LAND USE TRANSPORT PERSPECTIVES IN INDIAN CITIES

Dr Sanjay Gupta
School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi
1 9 th N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 1
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

URBAN TRANSPORT
Urban transport is the most important single component instrumental in shaping urban development and urban living (NCU).

The inter relationship between urban land use and urban transport has long been recognised . The urban form and structure affects the need for and selection of appropriate transport systems

National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) also emphasises on integrated land use and transport planning
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

TRANSPORT, URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL STRUCTURE

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

LAND USE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

DISTANCE, DENSITY AND OPPORTUNITIES

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

V EHICLE D ENSITY

VS

URBANIZED DENSITY

URBAN FORM AND TRANSPORT IMPACTS RESEARCH EVIDENCES

Large size settlements are relatively inefficient in their use of energy for transport Cluster of smaller settlements would be more energy efficient. Least cost form is centric city with dispersed commercial and employment opportunities. Compact development with more interspersion of different land use results in low transport energy.
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

CITY TYPES BASED ON NETWORK

IDEAL CITY SIZE FOR DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORT

Mode Urban form Size dia. Gross (km) density (ppha) 5 >100 Pop. (000) Speed (kph)

Walking

Compact

200

Cycling
Bus Rail Car

Compact
Compact Linear
Dispersed

10
20 30 50

70-100
50-70 25-50 20-25

550-786
15702200 17802540 39304910

12
20 30 50

TYPES OF CITIES

The Walking City

About 5 kilometers in spread It is very compact and features mixed uses of land. It usually constitutes the historical center of old cities.

The Transit City

spread as far as 20-30 kilometers away from the traditional center. inspires the Transit-Oriented Development patterns further urban development around transit nodes to facilitate transit use, especially for long distances.

The Automobile City

spread as far as 50 kilometers from the center extend itself in all directions, establish zoning patterns- separation between the different urban activities.

URBAN DENSITY AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM

City type Density (ppha) Car Ownership (Cars/1000 per.) High (400) Gasoline PT usage consumptio (trip/person n /year) (kg/capita) Very large (870)
Medium (220) Low (60)

Car based

10-30

Low (90)

Public Transport based Walking based

30-130

Medium (170) Low (20)

High (310)

130-400

Medium (180)

DENSITIES OF URBAN CENTRES BY POPULATION SIZE IN INDIA

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

URBAN STRUCTURE MEASURES

1. Urban Radius: It defines the urban edge and is based on the linear accumulation of population by the distance from the centre of the urban area. 2. Coefficient of Dispersion: measure which indicates the even or unequal distribution of population (jobs) over the area. A low value indicates an even distribution 3. Factor of Locality Association: expresses the degree of similarity between different distributions such as population and jobs in an area. A high value indicates a high degree of association between the two groups and vice versa.
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

URBAN STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED INDIAN CITIES

City

Form

Activity pattern Poly Poly Poly Poly Poly Mono

Urban radius

CoD (Pop.) 29.3 18.4 29.5 20.9 20.8 47.8

(km)
Mumbai Delhi Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Nagpur

CoD (Emp.) (%) 56.6 34.4 22.1 17.4 19.8 57.7

LA factor (%) 68.4 78.1 91.1 98.7 80.7 77.3

Linear Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular

16.5 13.5 8.0 5.4 5.0 5.3

MONOCENTRIC VS POLYCENTRIC PATTERNS IN INDIAN CITIES

Category 1 (i.e. 0 - 5 Lakh) Cities are majorly Monocentric cities.

5 Lakh is the Minimum Threshold Population for emergence of Multiple activity centres in a city.
20 Lakh is the Maximum Threshold Population for a city to survive as MonoCentric City.
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

TRANSPORT DEMAND AND SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS IN INDIA

Parameters 1-5 lakh
Road density(km/km2)

5-10 lakh 4.55

10-20 lakh 4.66

20-40 lakh 5.15

40-80 lakh 6.52

80-160 lakh 8.58

5.25

Bus/1000 pop.
PCTR (mech.)

0.12
4.04

0.22
4.62

0.28
5.19

0.35
5.96

0.41
7.01

0.46
7.97

PCTR (All)
% walk % PT % IPT

1.08
29.6 18.8

1.25
27.8 25.4

1.28
26.2 31.9

1.26
24.3 40.8

1.2
22.1 52.8

1.14
20.2 69.3

27.6

20.2

13.7

8.9

7.1

6.8
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% City 20% 10% Mumbai 0% Delhi

Modal Split across cities

PCTR across cities 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.8 Vehicle Density 0.6 (vehicles/ 1000 pop.) 0.4 129 279 64 0.2 0 PCTR 1

Population (million) 18.78

Vehicle Population (million) 1.29

Road Network (kms.) 2000

PCTR

ATL (kms.)

