Problem Set Solutions

Sections 13.6, 13.7, 14.1, 14.2

MATH 1920 Spring 2013

13.6.PQ ) (1) False. (2) False. (3) Hyperbolic paraboloids. (4) No. (5) Ellipsoids. (6) A parabolic cylinder is the set of all vertical lines through a parabola in the xy -plane.

13.7.PQ ) (1) Cylindrical coordinates: a cylinder with radius R (and innite height). Spherical coordinates: a sphere with radius . (2a) False. (2b) True. (3a) True. (3b) False. (4) 0 = 0 and 0 = . (5) When 0 = /2, = 0 is the xy -plane. 13.7.10 ) Convert from rectangular coordinates to cylindrical coordinates: (3, 3 3, 2). Solution: We have r = x2 + y 2 = 6, = arctan y/x = /3, and z = z = 2. Hence the point in cylindrical coordinates is given by (6, /3, 2).

4 x

. 1 r 3, 0

, 2

0z4

olution The inequality 1 r 3 implies that the projection of the region on the xy -plane is contained in a r

13.7.22 ) Sketch the set described in cylindrical coordinates:

3,restricts r 0 / 2, to 0 z 4. quadrant and 0 z 4 determines x 2 + y 2 3. The inequality 0 1 the ring the rst 2 ight. We obtain theSolution following : region:
z 4 4 4 4 x 4 4 y

. z2 + r 2 4

olution

13.7.26 ) Find an equation of the form r = f (, z ) in cylindrical coordinates for 2 2 4yis shown in The region z2 + r 2x the surface + + z2 = 4 . the following gure: Solution: Recall that we have r2 = x2 z+ y 2 , so the surface in cylindrical coordinates is given by r2 + z 2 = 4, which can be rewritten as r = 4 z 2 .
2 2 2 to rectangular coordinates: (5, 3/4, /4). 13.7.34 ) Convert from spherical 2 2 4, /4), and so Solution: We have (, , ) = (5, 3/ x y

x = sin cos = 5/2 y = sin sin = 5/2 2 2 2 2 2 rectangular coordinates the inequality is z + z = x 2+ y or cos = 5 4, 2/ 2, x + y + z 4, which is a ball of radius 2. so the point in rectangular coordinates is given by (5/2, 5/2, 5 2/2).

April 13, 2011

13.7.52 ) Describe the set in spherical coordinates: x2 + y 2 = 3z 2 . Solution: Write x = sin cos , y = sin sin , and z = cos to obtain 2 sin2 cos2 + 2 sin2 sin2 = 32 cos2 , 2

sin2 =3 cos2
54. =

S E C T I O N 12.7

tan =

or

Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

tan = 3.

(LT SECTION 13.7)

439

he solutions for 0 are

4 2 and = . of points P such that OP makes an angle = solution The level surface = is the right-circular cone consisting 4 4 3 3 with the z-axis, as shown in the following gure:

y (1) and (2) we obtain the following representation in spherical coordinates: z 2 or = . One solution to this is = 0, which is the origin. If3 = 0, then 3 we can divide by 3 =
2 sin = 33 2 cos .

which simplies to

2 to obtain sin = 3 cos , which is equvialent to tan = 3. Solutions with 0 y 3. otice that by (3) we 0 see that the set is the surface obtained while rotating a line that makes an angle of 3 2/ 3 3 and = are therefore given by = / Both equations describe 3 with the posi axis, about the z-axis. In other words,coordinates. a double cone. x a cone in spherical 3
55. = 2, = 4 solution The equation = 2 is a sphere of radius 2, and the equation = 4 is the vertical plane y = x . These two here. surfaces intersect in a (vertical) circle of radius 2, as seen
3 3 2 3
z 2

y
y

Exercises 5360, sketch the set of points (described in spherical coordinates).

2, = the sphere of radius 4. This is shown in the following gure: 56. = 4= describes 4

olution

3. = 4

13.7.56 ) Sketch the set of points described in spherical coordinates by = 2, = /4.

Solution : = 2= describes a sphere of radius 2, and =/ is a right circular the solution The equation 2 is a sphere of radius 2, and equation =4 4 is a right circular cone. These two z cone. Their intersection is a circle of radius 2 in the plane z = /4. surfaces intersect in a (horizontal) circle of height 2 and radius 2, as seen here.
z = 4

x
y

April 13, 2011

57. = 2, 0 solution The set

3
= 2, 0
z

is shown in the following gure:

14.1.PQ ) (1) (c) does not parametrize a line. (The other two do!) (2) The curve z = ex in the xz -plane. (3) The projection onto the xz -plane. (4) (-2,2,3). (5) The rst path moves counterclockwise, the second moves clockwise. (6) (a), (c), and (d) parametrize the circle in the plane y = 9 with radius 1 and center (2, 9, 3).

14.1.8 ) Match the space curves shown in Figure 8 on page 734 with the following vector valued functions. (a) r1 (t) = cos 2t, cos t, sin t (C) (b) r2 (t) = t, cos 2t, sin 2t (B) (c) r3 (t) = 1, t, t (A)

14.1.30 ) Determine whether r1 and r2 collide or intersect. r1 (t) = t, t2 , t3 , r2 (t) = 4t + 6, 4t2 , 7 t .

Solution: The paths collide if there is a t such that r1 (t) = r2 (t). Looking at the y -coordinate, this equality would imply that t2 = 4t2 , so that t = 0. However, t = 0 does not make the x- and z -coordinates equal, so the paths do not collide. The paths intersect if there are t and s for which r1 (t) = r2 (s). Setting coordinate equations equal, we have t = 4s + 6, t2 = 4s2 , t3 = 7 s.

The second of these implies that either t = 2s or t = 2s. If t = 2s, then substituting into the rst equation gives 2s = 4s + 6, so s = 3 and t = 6. However, these s and t do not satisfy the third equation. If t = 2s, then substituting into the rst equation gives 2s = 4s + 6, so s = 1 and t = 2. These do satisfy the third equation, so we conclude that the two paths intersect.

14.1.32 ) Find a parametrization of the line passing through (1, 0, 4) and (4, 1, 2). Solution: Using the technique/formula from section 13.2 for the vector equation of a line passing through two points, we nd r(t) = 1 + 3t, t, 4 2t .

14.2.PQ ) (1) The product rules for vector-valued functions: d (f (t)r(t)) = f (t)r (t) + f (t)r(t) dt d (r1 (t) r2 (t)) = r1 (t) r2 (t) + r1 (t) r2 (t) dt d (r1 (t) r2 (t)) = r1 (t) r2 (t) + r1 (t) r2 (t) dt (2) True. (3) False: it is not possible to compose two vector-valued functions of a real number. (4) True. (5) False: the derivative of a vector-valued function r(t) is itself a vector valued function. Its value r (t) for each t is the tangent vector to the curve r(t). (6) False: see PQ(1), above. (7a) Vector. (7b) Scalar. (7c) Vector.

14.2.19 ) Calculate the derivative (d/dt)(r1 (t) r2 (t)) by using the product rule, where r1 (t) = t2 , t3 , t , r2 (t) = e3t , e2t , et .

Solution: We have r1 (t) = 2t, 3t2 , 1 and r2 (t) = 3e3t , 2e2t , et , so d (r1 (t) r2 (t)) = r1 (t) r2 (t) + r1 (t) r2 (t) dt = t2 , t3 , t 3e3t , 2e2t , et + 2t, 3t2 , 1 e3t , e2t , et = [(t3 + 3t2 )et (2t + 1)e2t ]i + [(3t + 1)e3t (t2 + 2t)et ]j + [(2t2 + 2t)e2t (3t3 + 3t2 )e3t ].

14.2.26 ) Evaluate (d/dt)r(g (t)) using the chain rule, where r(t) = 4 sin 2t, 6 cos 2t , g (t) = t2 .

Solution: We have r (t) = 8 cos 2t, 12 sin 2t , so d r(g (t)) = g (t)r (g (t)) = 2t 8 sin 2t2 , 12 sin 2t2 . dt 5

14.2.37 ) Show that the derivative of the norm is not equal to the norm of the derivative by verifying that r(t) = r (t) for r(t) = t, 1, 1 . Solution: We have r(t) = t2 + 2, and so = t2 t . +2 = r (t) .

r(t)

However, r (t) = 1, 0, 0 , which implies that r (t) = 1. Hence r(t)

14.2.52 ) Find both the general solution of the dierential equation and the solution with the given initial conditions. r (t) = e2t2 , t2 1, 1 , r(1) = 0, 0, 1 , r (1) = 2, 0, 0 .

Solution: Integrate r (t) to obtain r (t) with an unknown constant: r (t) = r (t) dt = 1 2t2 t3 e , t, t + c1 , 2 3

then repeat to nd r(t) with two unknown constants. r(t) = r (t) dt = 1 2t2 t4 t2 t2 e , , 4 12 2 2 + tc1 + c2

This is the desired general form. To nd c1 , let t = 1 in the equation for r (t) found above, and set that equal to 2, 0, 0 . 2, 0, 0 = r (1) = 1 2 , , 1 + c1 . 2 3

It follows that c1 = 3/2, 2/3, 1 . Now use the second equation to nd c2 in the same way 0, 0, 1 = r(1) = 1 5 1 , , 4 12 2 + 3 2 , , 1 + c2 . 2 3

Hence c2 = 7/4, 1/4, 3/2 , and so the specic solution is given by r(t) = 1 2t2 t4 t2 t2 e , , 4 12 2 2 +t 3 2 7 1 3 , , 1 + , , 2 3 4 4 2 .

14.2.57 ) A ghter plane, which can shoot a laser beam straight ahead, travels along the path r(t) = 5 t, 21 t2 , 3 t3 /27 . Show that there is precisely one time t at which the pilot can hit a target located at the origin. Solution: The pilot will be able hit a target at the origin when the tangent line to r(t) passes through the origin. First, compute r (t): r (t) = 1, 2t, t2 9 .

For each t0 , we are interested in the line that starts at r(t0 ) with direction r (t0 ). This line has equation pt0 (s) = r(t0 ) + sr (t0 ) = 5 t0 , 21 t2 0, 3 t3 0 27 + s 1, 2t0 , t2 0 9 .

Notice that for each t0 R we have a dierent line. The question now reduces to the following: for which t0 does pt0 (s) pass through the origin? To answer it, we set each of the component equations of pt0 (s) equal to zero. x : 5 t0 s = 0 y : 21 t2 0 2t0 s = 0 t2 t3 z : 3 0 0s = 0 27 9 From the rst equation, we have s = 5 t0 . Substituting this into the second equation yields
2 21 t2 0 2t0 (5 t0 ) = 21 10t0 + t0 = 0.

This has solutions t0 = 3 and t0 = 7. When t0 = 3, the constraint s = 5 t0 gives s = 2, and plugging this s and t into the third equation above yields equality. When t0 = 7, we have s = 2, which does not yield equality when plugged into the third equation. Hence we conclude that the only time that the planes laser is aimed at the origin (that is, the only t0 for which the line pt0 (s) pass through the origin) is at t0 = 3.

14.2.58 ) The ghter plane of Problem 57 travels along the path r(t) = t t3 , 12 t2 , 3 t Show that the pilot can never hit any target on the x-axis. Solution: The procedure here be almost identical to the previous problem. The main dierence is the that now we want to show that pt0 (s) does not intersect the x-axis for any time t0 . First, nd r (t) and form pt0 (s) as in the previous problem. r (t) = 1 3t2 , 2t, 1
2 2 pt0 (s) = r(t0 ) + sr (t0 ) = t0 t3 0 , 12 t0 , 3 t0 + s 1 3t0 , 2t0 , 1 .

For t0 R, the line pt0 (s) will intersect the x-axis if there is an s for which the y - and z coordinates of pt0 (s) are both zero. Hence we arrive at the following two equations, which we want to show have no common solution. y : 12 t2 0 2t0 s = 0 z : 3 t0 s = 0 Using the z equation, we have s = 3 t0 ; substitute this into the y equation to obtain
2 12 t2 0 2t0 (3 t0 ) = 12 6t0 + t0 = 0.

Viewing this as a quadratic equation in t0 , notice that the discriminant is (6)2 4(1)(12) = 12. Since the discriminant is negative, the equation has no real solutions, and so we conclude that there is no time t0 at which the ghter pilot can hit a target on the x-axis.