Power Systems Services

Engineering

Since 1911, S&C Electric Company has specialized in the development and manufacture of innovative products and in the delivery of comprehensive, expert services in electric power switching and protection. S&Cs team of engineers have attained unparalleled design and application skills in this technically challenging eld, and their unrivaled expertise is offered to the power industry through a full range of Power Systems Services. S&Cs Power Systems Services Divisions project engineers, electrical and structural designers, and CAD personnel work closely with customers to plan, design, procure, and construct all kinds of substation and distribution projects, from 2400 V to 500 kV. Projects have included control and relaying at substation and distribution system levels; substation upgrade projects, including the addition of transformers and capacitor banks, and circuit breaker upgrades; distribution feeder additions; protection scheme modifications; and SCADA upgrades. S&C offers a complete range of high- and medium-voltage system design services, from conceptual planning and feasibility studies to material control services and construction management. Over the last several years, S&C has provided hundreds of electrical and structural design substation packages, ranging in complexity from the simple addition of distribution feeder breakers, to creation of a green-field distribution substation, to upgrading of 230-kV breaker line relaying. Based on the excellent performance results, electric utilities have entrusted S&C with thousands of hours of substation project engineering each year. S&C has a record of 100% on-time delivery for design packages. S&Cs Power Systems Services Division offers engineering design packages that include the following: Concept design, Physical design, Protection and control design, Specications, and Bill of material. The extensive knowledge and experience of S&Cs engineers in this highly specialized field yields practical, cost-effective engineering solutions that exceed customers expectations.

Concept Design
In the early stages of a project, the requirements may be known only in a general sense . . . and there may be many ways to meet those requirements. For example, a substation may need more capacity. Should feeders be added? Should the existing transformer be replaced and a larger one installed? Or should another transformer be added? How should the new substation be arranged: open-air or enclosed? Alternative designs have their advantages, but there are trade-offs between real estate requirements, cost, aesthetics, ease of installation and use, future expandability, ability to interface with existing equipment, and reliability. The right solution for one set of circumstances may not be appropriate for another. Determining the optimum solution requires agreement of all involved parties. To facilitate the discussion, it may be necessary to create layouts of one or more of the alternatives. As the design begins to take shape, approval from upper management and local government zoning boards may be sought and secured. After the concept has gelled, details of the physical design and the protection and control design can proceed. This process leads to a finished project in which the expectations of all parties are met, avoiding costly changes later in the construction stage.

Physical Design
The physical design of a typical substation project requires an investigation of eld conditions, expediting of equipment and materials, and provision of support services to facilitate the construction schedule. S&C follows the customers construction standards to develop new or modied foundation drawings, grounding plans, and structural details. Geotechnical information and eld data including legal and topographical surveys, soil conditions, and other factors are gathered. Additional landscaping and architectural treatment can be provided if requested. Mechanical loading criteria are developed for the physical design, including safety, construction, and maintenance requirements; overload capacity factors for wind and ice loads; short-circuit currents; and seismic requirements.

New Publication

2004

INFORMATION BULLETIN
S&C ELECTRIC COMPANY

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Power Systems Services

Engineering

Basic electrical clearances and spacing are determined per NESC, ANSI, and NEMA standards. A structural analysis is prepared utilizing loading data, spacings, and clearances. An evaluation of the site requirements and applicable regulations are used to develop an oil-spill containment plan. Substation grounding calculations are performed in accordance with IEEE-80. Soil resistivity and available fault current determine the size, number, and location of grounding conductors and grounding rods required to safely and effectively ground the substation yard and equipment. Foundation plan and conduit drawings are developed or modified to show the grounding grid layout, grounding details, and any materials required to complete the construction work. The conduit and cable system is laid out using the foundation plan as the basis. All conduit routes, risers, and riser details are shown on the drawings. Calculations are performed to size the station service transformer capacity, batteries, and battery charger. Drawings are developed or modified to show the new or modified conduit and cable layout and trench plan, details, conduit and cable schedules, panel layouts, and control house layout.

schematic diagrams, panel arrangements, panel layout and wiring diagrams, interconnection diagrams, a bill of material, and a bill of cables. Protection drawings include instrument transformer ratings and locations, protective relays, transducers, metering instruments, test switches, cable connections, control contacts, and control and alarm status connections. SCADA capabilities for remote control can be incorporated to interface with existing systems.

Specifications
Project documentation may utilize existing customer standards, or, as necessary, can be custom-developed to support the project. The project specications complement the drawings and provide an unambiguous description of the construction requirements in terms of kind and quality, applicable industry standards and codes to be followed, and other details not readily communicated through the drawings. Accurate and complete drawings and specications ensure communication of the design requirements to potential bidders. All bidders can thus plan to supply a nished project of the kind and quality desired. Outof-scope charges are avoided, and bidders can offer their most competitive prices without having to hedge based on unknowns. The documentation includes, as required: project drawings, including plan views and elevations; a grounding plan and details; a foundation plan and details; relay and communication single-line diagrams; panel drawings; schematics; wiring diagrams; transmission and distribution standards; construction specifications; a bill of material; and a bill of cables.

Protection and Control Design

A preliminary single-line diagram is developed, indicating the bus arrangement and major equipment such as power transformers, circuit breakers, voltage regulators, disconnect switches, capacitors, instrument transformers, etc. General information regarding metering, SCADA, relay interconnections, and communications may be included. Protection schemes and control requirements are determined based on the existing electric power system topology, proposed equipment characteristics, and existing relaying and control schemes at other substations. Elementary diagrams, detailing operation of the protection and control equipment, are developed based on the customers design and CAD standards. These elementary diagrams are used to create panel layout, connection, and apparatus drawings. When included as part of the scope of work, S&Cs expertise in the evaluation of control and protective device settings is used to achieve proper settings for system protection and coordination. A typical design package consists of a set of protection drawings that includes single-line diagrams, three-line diagrams, control and relaying schematic diagrams, alarm

Bill of Material
S&C provides the construction work force with a bill of material and a bill of wire (an inventory of wire to be installed, removed, or/and re-terminated). Bills may be generated using the customers project-estimating software, if desired, or custom spreadsheets can be furnished. An overall bill of material is typically provided for cost estimating and purchasing. Once the locations of all control, protection, and metering devices have been determined on each of the panels to be installed, plan and elevation details are prepared showing all control devices, meters, relays, switches, and indicating lights. Nameplate schedules are also provided.

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