Modal Split

Mega 15.02 14.22 Kolkata Walk Cycle

Metro 4.29 Others 0.91 Car Tw PT IPT

Chennai Bangalore 12 Hyderabad 10 Ahemdabad

ATL (kms.) Pune8 Surat 6 Kanpur 4 Jaipur 2 Lucknow 0 Nagpur

6.96 2.17 Avg.Trip Length across cities 6.5 2.23

6.46 5.07 4.41 3.63 2.97 2.73 2.67 Mega 2.34 Metro 1.43 1.63 1.01 0.8 0.5 0.67 0.6 0.77 Others

312 343
Vehicle Density (veh./1000 pop.) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

221 312 343 221 321 188 207 148

Walk = 22 Cycle = 8 4400 1.41-1.67 10.4 Tw = 9 PT = 44 Mega Metro Others Car = 10 2780 IPT = 7 Vehicle Density (veh./1000 pop.) Walk = 25 3500 Cycle =11 Tw = 26 1.3-1.5 7.2 PT = 21 3478 Car = 10 1800 IPT = 7 1133 1.2-1.29 5.7 Walk = 25 Cycle = 18 Tw = 29 PT = 10 Car = 12 IPT = 6 Others

1907 Mega

Metro

T RANSPORT

DEPENDENT GHG
EMISSIONS

Directly Proportional Urban Radius

LESS Emissions/ Capita

MORE Emissions / Capita

Transport Emissions/ Capita

Average Trip Length COD of Employment

LESS Emissions/ Capita MORE Emissions / Capita
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

TRANSPORT EMISSION PATTERNS

S.No.
1 2 3 4 5 6

City Category
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6

City Size (Lakhs)

0-5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 80 80 above

Emissions (Tons/ day)

10 268 652 238 647 1747

Emissions/ Person (Tons/ person/ yr.)

0.0146 0.1304 0.1587 0.0347 0.0394 0.0638

Categorywise Transport Emissions

Emissions (Tons/ Day)
EMISSIONS (TON/ CAPITA) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

EMISSIONS/ CAPITA vs URBAN RADIUS

0.1400 0.1200 0.1000 0.0800 0.0600 0.0400 0.0200 0.0000 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 URBAN RADIUS (KM)

City Category

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

URBAN STRUCTURE AND TRAVEL PATTERN RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIAN CITIES

1. Circular cities have higher densities

2. Density distribution in cities generally follow exponential function /decay function 3. Population is more dispersed in larger cities compared to employment 4. Average trip length, Per Capita Trip Rate, Modal Split is correlated to Urban radius 5. Linear cities exhibit higher modal split( 40%) compared to circular cities( 20-30%)

3. Circular cities exhibit higher PCTR (veh.)

4. Average trip lengths increases with city size
DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

EMERGING ISSUES
CONTEXT

IN INDIAN

Spatial structure of urban centres suffer from an imbalance in their physical structure resulting in distorted travel patterns and inequities in delivery of transport services. Physical Plans as formulated are at best one way process as Master Plan attempts to graft transport system on the already established urban structure.

The present land use and transport policies in our country are leading to excessive travel by personalized modes which are cause of growing congestion, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions etc.

PLANNING IMPERATIVES FOR INDIAN CITIES

Concentrate urban growth, limit sprawl and provide for mixed land use through urban structure and land use policies, smart growth strategies Discourage planning and development of dispersed low density suburbs Encourage moderately high densities along public transport routes with some degree of concentration ( compact development) Locate high density development in close proximity of mass transit stations (Transit Oriented Development). Ensure siting of new developments along transport corridors to tap accessibility advantages

EMERGING CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

P OPULATION D ECENTRALIZATION :
POSSIBLE SPATIAL PATTERNS

SUGGESTED RESEARCH AGENDA

Need to develop simplified tools to analyse the impacts of various urban forms , structure and city sizes on travel patterns and transport technology requirements. Need to evolve city typologies comprising of city size, urban form and land use structure along with transport technology options which results in sustainable land use transport patterns in Indian cities. Need to take account of temporal changes in urban structure and its impact on travel patterns in city development plans. In particular there is need to plan in advance peri- urban land use patterns while planning transport system.

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI

THANK YOU

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI