Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Benchmarking
An improvement process whereby a company measures its performance against that of best-in-class companies, determines how those companies achieved their performance levels, and uses the information to improve its own performance.
Black Belt
Full-time Six Sigma project leader who is certified following a four-month training and application program and successful completion of two Six Sigma Projects, the first under the guidance of a Master Black Belt, the second more autonomously.
Breakthrough Strategy
The data driven, Six Sigma process improvement strategy involving four phases: Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control.
Cause
That which produces an effect or brings about change.
Cause-And-Effect Diagram
A schematic sketch, usually resembling a fishbone, which illustrates the main causes and subcauses leading to an effect (symptom). Also known as Fishbone Diagram.
Champion
Member of the senior Aircraft Engines staff who has undergone extensive Six Sigma training. Champions provide direction, resources and support to the Six Sigma effort and approve and review projects.
Characteristic
A definable or measurable feature of a process, product or variable.
Control Chart
A graphical rendition of a characteristics performance across time in relation to its natural limits and central tendency.
Correlation
The determination of the effect of one variable upon another in a dependent situation.
Cp
A widely used capability index for process capability studies. It may range in value from zero to infinity with a larger value indicating a more capable process. Six Sigma represents Cp of 2.0.
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Data
Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion or calculation; often refers to quantitative information.
Defect
A failure to meet an imposed requirement on a single quality characteristic or a single instance of nonconformance to the specification.
Defective
A unit of product containing one or more defects.
Distributions
Tendency of large numbers of observations to group themselves around some central value with a certain amount of variation or scatter on either side.
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Experiment
A test under defined conditions to determine an unknown effect; to illustrate or verify a known law; to test or establish a hypothesis.
Experimental Error
A test under defined conditions to determine an unknown effect; to illustrate or verify a known law; to test or establish a hypothesis.
Factory Processes
For Six Sigma purposes, defined as design, manufacturing, assembly or test processes which directly impact hardware (see also transaction processes).
Fishbone Diagram
A schematic sketch, usually resembling a fishbone, which illustrates the main causes and subcauses leading to an effect (symptom). Also known as Cause-And-Effect Diagram.
Five Ms
Major sources of variation: manpower, machine, method, material and measurement. Additionally, environment is considered to be a source of variation.
Frequency Distribution
The pattern or shape formed by the group of measurements in a distribution.
Histogram
Vertical display of a population distribution in terms of frequencies; a formal method of plotting a frequency distribution.
Independent Variable
A controlled variable; a variable whose value is independent of the value of another variable.
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Nonconformity
A condition within a unit which does not conform to some specification, standard, and/or requirement; often referred to as a defect; any given nonconforming unit can have the potential for more than one nonconformity.
Normal Distribution
A continuous symmetrical density function characterized by a bell-shaped curve, e.g., distribution of sampling averages.
Pareto Diagram
A chart which ranks, or places in order, common occurrences.
Probability
The chance of something happening; the percent or number of occurrences over a large number of trails.
Process
A particular method of doing something, generally involving a number of steps or operations.
Process Capability
The relative ability of any process to produce consistent results centered on a desired target value when measured over time.
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Process Map
Flow chart to analyze a process by breaking it down into its component steps, and then gaining a better understanding of the process, step-by-step.
Process Spread
The range of values which a given process characteristic displays; this particular term most often applies to the range but may also encompass the variance. The spread may be based on a set of data collected at a specific point in time or may reflect the variability across a given amount of time.
Random
Selecting a sample so each item in the population has an equal chance of being selected; lack of predictability; without pattern.
Random Cause
A source of variation which is random; a change in the source (trivial many variables) will not produce a highly predictable change in the response (dependent variable), e.g., a correlation does not exist; any individual source of variation results in a small amount of variation in the response; cannot be economically eliminated from a process; an inherent natural source of variation.
Random Variation
Variations in data which result from causes which cannot be pinpointed or controlled.
Regression Analysis
A statistical technique for determining the relationship between one response and one or more independent variables.
Robust
The condition or state in which a response parameter exhibits hermetically to external cause of a nonrandom nature; e.g., impervious to perturbing influence.
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Scatter Diagram
A diagram that displays the relationships between two variables.
Sigma
Standard deviation; an empirical measure based on the analysis of random variation in a standard distribution of values; a uniform distance from the mean or average value such that 68.26% of all values are within 1 sigma on either side of the mean, 95.44% are within 2 sigma, 99.73% are within 3 sigma, 99.9% are within 4 sigma and so forth.
Sigma Level
A statistical estimate of the number of defects that any process will produce equivalent to defects per million opportunities for that process.
Stable Process
A process which i free of assignable causes, e.g., in statistical control.
Standard Deviation
A statistical index of variability which describes the spread. Statistical Control A quantitative condition which describes a process that is free of assignable/special causes of variation, e.g., variation in the central tendency and variance. Such a condition is most often evidenced on a control chart.
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Variable
A characteristic that may take on different values.
Variables Data
A numerical measurement made at the interval or ratio level; quantitative data, e.g.., ohms, voltage, diameter; subdivisions, of the measurement scale are conceptually meaningful, e.g.., 1.6478 volts.
Variation
Any quantifiable difference between individual measurements; such differences can be classified as being due to common causes (random) or special causes (assignable).
Xs
Designation in Six Sigma terminology for those variables which are independent, root causes; as opposed to Ys which are dependent outputs of a process. Six Sigma focuses on measuring and improving Xs, to see subsequent improvement in Ys.
X & R Charts
A control chart which is a representation of process capability over time; displays the variability in the process average and range across time.
Ys
Designation in Six Sigma terminology for those variables which are dependent outputs of a process, as opposed to Xs which are independent root causes.
