Presentacion Final A3

He was born in the city of Miletus, Greece in 624 B.C.
DATES
He died in the city of Miletus, Greece in 546 B.C.
Miletus was son of Euxamias and Cleobulina. He traveled to Egypt where he learned geometry and astronomy
LIFE & STUDIES
He studied at the Naturalism school. He was also the teacher of Pythagoras and Anaximenes, and contemporary of Anaximandro. It is said that he bought all the olive pressed in Miletus after predicting the weather and a good harvest for a particular year.
Western philosophy begins with Thales. According to his cosmological thesis, the world started from water. It seems that Thales predicted a solar eclipse.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATHS
Thales found out pyramids height by their shadows, using similar triangles and right triangles. Geometry: Thales Theorem.
The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself Thales of Miletus
He was born in the Samos Island in 570 B.C.
DATES
He died in the Metaponto, Italy in 495 B.C.
Pythagoras lived the first years on his life in Samos and accompanied his father on many of his trips. He studied Maths, Music, Ethics, Astronomy and Philosophy.
LIFE & STUDIES
He travelled to Egypt and Persia to collect scientific information. He married Teano of Croton, a Greek Mathematician. In Croton, he founded a philosophical and religious school based around Maths with many followers. This circle of followers were known as Pythagoreans.
Pythagoras Theorem Harmony of the spheres.

The earth was at the center of the universe and the orbit of the moon was inclined towards the earth equator . He discovered the relationship between mathematics and music. Perfect Numbers = the sum of their divisors, excluding itself. Example:Numbers 220 and 284.
The oldest, shortest words - "yes" and "no" - are those which require the most thought Pythagoras
DATES
Greek mathematician. He was born in 325 B.C. He died in 265 B.C.
He lived in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I.

LIFE & STUDIES
It is said that he was son of Naucrates. He was a contemporary of Hypatia and Archimedes. He is known as the Father of Geometry.
Euclidean geometry. At least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. He wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry and number theory.
He described a geometrical system in The Elements. The sum of the interior angles in a triangle is 180. Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers.
The laws of nature are but the mathematical thoughts of God. Euclid
DATES
He was born in Sicily in 287 B.C. He died in 212 B.C. (aged around 75)
He studied in Alejandria, where he met other important mathematicians. His father was an astronomer.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was a mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer. He helped to defend his town, with innovative tecnics.
Spirals, conoids and spheroids Floating bodies. Archimedes principle He used infinitesimals in a similar way to modern integral calculus.
While Archimedes did not invent the lever, he gave an explanation of the principle On the Equilibrium of Planes. Archimedes screw. In the past, Archimedes appeared in Italians bills and coins. There are a lot of statues representing Eureka episode.
EUREKA, I have found it! Arquimedes of Syracuse
He was born in Cyrene (Lybia) in 276 B.C.
DATES
In 195 B.C, Eratosthenes became blind. He died in Alexandria in 194 B.C.
In 236 B.C, he was appointed by Ptolemy III as librarian of the Alexandrian library, succeeding the second librarian.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was the third chief librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria, center of science and learning in the ancient world. He made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a good friend of Archimedes.
He proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers up to any given limit. It is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
He calculated the earth's circumference in 240 B.C. using trigonometry and information on the altitude of the Sun at noon in Alexandria and Syene. The calculation is based on the assumption that the Sun is so far away that its rays can be taken as parallel.
In comparison with the great size of the earth the protrusion of mountains is not sufficient to deprive it of its spherical shape. The perpendicular distance from the highest mountain tops to the lowest regions is 10 stades [5,000-5,500 feet]. He showed it with the help of dioptras which measure magnitudes at a distance Eratosthenes
He was born at Perga, a Greek city in Asia Minor, in 262 B.C.
DATES
He died in Greece in 190 B.C.
It is called "The Great Geometer and is sometimes considered the second greatest of ancient Greek mathematicians after Euclid. Little if known about his life before he arrived in Alexandria.
LIFE & STUDIES
Many of his works have survived only in a fragmentary form. Several great mathematicians (Fermat, Pascal and Gauss) have enjoyed reconstructing and reproving his "lost" theorems. Leibniz wrote "He who understands Archimedes and Apollonius will admire less the achievements of the foremost men of later times."
His writings on conic sections have been studied until modern times; he invented the names for parabola, hyperbola and ellipse; he developed methods for normal and curvature.
His most famous theorem is to construct a circle tangent to three other circles. The hypothesis of eccentric orbits, or equivalently, deferent and epicycles, to explain the apparent motion of the planets and the arying speed of the Moon, is also attributed to him.
We'll never know the worth of water till the well go dry unknown
DATES
He was born about 200-214 in Alexandria. He died about 284-298 in Alexandria.
He was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician. He lived in Alexandria, Egypt. Much of our knowledge of the life of Diophantus is derived from a 5th century Greek anthology of number games and strategy puz z l es . Diophantus lived to be 84 years old. However, the accuracy of the information cannot be independently confirmed. It is sometimes called "the Father of Algebra".
LIFE & STUDIES
Diophantus was the first Greek mathematician who recognized fractions as numbers and made advances in mathematical notation. Diophantine equations and Diophantine approximations remain important areas of mathematical research. Author of 13 books called Arithmetica, only six have survived.
Diophantine problems have been found in Arabic sources Diophantus is also known to have written on polygonal numbers, a topic of great interest to Pythagoras. A certain equation considered by Diophantus had no solutions is now referred to as Fermat's Last Theorem.
It is exciting to see how a problem which is over 1700 years old can suggest an interesting research topic today Schappacher
She was born in Alexandria (Egypt) in 355 or 370.
DATES
She died a day in March, during Lent in 415 or 416 in Egypt. She was killed by monks and then burnt her remains.
LIFE & STUDIES
She was daughter of the mathematician Theon Alexandricus and she was educated at school of Alexandria under the knowledge of Plato and Aristotle. She was one of the first women Mathematician. She studied Astronomy, Mathematics, Mechanics, Physics, Philosophy and Logia.
She wrote a text The Astronomical Canon." A chart of celestial bodies.

