ECL

ENGLISH COURSE

INTERMEDIATE
English as a crucial language.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

Acknowledgments
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.
Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
Fisk English Course Books Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six,
Advanced two, Free Conversation.
Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.
Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine How English Works A Grammar Practice
Book With Answers. Oxford.

Planned and Prepared by

Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copyright
RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES
MARQUES
Rua Antnio Gonalves 109 Porto Velho
So Gonalo, R.J
Brasil

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

CONTENTS
LESSON ELEVEN

SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

LESSON TWELVE

MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND

MUSTN`T
PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )

LESSON THIRTEEN

TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )

LESSON FOURTEEN

PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES.

HOW LONG
PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

LESSON FIFTEEN

PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

LESSON SIXTEEN

HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES
PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON SEVENTEEN

IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

LESSON EIGHTTEEN

DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )

LESSON NINETEEN

RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG)
PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )

LESSON TWENTY

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON 11

Verb Tenses

Do

study

English

every day?

Does

he

speak

German

Did

she

travel to

England

every other
day?
last night?

Will

you

have

to work

tonight?

Would

they

need

to study

every day?

Are

you

happy

today?

Were

you

tired

yesterday?
yesterday?

Is

she

playing

chess with him

Was

he

doing

his homework

at the
moment?
last night?

Are

they

going to

buy some food

later?

Were

you

going to

sell those CDs

last week?

Is

there

anybody

at your house

now?

Are

there

many tasks

to do

Will

there

be

Would

there

be

Is

there

going to be

Was

there

going to be

a party at the
club
an answer for
this question?
an important
game
a meeting here

this
afternoon?
oon?
aftern
tonight?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

tonight?
this evening?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON 11

Short Answers
Yes

you

do..
do

No

you

dont..
dont

Yes

he

doess.
doe

No

he

doesnt..
doesnt

Yes

she

did..
did

No

she

didnt..
didnt

Yes

I/we

will..
will

No

I/we

wont..
wont

Yes

they

would..
would

No

they

wouldnt..
wouldnt

Yes

I/we

am../are
/are..
am

No

not../arent
/arent..
am not

Yes

I/we

was../were
/were..
was

No

wasnt../werent
/werent..
wasnt

Yes

she

is..
is

No

she

isnt..
isnt

Yes

he

was..
was

No

he

wasntt.
wasn

Yes

they

are..
are

No

they

arent..
arent

Yes

I/we
I/
we

was../were
were..
was

No

I/we
I/
we

wasnt../werent
werent..
wasnt

Yes

there

is..
is

No

there

isnt..
isnt

Yes

there

are..
are

No

there

arent..
arent

Yes

there

will..
will

No

there

wont..
wont

Yes

there

would..
would

No

there

wouldnt..
wouldnt

Yes

there

is..
is

No

there

isnt..
isnt

Yes

there

was..
was

No

there

wasnt..
wasnt

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON 11

Substitution Drills
1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day?
2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow?
3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________?
4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______?
5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?

Expressions and Useful Phrases

Im damn right / Im fucking right
What the hell are you doing there?
Whoever/Wherever/Whenever/Whatever
What good would it do?
Keep track of # Lose track
track of
To make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or
something
Take into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.

Important Note
Phrasal Verb
preposition
position or adverb or
A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a pre
both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts:
'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs.
CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNERS DICTIONARY

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON 11

Exercise
1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in
the following dialogue.
a. _________________________
____________________________
_____________
___________
____________________________________________
_____________________________________
_________________________?

b. No, I wouldnt.

b. How about ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________
_____________________?
_________________________________________
_____?

a. ____________________________
__________________________________
_____________________________
_______________________________
________________________________________
______________________
__________________
______

a. Where _________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________
______________________
_______?

b. ________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________
________________
____________

b. After going to _________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
______________________
________
______

a. Cool! Thats a very nice idea...

idea...

a. At what time ____________________________________

_________________________________________
__________________________________________
______________________________?
_________________________?

b. ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
________________________

a. See you!

b. ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
________________________
____________________

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON 12

Modal Verbs
May

open the
window?
window?
open the
window?
window?
open the
window?
window?
drive

Can

Could

Can

you

Could

you

speak
English

Should

she

drive less

Must

he

finish

It is too hot
here!
here!
It is too hot
here!
here!
It is too hot
here!
here!
well?

Permission - Formal
Permission - Informal
Permission - Polite

three
months
ago?
ago?
and walk
more?
all his
homework

Ability Present or
Future
Ability Past or
Conditional
Recommendation

today?

Obligation

Expressing the same idea:

idea:
Should

Ought to

Must

Have to

Expressing Possibility
May
Might

Strong possibilitypossibility- affirmatives

and negatives
Weak possibilitypossibility- affirmatives and
negatives
PossibilityPossibility-affirmatives, negatives

For questions we use the expression

to be + likely
Are you likely to travel?

Can
Could

and interrogatives (informal)

Slight or uncertain possibility.
possibility.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

It can be a good idea.

Can she come here tomorrow?
Do you think she can win?
It could be a good idea.

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LESSON 12

Yes/No

you

may/may not

Yes/No

you

can/cant

Yes/No

you

could/couldnt

Yes/No

I/we

can/cant

Yes/No

I/we

could/couldnt
could/couldnt

Yes/No

she

should/shouldnt

Yes/No

he

must/ doesnt
have to(need to)

open the
window.
open the
window.
open the
window.
drive
speak
English
drive less
finish

well.
three months
ago.
and walk
more.
all his
homework

today.

Asking Favors
Can

Informal

Can you help me with the homework?

Could

Formal

Could I trouble you to open the window?

Prohibition
Mustn`t

You mustn`t park your car here!

Assumption
Must+
Must+ be+ ING
Must+ be + Adjective

You must
must be joking!
You must be tired!
tired!

Substitution Drills
1. _______ he__________ _______ __________ every day?
2. Could she ________ ________ ________ every _______?
3. ________ ______ help her (to) ________ ____ _______?
4. ________ _____ ________ to ________ ______ _______?
5. ________ ________ ___________ _______ __________ ?
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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

11

LESSON 12
Expressions
Along with / together with = accompany, emphasizes closeness in time or space
Instead of = in substitution
According
According to = as stated or in conformity
In spite of = in defiance of, notwithstanding
Due to / On account of / Because of = idea of cause

How to use them?

Too

Very

High degree - intolerable

High degree but tolerable

Phrasal Verbs

Call in
Call out
Send in
Send out
Drop in
Drop out (of)
Push in
Push out
Stay in
Stay out
Eat in
Eat out
Be in
Be out
Get in
Get out

To invite to enter.
To shout something loudly.
To order to enter.
To cause (someone) to go outside.
To visit.
To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc.
To penetrate or cause penetration
To make (something or someone) move
outwards by pushing it.
At home, inside.
Not at home, outside.
At home, inside.
Not at home, outside.
At home, inside.
Not at home, outside.
To enter
To leave

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12

LESSON 12

Exercises
1. Make questions for these answers below.
below
a. _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
___________________________?
___________?
He wouldnt like to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem.
problem.
b. ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________
_____??
_____________________________
________________
_____
He will travel instead of staying in next summer.
c. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________?
__________?
She drops him in every other week.
week.
d. _____________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________?
__?
Mark changed his mind and wont
wont drop out of school anymore

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. Does
Does she eat out every weekend?
weekend?
______________________________________
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________________
______________________
b. Is your
your mother out?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_____________________________
_____________
c. Does she like to stay out now and then?
then?
_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_______________________
________
d. How often do you eat out?
out?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
________________________
________
e. Why dont you call her out so that she can help you out?
out?
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
______________________
___________________
f. Is he usually in on the weekends
weekends?
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________
__________________

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13

LESSON 13

Tag Questions
I

study

Spanish

every day,

dont I?

He

speaks

French

doesnt he?

She

traveled
traveled

to Australia

every other
day,
last night,

didnt she?

You

will

have

to work

tonight,

wont you?

They

wouldnt

need

to study

every day,

would they?

You

are

busy

today,

arent you?

