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Plays many crucial roles and takes many forms in buildings Origin lost in prehistory; some says bronze age Initially: bottles and coloured beads Used extensively during the Roman times Window in Roman times- largest known piece of Roman Glass
-an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material Typically brittle and optically transparent Main ingredient- sodium oxide Sand mixed with soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate), lime and small amount of alumina, potassium oxide and various elements to control colour, then heated to form glass. Stronger than steel when drawn into small fibers
Heat-treated glass
Produced by reheating annealed glass in an oven to approx 1150F (620C), then cooling both surfaces rapidly with blast of air while its core cools much more slowly Induce permanent compressive stresses in the edges and faces of the glass and tensile stresses in the core Stronger than annealed glass, more resistant to thermal stress and impact Useful for windows exposed to heavy wind pressures, impact or intense heating and cooling. Can be divided into 2 categories:
Heat-tempered glass Heat-strengthened glass
Heat-tempered glass
Characteristics: Up to four to five times stronger than annealed glass of equal thickness Higher resistance to thermal stress than annealed and heat-strengthened glass When broken, breaks into numerous small pieces Meets safety glazing requirements Applications Use where Safety Glazing is required High windload areas Fire knock-out panels Glass Entrances and Storefronts High-Risk Human Contact Areas
Heat-strengthened glass
Characteristics NOT a safety glass product Approximately twice as strong as annealed glass of equal thickness Higher thermal stress resistance than annealed glass Typically will break into larger pieces than tempered glass Less optical distortion than tempered glass
Applications Vision and Spandrel areas where added mechanical and thermal strength is required Laminated Skylights and Solariums High windload areas
Fritted Glass
finely porous glass made by sintering together glass particles into a solid but porous body
Laminated Glass
produced by combining 2 or more sheets of glass + one or more plastic interlayer, polyvinyl butyral (pvb) manufactured by completely sealing, under heat and pressure. spider web cracking pattern
BMW Welt
When the glass breaks, it produces large and hazardous shards Used for the glass that are not easily heat treated, such as those are small, thin and oddly shape. Hence, it is not considered as a safety glass When its surface is deeply scratched or being cut, loses its additional strength. Chemically strengthened glass was used for the aircraft canopy of some fighter aircraft
Spandrel Glass
Spandrel glass is a type of glass that is used to cover construction materials. Theyre used to conceal such building components as columns, floors, HVAC systems, wiring or plumbing The main aesthetic purpose of spandrel glass is to create an overall uniform appearance. By using colored glass panels, spandrel glass can match most other types of glass that are used to crate aglass-front building. available in numerous shades ranging from green to bronze The degree of color and visual similarity of a buildings vision and spandrel glass can vary greatly depending on several factors: light transmission, time of day, sky conditions and interior shading. Spandrel is created using fired-on frit methods. This process includes a ceramic frit - a material used as a basis for glassmaking that is fused to the glass using high-heat fusing methods. This technique creates a glass that will not fade over time. resistant to thermal conditions
Benifits: Wide range of visual effects available spandrel is up to five times stronger than annealed glass. Provides uniformity of curtain walling appearance Choice of insulation to suit most performance requirements Total concealment of internal structure or services Free from discoloration by internal condensation. Insulated panels can be provided with range of internal finishes. Ease of installation. All available toughened to BS EN 12150: BS EN 12600 Impact Classification 1. Resistance to corrosion and chemical attack. Minimal maintenance. Durable No colour fading. Lead free
Low-E glass/ Low-Emissivity Glass Characteristics Decorative aesthetics High strength and safety Thermal impact resistance Customized colors and patterns Good chemical stability for acid and alkali resistance
Tinted Glass
By tinting glass, its visible light transmittance is reduced. Tinted glass is made by adding small amounts of selected chemical element to the molten glass mixture to produce the desired hue and intensity of colours.
Advantages - The exterior of the building looks lighter, reflective but at the same time, less heat gained from solar radiation to the interior. - Best cooperated in double glazing where tinted glass is used alongside the reflective glass.
Self-cleaning Glass
Insulated with titanium oxide on its exterior surface (NON-toxic). This coat acts as catalyst that enables sunlight to convert organic dir to carbon dioxide and water. It also causes rainwater to run down the surface in sheets rather than to bead up. Disadvantages Non-organic dirt such as sand, is unaffected by the catalyst, but the sheets of water are more effective at removing such matter than beaded water The coating is applied only to the outside of the glass; therefore the interior of the glass must be washed manually.
(Stage 1)The coating reacts with natural daylight to break down and loosen organic dirt (Stage 2) When it rains, instead of forming droplets, the water spreads evenly over the surface of the glass, forming a thin film and helping to wash away any dirt and reduce streaks.
GLAZING SYSTEM
GLAZING OPTIONS: The use of single and multiple layers of various types of glass within any given sash or door. Single, Double & Triple Glazing with the advent of such products as sealed insulating glass, Low E glass, Heat Mirror and others, insulating values can be enhanced without the use of multiple glass layers
Single-Glazed, Clear Glass This figure illustrates the performance of a typical single-glazed unit with clear glass. Relative to all other glazing options, singleglazed with clear glass allows the highest transfer of energy (i.e. heat loss or heat gain depending on local climate conditions) while permitting the highest daylight transmission.
DOUBLE GLAZING GLASS is made up of 2 or more pieces of glass with hollow aluminum tube inserted inside; the hollow aluminum pipes are filled with desiccant and drying gases, or inert gases and the tube are undergone air-proof processing
ADVANTAGES Good heat insulation performance so as to keep the room comfort. Reduce the bad phenomenon resulted from the temperature difference between the inside and outside. Insert with decoration item for decoration use. Low energy consumption - especially when Low-E and Solar-E glass are used for insulating. Comfortable indoor environment. Dew condensation prevention and noise insulation. The heat and sound insulating effects could be further improved if argon or other inertia gases are filled between the glasses. APPLICATIONS Office building, hospitals, hotels need with exceptionally high heating or cooling. Building need the temperature and humidity strictly controlled such as telephone exchanges, laboratories. Airport control towers, trains windows, and other environments where need regulated atmosphere and prevention of condensation.
the task of architecture is to make visible how the world touches usthrough vision, we touch the stars and the sun. (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1994)
Within the house (residential), the glass concept was further developed:
Viewing Observing Duality of show + display Ideas of gazing and space
Glass Shed @
Designed by Ng Seksan (Landscape
Architect)
Why GLASS?
Celebrate the nature (forest + + landscape) Transparent qualities Seems to be floating beside the stream Reflective qualities
aesthetic transparency, space, light glass + steel is its entire structure. bold experiment material of choice : respect the surrounding environment responding to the privacy of the inhabitants. incur least disruption to the forest reduce long term maintenance
glass-wrapped sculpture
present a study in lightness and strength opens the interior to dramatic panoramas of the Kuala Lumpur cityscape
by night, the tower will be illuminated by LED, become the luminous tower of lights. conceived as seamless, although made up of glass panels, the fluid organic lines of the faade is presented.