The invention of the hydrometer used to determine the relative density of liquids. Collaborative work with his father in a new edition of Euclid's Elements.
Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all Hypatia
DATES
He was born in 597, in Rajasthan, India. He died in 668, in Ujjain, India.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was a great Indian mathematician and astronomer who wrote many important works on mathematics and astronomy He was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain, and during his tenure there wrote four texts on mathematics and astronomy.
He was the first to use 0 and negative numbers for computing. The modern rule that two negative numbers multiplied together equals a positive number first appears in one of his books.
His best known work is the Brhmasphu asiddhnta (Doctrine of Brahma), written in 628. Its 25 chapters contain several unprecedented mathematical results. He gave the solution of the general linear equation. He further gave two equivalent solutions to the general quadratic equation and systems of simultaneous indeterminate equations. He gave the sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers as n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as (n(n+1)/2).
A person who can, within a year, solve x2 - 92y2 = 1 is a mathematician Brahmagupta
x2 + 10x = 39 x2 + 6x = 7
DATES
He was born in the Persian city of Khwarizm in 780. He died in Bagdad in 850.
After the Islamic conquest of Persia, Baghdad became the centre of scientific studies and trade. Many merchants and scientists from China and India traveled to this city, as Al-Khwrizm did.
LIFE & STUDIES
He studied sciences and mathematics in Baghdad at the House of Wisdom. Al-Khwrizm accomplished most of his work in the period between 813 and 833. He translated Greek and Sanskrit scientific manuscripts.
He introduced Arabic numerals based on a place-value decimal system developed from Indian sources. He established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry.
His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra. He wrote "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".
Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism comes from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name. The Spanish word is guarismo Al-Khawarizmi
He was born in 1170 in Pisa, Italy
DATES
He died in 1250 in Pisa, Italy.
His father was a diplomatic and wealthy Italian merchant, called Guillermo Bonacci. As a young boy, Leonardo traveled with him to North Africa; it was there he learned about the HinduArabic numeral system.
LIFE & STUDIES
Fibonacci traveled throughout the Mediterranean world to study under the leading Arab mathematicians of the time. In 1202, at age 32, he published what he had learned and brought the HinduArabic numerals in Europe. Fibonacci is considered to be one of the most talented Middle Ages mathematicians.
He published Liber abbaci (1202), Practica geometriae (1220), Flos (1225), and Liber quadratorum. In the book The Liber Abaci (1202), Fibonacci introduces the method of the Indians, today known as Arabic numerals, In the Fibonacci sequence of numbers, each number is the sum of the previous two numbers, starting with 0 and 1. This sequence begins 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, They appear everywhere in Nature: the growth of a cell, a shell, a grain of wheat, a hive of bees, etc.
"If I have omitted anything more or less proper or necessary, I beg indulgence, since there is no one who is blameless and utterly provident in all things." Fibonacci.
DATES
He was born on the 5 of April 1452, in Florence. He died on the 2 of May 1519, in France.
He was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. He received an informal education in Latin, Geometry and mathematics. Painter, writer, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer...
LIFE & STUDIES
Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, with curiosity" and inventive imagination". He is renowned as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa. He was a creator in all branches of art, a discoverer in most fields of science, an innovator in technology, one of the greatest painters and one of the most talented people to this day.
In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book De Divina Proportione, published in 1509.
He employed unusual empirical methods for his time. He is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication
Leonardo da Vinci
He was born the 19th of February in 1473, in Poland.
DATES
He died the 24th of May in 1543, in Poland.
Nicolaus was named after his father, a well-to-do merchant who dealt with copper. His mother died when he was a small boy. Nicolaus maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode , took the boy under his protection and saw to his education and career. He studied in Cracovias University Law, Medicine, Maths, Greek, Philosophy and worked as an astronomer in Italy. He taught arithmetic, geometry, geometric optics, cosmography, theoretical and computational astronomy. Copernicus is postulated to have spoken Latin, German, and Polish with equal fluency, Greek and Italian.
LIFE & STUDIES
Just before his death he published, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). It is considered a major event in the history of science. Heliocentric Model of the universe, which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center. He contributed importantly to the rise of the Scientific Revolution.
Mathematics is written for mathematicians. Nicolaus Copernicus.
DATES
He was born in Brescia between 1499 and 1500. He died in Venice on the 13 of December, 1557.
He was self taught in Maths and stayed in Verona until 1534 and rose to the position of headmaster of a school there. He also studied Greek and Latin.
LIFE & STUDIES
In 1534, he moved to Venice to become a Maths professor. He involved in the arguments about the cubic equation. Based on Tartaglia's formula, Cardan and Ferrari, made remarkable progress finding proofs of all cases of the cubic and they published two mathematical books that were copies.
He wrote Nova Scientia (1537) on the application of mathematics to artillery fire, describing new ballistic methods and calculating trajectories. He was the first Italian translator and publisher of Euclid's Elements in 1543. Triangle of the combinatory numbers. He solved Cubic Equations of the form x3 +mx2 =n, and calculated the Volume of the tetrahedron.
The wish to acquire more is admittedly a very natural and common thing; when men succeed in this they are always praised rather than condemned. But when they lack the ability to do so and yet want to acquire more at all costs, they deserve condemnation for their mistakes Nicolo Tartaglia.
He was born on the 24th September 1501 in Pavia, Italy.
DATES
In 1520, he joined the University of Pavia to study medicine. He died on the 21 September 1576 in Rome.
He was the illegitimate child of Fazio Cardano, a lawyer, who was a friend of Leonardo da Vinci. In his autobiography, Cardano claimed that his mother had attempted to abort him.
LIFE & STUDIES
His eccentric and confrontational style did not earn him many friends and he had a difficult time finding work after his studies. Cardano's eldest and favorite son was executed in 1560 after he confessed to having poisoned his wife. His other son was a gambler, who stole money from him. Tartaglia accused him of plaging his cubic equation solving method, ax3+bx+c=0
First mathematician who made use of numbers less than zero. 200 works on medicine, maths, physics, philosophy, music His gambling led him to formulate elementary rules in probability.
In his 1545 book Ars Magna, he published the solutions to the cubic and quartic equations. He introduced the Binomial Theorem. He acknowledged the existence of the imaginary numbers, Several contributions to hydrodynamics and held that perpetual motion is impossible, except in celestial bodies. Quinquies exscriptus, maneat tot millibus annis. (I wrote it out five times, may it last the same number of millennia.) Girolamo Cardano.
He was born in 1550, in Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh, Scotland.
DATES
He died in 1617. His remains were buried in St. Cuthberts church in Edinburgh.
He did not enter school until he was 13. He did not stay in school very long, however. He dropped out of school in Scotland and perhaps traveled in mainland Europe to better continue his studies.
LIFE & STUDIES
Aged 21, he returned to Scotland, and bought a castle. In addition to his mathematical and religious interests, Napier was often perceived as a magician, and is thought to have dabbled in alchemy and necromancy.
John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He was the inventor of "Napier's bones", a multiplication tool. Napier also made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. His work, Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (1614) is related to natural logarithms.
Mathematical constant e = 2.718281828459045 The computational advance available via logarithms was such that it made calculations by hand much quicker. The way was opened to later scientific advances, in astronomy, dynamics, physics and astrology. Theorems in spherical trigonometry. There is nothing that is so troublesome to mathematical practice John Napier
He was born on the 31 of March 1596, le Haye, France.
DATES
He died on the 11 of February 1650 Stockholm.
He belonged to an aristocratic family. His disposition was considered to be cold and selfish. He studied mathematics and law and had a brief stint in army.
LIFE & STUDIES
He lived in Holland for 20 years when he wrote his first books starting from a short treatise on metaphysics. Descartes is considered as the first modern philosopher. In 1649 he went to Stockholm on an invitation from Queen Christina of Sweden to teach her philosophy. He couldn't stand the brutal winters of Scandinavia and finally succumbed to pneumonia and died in 1650.
Descartes was the first in publishing how to use coordinates for locating points in space, called Analytic Geometry. He established a method of inquiry in which everything had to be reasoned before confirmed as thoughts. Came up with the Cartesian theory. In an appendix to his book Discours de la mthode Descartes gave Analytic Geometry to the world and used the new technique to solve problems in Geometry.
I think, therefore I am Descartes
He was born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France in 1601.
DATES
He died in Castes, France in 1665
Fermat's father was a wealthy merchant in wheat and cattle and one of the four consuls of Beaumont-de-Lomagne. He attended the University of Toulose and moved to Bordeaux in 1620. And then to rleans and received a bachelor in civil law in 162 6. He began serious mathematical researches in 1629. He developed a close relationship with Pascal and made a significant contribution to the theory of probability.
LIFE & STUDIES
Independent inventor of analytic geometry, he contributed to the early development of Calculus and Number theory He researched on the weight of the Earth, and light refraction. Original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines. Method for determining maxima, minima, and tangents to various curves that was equivalent to differentiation. He was the first person known to have evaluated the integral of power functions by reducing to the sum of geometric series He is best known for Fermat's Last Theorem, which he described at the margin of a copy of Diophantus' Arithmetica.
I will share all of this with you whenever you wish Fermat
He was born in June 19,1623, in Clermont Ferrand, France.
DATES
He died on August 19, 1662 in Paris, France.
He was a child prodigy educated by his father, a tax collector Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Torricelli. In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines. He published the general treated of the roulette.
LIFE & STUDIES
Pascal's work in hydrodynamics and hydrostatics. His inventions include the hydraulic press and the syringe. Design and construction of a calculator machine, called Pascal's calculator. He wrote a significant treatise of Projective Geometry at the age of 16, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, development of modern economics. Work of Desargues on conic sections. Pascal's theorem states that if a hexagon is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).
Man's greatness lies in his power of thought. Blaise Pascal
He was born in 1642, England.
DATES
He died in 1727, England.
He was born three months after the death of his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Newton. He was a small child; his mother said that he could have fit inside a quart mug ( 1.1 litres).
LIFE & STUDIES
In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge as a work-study role. The teachings were based on those of Aristotle, Descartes, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. He was member of the Parliament of England (1689 to 1690) A key figure in the scientific revolution. He estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060.
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) Newton's Second Law states that an applied force on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum with time. Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
He shares credit with Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus. He contributed to the study of power series, generalized the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, and developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function. His book Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica Contributions to optics.
I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me Newton
He was born on the 1 of July 1646 in Germany.
DATES
He died on the 4 of November 1716 in Germany.
He studied law at the University of Leipzig, aged 15. Leibniz's father was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Leipzig and Leibniz inherited his personal library. Leibniz earned his master's degree in philosophy in 1664. At age 20, he published his first book, Art of Combinations
LIFE & STUDIES
Leibniz's first position was as a salaried alchemist in Nuremberg. He wrote in several languages such as Latin, French, German. Leibniz, Descartes and Spinoza, the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
He developed the infinitesimal calculus independently of Newton Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used Prolific inventor in the field of mechanical calculators. He invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, Binary number system. Leibniz may have been the first computer scientist and information theorist. Contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy, probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, and computer science. He enunciated the principal properties of conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, set inclusion, and the empty set.
I take it as granted that every
created thing is subject to change, and indeed that this change is continual in each one Leibniz
She was born the 17th of December 1706 in Paris, France.
DATES
She died the 10th of September of 1749 in Luneville, France.
She was the only girl of 6 brothers. His father was friend of many mathematicians and philosopher so in her child hood she spent a lot of time listening to their theories. She received a good education at home in mathematics, literature, languages and science. At the age of 12 she was fluent in English, Italian and German.
LIFE & STUDIES
As a teenager, short of money for books, she used her mathematical skills in successful strategies for gambling In 1749, she gave birth to a daughter, but died a week later from a pulmonary embolism, at the age of 42 She invited Voltaire to live in her country house in northeastern France, and he became her long-time companion. There she studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations.
Her crowning achievement is her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica. She was tutored in algebra and calculus by Maupertuis, a member of the Academy of Sciences, Euler and Clairaut.
She showed that the energy of a moving object is proportional not to its velocity, as had previously been believed by Newton, Voltaire and others, but to the square of its velocity. Although the classical mechanics of du Chtelet doesnt have the same accuracy as Einstein's, the principle E = mv , was first recognized by Chtelet 150 years before.
... the only French woman of her time seriously to develop her talent for mathematics and physics Terrall
He was born in Basel,Switzerland ,on April 15, 1707.
DATES
