internal beams.
M is the resistance moment of the slab per unit length of yield line
The external work due to the slab displacement is given by:
External Work =
2 1
2
1
L L p
Equating internal and external work gives:
1
HOT
1
b,2
1
eff 2,
2 1
8
16 8
L
nM
L
M
L
ML
L L p + + =
If the load on the slab is the load bearing capacity determined in accordance
with Appendix B:, the required minimum values of bending resistance for the
perimeter beams on Side A and C is given by:
16
8 8
HOT eff 2, 2
2
1
b,2
nM ML L pL
M

=
where:
p is the uniformly distributed load to be supported by the floor design
zone in fire conditions.
2.2 Floor design zone with an edge beam on one
side
2.2.1 Yield line parallel to unprotected beams
This case considers the required moment resistance of the perimeter beams on
Sides B and D of the floor design zone when the beam on side B is an internal
perimeter beam. As the software only deals with an isolated floor plate, the
calculation of resistance for an internal perimeter beam must assume that the floor
design zone is adjacent to an identical area of slab on any side where an internal
beam has been specified. A single yield line is assumed to form across the centre
of the floor design zone in the Span 1 direction, as shown in Figure 2.4.
Considering a unit displacement along the yield line, the rotation of the yield
line can be calculated as follows:
Yield line rotation =
2
1
2
2
L
=
2
4
L

The internal work done due to the rotation of the yield line is given by:
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Internal Work = ( )
2
1 , b eff 1,
4
3 2
L
M ML + =
2
1 , b
2
eff 1,
12 8
L
M
L
L M
+
The external work due to the slab displacement is given by:
External Work =
2 1
2
2
1
L L p
Equating internal and external work gives:
2
b,1
2
eff 1,
2 1
12 8
L
M
L
ML
L L p + =
o
o
o
o
M M b,1
Axis of rotation
L
1
L
2
1
L
L
2
b,1
M
b,1
Yield line
with unit
displacement
along its length
Floor design zone


Figure 2.4 Yield line parallel to the unprotected beams, with edge beam on Side D

If the load on the slab is the load bearing capacity determined in accordance
with Appendix B:, the required minimum values of resistance moment for the
perimeter beams on Side B and D is given by:
12
8
eff 1,
2
2 1
b,1
ML L pL
M

=
where:
L
1,eff
is the effective length of the yield line discounting the effective width
of slab assumed to act with the perimeter beams where these are
designed as composite members
M is the resistance moment of the slab per unit length of yield line
p is the uniformly distributed load to be supported by the floor design
zone in fire conditions.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
27
2.2.2 Yield line perpendicular to unprotected beams
This case considers the formation of a single yield line across the centre of the
floor design zone in the Span 2 direction, as shown in Figure 2.5, when the
beam on side C is an internal beam.
o
o
o
o
M
Floor design zone
b,2
M
M
HOT
HOT
M
b,2
M
M
HOT
HOT
M
b,2


Figure 2.5 Yield line perpendicular to the unprotected beams edge condition on
Side A
Considering a unit displacement along the yield line, the rotation of the yield
line can be calculated as follows:
Yield line rotation =
2
1
2
1
L
=
1
4
L

The internal work done due to the rotation of the yield line is given by:
Internal Work =( )
1
HOT 2 , b eff 2,
4
2 3 2
L
nM M ML + +
=
1
HOT
1
2 , b
1
eff 2,
8
12
L
8
L
nM
L
M L M
+ +
The external work due to the slab displacement is given by:
External Work =
2 1
2
2
1
L L p
Equating internal and external work gives:
1
HOT
1
b,2
1
eff 2,
2 1
8
12 8
L
nM
L
M
L
ML
L L p + + =
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28
If the load on the slab is the load bearing capacity determined in accordance
with Appendix B:, the required minimum values of resistance moment for the
perimeter beams on Side A and C is given by:
12
8 8
HOT eff 2, 2
2
1
b,2
nM ML L pL
M

=
where:
L
2,eff
is the effective length of the yield line discounting the effective width
of slab assumed to act with the perimeter beams where these are
designed as composite members and the composite unprotected
internal beams.
M is the resistance moment of the slab per unit length of yield line
p is the uniformly distributed load to be supported by the floor design
zone in fire conditions.
2.3 Floor zone without edge beams
For zones where none of the perimeter beams are edge beams, it is
conservative to use the values determined by the expressions in Section 2.2.
2.4 Design of edge beams
It is common practice for beams at the edge of floor slabs to be designed as non
composite. This is because the costs of meeting the requirements for transverse
shear reinforcement are more than the costs of installing a slightly heavier non
composite beam. However, for fire design, it is important that the floor slab is
adequately anchored to the edge beams, as these beams will be at the edge of
floor design zones. For this purpose, if edge beams are designed as non
composite, they must have shear connectors at not more than 300 mm centres
and U-bars should be provided to tie the edge beam to the composite slab.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
29
3 WORKED EXAMPLE
In order to illustrate the application of the output from TSLAB V3.0, this
Section contains a worked example, based on a realistic composite floor plate.
The building considered is a four-storey steel-framed office building. As the
height from ground level to the uppermost floor of the building does not
exceed 18 m, the building requires 60 minutes fire resistance in accordance
with the requirements of Approved Document B to the UK Building
Regulations.
The floor plate for each storey consists of a composite floor slab constructed
using Kingspan MD60 trapezoidal metal decking, normal weight concrete and
a single layer of mesh reinforcement. The slab spans between 9 m long
secondary beams designed to act compositely with the floor slab. These
secondary beams are in turn supported on composite primary beams of 9 m and
12 m spans. The beams on the edge of the building are designed as
non-composite beam in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1
[ 15]
.
The construction of the floor plate is shown in Figure 3.1 to Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.1 shows the general arrangement of steelwork at floor level across the
full width of the building and two bays along its length. It is assumed that this
general arrangement is repeated in adjoining bays along the length of the
building. The columns are 305 UKC 158, designed as non-composite columns
in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1.
The floor loading considered was as follows
Variable action due to occupancy: 4 kN/m
2