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KPI (Factors) -
Summation; i.e., 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 Factorial; i.e. 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120 Natural constant = 2.7183 Total number of subgroups.
e
g
i
j n
= The ith element in a string of 1, 2, 3, 4, -- i = The jth element in a string of 1, 2, 3, 4, -- j = Subgroup size (for high volume production, the range for n would normally be between 3 and 10. = Range = difference (subtraction) between the maximum and minimum measurements observed/recorded for a subgroup g = Average of subgroup ranges = R; g j=1
R S X
= Standard deviation = = A variable measurement made on an individual characteristic and on an individual unit (often a process output variable) recorded onto a data log or control chart. Note: X is also used in another sense to denote the variables that cause process variation. = Average of the X observations associated with a subgroup of size n X
i=1
n X i / n
j=1 i=1 X i i ng
j=1 i =1
(Xi j - X)2
ng-1
= Standard deviation of an individual subgroup =
i=1 ST = Standard deviation of a population over a short period of time ST = Estimate for short-term standard deviation ST ; ST =
<
(Xi - X)2
N-1
< <
ij j=1 i =1 g (n - 1)
(X
- X j)2
2 2 + +
<
<
<
ST
Short term process capability assuming no shift. Cp = 3 X ZST Short term process capability including mean shift occurring in the process. Number of short-term standard deviations (ST) that fit between the specification center and the specification limit (in either direction)
Cpk =
Z ST =
LT
= CHI square distribution - Used for hypothesis testing as follows: Test for independence (used to test for independent relationship between two discrete variables) Goodness of fit (used to determine if the data fits an assured distribution) Establishing the confidence interval for standard deviation = F distribution - associated with hypothesis testing of standard deviation between two or more process distributions. = T distribution - associated with hypothesis testing of the means (averages) between two distributions (when sample sizes are less than 100).
ALPHA RISK
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
ASSIGNABLE CAUSE
ASSIGNABLE VARIATIONS
ATTRIBUTE DATA
Quality data that typically reflects the number of conforming or non-conforming units or the number of nonconformities per unit on a go/no go or accept/ reject basis. Sum of all measurements divided by the total number of measurements. Statistic which is used to estimate the population mean. Same as MEAN.
AVERAGE
BENCHMARKING
BETA RISK
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
BLACK BELT
BLOCKING VARIABLES
BRAINSTORMING
CAPABILITY INDICES
CAUSALITY
CAUSATIVE CAUSE
C CHARTS
CENTER LINE
CENTRAL TENDENCY
CHAMPION
CHARACTERISTIC
x (symbol glossary).
Differentiation of variables. See RANDOM CAUSE. The probability that a randomly distributed variable x lies within a defined interval of a normal curve. The two values that define the confidence interval. Allowing two or more variables to vary together so that it is impossible to separate their unique effects.
CONTINUOUS DATA
A graphical rendition of a characteristics performance across time in relation to its natural limits and central tendency. Apply to both range or standard deviation and subgroup average (X) portions of process control charts and are used to determine the state of statistical control. Control limits are derived statistically and are not related to engineering specification limits in any way. A formal quality document that describes all of the elements required to control variations in a particular process or could apply to a complete product or family of products. Specification requirements for the product being manufactured. The relationship between two sets of data such that when one changes, the other is likely to make a corresponding change. Also, a statistical tool for determining the relationship between two sets of data. Cost associated with providing poor quality products or (COPQ) services. Can be divided into four cost Appraisal, Scrap, Rework, and Field Complaint costs). A drawing characteristic determined to be important for CHARACTERISTIC variability reduction based production, engineering, customer application, or regulatory agency. Can also apply to transactional or service delivery processes.
CONTOL LIMITS
CONTROL PLAN
CONTROL SPECIFICATIONS
CORRELATION
COST OF POOR QUALITY categories: (warranty CRITICAL TO QUALITY (CTQ) on a requirement from
DATA
DATA TRANSFORMATION
DEFECT
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
DENSITY FUNCTION
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
EXCEL
EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR
EXPONENTIALLY WEIGHTED
FLUCTUATIONS
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
GAGE ACCURACY
GAGE LINEARITY
GAGE REPEATABILITY
GAGE REPRODUCIBILITY
GAGE STABILITY
GREEN BELT
HISTOGRAM
HYPOTHESIS
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
INSTABILITY
INTERACTION
INTERVAL
LINE CHARTS
MEDIAN
MINITAB
MISTAKE PROOFING
MULTI-VARI
NONCONFORMING UNIT
NONCONFORMITY
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NULL HYPOTHESIS
ONE-SIDED ALTERNATIVE
ORDINAL
PARAMETER
POPULATION
POPULATION
PREVENTION
The chance of an event happening or condition occurring by pure chance and is stated in numerical form. The number of successful events divided by the total number of trials. A deviation from a specified standard. The process of solving problems; the isolation and control of those conditions which generate or facilitate the creation of undesirable symptoms. A particular method of doing something, generally involving a number of steps or operations. The central tendency of a given process characteristic across a given amount of time or at a specific point in time. See STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL. Any of a number of various types of graphs upon which data are plotted against specific control limits.
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
PROCESS
PROCESS AVERAGE
PROCESS SPREAD
PRODUCERS RISK
R CHART
RANDOM CAUSE
RANDOMNESS
RANDOM SAMPLE
RANDOM VARIABLE
RANDOM VARIATIONS
RANGE
RANK
RATIONAL SUBGROUP
REGRESSION
REJECT REGION
REPLICATION
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
ROBUST
SAMPLE
SCATTER DIAGRAMS
SIX MS
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
STANDARD DEVIATION
STATISTICAL CONTROL
STATISTICAL PROCESS
SUBGROUP
THEORY
TWO-SIDED ALTERNATIVE
VARIATION
VARIATION RESEARCH
X & R CHARTS