Workshop on V VA AR RI IA AB BL LE E R RE EL LU UC CT TA AN NC CE E E EL LE EC CT TR RI IC CA AL L M MA AC CH HI IN NE ES S

Technical University oI Cluj-Napoca, 17

th
September 2002
10
HYBRID SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH FLUX WEAKENING WINDING
Abdellatif MIRAOUI
L
2E
S, Parc Technologique, 2
Avenue Jean Moulin, 90000
BelIort, Erance,
abdellatiI.miraouiutbm.Ir
Ioan Adrian VIOREL
Technical University oI Cluj
Depart. oI Electrical Machines
3400 Cluj, Daicoviciu 15, Romania
ioan.adrian.viorelmae.utcluj.ro
Daniel FODOREAN
Technical University oI Cluj
Depart. oI Electrical Machines
3400 Cluj, Daicoviciu 15, Romania
daniel.Iodoreanmae.utcluj.ro
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the design oI the synchronous motor with permanent magnet and Ilux weakening
excitation winding. Two-dimensional Iinit element model oI the machine has been developed to evaluate the
double excited motor`s perIormances.
1. INTRODUCTION
The possibility oI not taking into account the mechanical parts used Ior transmission, reduction, made Irom the
direct drive system the last simpliIication in energy conversion. The increasing demand Ior solution oI the
environmental problems due to pollution leads to new drives vehicles. Only electrical vehicles IulIill zero
emission requirements. The development oI electrical propulsion vehicles is very heavily linked to optimising
the perIormance, autonomy, and cost. Both, permanent magnet synchronous motor drives as well as induction
motor drives are suitable Ior propulsion oI electrical car. But only the synchronous machine with permanent
magnets provides the advantages oI high torque/mass ratio, simplicity in building the rotor (no windings, no
sliding contact), and thereIore, an enhanced level oI reliability. The diIIiculty with respect to the permanent
magnet machines lies in controlling the magnetic Ilux, in particular Ior high-speed operations or in discharge
alternators on the diode rectiIier. Eor the motor driven operating mode, Ilux weakening is accomplished by
applying a large demagnetizing current on the d-axis oI the permanent magnets.
An adequate Iield weakening can be achieved also with PMSM with small number oI poles producing extra
stator negatives currents into the direct axis oI the machine. With a high number oI poles the volume oI the
machine can be drastically reduced. That imposes a high Irequency supply converter (Ior example with IGBT`s
by 10-20 kHz) but the direct reactance (x
d0
) is too small and a large Ilux weakening range is not possible. Eor this
reason an auxiliary excitation winding is needed in the rotor (or stator) armature to reduce directly the Ilux in the
machine and reach the high speed.
This paper is concerned with the design (including EEM analysis) and initially results oI a permanent magnet
synchronous motor with auxiliary winding. The term oI double-excitation (hybrid) indicates that these machines
make use oI two inductor circuits: one with permanent magnets and the other with excitation windings. In what
Iollows, the principle behind such machines will be laid out.
2. PROPOSED DOUBLE EXCITED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Generally, the choice Ior an
electrical machine used in a direct
drive system or the choice oI an
excitation circuit (series or
parallel) in a situation with double
excitation, is made by taking into
account the application and the
particular needs, like increasing the
speed domain. In this case, Ior an
in-wheel motor with an outer rotor,
the series excitation circuit is, Ior a
Iirst view, a good choice. In what
will Iollow it will be presented the
proposed solution and aIter that the
perIormances Ior this structure will be evaluated.
In Iigure 4 is given the proposed double excitation solution, with the outer rotor. Supplying the excitation coil
with a current that creates a Ilux who Ilows against the permanent magnets Ilux, the Ilux-weakening regime is
obtained. The stator and the rotor armature are made oI quality steel. Because oI a series excitation circuit, the
Fig. 1. The proposed double excitation solution
Workshop on V VA AR RI IA AB BL LE E R RE EL LU UC CT TA AN NC CE E E EL LE EC CT TR RI IC CA AL L M MA AC CH HI IN NE ES S
Technical University oI Cluj-Napoca, 17
th
September 2002
11
air gap Ilux weakening is local and global also. The iron losses Ior a Iirst harmonic model are decreasing, which
is an advantage Ior this solution.
3. ANALITYCAL MODEL
It is generally recognized that the sizing equation Ior designing an electrical machine is given by the air gap
diameter equation.
Starting Irom the designing data, the output powerP
2
550 h, the speed n200 tr/min, supply voltage Irom a 36
V battery, using a proper magnet Ior such an applications, Nd-Fe-B (B
r
1,15T, P
r
1,05, H
c
880 kA/m), and
choosing the proper electrical loading, A
s
7500 Am , we can develop the geometry oI the studied synchronous
double excited in-wheel motor:
- air gap diameter:
s
g l p i e s
g
f B K K K K A m
P p
D