Variable action due to light weight partitions: 1 kN/m
2

Permanent action due to ceilings and services: 0.7 kN/m
2

Self weight of beam: 0.5 kN/m
2

For the edge beams, an additional cladding load of 2 kN/m was considered in
their design.
The beam sizes required to satisfy the normal stage verification for these values
of actions are shown in Figure 3.1. The internal beams are composite and the
degree of shear connection for each beam is shown in Table 3.1.
Figure 3.2 shows a cross section through the composite slab. The slab is
C25/30 normal weight concrete with overall thickness of 130 mm. The slab is
reinforced with A142 mesh reinforcement with a yield strength of 500 MPa;
this meets the requirements for normal temperature design but the mesh size
may need to be increased in size if the performance in fire conditions is
inadequate.
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30
2 3 1
A
D
C
B
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
533x210x109 UB 533x210x109 UB
533x210x109 UB 533x210x109 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB 457x191x74 UB
5
3
3
x
2
1
0
x
9
2

U
B
5
3
3
x
2
1
0
x
8
2

U
B
5
3
3
x
2
1
0
x
9
2

U
B
5
3
3
x
2
1
0
x
8
2

U
B
6
8
6
x
2
5
4
x
1
4
0

U
B
6
8
6
x
2
5
4
x
1
4
0

U
B
6
8
6
x
2
5
4
x
1
4
0

U
B
5
3
3
x
2
1
0
x
8
2

U
B
5
3
3
x
2
1
0
x
8
2

U
B
9000 9000
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0


Figure 3.1 General arrangement of steelwork at floor level

Table 3.1 Beam details
Beam Section
(S355)
Location of beam
Construction
Type
Degree of
Shear
Connection
(%)
Number of
shear studs
per group and
spacing
457191x74 UKB Secondary internal
beam
Composite 54 1 @ 323 mm
533210109 UKB Secondary edge beam Non composite N/A
53321082 UKB Primary internal beam Composite 96 2 @ 323 mm
53321092 UKB Primary edge beam Non composite N/A
686254140 UKB Primary internal beam Composite 100 2 @ 323 mm
686254140 UKB Primary edge beam Non Composite N/A

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Part 2: Engineering Update
31
130
30
60
Mesh A142 MD60 decking Normal weight
concrete


Figure 3.2 Construction of floor slab
All joints between the main steelwork elements use flexible end plate details
and are designed as nominally pinned in accordance with EN1993-1-8
[ 16]
.
Figure 3.3(a) shows the joint used between the primary beams and the
columns. The beam to column joints for secondary beams are as shown in
Figure 3.3(b). Figure 3.4 shows the endplate connection between the secondary
beams and the primary beams.
60
30
130
A142 mesh MD 60 decking
50
40
5 x 70
140
430 x 200 x 10 thick
end plate
6mm
fillet
weld
40

(a) Primary beam to column joint
60
30
130
A142 mesh MD 60 decking
50
40
3 x 70
90
290 x 150 x 8 thick
end plate
6mm
fillet
weld
40

(b) Secondary beam to column joint

Figure 3.3 Beam to column joints
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32
30
130
40
40
3 x 70
A142 mesh
MD 60 decking
90
280 x 150
x 8 thick
50
6mm
fillet
weld
60

Figure 3.4 Secondary beam to primary beam connection
Figure 3.5 shows the floor plate divided into floor design zones. It is likely that
floor design zones A and B will give the most onerous design conditions. The
design of both of these zones will be considered.
9000 9000
3
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
A
D
C
B
2 3 1
A
B
D
E
F
C
533x210x109 UB
533x210x109 UB
533x210x109 UB
533x210x109 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
457x191x74 UB
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Perimeter of floor design zones


Figure 3.5 Floor design zones (A F)
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Part 2: Engineering Update
33
3.1 Design of composite slab in fire conditions
The following design checks carried out on the floor design zones are based on
the floor construction required for normal temperature design checks. If this
construction proves to be inadequate for fire conditions then the mesh size
and/or the floor depth will be increased to improve the performance in fire
conditions. As the design zone B seems more critical than design zone A due to
its larger span, design zone B is considered first.
3.1.1 Floor design zone B
Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7 show the output from the TSLAB V3.0 for floor
design zone B, which is 9 m by 12 m with the mesh size of A142. Within this
floor design zone, there are 3 unprotected composite beams.
From the output, the load bearing capacity of the slab based on the lower
bound yield line mechanism (Slab yield), is seen to be 0.46 kN/m
2
. This
capacity is enhanced due to the effect of membrane action to give a slab
capacity of 2.86 kN/m
2
at 60 minutes. The enhancement factor was based on an
assumed displacement of 636 mm which will be a conservative estimate of the
true slab displacement.
The load bearing capacity of the composite beams within the floor design zone
is added to that of the slab to give the total load bearing capacity. The beam
capacity is based on the temperature of the unprotected beams at each time
step. At 60 minutes, the beam capacity for the unprotected internal beams is
2.12 kN/m
2
. Thus, the total load bearing capacity of the floor design zone is
2.86 + 2.12 = 4.98 kN/m
2
, which is less than the design load 6.33 kN/m
2
, hence
a further case must be analysed with the mesh size increased to A252.


Figure 3.6 Input data of floor design zone B using TSLAB V3.0

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Figure 3.7 Results for the resistance of floor design zone B using TSLAB V3.0
Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9 show the output from the TSLAB V3.0 software for
floor design zone B, which is 9 m by 12 m with mesh size of A253. Within this
floor design zone, there are 3 unprotected composite beams.
From the output, the load bearing capacity of the slab, based on the lower bound
yield line mechanism is seen to be 0.78 kN/m
2
. This capacity is enhanced due to
the effect of membrane action to give a slab capacity of 5.02 kN/m
2
at 60
minutes. The enhancement factor was based on a slab deflection of 636 mm.
The load bearing capacity of the composite beams is added to that of the slab to
give the total load bearing capacity. The beam capacity is based on the
temperature of the unprotected beams at each time step. At 60 minutes, the
beam resistance of the three unprotected beams is 2.12 kN/m
2
. Thus, the total
load bearing resistance of the floor design zone is 5.02 + 2.12 = 7.14 kN/m
2
,
which is greater than the design load; hence the floor slab is adequate


Figure 3.8 Input data of floor design zone B using TSLAB V3.0
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Part 2: Engineering Update
35


Figure 3.9 Results for the resistance of floor design zone B using TSLAB V3.0
TSLAB also provides a critical temperature for each of the perimeter beams, as
shown in Figure 3.10. The fire protection applied to these beams should be
sufficient to ensure that the temperature of the beams in a fire does not exceed
this critical temperature for the required period of fire resistance. The degree of
utilisation quoted for each beam is the ratio between the effect of actions on the
beam in the fire condition divided by the moment resistance of the beam
calculated in fire conditions at time zero (room temperature), as explained in
Section 1.4.2.