You

werent

tired

yesterday,

were you?

She

is

playing

was

doing

at the
moment,
last night,

isnt she?

He

wasnt he?

They

are

going to

later,

arent they?

You

were

going to

last week,

werent you?

There

is

somebody
somebody

now,

isnt there?

There

are
will

this
afternoon,
tonight,

arent there?

There

many
tasks
be

chess with
him
his
homework
buy some
food
sell those
CDs
at your
house
to do

There

would

be

There

is

going to be

There

was

going to be

a party at
the club
an answer
for this
question,
an
important
game
a meeting
here

wont there?
wouldnt
there?

tonight,

isnt there?

this
evening,

wasnt there?

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

14

LESSON 13

Yes/No

you

study / dont study

Spanish

every day.

Yes/No

he

speaks / doesnt speak

French

Yes/No

she

traveled / didnt travel

Yes/No

I/we

will / wont

have

to
Australia
to work

every
other day.
last
night.
tonight.

Yes/No

they

would / wouldnt

need

to study

every day.

Yes/No

I/we

am - are / am not - arent

busy

today.

Yes/No

I/we

was - were / wasnt - werent

tired

yesterday.

Yes/No

she

is / isnt

playing

Yes/No

he

was / wasnt

doing

Yes/No

they

are / arent

going to

at the
moment.
last
night.
later.

Yes/No

I/we

was - were / wasnt - werent

going to

Yes/No

there

is / isnt

somebody/anybody
somebody/anybody

Yes/No

there
there

are / arent

many tasks

chess with
him
his
homework
buy some
food
sell those
CDs
at my
house
to do

Yes/No

there

will / wont

be

Yes/No

there

would / wouldnt

be

Yes/No

there

is / isnt

going to be

Yes/No

there

was / wasnt

going to be

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

a party at
the club
an answer
for this
question.
an
important
game
a meeting
here

last week.
now.
this
afternoon.
tonight.

tonight.

this
evening.
14

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15

LESSON 13

Substitution Drills
1. He________ ___________ yesterday, ___________ ___________?
2. She ___________ ______________, ___________ _____________?
3. You ______________ meat, ________________ ______________?
4. ______ ________ to England ________ _______, _______ _____?

Phrasal Verbs

Figure out
Find out
Pick out
Put out
Throw out
Turn out
Work out
Help out
Try out
Make out
Come out
Look out
Run out of
Break out of
Check out

To calculate. To understand.
To discover.
To choose. To select.
To extinguish fire. To turn off lights. To put
(something or someone) outside. To produce.
To cast out. To get rid of (something or
someone).
To result.
To find a solution. To understand. To
succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise.
To help.
To test. To experiment.
To understand (something or someone). To
decipher.
To come outside. To be published. To be
expressed in speech. To reach a result.
To be careful (usually in the imperative
form).
To leave a place by running. To lack
something.
To escape from.
to examine something or get more
information about it in order to be certain
that it is true, safe or suitable

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16

LESSON 13
Special Tag Questions
I am right,
Close the door,
door,
Dont forget,
Sit down,
Lets have a party,

arent I?
will you?
will you?
wont you?
shall we?

Informal questions / requests often use negative sentence + question tag.

You cant lend me some money, can you?
After imperatives, we can use WON`T YOU?
YOU? to invite
invite people to do things, and WILL /
WOULD / CAN / CAN`T /COULD YOU?
YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things.
After negative imperative we use WILL YOU?
YOU?
After Lets we use SHALL WE?
WE?
We use THEY to refer to nobody,
nobody, somebody and everybody (and no one etc.).
We use nonnon-negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY,
HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE.
We use IT in question tags to refer to NOTHING.
NOTHING.
Old and Useful Sayings
All is well that ends well.

All that glitters is not gold.

A good example is better than a

sermon.

When poverty comes in the door, love

flies out the window.

Money is the root of all evil.

Theres no smoke without fire.

Many hands make light work.

Dont bite the hand that feeds you.

Half a loaf
loaf is better than no bread.

Birds of a feather flock together.

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases

Look out you dont get robbed. = Be carefull not to get robbed.
Ones cup of tea = What one likes. E.G. Soccer is not my cup of tea.
On the tip of ones tongue. = To be about to say something.
something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have
got his name on the tip of my tongue.
tongue.
On purpose = Intentionally # By chance = not intentionally.
E.G. Do you think he did that on purpose?
Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. Im not cut out for this
this
kind of work. I prefer something lighter.
By the looks of things = According to what I can see
E.G. By the looks of things, long skirts are coming in again
Come in = Become fashionable / seasonable

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17

LESSON 13

Exercises
1. Make sentences with tag questions
questions for these answers below.
below
a. ____________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________
_____________
__________,
___, ________
_________
___________________
_______________
___________________?
_________?
Yes,
Yes, I am cooking tonight.
tonight.
b. _____________________________________
_______________________________________
__________________________
___________
_________,
___, ______
_________________
_______________
__________________
_________
____________?
_______?
Yes, he is a lovely little boy
boy.
c. ______________________________________
_______________________________________
___________________________
_________,
___, ______________
_______________
______________________
____________
____________?
______?
No,
No, she didnt work hard last night.
night.
d. _________________________
_________________________________________
______________________
________, __________
________________
______
____________
__________________
_________________
__________________?
_______?
Of course!

2. Complete the sentences below with the

the right tag questions.
a. The policeman came to school yesterday,
yesterday, __
_____
______
____________________________
____________________________
_____________
_____?
__?
b. The teacher bro
broke his leg last weekend,
weekend, ________________
_________________________________
___________________________________
________________________?
_______?
c.

She likes
likes to play with you,
you, _______________________________
________________________________________
_________________________________
____________________
___________?
___?

d. Joanne doesnt like to work here,

here, ____________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________
__________________________?
_________?
e.

He will ask her out next time he sees

sees her,
her, ______
____________
___________________________
________________________
________________________
_________
_______?

f.

He would enjoy going out with us, _____________________

__________________________
______________________________
______________________
_________________?

g. Everybodys here, _______________________________________

____________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________?
__________________?
h. Youre never happy, ________________________________
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________
____________________________?
___________?
i. Theres no milk, ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________?
j. Nothing matters, __________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________
___________?
k. She hardly spoke,
spoke, __________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________?
__________?
l. Theres scarcely enough time,
time, ________________________
___________________________
_____________________?
_________________
_________________________?
m. You never wrote her a letter, ________
_______________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________
____________________?
____?

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

LESSON 14

18
Dont be so worried about
these little things. Youll
see they are not so difficult.

The Perfect Tenses Part I

Have

you

worked

hard

lately?

Has

he

gotten

good grades

recently?

Have

you

sold

your car?

# 1. Pres. Perf. Something that

started in the past and comes up to
the present,
present, or when there is present
evidence of a past action.
# 1. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.
# 2. Pres. Perf. Indefinite Past
Time.
# 2. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.

Has

he

moved?

Have

you

eaten

a lot

Has

he

traveled

Have

you

been

studying
hard

Has

she

been

doing her
homework?

today?

this
month?
this
semester?

Pres. Perf. Cont. Something

Something that
started in the past and comes up to
now. It is also used to give emphasis.
Pres. Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.

Past Perf. Used when we want

want to refer
to a past action that happened before
another one.
Past Perf. 3rd person singular.

Had

they

already
painted

the house

when you
arrived?

Had

she

left

home

when you
arrived?

Had

you

been

Had

she

been

# 3.
3. Pres. Perf. Used with periods of
time not finished at the moment of
speaking. The action may repeat or
continue.
# 3. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.

working
out

when she
arrived?

trying to
hide this
secret

when you
found out
the truth?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

Past Perf. Cont. Used when we want

to refer to a past action that
that was
completed or interrupted before
another one. It is also used to give
emphasis.
Past Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

Be happy! Give
it a Try. Dont
be so pessimistic!

19

LESSON 14

Yes/No

I/we

have / havent

worked

hard

lately.
lately.

Yes/No

he

has / hasnt

gotten

good
grades

recently.
recently.

Yes/No

I/we

have / havent

sold

my/our
car.
car.

Yes/No

he

has / hasnt

moved.
moved.

Yes/No

I/we

have / havent

eaten

Yes/No

he

has / hasnt

traveled

Yes/No

I/we

have / havent

been

studying
hard

Yes/No

she

has / hasnt

been

doing her
homework.
homework.

Yes/No

they

had / hadnt

already
painted

the house

when I/we
arrived.
arrived.

Yes/No

she

had / hadnt

left

home

when I/we
arrived.
arrived.

Yes/No

I/we

had / hadnt

been

Yes/No

she

had / hadnt

been

working
out
trying to
hide this
secret

when she
arrived.
arrived.
when I/we
found out
the truth.
truth.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

a lot

today.
today.
this month.
month.
this
semester..
semester

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20

LESSON 14

Substitution Drills
1. Had _______ ______ ________ before _________ ____ ______?
2. Has _________ ______________ ____________________ lately?
3. _______ you ___________ _____________ books ___________?
4. We ________ ___________ a__________, __________ _______?
5. They _______ had ___________ ___________, havent _______?
How long have you worked here?
How long have you worked here?

Ive worked here for three months.

Ive worked here since January.

Old and Useful Sayings

Water dripping day by day wears the
hardest rock away.

Where theres a will theres a way.

Dont put the cart before the horse.

Dont bite off more than you can chew.

Beauty lies in lovers Eyes.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Handsome Is as handsome does.

Like father like son.

Money doesnt grow on trees.

First come, first served.

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases

For good = Forever.
Forever.
Kick (a) habit = To stop,
stop, break off a habit.
habit.
Put ones foot into it = To say
say something stupid and embarrassing.
Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply; be a great bargain.
bargain.
Be Greek to = To be
be incomprehensible.
Build castles in the air = To plan
plan things which will probably not
not succeed, daydream.
Come off it! = Stop lying, joking, or being pretentious.
pretentious.
Waste ones breath = To speak
speak without result
result.
lt.

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LESSON 14
Present Perfect Usage
Have you ever fallen in love?
This is the best food I have ever eaten.
Yes I have already fallen in love.
No I havent fallen in love yet.
yet.
No I have never fallen in love.
Yes I have just fallen
fallen in love

Used in questions Uncommon things

or in affirmatives to emphasize.
Used in affirmative answers to confirm
an ever question or to emphasize.
emphasize.
Used when the answer is negative but
there is intention of doing.
Used when the answer is negative and
theres no intention of doing.
Used to say that something happened
now, very soon, or very recently

Phrasal Verbs
Send on

Send off/away

Keep on

Keep off

Stay on

Stay off

Get on
Get off

Jump on
Jump off

To send something from someone's old

address to their new one
(to / for)To write to an organization or place
to ask them to send you something:
I've sent off for a catalogue.
We had to send off to Ireland for a
replacement part.
To continue doing something without
stopping, or to do it repeatedly.
To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or
something going onto an area. To stop
something touching or harming someone or
something. To not eat, drink or use
something that can harm you, or to stop
someone else from doing this;
To continue to be in a place, job or school
after the other people who were with you
have left.
= To keep off - to not eat, drink or use
something that can harm you. To continue to
be at a distance from something. To continue
not to attend, (something such as school).
To go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat. To
continue doing something, especially work.
To leave a train, bus or aircraft. to leave a
place, usually in order to start a journey.
To criticize someone as soon as they have
done something wrong or said something
that you disagree with.
To leave a place or something with a
springing movement. To start ( military)

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LESSON 14

Exercises
1. Make questions for these answers below.
below
a. ________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________
______________?
____?
No, he hasnt been there yet.
yet.
b. _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_______________?
______?
He has brought those new tapes for you.
you.
c. ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________?
____________?
They have read that
that book because of the paper they are preparing.
preparing.
d. _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_________________?
________?
She has been there lots of times
times this month.
month.
e. ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
_____________
_______?
They have been trying to fix the bus since morning.
morning.
f. _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_______________?
______?
He had already come back from London when she decided to ask him to bring
some books for her.
her.
g. ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
____________?
I had been running for thirty minutes when you called me out.
h. ________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
________________?
_____________?
She has been reading that book for more than three months.
i. _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________?
______________?
Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted.
wanted.
j. _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________?
______________?
I have never tried to do something
something illegal.
illegal.

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LESSON 14

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. What has she just done?
done?
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________
________________
b. Where have you been lately?
lately?
_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________
________________________________
___________________________
____________________
c. Why had she sold the furniture before phoning you?
you?
_______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
________________________
d. How long have you been talking over that problem with that girl on the phone?
phone?
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________
e. Have you ever had to do something you really hated?
hated? What? Why?
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
___________________
_________________
f. Have you already had lunch?
lunch?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________
__________________
g. Where have you been running these days?
days?
______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
______________
h. What had
had she done before you told
told her
her the truth?
truth?
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________
__________________
i. Have you ever had an affair?
affair?
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
________________
______________
j. Have you ever thought about living abroad?
abroad? Where?
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________
_______________

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LESSON 14

3. Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense.

A long time ago, on a distant land
land there _____
______
____________
_______ a man
who ____
_________
_________
______ beyond the woods. He ______
___________
___________
________ to be the wisest wizard in that
old world. Once he _______
__________
________
_______ to______
to_________
________
_________ with an old and powerful dragon.
He ___________
____________
_____ never _______
____________
_________ a creature as dangerous and wicked as the sevensevenhead dragon.
dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______
_________
___________
________
______ already _______
__________
___________
_______
to ______
________
__________
_______ the Beast before
before him, but none ______
____________
_____________
_____________.
_______.
He ______________ himself for the great battle. He
__________
_____________
__________
_______ the great wizard book.
book. Merlin,
Merlin, himself,
himself, __
______
_________
___________
_____________
________ him a
visit in order ____
________
_____
_
__
_________
_____
_________
_____
his
sorceries
sorcer
ies
______
___
_____
_____
______
___,
,
believing
that it
_______
____
___________
could be helpful.
After some moons the Day finally _______
_________
__________
_________
_______.
__. He could
not ______
_______________
_____________ what he _________
________________
_____________ inside his heart, in his soul. The dragon
___________
____________
_____ ______
______________
____________ to _________
_____________
__________
_______ his head and ______
______________
____________ his viscera.
It _______
____________
________
______ almost a week and after storms,
storms, thunders
and groans the victor ______
__________
__________
_______ _______
______________
_________
______ tall in the middle of the
battlefield.
battlefield.
For those who ___________
_________________
___________ the winner_______
winner____________
_________ the
wizard, Im so sorry _______
__________
_______ _________
_________________
_______________ the winner was the sevenseven-head
dragon.

Thats a real ending

ending.
ing. We must try to face the truth.
Life is not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind
mind life is made of victories
and defeats. Be prepared for both of them.

To manage

To feel

To try

To reveal

To fight

To have

To face

To live

To claim

To prepare

To read

To pay

To come

To give away

To defeat

To swallow

To smash

To hide

To be

To promise

To be

To take

To stand

To believe

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LESSON 15

The Perfect Tenses Part II

What

will

you

have done

Whom

would

you

have gone
with
have
happened
to the
book?
book

What

may

by the end of
the year?
if they had
invited you for
the party?

Fut. Perf.
Perf. Used to describe an
action which, at some time in the
future, will be past or completed.
Cond.
Cond. Perf.
Perf. Unreal past situation

Possibility in the past weaker than

it is not here on MUST HAVE.
the desk.

What

might

have
happened
to him

if he had
jumped out of
the window?

What

could

have
happened

if you hadnt
turned down
that proposal?

Whom

should

you

have
talked to?

Cond.
Cond. Perf.
Perf. Unreal past situation
or Criticism (You might have told
me about that!).
that!). Possibility in the
past weaker than MUST HAVE.
Cond.
Cond. Perf.
Perf. Slight or uncertain
possibility in the
the past. Unreal past
situation.
situation. Criticism (You could
have helped me!)
Recommendation
(past action)

Where

must

she

have left
her purse?

Strong probability
probability or Conclusion
of a past
past action.
action.

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LESSON 15

I / We

will

have

graduated

by the end of the year.

I / We

would

have
gone with

Martha

if they had invited me / us

for the party.

It

may

have
fallen

behind the
desk.

Have you already checked it

out?

He

might

have

broken his
leg

if he had jumped out of the

window.

I / We

could

have lost

lots of
money

if I / we hadnt turned
down that proposal.

I / We

should

Jaimes
sister.

She

must

have
talked to
have left
her purse

inside my
car.

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LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Switch on

Switch off

Turn on

Turn off

Put on

Put off

To use a switch to change a device from

one state or type of operation to another.
Switch the TV on.
If someone switches on a particular
emotion or behavior, they suddenly start
to feel or behave in that way, but usually
not sincerely.
To use a switch to change a device from
one state or type of operation to another.
Switch the TV off.
To stop giving your attention to someone
or something.
To change a device from one state or type
of operation to another. Turn the TV on.
To interest or excite you, especially
sexually:
Short girls really turn me on.
To change a device from one state or type
of operation to another. Turn the TV off.
To stop someone feeling interested or
excited, especially sexually.
To cover part of the body with clothes,
shoes, make-up or something similar. To
make a device operate, or to cause a
device to play something, such as a CD or
video, by pressing a switch. To pretend to
have a particular feeling or way of
behaving which is not real or natural to
you:
Why are you putting on that silly voice?
If people or animals put weight on, they
become heavier.
To decide or arrange to delay an event or
activity until a later time or date. To tell
someone that you cannot see them or do
something for them, or stop them from
doing something, until a later time. To
take someone's attention away from what
they want to be doing or should be doing.

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LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Go on

Go off

Call on

Call off

To start operating. To continue or move

to the next thing. To talk in an annoying
way about something for a long time. To
start talking again after a pause.
INFORMAL something that you say to
encourage someone to say or do
something. To continue or pass. Used
when encouraging or asking someone to
do something. Something that you say in
order to agree to do or allow something
that you did not want to do or to allow
before:
"Are you sure you don't want another
slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just a
small one.
If a light or a machine goes off, it stops
working. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If
a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in a
particular way:
The protest march went off peacefully
with only two arrests.
UK If food or drink goes off, it is not good
to eat or drink any more because it is too
old. If a warning device goes off, it starts
to ring loudly or make a loud noise. To
become worse in quality. To leave a wife,
husband or partner in order to have a
sexual or romantic relationship with
someone else.
To visit someone for a short time. To use
something, especially a quality that you
have, in order to achieve something.
(sth off) To decide that a planned event,
especially a sports event, will not happen,
or to end an activity because it is no
longer useful or possible. To order a dog,
or sometimes a person, to stop attacking
someone or something.

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LESSON 15
Position of Prepositions
We generally place the preposition directly before its object; however, sometimes it
may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples:
What do you want it for?
I dont know what he needs it for.
What will I write about?
Which house did you go to?
Whom
Whom is the girl Mark is talking to?

Old and Useful Sayings

Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
today.
All is fair in love and war.
Better late than never.
You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.
Never look a gift
gift horse in the mouth.
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
It never rains but it pours.

Complete the following questions with the suitable clauses.

1. Could he________________________ if he hadnt broken his leg?
2. Would _________________________________if I had called you?
3. Will _______________________________________ by December?
4. What should ______________________________ last night before
going to bed?

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LESSON 15

Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below
below with the right phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
tense
a. Come on! Why dont you just ____________
_________________
______________ _______________
__________________
______________ the meeting?
meeting?

b. Why did she refuse to ___________________

________________________
__________________ _______________
___________________
_______________ her cigarette?
cigarette?

c. I cant believe we have just _______

_______________
________ ________
___________
________ _______
__________
_______ gasoline again!
again!

d. She told me she had already _____

_____________
__________ ______
__________
_______ what happened that night.

e. I cant believe! You have _______________________

__________________________
______________________ ____________________
________________________
______________________ a lot!

f. Dont forget to ______

______________________
________________ ___________
____________
___________ the car before you buy it!

g. Have you been _______________________

__________________________
___________________ ______________________
_______________________
____________________ this summer?
summer?

h. Hey! Jane has just finished preparing something in the kitchen. Its better to
_______________
___________________
_________________ it ______________
_________________
________________
_____.

i. How often do you _____________________________

____________________________ ____________________________
_______________________________
_____________________________?
____?

j. When was the last time you __________________________

____________________________
______________________
___ ______
__________
_________ somebody?
somebody?

k. How long have you_______

you________________________
_________________________
__________________ ______________________
________________________
____________________ doing this?
this?

l. Where did you ____________________________

______________________________
____________________ ______
__________
________ these beautiful flowers?
flowers?

m. Well at least it ___________

________________
_____________ _____
______
______
___ to be a good solution for that problem.
problem.

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LESSON 15

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
sentences.
a. PUT ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
____________________

b. CALL ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
________________________________
__________________________
______________________

c. PUT __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_____________________
_______________________
_____________

d. TURN __________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________

e. MAKE___________________________
MAKE__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________
__________________

f. STAY____________
STAY____________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
______________________________

g. TRY _________________________
______________________________
________________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________
__________________

h. GO _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
____________________________________
____________________

i. SEND _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________
___________

j. RUN ____________________________________
_________________________________________
___________________________________________
_____________________________________
__________________________________
___________

ON

OFF

OUT

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IN

OUT OF

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LESSON 16

The Countable and Uncountable nouns

How many

books

do you

read

a month?

How much

beer

do you

usually drink

on the weekends?

How many

brothers or
sisters

do you

have?
have?

How much

money

does she

have in her
pocket?

How many
times

a month

do you

go to the
beach?

do you

spend

when you go to
the beach?

do you

usually buy

a month?

do you

work out

a day?

How much

How many
How long

CDs

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LESSON 16

I / We

read

I / We

usually
drink

lots of books
a lot of books
a few books
few books
two books
a lot
(just) a little
little
two cans of beer

have
I / We
dont have

She

has

doesnt have
I / We

go to the
beach
beach

I / We

spend

dont spend

I / We

usually buy
dont buy

I / We

work out

a few.
few.
none.
many.
brothers or
sisters.
lots of money
a lot of money
(just) a little
little
two bucks
much money
once
twice
three times
lots of money
a lot of money
(just) a little
little
two bucks
much money
lots of CDs.
a lot of CDs.
a few CDs.
few CDs.
two CDs.
many CDs.

Many is
a month.

on the
weekends.

mainly used
in negatives
and
questions.
Much is
mainly
mainly used
in negatives
and
questions.

in her pocket.

a month.
month.

when I / we go
to the beach.

(a month)

for two hours

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In this case
its more
common to
omit the time
expression.

a day.

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LESSON 16

Complete the following questions.

1. ___________ ___________ cars ________________________?
2. ___________ ___________ time ________________________?
3. ___________ ___________ times _______________________?
4.

How much _________________________________________?

5.

How many _________________________________________?

Indefinite Pronouns
Some

Any

No

Somebody
or Someone
Anybody or
Anyone

Nobody or
No one

Something

Anything

Nothing

Somewhere

Anywhere

Nowhere

Affirmative
Affirmative sentences.
Questions, when we expect a
positive answer.
Offers.
General questions.
Negative sentences, with verbs
in the negative form.
Affirmative sentences.*
Negative sentences,
sentences, with verbs
in the aff
affirmative form.

Yes I have some plans for tonight.

Do you have any plans for tonight?

No I dont have any plans for tonight.

No I have no plans for tonight.

Would you like some help?

Oh! Id love to.

Could you bring me some water?

Sure!

Some

Any*
Any*

No

A PART OF SOMETHING.
I like some Italian restaurant.
(Not all of them.)
NOT IMPORTANT WHICH.
I like any Italian restaurant.
(All of them.)
NOT ANY.
I like no Italian restaurant.
(I dont like Italian food / cuisine.)