Euler arrived in the Russian capital on May 17, 1727. He died in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on September 18, 1783.
The Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Johan Bernoulli, the famous mathematician, was the most important influence on young Euler's. He studied Logic, Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics.
LIFE & STUDIES
He lived for 25 years in Berlin, where he wrote over 380 articles. In 1726, Euler completed a dissertation on the propagation of sound with the title De Sono. He worked as Head of the Mathematics department at St. Petersburg Academy, and as a medic in the Russian Navy.
He introduced the concept of a function and write f(x) to denote the function f applied to the argument x. He introduced the modern notation for the trigonometric functions, the letter e for the base of the logarithm the Greek letter for summations and i to denote the imaginary unit.
The use of the Greek letter was also popularized by Euler. He discovered the formula V E + F = 2 relating the number of vertices, edges, and faces of a convex polyhedron. Euler has two numbers named after him: Euler's Number in calculus, e, approximately equal to 2.71828, and Euler-Mascheroni Constant , approximately equal to 0.57721.
Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of all of us Pierre Simon Laplace
He was born on 17 November 1717 in Paris, France
DATES
He died on 29 October 1783 in Paris, France.
He was the illegitimate son from Mme de Tencin and Louis-Camus Destouches. He was out of the country at the time of d'Alembert's birth and his mother left the newly born child on the steps of the church of St Jean Le Rond. The first school that d'Alembert attended was a private school, his education being arranged by his father.
LIFE & STUDIES
He studied mathematics at the Collge des Quatre Nations The mathematics course was given by Professor Carron. As well as the mathematical training, he learnt about Descartes' physical ideas. He suffered bad health for many years and his death was as the result of a bladder illness.
In 1739 d'Alembert read his first paper to the Paris Academy of Science on some errors he had found in Reyneau's standard text Analyse dmontre.
In 1740 he submitted a second work on the mechanics of fluids. D'Alembert helped to resolve the controversy in mathematical physics over the conservation of kinetic energy. In 1744, Trait de l'quilibre et du mouvement des fluides. In 1746 d'Alembert's began his major project, editing the Encyclopdie with Diderot.
He closed his mind to the possibility that he might be wrong
She was born on May 16, 1718 in Milan, Italy.
DATES
She died on January 9, 1799 in Milan, Italy.
Italian mathematician and philosopher. Maria was recognized as a child prodigy very early. Agnesi was known in her family as the Walking Polyglot because she could speak French, Italian, Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, German and Latin by the time she was 13.
LIFE & STUDIES
She was appointed by Pope Benedict XIV to the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy and physics at Bologna. First woman to be appointed professor at a university. She was an honorary member at the University of Bologna. She devoted the last four decades of her life to studying theology and to serving the poor.
Her first book about both differential and integral calculus The Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della giovent italiana, is an introduction to the works of Euler." published in 1748.
The first volume treats of the analysis of finite quantities and the second of the analysis of infinitesimals She discussed a curve earlier studied and constructed by Fermat and Grandi called the curve versoria. The curve became known as awitch of Agnesi due to a mistranslation of Agnesis textbook.
She wrote a commentary on the Trait analytique des sections coniques du marquis de l'Hpital.
While her name remained on the rolls of the university for 45 years, she never went to Bologna Truesdell .
He was born on January 25, 1736 in Turin, Italy
DATES
He died on April 10, 1813 in Paris.
He was an Italian mathematician and astronomer who lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France. Aged 9, he sent a letter to Euler solving a problem that caused an argument between mathematicians for more than 50 years. He was educated at the college of Turin, but it was not until he was seventeen that he showed any taste for mathematics. After 9 years of hard work his health was very bad, and doctors told him to stop. He spent the rest of his life with a depression.
LIFE & STUDIES
Key contributions to the theories of determinants. He developed partial differential equations calculus of variations, terminology and notation (e.g. f'(x) and f''(x) ) He proved a fundamental theorem of Group Theory which Cauchy, Abel, Galois and Poincar would later complete.
He proved difficult and historic theorems including Wilson's. He made significant contributions to all fields of analysis, number theory, and classical and celestial mechanics. He proved that every natural number is a sum of four squares. He studied the three-body problem for the Earth, Sun and Moon (1764) and the movement of Jupiters satellites.
I regarded as quite useless the reading of large treatises of pure analysis. It is in the works of application that one must study them; one judges their utility there and appraises the manner of making use of them Joseph L. Lagrange
He was born in Beaumont-en-Auge, France, on March 23, 1749.
DATES
He died in Paris on March 5, 1827.
The Laplace family was involved in agriculture until 1750, but Pierre Laplace senior was also a cider merchant and syndic of the town of Beaumont. At sixteen, to further his father's intention, he was sent to the University of Caen to read theology. At the university, he was mentored by two enthusiastic teachers of mathematics He was mathematician and astronomer. Laplace had a wide knowledge of all sciences and dominated all discussions in the Acadmie .
LIFE & STUDIES
He wrote classical mechanics based on calculus. He developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system and postulated the existence of black holes.
In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability. He published a work on differential equations and finite differences. He formulated Laplace's equation and Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics. He made the non-trivial extension of the result to three dimensions to yield a more general set of functions, the spherical harmonics.
What we know is not much. What we do not know is immense. Pierre Simon Laplace.
He was born on September 22, 1765, in Valentano, Italy.
DATES
By 1788 he had earned university degrees in philosophy, medicine/surgery, and mathematics. He died on May 10, 1822, in Modena, Italy.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was an Italian mathematician and philosopher. Also studied Literature and Medicine. He practiced as both a professor of mathematics (University of Modena) and a doctor.
Among his work was an incomplete proof that fifth and higher-order equations cannot be solved by radicals.
(AbelRuffini theorem, 1799) Ruffini's rule which is a quick method for polynomial division. Ruffinis 1799 work marked a major development for Group Theory. Ruffini developed Lagranges work on Permutation Theory. Quadrature of the circle.
Anxiety never successfully bridged any chasm. Paolo Ruffini.
She was born on April 1, 1776, in Paris, France.
DATES
She died on June 27, 1831(1831-06-27) Paris, France.
Her father was a wealthy silk merchant. Because of prejudice against her gender, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics.
LIFE & STUDIES
Despite initial opposition from her parents she gained education from books in her father's library and from correspondence with mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. She was fascinated for Archimedes subject worthy of study Sophie witnessed many discussions between her father and his friends on politics and philosophy. Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher.
Her best work was in Number Theory, and her most significant contribution dealt with Fermat's Last Theorem., about the divisibility of solutions to the equation xp + yp = zp
Work in elasticity, a mathematical theory of the vibration of an elastic surface. The Sophie Germain Prize, awarded annually by the Academy of Sciences in Paris. Its purpose is to to crown a researcher who conducted has research in fundamental mathematics. It is awarded with 8000.
"Unfortunately, the depth of my intellect does not equal voracity of my appetite, and I feel it is foolhardy to disturb a man of genius Sophie Germain.
He was born in Brunwick, Germany on April 30, 1777.
DATES
He died in Gotingger, Germany on February 23, 1855.
From an early age, Gauss showed his talent for numbers, learning to read alone and without anyone to help him, Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many anecdotes about his precocity while a toddler and he made his first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager. He completed Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his magnum opus, in 1798 at the age of 21.
LIFE & STUDIES
He attended University of Gttingen from 1795 to 1798. While at university, Gauss independently rediscovered several important theorems.
Mathematician and physical scientist who contributed to many fields, such as number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, geodesy, electrostatics, astronomy and optics. Sometimes referred to as "the Prince of Mathematicians". He discovered the possibility of non-Euclidean geometries He showed that a regular heptadecagon (17-sided polygon) can be constructed with straightedge and compass.
He became the first to prove the quadratic reciprocity law, to solve any quadratic equation in modular arithmetic The prime number theorem. Gauss also discovered that every positive integer is represented as a sum of at most three triangular numbers.
It is not knowledge, but the act of learning, not possession but the act of getting there, which grants the greatest enjoyment Carl Friedrich Gauss
He was born the 5 of October 1781 in Prague, Bohemia
DATES
He died the 18 of December 1848 in Prague, Bohemia.
He entered the University of Prague in 1796 and studied mathematics, philosophy and physics. He was appointed to the then newly created chair of philosophy of religion in 1805 and was elected head of the philosophy department in 1818. He urged a total reform of the educational, social, and economic systems. Because of it, Bolzano was dismissed from the university in 1819. He was exiled to the countryside and at that point devoted his energies to his writings on social, religious, philosophical, and mathematical matters. Bolzano made great contributions to the branch of mathematical analysis, the most famous Bolzano's Theorem, for which he is so well known.
LIFE & STUDIES
In mathematics, it is known by the Bolzano theorem and the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Bolzano criticized the idealism of Hegel and Kant: numbers, ideas, and truths exist independently of the people who think. Introduction of a rigorous definition of a mathematical limit
Foundation for differential calculus. He gave the first purely analytic proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra, originally proved by Gauss. And analytic proof of the intermediate value theorem. Bolzano's posthumously published work The Paradoxes of the Infinite was greatly admired by many of the eminent logicians.
My special pleasure in mathematics rested particularly on its purely speculative part Bernard Bolzano.
He was born the17th November 1790, in Schulpforta, Germany.
DATES
He died the 26th September 1868, in Leipzig, Germany.
He was the only child of a dancing teacher, who died when August was three years old. His mother was a descendant of Martin Luther. He was educated at home until he was 13 when, he went to the College in Schulpforta in 1803. In 1809 Mbius graduated from his College and he became a student at the University of Leipzig. He therefore took up the study of mathematics, astronomy and physics. The teacher who influenced Mbius most during his time at Leipzig was the astronomer Mollweide, well known for his mathematical discoveries In 1813 he travelled to Gttingen where he studied astronomy under G aus s In 1815 he wrote his doctoral thesis on The occultation of fixed stars. He completed his Habilitation thesis on Trigonometrical equations.
LIFE & STUDIES
Mbius's mathematical publications were effective and clear. He introduced homogeneous coordinates and also discussed geometric transformations, in particular projective transformations.
He introduced a configuration now called a Mbius net, which was to play an important role in the development of projective geometry. He discussed the properties of one-sided surfaces including the Mbius strip which he had discovered in 1858. Arithmetic function of Mbius (n).
This is the most horrible idea I have heard of, and anyone who shall venture, dare, hazard, make bold and have the audacity to propose it will not be safe from my dagger. Mobius
ax5 + bx4 +cx3 + dx2 + ex + f = 0
He was born in 5 August 1802 in Nedstrand, Norway.
DATES
He died of tuberculosis the 6 April 1829 in Froland, Norway.
His father, Sren Georg Abel, had a degree in theology and philosophy and served as pastor at Finny. In 1815, he entered the Cathedral School at the age of 13. His teacher Holmboe saw Niels Henrik's talent in mathematics, and encouraged him to study the subject to an advanced level, though he struggled in other subjects Abel entered the university in 1821. He was already the most knowledgeable mathematician in Norway. Holmboe supported him with a scholarship to remain at the school and to enable him to study at the Royal Frederick University.
LIFE & STUDIES
He gave a proof of the binomial theorem valid for all numbers, extending Euler's result which had held only for rationals. At age 19, he showed there is no general algebraic solution for the roots of a quintic equation. Mathematicians had been looking for a solution on this problem for over 250 years.
He invented an important branch of maths known as group theory. His first notable work in 1824Memoir on algebraic equations. Abel did some work on Fermat's Last Theorem. He wrote a monumental work on elliptic, hyperelliptic, and a new class now known as abelian functions.
If quantum mechanics has not profoundly shocked you, you have not understood it yet. Niels Henrik Abel.
He was born in Dren, Germany, the 13 of February 1805.
DATES
He died in Gotinga, Germany, the 5 of May 1859.
His father was postmaster, merchant, and city councilor.. Although his family was not wealthy and he was the youngest of seven children, his parents supported his education. He showed a strong interest in mathematics. At age 12, convinced his parents to allow him to continue his studies. In 1817 they sent him to the Gymnasium in Bonn. He had the opportunity to study higher mathematics with Gauss at the University of Gttingen. while undertaking private study of Gauss' Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. In Paris, he attended classes at Facult des sciences de Paris, learning mathematics from Hachette among others.
LIFE & STUDIES
Important contributions to the biquadratic reciprocity law. Number theory was Dirichlet's main research interest.
In 1837 he published Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions. In 1841 he generalized his arithmetic progressions theorem from integers to the ring of Gaussian integers. He published important contributions to Fermat's last theorem, for which he proved the cases n = 5 and n = 14.
Number Theory for the Millennium. Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.
He was born in 25 October 1811, in Bourg-la-Reine, France.
DATES
He died in 31 May 1832, in Paris, Kingdom of France.
He began his studies in October 1823, in the Lyce Louis-leGrand. He stayed at the school for two years While still in his teens, he determined a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals.
LIFE & STUDIES
He found a copy of Adrien Marie Legendre's lments de Gomtrie. He read it easily. In 1828, he entered the cole Normale , an inferior institution for mathematical studies at that times. He died from wounds suffered in a duel under questionable circumstances at the age of twenty.
He was the first to use the word groups in a mathematic sense. He found out that the algebraic solution to polynomial equation is related to the structure of permutations associated with the roots of the polynomial, which was Galois Group. The original papers of Joseph Louis Lagrange, Rflexions sur la rsolution algbrique des quations which likely motivated his later work on equation theory. He constructed the general linear group over a prime field.