Figure 3.10 Requirements for the resistance of the perimeter beams of floor design
zone B, given by TSLAB V3.0

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3.1.2 Floor design zone A
Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12 show the output from TSLAB for floor design
zone A, which is 9 m by 9 m. Within this floor design zone there are 2
unprotected composite beams.
From the output, the load bearing capacity of the slab based on the lower
bound yield line mechanism is seen to be 1.01 kN/m
2
. This capacity is
enhanced due to the effect of membrane action to give a slab capacity of
5.50 kN/m
2
at 60 minutes. The enhancement factor at 60 minutes was based on
a slab deflection of 573 mm.
The load bearing capacity of the composite beams is added to the slab capacity
to give the total load bearing capacity. The beam capacity is based on the
temperature of the unprotected beams at each time step. At 60 minutes, the
bending resistance of the two unprotected beams is 2.12 kN/m
2
. Thus, the total
load bearing resistance of the floor design zone is 5.50 + 2.12 = 7.62 kN/m
2



Figure 3.11 Input of floor design zone A using TSLAB V3.0


Figure 3.12 Results for the resistance of floor design zone A using TSLAB V3.0
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Part 2: Engineering Update
37
TSLAB V3.0 also provides a critical temperature for each of the perimeter
beams, as shown in Figure 3.13. The fire protection applied to these beams
should be sufficient to ensure that the temperature of the beams in a fire does
not exceed this critical temperature for the required period of fire resistance.
The degree of utilisation quoted for each beam is the ratio between the effect of
actions on the beam in the fire condition divided by the moment resistance of
the beam calculated in fire conditions at time zero (room temperature), as
explained in Section 1.4.2.


Figure 3.13 Requirements for the resistance of the perimeter beams of floor design
zone A, given by TSLAB V3.0
3.2 Reinforcement details
Since the output confirms that the load bearing capacity of zones A and B are
both adequate, the A252 mesh provided is adequate for fire design. This mesh
has an area of 252 mm
2
/m in both directions and has 7 mm wires spaced at
150 mm centres in both directions.
The mesh in this example has a yield strength of 500 N/mm
2
. For fire design
the Class of reinforcement should be specified as Class B or C in accordance
with BS EN 10080, to ensure that the mesh has adequate ductility.
At joints between sheets the mesh must be adequately lapped in order to ensure
that its full tensile resistance can be developed in the event of a fire in the
building. For the 7 mm diameter bars of the A252 mesh the minimum lap
length required would be 250 mm. In order to avoid the build up of bars at
lapped joints, sheets of mesh with flying ends should be specified as shown in
Figure 1.4.
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Additional reinforcement in the form of U-shaped bars should be provided at
the edge beams to ensure adequate tying between these beams and the
composite slab.
3.3 Fire design of perimeter beams
3.3.1 Internal perimeter beams
The internal perimeter beams to each zone are part of more than one floor
design zone. For example, consider the beam on Gridline B between gridlines 1
and 2: it can be seen from Figure 3.5 that this is the perimeter beam on Side C
of floor design zone A and is the beam on Side A of floor design zone B. The
fire protection applied to this member must therefore be based on the lower
value of critical temperature given by the results from these two floor design
zones. In this case, floor design zone B is the more critical.
For this member, the following information (taken from the requirements listed
in Figure 3.13) should be given to the fire protection manufacturer in order to
determine the required thickness of fire protection.
Fire resistance period 60 minutes
Section size 457 191 74 UB
Critical temperature 641C
For this size of beam the section factor, determined in accordance with
BS EN 1993-1-2, is:
Section Factor 115 m
-1
for box protection heated on 3 sides
155 m
-1
for profiled protection heated on 3 sides
3.3.2 Edge beams
In this example the edge beams were designed to be non-composite. However,
for the fire design case these beams should be adequately tied into the
composite slab. This is achieved by providing U-bars and shear studs on the
beam. Studs should be provided at 300 mm centres where the decking is
parallel to the beam and in every trough of the decking profile where the
decking spans perpendicular to the beam.
The fire protection required for the edge beams should be specified in the same
way as for internal perimeter beams.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
39
3.4 Fire protection of columns
Fire protection should also be specified for all of the columns in this example.
The following information should be provided when specifying the fire
protection.
Fire resistance period 60 minutes
Section size 305 305 158 UC
Section Factor 65 m
-1
for box protection heated on 4 sides
90 m
-1
for profiled protection heated on 4 sides
Critical temperature: 500C or 80C less than the critical temperature
calculated on the basis of the BS EN 1993-1-2 design
rules, whichever is the lower.
The applied fire protection should extend over the full height of the column, up
to the underside of the composite floor slab.
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4 REFERENCES
1. NEWMAN, G.M., ROBINSON, J.T. and BAILEY, C.G.
Fire safe sesign: A new approach to multi-storey steel framed buildings
(P288, 2
nd
edition)
The Steel Construction Institute, 2006
2. JOHANSEN, K.W.
The Ultimate strength of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Final
Report, Third Confress, Liege, September 1948
3. OCKLESTON, A.J.
Load tests on a 3-storey reinforced concrete building in Johannesburg.
Struct Eng 1955;33(10):304-22
4. BAILEY, C.G. and MOORE, D.B.
The structural behaviour of steel frames with composite floor slabs
subjected to fire: Part 1: Theory
The Structural Engineer, June 2000
5. BAILEY, C.G. and MOORE, D.B.
The structural behaviour of steel frames with composite floor slabs
subjected to fire: Part 2: Design
The Structural Engineer, June 2000
6. WOOD, R. H.
Plastic and elastic design of slabs and plates, with particular reference to
reinforced concrete floor slabs
Thames and Husdon, London. 1961.
7. HAYES, B.
Allowing for membrane action in the plastic analysis of rectangular
reinforced concrete slabs
Magazine of concrete research Vol. 20 No. 81 Dec 1968. pp 205-212.
8. BAILEY, C. G. and TOH, W.S.
Behaviour of concrete floor slabs at ambient and elevated temperature
Fire Safety Journal, 42, pp425-436, 2007
9. BAILEY, C.G.
Efficient arrangement of Reinforcement for membrane behaviour of
composite slabs in fire conditions
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 59, 2003, pp931-949.
10. BAILEY, C.G.
Membrane action of lightly reinforced concrete slabs at large displacements
Engineering Structures, 23, 2001, pp470-483
11. BS EN 1990:2002 Eurocode Basis of structural design
BSI
12. BS EN 1991-1-1:2003 Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. Part 1-1: General
actions. Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
BSI
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13. BS EN 1992-1-2:2004 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1.2:
General rules. Structural fire design,
BSI
14. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1.1:
General rules and rules for buildings
BSI
15. BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3. Part 1.1: Design of steel structures.
General rules and rules for buildings
BSI
16. BS EN 1993-1-8:2005 Eurocode 3. Part 1.8: Design of steel structures.
Design of joints
BSI
17. BS EN 1993-1-2:2005 Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. General
rules. Structural fire design
BSI
18. BS EN 1994-1-2:2005 Eurocode 4. Design of composite steel and concrete
structures. Structural fire design
BSI
19. BS EN 10080:2005 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable
reinforcing steel General, BSI.
20. BS 4483:2005 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Specification.
BSI
21. BS 4449:1:2005 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable
reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product. Specification
BSI
22. EN13381-4 Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire
resistance of structural members. Applied passive protection to steel
members
CEN, (To be published 2010)
23. EN13381-8 Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire
resistance of structural members. Applied reactive protection to steel
members
CEN, (To be published 2010)
24. COUCHMAN, G. H., HICKS, S. J. and RACKHAM, J. W.
Composite slabs and beams using steel decking: Best practice for design
and construction. Revised edition (P300)
The Steel Construction Institute, 2008
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APPENDIX A: Thermal analysis
TSLAB V3.0 uses a 2D finite difference heat transfer method to predict the
temperature distribution within the composite slab. This method has been used
for many years by SCI to predict the temperature distributions in steel and
steel-concrete composite cross sections and has been shown to be able to give
reasonably accurate predictions of the behaviour of sections in fire resistance
tests. The model to be analysed must be defined on a rectangular grid of cells.
The method can also analyse the sloping sides of trapezoidal or re-entrant
composite slabs by using configuration factors. The thermal properties of steel
and concrete used by TSLAB are based on the values given by
BS EN 1994-1-2
[ 18]
. The thermal actions are calculated on the basis of the net
heat flux,
net
h

to which the surface of the member is exposed. The net heat flux
is determined considering the heat transfer by convection and radiation.
r net, c net, net
h h h

+ = (1)
The net convective heat flux component is determined as follows:
( )
m g c c net,
u u o = h

(2)
where;
c
o is the coefficient of heat transfer by convection
g
u is the gas temperature
m
u is the surface temperature of the member.
When carrying out a thermal analysis for a member exposed to the standard
temperature-time curve the coefficient of heat transfer by convection on the
exposed face is taken as
c
= 25 W/m
2
K. For natural fire models, the
coefficient of heat transfer by convection is increased to
c
= 35 W/m
2
K. On
the unexposed side of the slab, the net heat flux is based on heat transfer by
convection, but the coefficient of heat transfer by convection is taken as

c
= 9 W/m
2
K, to allow for the effects of heat transfer by radiation, which are
not considered explicitly in the model. The net radiative heat flux is determined
from the following formula:
( ) ( ) | |
4
m
4
r f m r net,
273 273 + + = u u o c c h (3)
where:
is the configuration factor
m
c is the surface emissivity of the member
f
c is the emissivity of the fire
o is the Stephan Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
)
r
u is the effective radiation temperature of the fire (C)
m
u is the surface temperature of the member (C).
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Part 2: Engineering Update
43
The emissivity of the fire is taken as 0 . 1
f
= c , in accordance with the
recommended value in BS EN 1994-1-2. The emissivity of the member may be
determined from Section 0.
A.1 Configuration factors
For steel decking profiles, the following configuration factors are used to
modify the net heat flux incident on each surface. The locations in which the
following factors are applied are shown in Figure A.1 for trapezoidal decking
profiles and in Figure A.2 for re-entrant decking profiles.
Trapezoidal Profiles
The bottom flange of the trapezoidal profile is assumed to have a configuration
factor of 1.0. For the top flange the configuration factor,
TOP
, is calculated as
follows.
( )

2
tan 2
1
1
TOP
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

b p
h

Similarly, for the sloping web of the trapezoidal profile, the configuration
factor,
SIDE
, is calculated as follows,
y x
L

+
= 5 . 0
SIDE

Re-entrant Deck
The bottom flange of re-entrant steel profiles is assumed to have a
configuration factor of 1.0. The configuration factor for the surfaces of the re-
entrant dovetail is calculated as follows,
y x
L

+
= 3 . 0
INT

| = 1.0
|
|
h
b
Element
L
y
x
i
TOP
SIDE
1
i
Element


Figure A.1 Configuration factors for trapezoidal decks
|
|
INT
= 1.0


Figure A.2 Configuration factors for re-entrant decks
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A.2 Material properties for steel and concrete
The following material properties are used for steel and concrete. These values
are based on the recommendations of EN1994-1-2. Table A.1 shows the values
of surface emissivity, density and moisture content used for steel, normal
weight concrete and light weight concrete.
Table A.1 Material properties of steel and concrete for thermal analysis
Steel NWC LWC
Emissivity,
m
c
0.7 0.7 0.7
Density, 7850 2300 1850
% moisture by mass 0 4 4

The specific heat capacity of steel, C
a
, for all structural and reinforcing steel is
given by the following temperature dependant formulae:
3 2
a
00000222 . 0 00169 . 0 773 . 0 425 u u u + + = C

(J/kg K)
C 600 C 20 s s u
( ) 738
13002
666
a

=
u
C
(J/kg K)
C 735 C 600 s s u
( ) 731
17820
545
a

=
u
C
(J/kg K)
C 900 C 735 s s u
C
a
= 650 (J/kg K)
C 1200 C 900 s s u
The following temperature dependant values of specific heat capacity, C
c
, are
used for normal weight dry concrete with siliceous or calcareous aggregates.
C
c
= 900 (J/kg K) C 100 C 20 s s u
C
c
= 900 + ( 100) (J/kg K) C 200 C 100 s s u
C
c
= 1000 + ( 200)/2 (J/kg K) C 400 C 200 s s u
C
c
= 1100 (J/kg K) C C s s 1200 400
As recommended by EN1994-1-2 the following temperature independent value
of specific heat capacity is assumed for lightweight concrete.
C
c
= 840 (J/kg K) for all temperatures
The thermal conductivity of steel is defined using the following temperature
dependent relationship.
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Part 2: Engineering Update
45
For normal weight concrete the upper limit of thermal conductivity defined by
BS EN 1994-1-2 has been used. The thermal conductivity for normal weight
concrete is determined from the following temperature dependent relationship.
( ) ( )
2
c
100 0107 . 0 100 2451 . 0 2 u u + =

(W/mK)
The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete is also temperature dependent
and is given by the following formula.
( ) 1600 1
c
u = but not less than 0.5 (W/mK)
A.3 Internal heat transfer by conduction
The thermal analysis computes the conducted heat transfer between a cell and
the four cells above, below and to the sides (Figure A.3). No other cells are
involved.



Figure A.3 Basis of conductive heat transfer
The heat transferred per unit time depends on the sizes of the cells, the
temperature of each cell and the thermal conductivity of each cell. Each pair of
cells is considered in turn and the net heat transferred into or out of a cell is
computed. The basic conduction model is illustrated in Figure A.4.
1
1 1
2
w w
d
T T , ,
2 2
T


Figure A.4 Basic conduction model
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The temperature of each cell is defined at its centre (T
1
, T
2
). The temperature of
the interface between the cells is T. The heat transfer from cell 1 to the
interface is the same as the heat transfer from the interface to cell 2. The
thermal conductivities of each cell are
1
and
2
.
The heat transfer per unit time from the centre of cell 1 to the interface is:
( )
1
1
1
2
T T
w
D
h =


This is equal to the heat transfer per unit time from the interface to the centre of
cell 2:
( ) T T
w
D
h =
2
2
2
2

Thus, by eliminating the interface temperature, T:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
1
1
1 2
2 2 D
w
D
w
T T
h per unit time
This equation is used to compute the heat transfer between all cells. For each
cell, the value of:
D
w
2

is calculated. The value of thermal conductivity will often vary with
temperature and is calculated at preset intervals (normally 30 seconds) to speed
up computation.
A.4 Design temperatures for unprotected steel
beams
The calculated design temperatures of the unprotected steel beams are based on
the simple method given in BS EN 1994-1-2, Section 4.3.4.2.2. The increase in
steel temperature during a small time interval is calculated using the following
equation.
t h
V
A
c
k A
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
net
i
i
a a
shadow t a,
1

u
where:
shadow
k is the correction factor for shadow effect
a
is the density of the steel
t A is the time interval
i i
V A is the section factor for part i of the cross section.
TSLAB V3.0 calculates the steel temperature for the bottom flange of the
section for time increments of 2.5 seconds. The correction factor for the
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Part 2: Engineering Update
47
shadow effect is taken as 1.0. The section factor for the bottom flange is
expressed as a function of flange thickness, e
1
, as follows
1
2000
e
V A
i i
=
The net heat flux is calculated as shown in Equation 1, with the convective and
radiative components calculated as shown by Equations 2 and 3 respectively.
When calculating the radiative heat flux using Equation 3 the configuration
factor should be taken as 1.0.
The main change to the temperature distribution used in TSLAB V3.0 is the
method of determining the mesh temperature. In TSLAB V2.4, the mesh
temperature was based on a weighted average value calculated from the results
of thermal analysis. This has been changed to the maximum value of
temperature of the mesh given by the thermal analysis.
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APPENDIX B: SIMPLE DESIGN METHOD
Since Johansens work on yield line analysis
[ 2]
researchers have observed the
beneficial effects of membrane forces in improving the load bearing capacity
of concrete slabs, compared to estimates of capacity based only on flexural
behaviour
[ 3]
.
A number of experimental and theoretical investigations have been carried out
to investigate the beneficial effects of in-plane forces at room temperature,
leading to a good theoretical understanding of the behaviour. Following the
experimental work carried out at Cardington, this theory has been extended to
fire design scenarios, as discussed below.
The experimental work at Cardington and evidence from other real fires in
building structures had served to illustrate that there are significant reserves of
strength in composite steel concrete buildings, which means that the
performance of the structure in fire exceeds the expectations created by
standard fire tests on individual structural elements. Cardington demonstrated
that it was possible to leave the composite steel beams that supported the
concrete floor slab unprotected; work commenced to investigate suitable
design models to allow structural engineers to justify the fire design of a floor
slab supported by unprotected steel beams.
Researchers at the Building Research Establishment (BRE), with funding from
the Steel Construction Institute, developed a simple design method for
composite steel concrete floor slabs following the experimental work at
Cardington
[ 4, 5]
. The BRE model has been validated against the Cardington
large scale fire test results and previous experimental work conducted at room
temperature. This method is presented and discussed in detail in Section B.1.
This simple design method differs from the simple design procedures provided
in design codes
[ 13, 14]
, as it considers the behaviour of an assembly of structural
members acting together, rather than individual elements. While it would also
be technically possible to use non-linear finite elements to determine the load
bearing capacity in fire, that is a more expensive solution requiring a
significant amount of expertise and prior knowledge. The method presented in
this document is more accessible to structural engineers with only a basic
appreciation of fire engineering.
B.1 Calculation of resistance of composite floors in
accordance with the simple design method
This Section describes the development of a simple design method that can be
used to calculate the resistance of rectangular composite floor plates. The
method has developed over a number of years. The initial development
[ 4, 5]
of
the method for use with isotropic reinforcement only considered one failure
mode, due to fracture of the mesh across the short span, as shown by
Figure B.1(a). Later developments
[ 8, 9]
included a more general derivation
allowing the use of orthotropic reinforcement, and the inclusion of
compression failure of the concrete at the slab corners (see Figure B.1(b)).
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B.1.1 Calculation of resistance
The load bearing capacity of a two-way spanning simply supported slab, with
no in-plane horizontal restraint at its edges, is greater than that calculated using
the normal yield line theory. The enhancement of the resistance is as a result of
tensile membrane action developing in the slab at large displacement and due
to the increase of the yield moment in the outer regions of the slab, where
compressive stresses occur across the yield lines (see Figure B.2).
The enhancement of the resistance determined as a lower bound solution for
yield line failure is based on the assumption that at ultimate conditions the
yield line pattern will be as shown in Figure B.1(a) and that failure will occur
due to fracture of the mesh across the short span at the centre of the slab. A
second mode of failure might, in some cases, occur due to crushing of the
concrete in the corners of the slab where high compressive in-plane forces
occur as shown by Figure B.1(b). This mode of failure is discussed in
Section B.2.
Full depth crack Compression failure of concrete
Edge of slab moves towards centre
of slab and 'relieves' the strains in
the reinforcement in the short span
Yield-line pattern
Reinforcement in
longer span fractures