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LESSON 16

Exercises
1. Make questions using how much our how many for these answers
below.
below
a. _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_________________________________?
_________________?
He sold lots of old books last week.
b. ___________________
_______________________________
______________________________________
_____________________________
___________________
____________________?
____________
__________________________
___
________________
____?
He doesnt have much money.
money.
c. ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________?
____________________?
Ive spent
spent lots of time doing
doing the exercises.
exercises.
d. ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
____________________________________________?
______________________?
Mark likes just a little sugar in his coffee.
coffee.
e. ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_____________________?
___________________?
Hugh spent ten dollars buying new pencils.

2. Give long answers for these questions

questions below.
a. How many times have the policemen come here this week?
week?
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________
b. How much has she spent lately?
lately?
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
_________________________
_____________________
___________
c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train?
train?
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________________
_____________________
d. How much is it?
it?
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________________
______________________
_____
e. How much did it cost?
cost?
______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
_______________________________
________________________

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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Go up

Go down

Turn up

Turn down

Bring up

Bring down

To move higher, rise or increase. To

reach as far as something:
The path going up to the back door is
very muddy.
To move down to a lower level or place. to
reach or go as far as:
Its roots can go down three metres. When
the sun goes down, it moves down in the
sky until it cannot be seen any more. To
be reduced in price, value, amount,
quality, level or size. If a computer system
goes down, it stops working. If an event
such as a crime or a deal goes down, it
happens. (on)SLANG
To use the tongue and lips to touch
someone's sexual organs in order to give
pleasure.(with) = come down with
To arrive or appear somewhere, usually
unexpectedly or in a way that was not
planned. If something that you have been
looking for turns up, you find it
unexpectedly. If a better situation or an
opportunity to do something turns up, it
happens or becomes available
unexpectedly or in a way that was not
planned.
Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or
request.
To care for a child until it is an adult,
often giving it particular beliefs. To start
to talk about a particular subject.
To cause someone in a position of power
to lose their job. To reduce the level of
something.

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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Get up

Get down

Come up

Come down

Break up

Break down

To wake up and get out of bed, or to tell

or help someone to do this. To stand up.
To organize a group of people to do
something. If the wind gets up, it starts to
grow stronger.
If something gets you down, it makes you
feel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write
something, especially something that
someone has said. To swallow. (to) To
start to direct your efforts and attention
towards something.
To move towards someone. To be
mentioned or talked about in
conversation. If a job or opportunity
comes up, it becomes available. To
happen, usually unexpectedly. When the
sun or moon comes up, it rises. If
information comes up on a computer
screen, it appears there. (against) To have
to deal with a problem. (to) To reach the
usual or necessary standard. (with) To
suggest or think of an idea or plan.
To fall and land on the ground. If a price
or a level comes down, it becomes lower.
INFORMAL to feel less excited after a
very enjoyable experience. If a person
comes down from a drug, they stop
feeling its effects. (on) To punish or
criticize a person or activity very
strongly. (with) To start to suffer from an
illness, especially one that is not serious.
To divide something into many pieces. If
someone who is talking on a mobile phone
is breaking up, their voice can not fully be
heard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or
two people in a romantic relationship
break up, their marriage or their
relationship ends.
If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it
stops working. If a system, relationship or
discussion breaks down, it fails because
there is a problem or disagreement. To be
unable to control your feelings and to
start to cry.

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LESSON 16

Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal
phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
tense
a. Now that Andrews
Andrews parents died, who will _______________
_________________
_______ him ______
______________
_____________?
________?

b. Why did she _______________________

____________________________
______________________ __________________
________________________
_______________________ that proposal?
proposal?

c. I cant believe we have just _____________

_____________________
__________________ ___________
______________
__________
____, Im still sleepy!

d. Hey asshole! ______

________________
_________________
______________ _________
____________
____________
______ _____
________
__________
_______what
____what youre doing!

e. I cant believe! You ____

_____
__________
______________
____________
____________ ______
_________
_______
____________
_______ _____
____________
__________
_____ her!
her!

f. Dont forget to get a coat or you may ________

_________
_________
_____
___ ____
_____
_________
______ _____
_________ a cold!
cold!

g. Do you know why the

the boss is upset with you?
Yeah! I havent______
havent_____________
________________
__________ _______
_____________
__________
_________ _____
______
__________ good results lately.

h. When was the last time this washing machine _______

__________
_____________
___________
________ ______
________
______
_______?

i. When was the last time you ________

____________
______________
_________ ________
__________
_________
____ _____
_________
_______
_____ somebody?

j. Can you hear what he is speaking?

Yeah!
Oh I cant. Could you please ___________________
______________________
_________________ it _____________
__________________
______________ for me?

k. The food didn't _____________________

________________________
_______________ ________
____________
______ ______
__________ my expectations

l. Some people didnt like my book.

book. Well at least they
they didnt _______________
____________________
______________
_______
__________
___________
______ _________
_____________
__________ me.

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LESSON 16

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
a. COME ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________

b. COME __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________

c. TURN ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________

d. TURN ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
________________

e. GET ____
___________________________________________________________________
______________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______________

f. GET______________________________________________
GET_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________________
____________________________
_______________

g. BRING_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________
BRING_______________________________________________________________
__________

h. GO __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________

i. BREAK _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________

j. BREAK _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______

UP

UP WITH

DOWN

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LESSON 17

Future Possible
If you meet him tomorrow,
tomorrow,

What will
will you do?

If she is late,
late,

What can
can we do?

If it rains,
rains,

Where can
can we go?
go?

What are you going to do

if he calls you tonight?

Where can we go

if we dont have any money?

Do you think she

she may get worse

if she doesnt take the medicines?

Present Unreal
If you had lots of money

What would
would you do?

If you received a strange phone call

What would you do?

If they studied hard

What could happen to them?

Where would you take her to

if you could ask her out?

How late would you wake up

if you didnt have to work?

Do you think they might work there

if they spoke good English?

Past Unreal
If you hadnt missed the party

Whom would
would you have flirted with?

If she hadnt broken up with you

Where
Where could
could you have taken her to?

If he hadnt stopped drinking

What could have happened to us?

What would she have done

if she had seen you with that girl?

Where could you have gone

if you hadnt woken up so late?

Do you think he might have won

if he had
had bet?

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LESSON 17

Future Possible
If I / we meet him tomorrow,

I / We will invite him for the party.

If she is late,

We / You can do nothing.

If it rains,

We / You can / may go to the movies.

Im going to make things clear

if he calls me tonight
tonight.

We / You can go nowhere

if we / you dont have any money.

money.

I think she may / can die

if she doesnt take the medicines

Present Unreal
If I / we had lots of money

I / We would travel around the world.

If I / we received a strange phone call

I / We could call the police.

If they studied hard

They could / might get better grades.

I / We would take her to heaven

if I / we could ask her out.

out.

I/ We would wake up at about 9:00 A.M

if I / we didnt have to work.

work.

Oh! I think they might / could work

there
there

if they spoke good English.

English.

Past Unreal
If I /w
/we hadnt missed the party

I /we
/we Would have flirted with
everything
everything in a skirt.
skirt.

If she hadnt broken up with me

I could have taken her to Paradise.

If he hadnt stopped drinking

We could / might have died.

She would have slapped me

if she had seen me with that girl.

I / We could have gone to the zoo

if I / we hadnt woken up so late.

Oh! I think he might / could have won

if he had bet.

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LESSON 17

Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause.
clause
a. If___________________________
If__________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________
_____________, I will buy new clothes.

b.

If________________________
If_________________________________
____________________________________
________________
_______________
____________,
________, she would give him a chance.

c. If____________________
If________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________
___________________
_______,
___, they could have gone there.

d. If__________________
If_______________________________
_______________________________________________
_________________________________
_____________________
_____, we would have helped her.

e. If_________________________________
If___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________,
______, I would tell you everything.

f. If______________________________
If_____________________________________
__________________________________________
________________
__________
_____, he wont trouble you anymore.
anymore.

g. If she is here, ______________

___________________________________________________
_________________________________________
_____________________________
________________.

h. If they came here more often,

often, __________________________________
_______________________________________
__________________
________________.
___________.

i. If he had paid attention to her, _______________________

_______________________________
______________________________________
___________________
____________
__________.

j. If they had finished the project, ___________

__________________
________________________________________
__________________________________
______________________________.
_______.

k. If I worked out more often, __________

______________________
________________________________________
____________________________________
_______________________________.
____________.

l. If you are feeling lonely, __________________

_______________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________
_______________________.
_______.

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LESSON 17

2. Make IfIf-Clause questions for these answers below.

below
a. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_________________?
I will do my best
best.
b. ________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
________________________?
_______________?
She would help me with this.
this.
c. _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________?
_____________?
He would have tried to call off the meeting.
meeting.
d. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_________________?
______?
They can help
help people.
people.
e. ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
____________________?
______________?
I would never hurt you.
you.

3. Give long answers for these questions below.

below
a. What would you do if your girlfriend/boyfriend cheated on you?
you?
__________________________
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________
b. What would you have done if you had had money 10 years ago?
ago?
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
___________________
________
c. Where will you go on your next vacation if you have
have money?
money?
_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________
__________________
d. What would you do if you lost your job?
job?
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________
_______________
e. Where could you have gone if your friends
friends had called you?
you?
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
________________________
_________________

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LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Climb up
Climb down

Sit up

Sit down

Add up

Grow up

Hurry up
Speed up
Think up
Hold down

Fall down

Let down

To go up.
To change your opinion or admit that you
were wrong (over).
To sit with a straight back. To stay awake
and not go to bed although it is late. To
show interest or surprise: The news that
he was getting married really made her
sit up.
To move your body so that the lower part
of it is resting on a seat or on the ground.
Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two
or more numbers. Add up to sth
(AMOUNT) to become a particular
amount. To have a particular result or
effect:
It all added up to a lot of hard work for
all of us.
(Person)To gradually become an adult.
(City) If a town or city grows up in a
particular place or way, it develops there
or in that way.
hurry (sb/sth) up
To move or do things more quickly than
normal or to make someone do this.
To happen or move faster, or to make
something happen or move faster.
To produce a new idea or plan. To invent.
Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or
something in a particular place or
position and to stop them from moving.
Hold sth down to keep something,
especially costs, at a low level.
To fall to the ground. To fail. To not be
good at something in comparison with
another thing:
I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I
fall down on the written work.
Let (sb) down (DISAPPOINT).

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LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Make up

Cut down

Slow down

Set up

Set down

Start up

Catch up

Settle down

Look down on

To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To

replace. (for) To compensate for.
To make a tree or other plant fall to the
ground by cutting it near the bottom. (on)
To reduce.
To become slower, or to make someone or
something become slower. To be less
active and relax more.
To arrange for an event or activity to
happen. to formally establish a new
company, organization, system, way of
working, etc. To establish someone or
yourself in a business or position:
After he left college, his father set him up
in the family business. To prepare
something for use, especially by putting
the different parts of it together.
To write or print something, especially to
record it in a formal document. If a
vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so
that the passenger can get out.
If a business or other organization starts
up, or if someone starts one up, it is
created and starts to operate. If a vehicle
or engine starts up, or someone starts it
up, it starts to work.
(with) To reach someone in front of you
by going faster than them. To reach the
same quality or standard as someone or
something else.
(in) To become familiar with a place and
to feel happy and confident in it. To start
living in a place where you intend to stay
for a long time, usually with your partner.
To become quiet and calm, or to make
someone become quiet and calm.
To despise, consider someone inferior.

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LESSON 17

Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal
phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
tense
a. Now that Andrew pass
passed the exams and I flunked, I think I wont___________
________
__________
_______
_______
_____ _______
__________
_____ him.

b. Lea needs money. Why doesnt she _______

__________
_______
_____ _____
_________ ________ her expenses?
expenses?

c. I cant believe she ____________________________

_____________________________
___________________ ___________________
______________________
________________ that story!
story!

d. She is the kind of girl who likes to ___________

___________
_______ _______
__________
_____ _________ poor boys.

e. The car
car didnt _________
_________________________
___________________________
___________________ _____
________________
_______________
_________________ this morning!
morning!

f. I went to the doctor and he told me _____

_______________
_____________
___________ _____
____________
_________
______ ______
_________
__________.
_______.

g. Ive got to ___________

_______________
________ ________
__________
______ something really good to increase the sales.

h. Hey!
Hey! _______
___________________________
____________________________
_______________________ _____
___________________
__________________
__________________ or well miss the bus!

i. Mr. Smith asked us to ______________________

_______________________________
___________________________ _________
_____________
_________ production.

j. Have you finished ___________________________

_______________________________
_______________________ _________
__________
___________
_____ the numbers?

k. Ill never ______

_______________________________
______________________________
____________________________ you _____________________________
________________________________!
___________________________!

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LESSON 17

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
sentences.
a. GROW _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________

b. MAKE _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

c. THINK _____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________

d. CATCH _____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________

e. SIT ___________________
_____________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________

f. CUT _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________

g. BRING______________________________________________________________________
BRING_________________________________________________________________________
___________

h. SLOW______________________
SLOW_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________

i. LET _______________
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________

j. CLIMB _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________
__________
UP

DOWN

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LESSON 18

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

He said: I work hard every day.

He said he worked hard every day.

He said: I dont work hard every day.

He said he didnt work hard every day.

He said: I played soccer

soccer yesterday.
yesterday.

He said he (had) played soccer the day before.

before.

He said: I didnt play soccer yesterday.

yesterday.

He said he (hadnt)
hadnt) didnt play(ed)
play(ed) soccer the day before.

She said to me: I will travel tomorrow.

tomorrow.

She told me she would travel the following day.

day.

She said to me: I wont travel tomorrow.

tomorrow.

She told me she wouldnt travel the following day.

day.

She said: Im
Im going to travel tonight.
tonight.

She said she was going to travel that night.

night.

She said: Im
Im not going to travel
tonight.
tonight.

She said she wasnt going to travel that night.

night.

She said: I was going to buy a car.

She said she was going to buy a car.

She said: I wasnt going to buy a car.

She said she wasnt going to buy a car.

He said: Im
Im studying now.
now.

He said he was studying that moment.

moment.

He said: Im
Im not studying now.
now.

He said he wasnt studying that moment.

moment.

He said: I was studying.

studying.

He said he had been studying.

studying.

He said: I wasnt studying.

studying.

He said he hadnt been studying.

studying.

He said: Ive
Ive studied a lot.

He said he had studied a lot.

He said:
said: I havent studied a lot.

He said he hadnt studied a lot.

She said: Ill

Ill have finished it by
afternoon.

She said shed

shed have finished it by afternoon.

He said: I can drive.

He said he could drive.

He said: I cant drive.

He said he couldnt drive.

drive.

He said: I must study hard.

He said he had (needed) to study hard.

He said: I dont have (need) to study

hard.

He said he didnt have (need) to study hard.

He said: It may be a good idea!

He said It might be a good idea!

He asked me: will

will you come tonight?
tonight?

He asked me if I would come that night.

night.

He asked me: what

what are you doing?
doing?

He asked what I was doing.

He asked: Close
Close the door!

He asked to close the door.

He said to me:
me: Dont
Dont close the door!

He told me not to close the door.

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LESSON
LESSON 18

Tense Change
Changes
Simple Present

Simple Past

Simple Past

Simple Past or Past Perfect

Future

Conditional

Immediate Future

Future in the Past

Future in the Past

Future in the Past

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Future Perfect

Conditional Perfect

Can

Could

Must

Had to / Needed to

Dont have to(need to)

Didnt have to (need to)

May

Might

Questions (with a question word)

The Question word + an Aff. or Neg. structure,

according to the previous
previous question.

Questions (with no question word)

If or Whether + an Aff. or Neg. structure,

according to the previous question.

Affirmative imperative

To + verb( Infinitive )

Negative imperative

not to+ verb( Negative infinitive )

Might

Might

Could
Could

Could

Should/ought to

Should/ought to

Would

Would

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether.

The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go

downtown.

Its preferable to use whether before or, especially in a

formal style.

I enquired whether she was coming by road or

by air.