He was 20 years old. His last words to his younger brother Alfred were: Don't cry, Alfred! I need all my courage to die at twenty varist Galois
He was born on November 2, 1815 in Lincolnshire, England
DATES
He died on December 8, 1864 in County Cork, Ireland.
He had an elementary school education, but little further formal and academic teaching. He was self-taught in modern languages At the age of 16, Boole took up a junior teaching position in Doncaster, at Heigham's School. Boole participated in the local Mechanics Institute, the Lincoln Mechanics' Institution, which was founded in 1833. He won the Royal Society`s Medal.
LIFE & STUDIES
He studied algebra in the form of symbolic methods. His worked in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic In 1847, he published Mathematical Analysis of Logic.
He is now best known as the author of The Laws of Thought. As the inventor of the prototype of Boolean logic, which stablished the basis of the modern digital computer Boole is regarded as a founder of the field of computer science. The crater Boole on the Moon was named after him.
No matter how correct a mathematical theorem may appear to be, one ought never to be satisfied that there was not something imperfect about it until it gives the impression of being beautiful George Boole
DATES
He was born in1826, in Breselenz, Hanover. Germany He died in 1866, Bervania, in Italy.
Riemann was shy and suffering from numerous nervous breakdowns, timidity and a fear of speaking in public. From an early age He exhibited exceptional mathematical skills, such as calculation abilities. His teachers were amazed by his ability to perform complicated mathematical operations
LIFE & STUDIES
In 1846, his father, sent him to the University of Gttingen, where he planned to study a degree in Theology. However, once there, he began studying mathematics under Gauss. He moved to the University of Berlin,where Jacobi, Dirichlet, Steiner, and Eisenstein were teaching. He stayed there for two years.
He made lasting contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry, some of them enabling the later development of general relativity. He defined the Riemann integral by means of Riemann sums
He developed a theory of trigonometric series that are not Fourier series. He investigated the Riemann Z- function and established its importance for understanding prime numbers distribution. He found that in four spatial dimensions, one needs a collection of ten numbers at each point to describe the properties of a topological space. Riemannian metric tensor. If I had only two theorems I could demonstrate all Bernhard Riemann.
He was born on August 4 1834 in Yorkshire, England.
DATES
He died on April 4 1923 in Cambridge, England, aged 88.
John Venn was brought up strictly. It was expected that he would follow the family tradition into the Christian ministry.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was graduated in 1857 and he was ordained as a deacon at Ely in 1858 and became a priest in 1859. He had a rare skill in building machines and used to build a machine for bowling cricket balls.
He is famous for introducing the Venn diagram, used in many fields, including set theory, probability, logic or statistics Venn's main area of interest was logic and he published three texts on the subject. He wrote The Logic of Chance in 1866, Symbolic Logic in 1881, and The Principles of Empirical Logic in 1889. He published Early Collegiate Life describing what life was like in the early days of Cambridge University. Working with his son he then started the immense task of compiling a history of Cambridge which is of extraordinary value to historians and genealogists. A stained glass window in the dining hall of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, commemorates Venn's work.
His son gives this description: Of spare build, he was throughout his life a fine walker and mountain climber, a keen botanist, and an excellent talker and linguist
He was born on January 15, 1850, in Moscow, Russia.
DATES
He died on February 10, 1891 in Stockholm.
The wall paper in her room had differential and integral analysis. Women there were not allowed to attend universities. She contracted a "fictitious marriage" with Vladimir Kovalevsky, a young paleontology student who collaborated with Charles Darwin. In 1869, she began attending the University of Heidelberg. After two years, she moved to Berlin, where she took private lessons from Karl Weierstrass. After moving to Sweden, she called herself Sonya.
LIFE & STUDIES
Important works in analysis, differential equations and mechanics First woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe and first women to work for a scientific journal as an editor
In 1874, three papers:on partial differential equations, on the dynamics of Saturn's rings and on elliptic integrals. The Sonia Kovalevsky Lecture sponsored by the AWM, is intended to highlight significant contributions of women in the fields of applied or computational mathematics.
It is impossible to be a mathematician without being a poet in soul Sofia Kovalesvskya
He was born in April 29, 1854, inNancy France.
DATES
He died in July 17, 1912 in Paris, Aged 58.
Because of the diphtheria, he received instruction from his mother. He spent eleven years at the Lyce and his mathematics teacher described him as a "monster of mathematics.
LIFE & STUDIES
He continued studying mathematics in addition to engineering. Thesis Proprits des fonctions dfinies par les quations diffrences From 1881untill the end of his career, he taught at the Sorbone University of Paris.
He is often described as a polymath. He made many fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics.
He was responsible for formulating the Poincar conjecture, one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics until 200203. In the three-body problem, he became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system, foundations of modern chaos theory. He is one of the founders of the field of topology.
It is through science that we prove, but through intuition that we discover Henri Poincare
He was born on January 23 1862, in Knigsberg, Prussia
DATES
He died on February 14 1943, in Gttingen,Germany.
He attended at the University of Knigsberg. He doctorated in 1885, with On the invariant properties of special binary forms, in particular the spherical harmonic functions"
LIFE & STUDIES
Hilbert remained as a professor at the University of Knigsberg from 1886 to 1895. After that, he won the position of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Gttingen. On his religious views, he was an agnostic. He argued that mathematical truth was independent of the existence of God.
He contributed to many branches of mathematics: invariants, algebraic number fields, functional analysis, integral equations, mathematical physics, calculus of variations and mathematical logic
His work in geometry had the greatest influence after Euclid. He proposed 21 axioms analyzing their significance. His famous 23 Paris problems challenged mathematicians to solve fundamental questions about the continuum hypothesis, Goldbach's conjecture, the Riemann hypothesis, the extension of Dirichlet's principle. Many of the problems were solved in the 20th century.
A mathematical theory is not to be considered complete until you have made it so clear that you can explain it to the first man whom you meet on the street. David Hilbert
He was born in Hamilton, Ontario, on May 14, 1863.
DATES
He died in Toronto, Ontario on August 9,1932.
Fields graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in 1880 and the University of Toronto in 1884. He received his Ph.D. in 1887. His thesis was entitled Symbolic Finite Solutions and Solutions by Definite Integrals of the Equation dny/dxn = xmy. Disillusioned with the state of mathematical research in North America, he moved to Europe in 1891, Berlin, Gttingen and Paris He worked with some of the greatest mathematical minds of the time, including Weierstrass, Klein, Frobenius and Planck.
LIFE & STUDIES
He published papers on a new topic, algebraic functions. His efforts were in making Toronto the location of the 1924 International Congress of Mathematicians.
In his will, he left $47,000 for the Fields Medal fund, equivalent of a Nobel Prize, for outstanding achievement in mathematics. First awarded in 1936, every four years to mathematicians under the age of 40. It is made of gold and it includes $9,500.
Symbolic Finite Solutions and Solutions by Definite Integrals of the Equation dny/dxn = xmy John Charles Fields
ix
+1=0
He was born in Castuera,Badajoz, Spain,on May 31,1863.
DATES
He died in Toledo, Spain, on November 27, 1922.
He studied Natural Sciences at the University of Madrid. He discovered mathematics during a leisure travel through Germany in 1887 with his brother. There, he met Felix Klein, Ferdinand Lindermann and some other geometers. In 1898, he gained a physics and chemistry professor position in the University of Toledo. His studied mathematical logic and non-euclidean geometric. He also wrote some biographies of mathematicians.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was the first Spanish mathematician able to publish in foreign leading mathematical journals. From 1887 to1910, he published ten works about Geometry, two of them in the German magazine Matematische Annalen, in which used to publish Hilbert, Georg Cantor and Sophus Lie. Thesis: Sur les propits graphiques des figures centriques His work was pioneering in non-euclidean geometry and in mathematical logic.
If a powerful calls me, I attend but I do not knock at powerful s doors since I do not need them. Ventura Reyes Prosper.
DATES
He was born in the 14 of March1879, in Germany. He died in the 18 of April 1955 in New Jersey, USA.
As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics
LIFE & STUDIES
Aged 16, he sat the entrance examinations in the Swiss Polytechnic of Zurich. He failed to reach the required standard in some subjects, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2. The theory of relativity
His great intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius. He published more than 300 scientific papers. Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics Thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
"Equations are more important to me, because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity." Albert Einstein
He was born on 22 December 1887, in Erode, Madras Presidency.
DATES
He died on 26 April 1920, Madras Presidency (aged 32)
Autodidact with no formal training in pure mathematics. He mastered books on advanced trigonometry written by S. L. Loney at the age of 12. He even re-discovered Euler's identity independently.
LIFE & STUDIES
By 17, he had conducted his own mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers and the Euler Mascheroni constant. In 19121913, he sent samples of his theorems. Hardy, recognizing the brilliance of his work, invited him to visit and work at Cambridge. During his short lifetime, he independently compiled nearly 3900 results, mostly identities and equations
Extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. He recorded his results in four notebooks of loose leaf paper.
Remarkable progress and discoveries in Gamma functions, modular forms, divergent series, hypergeometric series 1729 is the samllest number express expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways, 1729 = 13 + 123 = 93 + 103. It is known as Hardy-Ramanujan number.
Some of the formulas of Ramanujan overwhelm me but it is forced to be true, because if not, no one would have the imagination to invent them. " Godfrey Harold Hardy
He was born on 14 August 1888, in Logroo, Spain.
DATES
He died on 21 February 1962, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
He began his studies in Vitoria, then in the University of Zaragoza, where he found a stimulating environment in mathematics. Garca de Galdeano, Professor of Analytical Geometry and Calculus, most influenced Rey Pastors scientific work.
LIFE & STUDIES
1909 doctorate from CUM under supervision of E.Torroja Caball. 1911- 1914, he studied in Berlin and Gottingen with Felix Klein. In 1917, he moved to Argentina invited by the Institucin Cultural. 1951, he was appointed director of the Instituto Jorge Juan de Matemticas in the CSIC.
He worked on Synthetic Algebraic Geometry. He proposed the creation of a "seminar in mathematics to arouse the research spirit of our school children. It was accepted and in 1915 the JAE created the Mathematics Laboratory and Seminar to overcome the isolation of the Spanish mathematicians. He reflected the changes that were taking place in mathematics in Spain.
A wise without passionate vocation, unable to feel the heroic beat that accompanies all creation, is a lost soul, as a priest without faith. Julio Rey Pastor.
He was born in Barcelona the 12 of May 1900.
DATES
He died in Madrid the 12th of January 1960.
He studied Industrial Engineering and Sciences in Madrid. His first book was his doctoral thesis "Resolution of some elementary problems of Relatively Mechanics. Since 1926, he worked as a teacher at San Isidro high school in Madrid. He published a book in two volumes, since he helped his pupils of the School of Industrial Engineers " Integral Calculation " and " Differential Equations ". His books were a help to his pupils of the School of Industrial Engineers. And even now the pupils of engineering continue finding in them a useful and pleasing support for his formation. Since 2000, every May 12, the Spanish Federation of Teachers of Mathematics celebrates school mathematics Day, coinciding with the date of his birth.
LIFE & STUDIES
He was a great teacher who adapted Rey Pastor works to the Spanish Education.
His didactic work has transcended beyond our country. We must express our gratitude for what his work has paved the way for our training. Also in the current teaching Math and we can find parts as valuable as his lecture on "Mathematics and Beauty" or the brilliant "The concrete in Teaching Mathematics."
Teaching and guiding the creative activity of the student discover Pedro Puig Adam
She was born in New York, the 9th of December 1906.
DATES
She died in Arlington, Virginia, the 1st of January 1992.
At the age of seven she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked. She dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale. Her dissertation, New Types of Irreducibility Criteria Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941, where he remained until 194 3.
LIFE & STUDIES
She wrote numerous articles, and highlights for his keen interest dealing with the speed computers to transmit data. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.
She implemented programming languages such as FORTRAM and COBOL. In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and she released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.
"The most important thing Ive accomplished is training young people. They come to me and say, Do you think we can do this? I say, Try it. And I back them up. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir them up at intervals so they dont forget to take chances Grace Murray Hopper
DATES
He was born in 23 of June,1912, in London, England. He died in 7 June, 1954, in Cheshire, England.
LIFE & STUDIES
His parents enrolled him at St Michael's school at the age of six. Turing's natural inclination toward mathematics and science did not earn him respect with some of the teachers at Sherborne. Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having even studied elementary calculus. Aged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein's work and he extrapolated Einstein's questioning of Newton's laws of motion from a text in which this was never made explicit. In World War II, he worked for the Britain's code breaking centre.
Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence. He was gave a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, a model of a general computer. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and predicted oscillating chemical reactions. His central interest in the field understood Fibonacci phyllotaxis, the existence of Fibonacci numbers in plant structures.
Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition Alan Turing
He was born on the 20th November 1924 in Warsaw, Poland.
DATES
In 1967 he published in Science one of his most important works: How Long Is the Coast of Britain? He died on the 14th October 2010 in Cambridge, USA.
He was first introduced to mathematics by two of his uncles. As a child, his family fled to France in 1936 to escape the growing Nazi persecution of Jews.