=
K S
2
3
2
(1)
where K
e
, the emI Iactor, K
i
, current wave Iorm Iactor K
p
, electrical power wave Iorm Iactor, K
l
aspect ratio
coeIIicient.
- effective air gap:
ra
m
ef
h
g g
P
+ = (2)
- Carters coefficient:
ef
g
ef
g
so
l
ef
g
st
l
ef
g
so
l
d
d
c
k

=
(
(
(

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2
1 ln
2
arctan
2
4
S
W
W
(3)
where l
so
and l
st
represents the width oI a stator slot opening and slot top respectively, W
d
, is the stator tooth pitch.
- the air gap for calculus :
ef c c
g k g g + = 1 (4)
- flux densitv in the air gap:
r
m
c
r
m
r
gc
h
g
h
B
B
P
P
+

= (5)
where h
m
is the permanent magnet`s height.
- phase resistance and excitation coil resistance:
c
ph ph cu
ph
S
N l
R

=
U
(6)
Fig. 2. Motor`s geometry
Workshop on V VA AR RI IA AB BL LE E R RE EL LU UC CT TA AN NC CE E E EL LE EC CT TR RI IC CA AL L M MA AC CH HI IN NE ES S
Technical University oI Cluj-Napoca, 17
th
September 2002
12
cec
ec ec cu
ec
S
N l
R

=
U
, (7)
where l
ph
, l
ec
, and N
ph
, N
ec
are the length Ior the stator and the excitation coil respectively and the number oI
turns.
- stator and rotor leakage reactance:
s s
ph
s s
L
q
N
f X O P S
V
=
0
2
4 (8)
r r
ec
s r
L
q
N
f X O P S
V
=
2
4 (9)
where
s
and
r
are the stator and rotor permeances respectively.
- the iron losses:
ed hvs fer
p p p + = (10)
where p
hvs
and p
ed
are the hysteresys and eddy current losses.
- Joule effect losses:
2 2
ec ec ph ph J
I R I R m P + = (11)
- the electrical power: G G G G sin cos sin cos
1 dr qr ph ds qs ph
I I J I I mJ P + = (12)
where / is the load angle.
- the mechanical power:

= P P P
1 2
(13)
where P represents the total losses.
The main design data, the main dimensions and the perIormances oI the designed machine are given in Table 1:
Table I.
1 Output power 550 W
2 Mechanical speed 200 RPM
3 Battery voltage 36 V
4 Nominal current 10.8 A
5 Nominal torque 26 Nm
6 Number oI phases 3
7 Outer rotor`s diameter 210 mm
8 Outer stator diameter 170 mm
9 Air gap 1 mm
10 Magnet height 3 mm
11 Stator phase resistance 0.303
12 Excitation coil resistance 0.97
Flux-weakening regime
13 Motor`s eIIiciency 67.8 %
14 Power Iactor 0.83
Without flux weakening
15 Motor`s eIIiciency 73 %
16 Power Iactor 0.68
4. FEM RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Eor the validation oI the analytical model the magnetic Iield computation soItware Flux2D has bees used. AIter
creating the geometry, deIining the material properties Ior each part oI the machine and starting the solving
process the Iollowing results has been obtained:
Workshop on V VA AR RI IA AB BL LE E R RE EL LU UC CT TA AN NC CE E E EL LE EC CT TR RI IC CA AL L M MA AC CH HI IN NE ES S
Technical University oI Cluj-Napoca, 17
th
September 2002
13
- flux densitv repartition in different parts of the machine:
- normal and tangential components and the harmonics of the flux densitv in flux-weakening regime:
- motor torque for the sixth part of the machine, on the flux-weakening regime:
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Motor torque on no load (a) and on rated load (b)
(b)
(a)
Fig. 4. Normal and tangential component (a) and the harmonics oI Ilux density in the air gap (b)
Fig. 3. Elux density in stator(a), rotor(b)
(b) (a)
Workshop on V VA AR RI IA AB BL LE E R RE EL LU UC CT TA AN NC CE E E EL LE EC CT TR RI IC CA AL L M MA AC CH HI IN NE ES S
Technical University oI Cluj-Napoca, 17
th
September 2002
14
- speed-torque characteristics:
Torque-Speed
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250
speed [tr/min]
t
o
r
q
u
e

[
N
m
]
Fig. 6a. Speed-torque characteristic on normal operating
Torque-Speed
0
5
10
15
20
0 50 100 150 200 250
speed [tr/min]
t
o
r
q
u
e

[
N
m
]
Fig. 6b. Speed-torque characteristic on Ilux-weakening operating
Torque-Speed
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200
speed [tr/min]
t
o
r
q
u
e

[
N
m
]
Fig.6c. Speed-Torque characteristic on Ilux strengthening
Workshop on V VA AR RI IA AB BL LE E R RE EL LU UC CT TA AN NC CE E E EL LE EC CT TR RI IC CA AL L M MA AC CH HI IN NE ES S
Technical University oI Cluj-Napoca, 17
th
September 2002
15
The EEM analysis shows a good concordance with analytical results. The air gap Ilux density value, in the case
oI analytical model is 0.84T, and Irom EEM model resulted a maximum value oI 0.85T. In saIe operating
conditions, eliminating the demagnetization eIIect, is obtained a plus oI 13% speed in the Ilux-weakening
regime. One can see also that in the case oI Ilux weakening, the motor`s eIIiciency decreases, because oI joule
losses, which are increasing.
In conclusion, the double excited machines can be a good choice Ior a direct drive system. The Ilux-weakening
regime beneIits oI the advantage oI permanent magnets motors eIIiciency and oI the possibility to extend the
speed domain by using an excitation coil.
5. REFERENCES
|1] Y. Amara: Contribution a la conception et a la commande des machines svnchrones a double excitation.
Application au vehicule hvbride, These de Doctorat, Universite de Paris, 2001.
|2] C. Espanet: Modelisation et conception optimale de moteurs sans balais a structure inversee. Application
au moteur-roue, These de Doctorat, Universite de Eranche-Comte, 1999.
|3] G. Henneberger J. R. Hadji-Minaglou R. C. Ciorb: Design and test oI permanent magnet synchronous
motor with auxiliary excitation winding Ior electric vehicle application, in: Proceedings of the European
Power Electronics Chapter Svmposium, Lausanne, October, 1994, pp. 645-649.
|4] S. Huang J. Luo E.Leonardi: A general approach to si:ing power densitv equation for comparison of
electrical machines
|5] A. Lange, W. R. Canders E. Laube: Comparison oI diIIerent drive systems Ior a 75 kW electrical vehicle
drive, in: Proceedings if the ICEM 2000 International Conference, Helsinki (Einland), August, 2000, vol. 2,
pp. 1308-1312.