Tenses dont change after present, future or present

perfect reporting verbs, because theres no important
change of time.

He says he doesnt like flowers.

Ill tell her your idea is great.
great.
The government has announced that taxes will
be raised

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LESSON 18

Word Changes
Changes
Last week

The week before

Next week

The following week/The next week/The week after

Now

Then / That day/right away/At

away/At that moment

This morning

That morning

This afternoon

That afternoon

This evening

That evening

Today

That day

Tonight

That night

Yesterday

The day before

Tomorrow

The following/next day

LAST
LAST

THE BEFORE

NEXT
NEXT

THE NEXT/FOLLOWING
NEXT/FOLLOWING

Ago

Before

This/these

That/those

Here

There

Verbs that imply a certain direction may also have to be changed.

go
Examples: come
bring

take

No and Yes are eliminated in indirect speech.

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases
How do you like? = Whats your
your impression of?
E.G. How do you like our weather? I think its very hot or I find it really hot.

Old and Useful Sayings

Speak of the devil and he appears.
appears.
He put his foot in his mouth.
A word to the wise is enough.
Out of sight, out of mind.

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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Stay away

Turn away

Get away

Take away
Throw away

Give away

Run away

Break away
Clear away
Die away
Put away

To avoid. To keep away. To not go

somewhere or near something, or to prevent
someone from going somewhere or near
something.
Turn sb away: to not allow someone to enter
a place. To move your face so you are not
looking at something.
To leave or escape from a person or place,
often when it is difficult to do this. To go
somewhere to have a holiday, often because
you need to rest. (with) To succeed in
avoiding punishment for something: If I
thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't
pay any tax at all.
Take sth away: to remove something. To
subtract a number.
Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something
that you do not want any more. Throw sth
away: to waste a skill or opportunity.
To give sth free of charge. To tell people
something secret, often without intending to.
To show someone's secret feelings.
To leave a place or person secretly and
suddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a
problem or difficult situation. Run away
(with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idea
runs away with you, you cannot control it
and it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimes
my imagination runs away with me and I
convince myself that they are having an
affair.
To escape from someone, free oneself of.
To remove things from a table after a meal.
(of sound, light, wind) To diminish gradually
until it ceases.
To put things back in their place.

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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs
Answer back
Fall back (on)
Hold back
Keep back
Think back
Look back (on)
Take back
Turn back

Get back

Send back
Give back

Call back

Put back

Bring back

To reply to someone rudely.

To make use of sth in an emergency = to
turn to someone for help.
To control (feelings)
To have sth as a secret.
To remember.
To think about the past.
To retract sth said or written.
(To begin to) return.
To return to a place after you have been
somewhere else. get sth back (BE GIVEN)
To be given something again that you had
before. Get sb back. (ALSO get back at
sb) INFORMAL: to do something
unpleasant to someone because they have
done something unpleasant to you. Get
back (to)sth: to start doing or talking
about something again. Get back (to) sb:
to talk to someone again, usually on the
telephone, in order to give them some
information or because you were not able
to speak to them before.
Send sth back: to return something to the
person who sent it to you, especially
because it is damaged or not suitable.
Give sth back: to return something to the
person who gave it to you.
Call back (RETURN): to return to a place
in order to see someone or collect
something. Call sb back (TELEPHONE):
to telephone someone again, or to
telephone someone who called you earlier.
Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an
object to where it was before it was
moved.
Bring sth back (RETURN): to return
from somewhere with something.
(REMEMBER): to make someone think
about something from the past.
(DO AGAIN): to start to do or use
something that was done or used in the
past.

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LESSON 18

Exercises
1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech.
a. He said: I like music.
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________
________________
b. She asked them: What are you going to do this afternoon?
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________
c. They said
said to me:
me: W
We must study hard.
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________
d. She asked me: Have you studied a lot lately?
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________

2. Change into direct speech.

a. She told me she wouldnt miss this class.
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________
b. She asked them if they were able to finish the project.
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
c. They told me to calm down.
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________
d. He said he had already painted the house.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________
__________________

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LESSON 18
18

3. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
tense
a. Now that Im
Im alone I dont know who I will ______________
_________________
_________ __________ _________

b. Ive been trying to _________

__________________________
___________________________
___________________ _____________
__________________
____________________
__________ my tears.

c. I cant believe that! Why dont you __________

________ _____
__________ ______ your childhood?

d. Hey just a second, Ive gotta hang up but in a few minutes Ill ____________
________________
__________
_________ _____
_________
_______you.
____you.

e. When you finish reading this book, ________

__________________________
_______________________
_____________________ it _______
__________
________!
____!

4. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
sentences.
a. THROW _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

b. RUN ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
____________

c. ANSWER________________________________________________________
ANSWER______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________

d. CALL _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________

e. PUT _______
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________

BACK

AWAY

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LESSON 19

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Jane always helps her mother.

She loves cooking.

WHO People
We use to join sentences replacing the
subject.

Jane, who loves cooking, always helps her mother.

The dog is mine.

It doesnt
doesnt like to play.

WHICH Things and animals.

We use to join sentences replacing the
subject or the object.
object. In this case subject.

The dog which doesnt like to play is mine.

Joe needs to travel.

His mother won the

lottery.

WHOSE People, things and animals.

animals.
We use to join sentences replacing the
possessive adjective or any other word
that indicates ownership.

Joe, whose mother won the lottery, needs to travel.

Jane is sad.

I talked to her yesterday.

WHOM People.
We use to join sentences replacing the
object.

Jane, whom I talked to yesterday, is sad.

The cat is yellow.

Ive taken care of him

since it was born.

WHICH Things and animals.

We use to join sentences replacing the
subject or the object. In this case object.

The cat which Ive taken

taken care of since it was born is yellow.
Where, When, What and Why can also be used as relative pronouns.
The city where I was brought up is far from here
Hell never forget the day when he got his first job.
I couldnt notice what she did at the party.
I cant understand why she did that.

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LESSON 19
Defining and nonnon-defining relative clauses
Relative
Clause
Defining
NonNondefinig

Use
provides essential information
about the subject or object.; cant
be omitted
povides additional information
about the subject or object; can
be omitted without
without distorting
the meaning.

Punctuation

Example

without commas

The driver
drivers who were
were drunk
were arrested. (not all, but only
the ones who were drunk).
The green racing car, which is
an old model, crashed into the
wall. (an old model is irrelevant
to the identification of the car.)

between commas

THAT cannot be used in nonnon-defining relative clauses.

Omission of relative pronouns

Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause.
The girl
girl who(m) / that I love is cute.
The girl I love is cute.
The girl who loves me is cute.
In this case it cannot be omitted,
omitted, because who is the subject of the relative clause.
WHOSE can never be omitted.

How to use them?

TOO AND SO USED IN SHORT
AFF. SENTENCES = ALSO

EITHER
EITHER AND NEITHER
USED IN SHORT NEG. SENTENCES = ALSO

She will travel.

She doesnt like him.

I will too.
too. (or)So
(or)So will I.

I dont either.
either. (or) Neither do I.

Old and Useful Sayings

It takes two to make a fight.
Make do with
with what you have.
Dont wash the familys dirty linen in public.
A burnt child dreads the fire.

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LESSON 19

Phrasal Verbs
Go over
Talk over

Look over
Think over
Run over
Jump over
Do over

Come over

Get over
Knock over
Boil over

Fall over

To examine.
To discuss a problem or situation with
someone, often to find out their opinion or
to get advice before making a decision
about it.
To quickly examine something or
someone.
To consider carefully.
If a vehicle or its driver runs over
someone or something, the vehicle hits
and drives over them.
To jump from one side to another.
To redecorate. Do sth over (DO AGAIN).
To come to a place, move from one place
to another, or move towards someone. To
seem to be a particular type of person: I
watched the interview and felt he came
over as quite arrogant.
To recover from.
To make fall by pushing or hitting.
To flow over the side.
If someone falls over, they fall to the
ground:She tripped and fell over. Fall
over sth/sb (COVER) LITERARY:
to cover something or someone:
A shadow fell over her work and she
looked up to see who was there.

Expressions
In time = early enough.
On time = at exactly the right time.
For the time being = for now, temporarily
Step on one`s
one`s toes = To offend someone, to hurt someone`s feelings
Otherwise = if not; or else

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LESSON 19

Exercises
1. Join the sentences using a relative pronoun.
pronoun.
a. Jane is tired. She works a lot.
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________
______________________
b. The boy is sick.I
sick.I need to talk to him.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________
c. Debby is traveling. Her cat died.
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________
d. The dog underwent surgery. Its owner is worried.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
e. Janet became very famous. Her stories are always interesting.
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
__________
f. Phil and Joane bought an old house.
house. They love old things.
things.
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
g. The dress is beautiful. She bought it last week.
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_________
h. That employee was promoted. He was about to travel on vacation.
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
i. His tie cost a lot of money. It was imported from Italy.
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______
j. The ladder is much bigger. It belongs to John.
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________

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LESSON 19

2. Complete the sentences below with the

the right phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
tense
a. Tina hates her bedroom. I think it`s time to ________________
____________________
__________________ it _______
____________.
________.

b. Ive been _____________

________________
_______ it __________
__________,
__, but up to now I found no solution to this.

c. I cant believe you ____________

_____________
____ _____
_______
_______
____ _______ your test before handing it in!

d. Hey!
Hey! be careful ____
______
_____
____ _________
__________
______ ________
___________
_______ ______
____________
_________ the glass beside you!

e. Wh
What
at were you ________________
______________________
_______________ ___________________
____________________
______________ on the phone last
night?

3. Combine the following verbs with the

the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
sentences.
a. THINK ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________
LOOK__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________

c. FALL _____________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________
___________________

d. GO ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________

e. DO ____________
___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________

OVER

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LESSON 20
Stop loving
yourself and
work, you fool!!!
fool!!!

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
SUBJECT
SUBJECT PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

MYSELF

YOU

YOURSELF

HE

HIMSELF

SHE

HERSELF

IT

ITSELF

WE

OURSELVES

YOU

YOURSELVES

THEY

THEMSELVES

How to use them?

We use the reflexive pronouns in three situations:
Subject = Object

Emphasis
Emphasis

Preceded by by
It Means
Means alone or without help

She hurt herself while cooking.

I talked to the director myself.

myself.

He traveled to England by himself.

himself.

He looked at himself at the mirror They themselves wrote the letter.

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I fixed the car by myself.

myself.

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LESSON 20

Exercises
Exercises
1. Com
Complete
plete the following sentences with the suitable reflexive
pronouns and cases
a. He _______________________
___________________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________
_____ fixes the meals in his house.
house.
b. She would like to live ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
__________________________.
c. They painted
painted their houses __________________
_____________________________
___________________________
___________________________________
_______________________.
___.
d. I dont like pork ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________________
______.
e. We _________
_________________________________
________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________should talk to the boss.
f. They need to stay
stay awhile _____________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________________________.
_________________.

2. Create sentences using the following pronouns:

a. She / them / herself.
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
b. He / Her / himself .
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
c. They / us / their / themselves.
themselves.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________
d. I / my / by myself.
myself.
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
________
e. We / our /by ourselves.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________

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LESSON 20

Phrasal Verbs

Settle for

Major in
Sneak away
Carry away

Stand up
Wash off
Take off

Lay down
Carry in
Look into
Look for
Do without
Take over
Get along with
Back up
Give up
Run into

Turn in
Try on

To accept or agree to something or to decide to

have something, although it is not exactly what
you want or it is not the best: She never settles
for second best.
To study something as your main subject at
university:
She majored in philosophy at Harvard.
To leave secretly.
Also carry off. To take (sth)or (someone) away.
To remove: Trash left on the beach during the
day is carried away (= removed) at night by
the tide.
To be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical
state, especially (of a person or animal) by
straightening the legs.
To remove by washing.
Take sth off (REMOVE):
to remove something, especially clothes.
Take off (FLY) phrasal verb.
If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leaves
the ground and begins to fly.
To place (something, someone or oneself)
down, as on the ground, furniture, etc.
To transport or take something toward the
inside of a container, place or area.
To investigate.To examine the facts about a
problem or situation.
To try to find (something or someone, often
that is lost).
To manage without having something: I cant
do without your love.
To assume the responsibility.
To be friendly to.
To support or help someone.
To quit. To stop.
To meet by chance.To drive a vehicle
accidentally into an object or a person in
another vehicle:I had to brake suddenly, and
the car behind ran into me.He ran his
motorbike into a tree.
To go to bed ( to sleep ).
To put on a piece of clothing to discover if it
fits you or if you like it.
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LESSON 20

Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
tense
a. I cant believe you ____________ ______
___________ ________
____________
________ ________
________ your parents!

b. You wouldnt guess who I _________________

_________________ _____
______________ on the bus yesterday.

c. Wherever you go, whatever you do I ________

____________
________ always____
always_____
__________ you _______.
_______.

d. At what time ____________

______________
_____ you usually ____
___________________
_________________
_______ ___________
____________
__________
___?

e. What cant you _________________________________

__________________________________
_________________________ _______
________
___________________________
____________________ ?

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
a. LOOK___________________________________________
LOOK_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________________________________
______________________________

b. LOOK______________________________________________________
LOOK___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

c. LAY_______________________________________________________________
LAY_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________

d. BACK _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________
_________________
___________

e. DO _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________
______________

UP

WITHOUT

INTO

FOR

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LESSON 20
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:
Determ
iner
the

Ordinal
number
first

Quality word

Size

Age

Color

Noun

clean

big

young

brown

horse

second

attractive

little

old

grey

city

this

27th

handsome

small

antique

blue

ring

that

last

nice

tall

middlemiddle-aged

man

these

dirty

short

6-yearyear-old

boxes

those

foolish

underunder-aged

couples

my

crazy

tiny

your

rich

slender

girlfriend

poor

stout

widower

delicious

huge

unusual

1-monthmonth-old

fresh

green

parrot

white

cake

ancient

ship

tender

thin

ham

tough

fat

steak

ripe

red

fruit

odd

boys
large

modern

dark

building

immense

old

golden

statue

Very Should be placed

placed before the modifier we wish to emphasize: VERY BIG, VERY OLD, VERY
STOUT, VERY TALL, ETC.

Exercise
1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:
a. When will __________________________
____________________________________call
______________call back? (young nice that girl)
b. Where is_________________
is________________________sneaking
__________sneaking away to?(old
to?(old man that little whit
white)
c. Did _________________dog carry away_____________________meat?
(brown big the)
(old tough that)
d. Why doesnt______________________
doesnt________________________________
__________________ stand up? (little that parrot
parrot green)
e. Is this ________
__________________________________
______________________________ neighbor? ( young our very attractive)

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LESSON 20
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:
Determiner

Shape

Color

Material

Age or
Temperature
new

oddodd-shaped

dark

steel

an

cool

square

light

iron

gate

this
this

hot

rectangular

bluish

gold

watch

that

cold

round

green

silver

chain

these

warm

broad

yellowish

wool

sweater

those

old

narrow

greenish

silk

stockings

our

wide

brownish

synthetic

material

his

flat

reddish

wooden

floor

plastic

dish

leather

coat

nylon

rug

her

Origin
Gerund
English

Noun
knife

German

refrigerator

French

salad dressing

washing

machine

ironing

board

Japanese

car

American

egg beater

Exercise
1. Put the words in parentheses in the
the correct order:
a. Is she going to put on _______________
_______________________
______________
_______________________
_______________sweater
_____________sweater?
sweater? (hot
(hot that
wool yellow)
yellow)
b. Wh
Why
y doesnt he wash off ___________________
_______________________________spoon? (old soup that
greenish)
greenish)
c. Why is she taking off _______________________
___________________________ stockings?
stockings? (light new silk
very those)
d. When are they going to lay down________________________
down________________________________________rug
__________________rug?
________________rug?
(that brownish new rectangular nylon)
nylon)
e. They couldnt carry in ______________________
______________________________cloth.
___________cloth. (cotton that dark)
dark)

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