LIFE & STUDIES
After World War II, Mandelbrot studied mathematics, graduating from colleges in Paris and the U.S., receiving a masters degree in aeronautics in Lyon. From 1947 to 1949 he studied at California, where he earned a Master's Degree in Aeronautics. In 1952, he obtained his Ph.D. Degree in Mathematical Sciences in Paris. In 1958 he began working for IBM, where he stayed for 35 years.
He was the main creator of fractal geometry, referring to the impact of this discipline in the design and interpretation of the objects found in nature.
In 1982 he published his book Fractal Geometry of Nature, in which he explained his research in this field. Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images He later created the Mandelbrot set of intricate, never-ending fractal shapes.
An extraordinary amount of arrogance is present in any claim of having been the first in inventing something Mandelbrot
DATES
Born: 17 Feb 1950 in Russia Died: 29 Jan 1999 in Novosibirsk, Russia. He was 48.
He studied at Novosibirsk State University, graduating with a first degree in 1972. He then remained at the University undertaking research for his doctorate but at the same time teaching as an instructor in the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of the University. He received the degree in 1978. Gorbunov continued working at Novosibirsk State University, being promoted to professor. He also worked as a researcher in the Mathematics Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
LIFE & STUDIES
He published his first paper in 1973 being a joint work with Budkin entitled Implicative classes of algebras, a generalisation of quasivarieties.
A second join paper with Budkin On the theory of quasivarieties of algebraic systems appeared in 1975. In 1998, he published Algebraic theory of. The contents of the book are indicated by the titles of the six chapters: Basic notions; finitely presented structures; Subdirectly irreducible structures; Join semidistributive lattices; Lattices of quasivarieties; and Quasiidentities on structures.
He was a dedicated teache and Ph.D. advisor. His name will stay with us in his theorems, mathematical ideas, in the open problems he left, and in our memory of his genuine dedication to mathematics. His doctoral students
She was born in 1913, in Rome. She is still alive. One hundred years old this year.
DATES
CIEAEM (International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Education) is born in 1950 and Emma is appointed to the Committee in 1951. She meets and works with Piaget, Gattegno, Adam Puig and others.
Her father, Giudo Castelnuovo, was a great Geometrist. In 1936, she graduated at the Mathematical Institute of the University of Rome, with a study of Algebraic Geometry.
LIFE & STUDIES
From 1936 to 1938, she worked as a librarian at the Mathematical Institute. In 1946 she gave a speech and wrote an article The Intuitive Method for teaching Geometry in First Cours of Secondary School.
After the libareation of Rome in 1944, she gained a position as a Secondary teacher in Rome.
In 1952, she published her book of Arithmetic I Numeri for students of the first course of Secondary. She has participated in lot of lectures and speeches onMathematicsTeaching, in Italy and in many other countries
She has written on modern mathematics education. Madrid Society MathematicsTeachers is named Emma Castelnuovo.
The Geometry, book written in 1979, gives a very personal view of geometry and how it should be exposed.
Through the observation of thousands of facts of technique, art and nature, arouse students' interest in the fundamental properties of geometric figures and taste and enthusiasm for research. Emma Castelnuovo
DATES
He was born in Berlin, Germany, the 28 of March, 1928. He is still alive, aged 85.
His parents took part in the Spanish Civil War in supporting roles. He speaks French, English and German. After the war, he studied mathematics in France, initially at the University of Montpellier. After three years of independent studies there he got a scholarship in Paris in 1948.
LIFE & STUDIES
He presented his doctoral thesis Produits tensoriels topologiques et espaces nuclaires Grothendieck was always strongly pacifist in his views and campaigned against the military built-up of the 1960s. In contrast to his acceptance of the 1966 Fields Medal, Grothendieck declined the Crafoord Prize in 1988. He retired at age 60 in 1988.
He is the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of algebraic geometry. He develops an intense work until 1970 in Algebraic Geometry
His monumental works, Les Drivateurs was written in 1991, in which he developed the homotopical ideas. He described new ideas for studying the moduli space of complex curves Expert in the theory of topological vector spaces.
The introduction of the cipher 0 or the group concept was general nonsense too, and mathematics was more or less stagnating for thousands of years because nobody was around to take such childish steps..." Alexander Grothendieck.
DATES
He was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. Currently he is 71.
Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School Inspired by Tahta, decided to study mathematics, physics and chemistry He went up to Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17. He found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology. Hawking has a motor neurone disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). He is almost entirely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. He completed his doctorate in March 1966 with "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time".
LIFE & STUDIES
Theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author. His A Brief History of Time stayed on the best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Among his significant scientific works have been a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularities theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. He was the first to set forth a cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.
Equations are just the boring part of mathematics. I attempt to see things in terms of geometry Stephen Hawking
DATES
He was born the 31st of December, 1945, in California, USA. He is 67 years old.
As a young boy growing up in San Francisco, Adleman had little ambition, far less of becoming a mathematician. Adleman enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley, where he received his BA degree in mathematics in 1968 and his Ph.D. degree in EECS in 1976. In 1968 when he took a job as a computer programmer at the Bank of America. He is a professor in computer science and molecular biology at the South University of California.
LIFE & STUDIES
His 1984 paper, Experiments with Computer Viruses has credited Adleman with coining the term "virus". In 1994, his paper Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems described the experimental use of DNA as a computational system.
He solved a seven-node instance of the Hamiltonian Graph problem, an NP-complete problem. In 2002, he solved a 20-variable SAT problem having more than 1 million potential solutions Invention of the RSA cryptosystem Awarded with 2002ACM Turing Award, of Computer Science. He was also the mathematical consultant on the movie Sneakers.
People think of mathematics as some kind of practical art, ... the point when you become a mathematician is where you somehow see through this and see the beauty and power of mathematics Leonard Adleman
He was born in 1953 in Cambridge
DATES
He is 59 and he is living in both USA and Great Britain, June 1993, he first announced his proof of Fermats last Theorem and it was published in 1995.
He attended King's College School, Cambridge Wiles discovered Fermat's Last Theorem on his way home from school when he was 10 years old. Wiles earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1974 after his study at Merton College, Oxford, and a Ph.D. in 1980, after his research at Clare College, Cambridge. In 1981, Wiles became a professor at Princeton University. From 1988 to 1990, Wiles was a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University Wiles has been awarded several major prizes in mathematics and science: Fermat Prize (1995). Royal Medal (1996) Pythagoras Award (Croton, 2004)
LIFE & STUDIES
He is more famous for proving Fermat`s Last Theorem, unproved theorem of 17th-century It states that no three positive integers a, b and c can satisfy the equation an + bn = cn , if n is an integer greater than two. He presented his proof in June 1993 but soon recognized as having a serious gap. The final version of the proof was published in 1995. It uses many techniques from algebraic geometry and number t heor y . It is a proof of the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves. You can use numbers to demonstrate whatever you want Andrew Wiles
He was born on 13 June 1966, in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Age 46.
DATES
He is currently retired from Mathematics. The latest news is a picture of him taken on June 2007 in Saint Petersburgs underground. In April 2011 he granted an interview.
At the age of ten, because of his talent, he was enrolled in Sergei Rukshin's a math training program. He studied at the Leningrad Secondary School, specialized with advanced mathematics and physics programs In 1982, he won a gold medal, achieving a perfect score in the International Mathematical Olympics for high school students,
LIFE & STUDIES
In late 1980s, Ph.D. at the School of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad University. It was titled "Saddle surfaces in Euclidean spaces." In 1990s, Perelman researched at several universities in USA In May 2006, he was awarded with a Field Medal for his work on the Poincar conjecture. He did not accept the prize. According to a 2006 interview, Perelman was then unemployed, living with his mother in Saint Petersburg.
Riemannian geometry and geometric topology He proved the Poincar conjecture in 1994. It asserts that any closed 3-D manifold such that any loop can be contracted to a point is topologically a 3-sphere. In March 2010, Perelman was awarded a Millennium Prize for solving the problem. He considered the decision unfair for not sharing the prize with Richard Hamilton. In June, 2010, he did not attend the ceremony to accept his $1 million prize. "I'm not interested in money or fame; I don't want to be on display like an animal in a zoo." Grigori Perelman.
Maxim Lvovich Kontsevich is a Russian mathematician
DATES
He was born the 25 of August of 1964 in Khimki, Russia. Currently he is 48 years old.
At the age of 16, he was second in the national Mathematical Olympiad competition. He was offered a place at Moscow State University where he was taught by a number of outstanding professors. Aged 19, his paper The growth of the Lie algebra generated by two generic vector fields on the line was published.
LIFE & STUDIES
In 1988, he published The Virasoro algebra and Teichmller spaces and Jackson networks on countable graphs. In 1992, his doctoral thesis Intersection Theory on the Moduli Space of Curves and the Matrix Airy Function achieved his aim of proving Witten's conjecture. Kontsevich visited Harvard, Princeton and Bonn Universities. He was a Professor at the University of California at Berkeley from 1993 to 1996. Then he moved to France.
His work concentrates on geometric aspects of mathematical physics, most notably on knot theory, quantization, and mirror symmetry. His most famous result is a formal deformation quantization that holds for any Poisson manifold. In topological field theory, he introduced the moduli space of stable maps, as a part of four problems of geometry". He got the Henri Poincar Prize in 1997, the Fields Medal in 1998, the Crafoord Prize in 2008 and the Shaw Prize in 2012.
... thanks to my brother and some very good books. Maxim Kontsevich.
He was born on June 26, 1969, in Moscow, Russia.
DATES
He is 44 years old.
He earned his Ph.D. (1995) and B.S. (1993) in Mathematics at Moscow State University under Alexandre Kirillov. In 1996, having left his native Russia, Okounkov became a member of the IAS and also joined the faculty at the University of Chicago. The following year he came to MSRI as a member. He has been a Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University since 2002. He has been a professor at Columbia University since 2010.
LIFE & STUDIES
He has worked on representation theory of infinite symmetric groups and its applications to algebraic geometry, mathematical physics, probability theory and special functions. Statistics plane partitions and the quantum cohomology of the Hilbert scheme of points in the complex plane.
In 2006, at the 25th International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid, Spain he received the Fields Medal "for his contributions to bridging probability, representation theory and algebraic geometry. His work has revealed profound new connections between different areas of mathematics.
I personally don't know how one can understand something without both thinking about it over and over and discussing it with friends. When I feel puzzled, I like long walks or bike rides. I like to be alone with my computer playing with formulas or experimenting with code. But when I finally have an idea, I can't wait to share it with many brilliant people who are wonderful friends. Andrei Okounkov
He was born on July 17, 1975 in Adelaide, Australia. He is 37.
DATES
He is known to his friends and colleagues as Terry Tao. He received the 2006 Fields medal:- ... for his contributions to partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis and additive number theory. His father is a Chinese-born paediatrician and Terry's mother was born in Hong Kong and has a university degree in physics and mathematics. Tao was a child prodigy. At the age of two, during a family gathering, Tao taught math a English to a child of five. Tao attended university mathematics courses at the age of 9.
LIFE & STUDIES
When he was 15 he published his first assistant paper In 1992 he won a Fulbright Scholarship. From 1992 to 1996, Tao was a graduate student at Princeton University under the direction of Elias Stein, receiving his Ph.D. at the age of 20. He joined the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles in 1996. He was awarded his doctorate in June 1996 for his thesis Three regularity results in harmonic analysis.
Tao is working in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, additive combinatorics, ergodic Ramsey theory, random matrix theory, and analytic number theory.
Yet he has produced such a fantastic collection of results, leading to the award of all the top prizes in mathematics. He is known by Green-Tao theorem and Taos inequality. In 1999, he was promoted to full professor at UCLA, with 24 years old, he is the youngest person ever appointed to that rank in UCLA
"I tend to view mathematics as a unified subject and I am particularly happy when I get the opportunity to work on a project that involves several fields at once." Terence Tao
Thales used Geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore.
Pythagoras Theorem
Papyrus showing a fragment of Euclid's elements found at Oxyrhynchus.
Give me a support and Ill move the world
THE SIEVE OF ERATOSTHENES
CONIC SECTIONS
This riddle about Diophantus has survived to our days: Diophantus' boyhood lasted 1/6 of his life; he married after 1/7 more; his beard grew after 1/12 more, and his son was born 5 years later; his son lived to half his father's age, and Diophantus died 4 years after the son.
Some questions to solve: 1. How old was Diophantus when he died? 2. When did he marry? 3. When did he grow his beard? 4. When was his son born 5. When did he die?
Hypatia's Astrolabe, an ancient astronomical computer for solving problems.
A page from Al-Khwrizm's Algebra
A certain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from that pair in a year if it is supposed that every month each pair begets a new pair which from the second month on becomes productive?
Aerial Screw
Giant Crossbow
Parabolic Compass
SOME OF HIS INVENTIONS
Copernican Model: A Sun-Centered Solar System
Imaginary numbers
Box of Napier's mathematical calculating tables from around 1680.
Eulers formula for polyhedron F - E +V = 2
This relationship was first described by Descartes, then refined, proved, and published by Leonhard Euler in 1750.
Fermat's Theorem, 1637, was written in the margin of a book. It states that no three positive integers a, b, and c can satisfy the n n n equation a + b = c for any integer value of n>2. Fermat claimed he had a proof too large to fit in the margin.
No successful proof was published until 1995!
The name Pascal has been given to:

The S.I. unit of pressure. A programming language. Pascal's triangle. Pascal's law of hydrostatics.
University of Manchester - Newton's Apple Trees
Replicas of Leibnizs calculators
Translation on Isaac Newton's work Principes Mathematiques. Discours sur le bonheur, on the nature of happiness, specialized to women.
In 1736, Euler solved the problem known as the Seven Bridges of Knigsberg on Graph Theory.
Map of Knigsberg in Euler's time showing the layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges.
This curve describes a swinging pendulum that is being poked or prodded to keep it in motion, like someone pushing a child on a swing
Law of Laplace relates the pressure in a ventricle to the radius of the ventricle and the tension in the wall of the ventricle. Note that a dilated ventricle requires more tension in the wall to generate the same pressure. In other words, the poor, failing ventricle must work harder to accomplish the same thing.
Ruffinis Law
If we divide (x -3x + x + 2) by (x 3)
3 2
LETTERS OF SOPHIE GERMAIN PRESERVED IN FLORENCE.
Gauss (aged about 26) on East German stamp produced in 1977. Next to him: heptadecagon, compass and straightedge
1981 Czechoslovakia issued a stamp picturing the philosopher and mathematician.
A Mobius strip has an edge

If you continue in the direction of the arrow until you come back to your starting point, you will find yourself below where you started.
Abel crater and satellite craters

Abel is an ancient lunar crater that lies near the southeast limb of the Moon's near side.
Coordinates Diameter Depth
3430S 8718E34.5S 122 km 1.19 km
Analytic continuation of a double Dirichlet series from the region of absolute convergence (dark gray) to the 2-D complex domain
HE WAS KILLED IN A DUEL UNDER QUESTIONABLE CIRCUMTANCES
Stained glass window in Lincoln Cathedral dedicated to George Boole
The laws of physics in higher spacial dimensions
The Riemann crumpled paper ball has all three type of geometric curvatures in his structure.
A Class of 40 students completed a survey on what pets they like. Everyone

liked at least one pet. 10 students liked Cats and Birds but not Dogs 6 students liked Cats and Dogs but not Birds 2 students liked Dogs and Birds but not Cats 2 students liked all three pets 10 students liked Cats only 9 students liked Dogs only 1 student liked Birds only
Kovalevsky High School Mathematics Day is a grant-making program of the Association for Women in Mathematics which encourage girls to explore mathematics.
ComputerrepresentationofthepathsgeneratedbyPoincars analysisofthethreebodyproblem.
Hilbert curve 1st order
1st and 2nd order
1st to 3rd order
A Hilbert space-filling curve is a continuous fractal space-filling curve. Hilbert curve is widely used in computer science. For example, the range of IP addresses used by computers can be mapped into a picture using the Hilbert curve.
The Fields Institute is an international centre for research in mathematical sciences at the University of Toronto. The institute is named in John Charles Fields honor.
The sum of the angles in a triangle depends on the Geometry:
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
sum = 180
SPHERIC/ELLIPTIC GEOMETRY
sum > 180
HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY
sum < 180
Stamp commemorating the World mathematical Year 2000
The Spanish Federation of Teachers of Mathematics celebrates on May 12, the Mathematics School Day, since the date of birth of Pedro Puig Adam.
Hopper invented the compilerthe program that translates computer programs into machine language. She did so because she was lazy; the compiler did the grunt work and allowed her to focus more on Maths. Her FLOW-MATIC compiler so greatly influenced COBOL that she is known as the mother of COBOL.
A blue plaque marking Turing's home at Wilmslow, Cheshire.
Mandelbrot set zoom sequence with a continuously colored environment.
CONCRETO E ASTRATTO: COME HO IMPARATO MATEMATICA ALLA SCUOLA MEDIA
Grothendieck topology is a structure on a category C which makes the objects of C act like the open sets of a topological space.
The intense gravitational fields of black holes somehow unravel the laws of quantum physics.
COMPUTING WITH DNA
Andrei Okounkov in front of the Logan-Shepp-Vershik-Kerov limit shape during the programme on Symmetric Functions and Macdonald Polynomials.
LIFEANDTIMESOFTERENCETAO
Age 7: Begins high school. 9: Begins University. 10,11,12: Competes in the Interrnational Mathematical Olympiads winning bronze, silver and gold medals. 16: Honours degrtee from Flinders University. 17: Master degree from Flinders University. 21: PhD from Princenton University. 24: Professorship at University of California. 31: Fields Medal, the mathematical equivalent of a Nobel prize.
YOU CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE MATHEMATICS DEVELOPMENT. COME AND JOIN US. FUTURE IS ON OUR SIDE!
YOU CAN ONLY UNDERSTAND THE UNIVERSE IF YOU KNOW THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH IT IS WRITTEN MATHS Galileo

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He was born in the city of Miletus, Greece in 624 B.C.

He died in the city of Miletus, Greece in 546 B.C.

The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself Thales of Miletus

He was born in the Samos Island in 570 B.C.

He died in the Metaponto, Italy in 495 B.C.

Pythagoras Theorem Harmony of the spheres.

Greek mathematician. He was born in 325 B.C. He died in 265 B.C.

He lived in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I.

EUREKA, I have found it! Arquimedes of Syracuse

He was born in Cyrene (Lybia) in 276 B.C.

In 195 B.C, Eratosthenes became blind. He died in Alexandria in 194 B.C.

He was born at Perga, a Greek city in Asia Minor, in 262 B.C.

He died in Greece in 190 B.C.

He was born about 200-214 in Alexandria. He died about 284-298 in Alexandria.

LIFE & STUDIES

She was born in Alexandria (Egypt) in 355 or 370.

LIFE & STUDIES

She wrote a text The Astronomical Canon." A chart of celestial bodies.

He was born in 597, in Rajasthan, India. He died in 668, in Ujjain, India.

LIFE & STUDIES

A person who can, within a year, solve x2 - 92y2 = 1 is a mathematician Brahmagupta

He was born in 1170 in Pisa, Italy

He died in 1250 in Pisa, Italy.

Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication

He was born the 19th of February in 1473, in Poland.

He died the 24th of May in 1543, in Poland.

LIFE & STUDIES

Mathematics is written for mathematicians. Nicolaus Copernicus.

He was born on the 24th September 1501 in Pavia, Italy.

He was born in 1550, in Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh, Scotland.

He was born on the 31 of March 1596, le Haye, France.

He died on the 11 of February 1650 Stockholm.

I think, therefore I am Descartes

He was born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France in 1601.

He died in Castes, France in 1665

LIFE & STUDIES

He was born in June 19,1623, in Clermont Ferrand, France.

He died on August 19, 1662 in Paris, France.

LIFE & STUDIES

Man's greatness lies in his power of thought. Blaise Pascal

He was born in 1642, England.

He died in 1727, England.

He was born on the 1 of July 1646 in Germany.

He died on the 4 of November 1716 in Germany.

She was born the 17th of December 1706 in Paris, France.

She died the 10th of September of 1749 in Luneville, France.

He was born in Basel,Switzerland ,on April 15, 1707.

He was born on 17 November 1717 in Paris, France

He died on 29 October 1783 in Paris, France.

He closed his mind to the possibility that he might be wrong

She was born on May 16, 1718 in Milan, Italy.

She died on January 9, 1799 in Milan, Italy.

He was born on January 25, 1736 in Turin, Italy

He died on April 10, 1813 in Paris.

LIFE & STUDIES

He was born in Beaumont-en-Auge, France, on March 23, 1749.

He died in Paris on March 5, 1827.

LIFE & STUDIES

He was born on September 22, 1765, in Valentano, Italy.

LIFE & STUDIES

Anxiety never successfully bridged any chasm. Paolo Ruffini.

She was born on April 1, 1776, in Paris, France.