(a) Tensile failure of mesh reinforcement
Edge of slab moves towards centre
of slab and 'relieves' the strains in
the reinforcement in the short span
Yield-line pattern
Concrete crushing due
to in-plane stresses

(b) Compressive failure of concrete

Figure B.1 Assumed failure modes for composite floor
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The first failure mode will occur when the compressive strength of the concrete
exceeds the ultimate strength of the mesh in tension, leading to fracture of the
mesh. The second failure mode will occur in cases were the ultimate strength
of the mesh exceeds the compressive strength of the concrete, resulting in
compression failure of the concrete at the corners of the slab.
Compression
Tension
Element 2
Element 1
L
nL
l


Figure B.2 Rectangular slab simply supported on four edges showing in-plane
forces across the yield lines due to tensile membrane action
Figure B.2 shows a rectangular slab simply supported on its perimeter and the
expected lower bound yield line pattern that would develop due to uniformly
distributed loading. The intersection of the yield lines is defined by the
parameter n calculated using the general yield line theory and given by:
( ) 1 1 3
2
1
+ = a
a
n


where:
a is the aspect ratio of the slab (L/l)
is the ratio of the yield moment capacity of the slab in orthogonal
directions (should always be less than or equal to 1.0)
The shorter span should be defined by the span with the lower moment
resistance resulting in coefficient of orthography () being always less than, or
equal to one. Therefore n would be limited to maximum of 0.5 resulting in a
valid yield line pattern.
The resistance of the mechanism which occurs due to the formation of these
yield lines is given by the following equation:
P =
( )
2
2 2
1 1
3
24

(
(

+
a' a' l
M

where:
a = a
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Part 2: Engineering Update
51
Hayes
[ 7]
noted that assuming rigid-plastic behaviour, only rigid body
translations and rotations are allowed. Further assumptions that the neutral axes
along the yield lines are straight lines and that the concrete stress-block is
rectangular, means that the variations in membrane forces along the yield lines
become linear, as shown in Figure B.3. These assumptions and the resulting
distribution of membrane forces were also adopted by Bailey
[ 4, 10]
.
nL
L
E
C
A
S
|
2
T
b K T
o
Element 1
F
T
1
k b K T
o C
D
S
T
b K T
2
o
C
L
Element 2 l
T
M
0
0
KT
M
0
0
Resistance in
long span =
Moment =
Resistance in
short span =
Moment =


Figure B.3 In-plane stress distribution for the elements 1 and 2
Derivation of an expression for parameter k
Considering the equilibrium of the in-plane forces T
1
, T
2
and C acting on
Element 1 allows the following relationships to be derived:
| | cos ) ( sin
2
T C S = and
2
sin ) ( cos
1
2
T
T C S = | |
Therefore,
) ( sin
2
2
1
T C
T
= | (1)
where:
| is the angle defining the yield line pattern.
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52
C
T
2
o
o
D
kbKT
bKT
(k/[l+k])
2 2
([nL] + l /4)
nL
2 2
([nL] + l /4) l/(l+k)
C
l/2


Figure B.4 In-plane stress distribution along yield line CD
Figure B.4 shows the geometry of the stress distribution along yield line CD.
Considering Figure B.3 and Figure B.4,
) 2 (
0 1
nL L bKT T =
4
) (
1
1
2
2
2 0
2
l
nL
k
bKT
T + |
.
|

\
|
+
=
4
) (
1 2
2
2 0
l
nL
k
k kbKT
C + |
.
|

\
|
+
=
4
) (
sin
2
2
l
nL
nL
+
= |
where:
b, k are parameters defining the magnitude of the membrane force,
0
KT is the resistance of the steel reinforcing mesh per unit width,
n is a parameter defining the yield line pattern
Substituting the above values into Equation (1) gives,
4
) (
1
1
2 4
) (
1 2
4
) (
2
) 2 (
2
2 0
2
2 0
2
2
0
l
nL
k
bKT l
nL
k
k kbKT
l
nL
nL nL L bKT
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+

This expression can then be rearranged to give an expression for parameter k.


( )
1
1 4
2 1 4
2 2
2
+
+

=
a n
n na
k (2)
Derivation of an expression for parameter b
Considering the fracture of the reinforcement across the short span of the slab,
an expression for the parameter b can be developed. The line EF shown in
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Part 2: Engineering Update
53
Figure B.5 represents the location of the mesh fracture, which will result in a
full depth crack across the slab. An upper bound solution for the in-plane
moment of resistance along the line EF can be obtained by assuming that all
the reinforcement along the section is at ultimate stress (f
u
) and the centroid of
the compressive stress block is at location E in Figure B.5.
It is assumed that,
y u
f f 1 . 1 =
where:
y
f is the yield stress.
Taking moment about E in Figure B.5,
o
sin L/2
T
2
1 (L/2 - nL) / cos
cos L / 2
cos L/2 - (L/2 - nL)/cos
E
F
S
C
nL
L / 2
1.1T / 2 l
|
|
|
| |
|
|
T /2


Figure B.5 In-plane stress distribution along fracture line EF

( )
( )
8
1 . 1
2 2
1
2
cos
2
4 1 3
sin
2
4 1
1
3
1
tan
1
cos
2
cos
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
l T
nL
L T L
S
l
nL
k
k l L
C
l
nL
k
nL
L
L
T
o
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
+
+
(
(
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
| |
|
(3)
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56
Contribution of membrane forces to load bearing capacity.
a) Element 1
According to Figure B.6, the moment about the support due to membrane force
is given by:
Membrane Force
w
M
1m


Figure B.6 Calculating the moment caused by the membrane force
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
2
3
0
2
0 0 1
) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3
2 3
) 2 (
k
k
nLw bKT
k
k
nLw bKT w nL L bKT M
m

where:
m
M
1
is the moment about the support due to membrane forces for
element 1.
The expression reduces to:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
2
3
0 1
) 1 ( 3
) 2 3 (
) 2 1 (
k
nk k n
n Lbw KT M
m
.
The above formulation defines the contribution from the membrane forces to
the load bearing capacity that needs to be added to the contribution due to the
enhanced bending capacity in the areas where the slab is experiencing
compression forces. For simplicity, the contribution from the membrane forces
and enhanced bending action is related to the normal yield line load. This
allows an enhancement factor to be calculated for both the membrane force and
the enhanced bending moments. These enhancement factors can finally be
added to give the overall enhancement of the slab due to membrane action.
Dividing
m
M
1
by L M
o
, the resistance moment of the slab, when no axial
force is present, allows the effect of tensile membrane action to be expressed as
an enhancement of yield line resistance (Figure B.7).
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Part 2: Engineering Update
55
which can be rearranged to give,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
K
l nL L
nL
L
b k
n
bl
l
nL
k
k nL
k
k b
l
nL
k
l
nL
nL
nL
L
n
l
k
b
8
1 . 1
2 4 2
1
16
4 1 3 2 1 2
4 1
1
3
1
4
2
8 1
1
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
(4)
Equation (4) can be rewritten as,
K
l
Db Cb Bb Ab
8
1 . 1
2
= + +
Whence:
( ) D C B A K
l
b
+ +
=
8
1 . 1
2
(5)
where:
( )
( ) ( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4 1
1
3
1
4
2
8 1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
l
nL
k
l
nL
nL
nL
L
n
l
k
A ,
( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4 ) 1 ( 3 2 1 2
1
2
2
2 2
l
nL
k
k nL
k
k
B
,
( ) 1
16
2
= k
n
l
C
,
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
2 4 2
nl L
nL
L
D
.
The parameters k and b, which define the in-plane forces, can be calculated
using equations (2) and (5) respectively.
Membrane forces
The load bearing capacity for Elements 1 and 2 of the slab can be determined
by considering the contribution of the membrane forces to the resistance and
the increase in bending resistance across the yield lines separately as shown
below. These effects are expressed in terms of an enhancement factor, to be
applied to the lower bound yield line resistance. Initially, the effects of the in-
plane shear S (Figure B.3) or any vertical shear on the yield line was ignored,
resulting in two unequal loads being calculated for Elements 1 and 2
respectively. An averaged value was then calculated, considering contribution
of the shear forces.
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56
Contribution of membrane forces to load bearing capacity.
a) Element 1
According to Figure B.6, the moment about the support due to membrane force
is given by:


Figure B.6 Calculating the moment caused by the membrane force
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
2
3
0
2
0 0 1
) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3
2 3
) 2 (
k
k
nLw bKT
k
k
nLw bKT w nL L bKT M
m

where:
m
M
1
is the moment about the support due to membrane forces for
element 1.
The expression reduces to:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
2
3
0 1
) 1 ( 3
) 2 3 (
) 2 1 (
k
nk k n
n Lbw KT M
m
.
The above formulation defines the contribution from the membrane forces to
the load bearing capacity that needs to be added to the contribution due to the
enhanced bending capacity in the areas where the slab is experiencing
compression forces. For simplicity, the contribution from the membrane forces
and enhanced bending action is related to the normal yield line load. This
allows an enhancement factor to be calculated for both the membrane force and
the enhanced bending moments. These enhancement factors can finally be
added to give the overall enhancement of the slab due to membrane action.
Dividing
m
M
1
by L M
o
, the resistance moment of the slab, when no axial
force is present, allows the effect of tensile membrane action to be expressed as
an enhancement of yield line resistance (Figure B.7).
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Part 2: Engineering Update
57
1m
Enhancement factor due
to membrane forces (e )
for a given displacement (w )
1
1
w
Load capacity based
on yield line theory
Load capacity based
on membrane forces
Displacement ( ) w
Load


Figure B.7 Enhancement factor due to membrane force
The value of
o
M is obtained by considering Figure B.8.
(g h)
1
1
1
1 0
z
1
C
d
h
h
KT
0
(g h)
0
z
C
d
h
h
0
2
2
2
2
2
T


Figure B.8 Calculation of the moment resistance
The bending moments M
0
and
o
M per unit width of slab in each orthogonal
direction are given by:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
4
3
1 0
1 0 0
g
d KT M
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58
( )
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
4
3
2 0
2 0 0
g
d T M
where:
( ) ( )
2 0 1 0
, g g are parameters which define the flexural stress block in the
two orthogonal directions (see Figure B.8)
1
d , d
2
are the effective depths of the reinforcement in each direction.
The enhancement factor,
m
e
1
, is given by:
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2
3
1 1 0 0
1
1
) 1 ( 3
2 3
2 1
3
4
k
nk k n
n
d
w
g
b
L M
M
e
m
m

(6)
b) Element 2
The moment about the support due to the membrane forces is given by:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
2
3
0 2m
1 6
3 2
k
k k
lbw KT M
where:
2m
M is the moment about support due to membrane force for element 2.
The effect of tensile membrane action can be expressed as an enhancement of
yield line resistance by dividing the moment about the support due to
membrane action, M
2m
by the moment resistance in the longitudinal direction,
when no axial force is present, l M
0
, which results in,
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2
3
2 2 0 0
2m
2m
1 6
3 2
3
4
k
k k
d
w
g
bK
l M
M
e (7)
The effect of the membrane forces on the bending resistance along the yield
lines is evaluated by considering the yield criterion when axial load is also
present, as given by Wood
[ 6]
. In the case of the short span the bending moment
in the presence of an axial force is given by:
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
KT
N
KT
N
M
M
N
| o

(8a)
where:
( )
( )
1 0
1 0
1
3
2
g
g
+
= o
and
( )
( )
1 0
1 0
1
3
1
g
g
+

= |
Similarly for the long span,
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Part 2: Engineering Update
59
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
T
N
T
N
M
M
N
| o

(8b)
where:
( )
( )
2 0
2 0
2
3
2
g
g
+
= o
and
( )
( )
2 0
2 0
2
3
1
g
g
+

= |
Effect of membrane forces on bending resistance
a) Element 1
The effect of the membrane forces on the bending resistance is considered
separately for each yield line.
For the yield line BC, the membrane force is constant and equals bK
0
T and
therefore:
2
1 1
BC
0
1 b b
M
M
N
| o =
|
|
.
|

\
|

For the yield line AB (Figure B.9),
C
T
2
o
kbKT
o
bKT (l+k)
A
o
bKT
B
x
|


Figure B.9 Forces applied to element 1, yield line CD
The membrane force across the yield line, at a distance of x from B is given
by:
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
+ + =
1
1
1
0 x
0 0 x
nL
k x
bKT N
bKT K
nL
x
bKT N

Substitution into Equation (8a) gives, for yield lines AB and CD:
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60
( ) ( )
} }
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
nL nL
dx
nL
k x
b
nL
k x
b dx
M
M
0 0
2
2
1 1
0
1
1
1
1
1 2 2 | o
This results in:
( ) ( )
}
(

+ + =
nL
k k
b
k
b
nL dx
M
M
0
2
2
1 1
0
1
3
1
2
1 2 2
| o

The enhancement of bending resistance due to membrane forces on Element 1
is given by:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
1 1
2
2
1 1
0
1
1 2 1 1
3
1
2
1 2 b b n k k
b
k
b
n
L M
M
e
b
| o
| o

+
(

+ + = = (9)
b) Element 2
Referring to Figure B.10 for element 2, the force at a distance y from B can be
expressed as:
( )
0 0
1
2
bKT k
l
y
bKT N
y
+ + =
C
o
kbKT
o
bKT (l+k)
o
bKT
y
l
|
B
A


Figure B.10 Forces applied to element 2
By rearranging
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= 1
1 2
0
l
k y
bKT N
y

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Part 2: Engineering Update
61
Substitution into Equation (8b) gives:
( ) ( )
} }
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
2 1
0
2 1
0
2
2
2 2
0
1
1 2
1
1 2
1 2 dy
l
k y
K b
l
k y
bK dy
M
M
| o
Resulting in,
(
(

+ + =
}
) 1 (
3
) 1 (
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
0
0
k k
b
k
b
l dx
M
M | o

which gives the enhancement factor due to the effect of the membrane forces
on the bending resistance according to the following formulation:
) 1 (
3
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
2 2
0
2
+ + = = k k
K b
k
bK a
l M
M
e
b
|
(10)
Equations (6), (7), (9) and (10) provide the contribution to the load bearing
capacity due to the membrane forces and the effect of the membrane forces on
the bending resistance of the slab.
Consequently, the combined enhancement factor is obtained for each element
as follows
b m
e e e
1 1 1
+ =
b m
e e e
2 2 2
+ =
As stated earlier, the values
1
e and
2
e calculated based on the equilibrium of
elements 1 and 2 will not be the same and Hayes
7]
suggests that these
differences can be explained by the effect of the vertical or in-plane shear and
that the overall enhancement is given by.
2
2 1
1
2 1 a
e e
e e
+

=
B.2 Compressive failure of concrete
The enhancement factor in Section B.1.1 was derived by considering tensile
failure of the mesh reinforcement. However, compressive failure of the
concrete in the proximity of the slab corners must also be considered as a
possible mode of failure, which in some cases may precede mesh fracture. This
was achieved by limiting the value of the parameter b, which represents the
magnitude of the in-plane stresses.
According to Figure B.3, the maximum in-plane compressive force at the
corners of the slab is given by
0
kbKT . The compressive force due to bending
should also be considered. By assuming that the maximum stress-block depth
is limited to 0.45d, and adopting an average effective depth to the
reinforcement in both orthogonal directions results in:
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62
|
.
|

\
| +
= |
.
|

\
| +
+
2
45 . 0 85 . 0
2
2 1
ck
0 0
0
d d
f
T KT
kbKT

where, f
ck
is the concrete cylinder strength.
Solving for the constant b gives:
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| +
|
.
|

\
| +
=
2
1
2
45 . 0 85 . 0
1
0
2 1
ck
o
K
T
d d
f
kKT
b
(11)
The constant b is then taken as the minimum value given by the Equations (5)
and (11).
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