Dental surveying

*Dental surveyor: - an instrument used in the fabrication of a removable partial denture *Retention: - ability to resist vertical dislodgment forces. *Support: - Support is the principle that describes how well the underlying mucosa (oral tissues, including gums and the vestibules) keeps the denture from moving vertically towards the arch *Stability:-the resistance of a denture to movement on its tissue foundation on lateral force *Biocompatible: - it will live in the body without causing harm to it *Where do I need to do surveying? 1-We do it in primary cast, and secondary cast mainly and I use it for cr-co RPD * Primary cast - I need to determine the area which is parallel to the path of insertion - try to find an area for retention to make a clasp...Area of undercut - draw our initial design - try to identify which teeth are need preparation inside the patient mouth {i.e. a tooth does not have an undercut so one of the alteration that we might do is ENAMEL DIMPLE}.
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-ENAMEL DIMPLE: a small depression on enamel so the clasp goes there when we dont have a good undercut

*Secondary cast - Draw the final design - Contouring the block out material which made of wax

*Other uses of the surveyor

-the technician may be using dental articulator to countering the wax pattern of ceramic crowns.. for example I want the crown from the beginning when it still wax to have a guide plane so before fabricating that crown, the technician make sure that the proximal side is flat in the same characteristic that it should planted inside the patient's mouth -Maybe I may put an area for reciprocation or I may put an internal attachment, or internal rest, or an external attachment -How do I know that any one of these component are parallel to the other component of the RPD? We have to use surveyor So the surveyor is used for RPD but it may be used for other restorations like crowns and bridges *Internal rest is a tunnel in which the partial denture will go in and out -What does an internal rest do for retention? 1-It provides retention by friction the part which goes in and out it will enter in tight path so it aids in retention 2-It help in support because it directs the force into the long access of the tooth 3-It helps in stability because it prevents the RPD from moving laterally 4-In esthetic it helps us because we dont need to add any clasp so its more esthetic to the patient -Sometimes the technician has finished all ceramic crowns and he wants to cut it back its not in the wax stage now, its in the final completed crown stage so once again we can use the surveyor to make sure that the cut is parallel to the path of insertion he had decided.

*Surveyor in Implantology
-When I make the implant in the bone, later on over it I will add another competent so I want the external component to go in and out smoothly, so the surveyor making sure that each implant is parallel to the other -Also dental surveyor aids the surgeon in placing the implant in the bone, they place the acryl and make a holes on it <it called surgical guide > and make sure that each implant is parallel to the other , so we use the surveyor to design the holes before doing surgery -Some time we use surveyor in complete denture fabrication when we have undercuts to avoid these undercuts or sometimes to get benefit from it like if we have premaxilla undercut (we can use it for extra retention) -For acrylic RPD (interim) do we need surveying? Yes, to find appropriate under cut to place my stainless steel wire in an under cut, this is the main use. -There are Different types of survivors but they all share the same basic

-Some time we add to the surveyor, the hand piece and we can use 2 degree or 6 degree taper tool so we need to do surveying to do a perfect partial denture

*Path of insertion (POI) is opposite to the path of removal (POR) *BUT Path of displacement (POD) is different from path of removal (POR) . its not parallel to the path of removal *path of displacement occurs in any direction while path of removal occurs in one direction only (perpendicular on the occlusal plane). -usually when sticky food is there then the path of displacement will be perpendicular to the occlusal table so its called "PARALLEL DISPLACMENT" *only when the table tilt is zero, in this case the path of removal will be the same (in the same direction) with the path of displacementboth of them will be perpendicular on the occlusal plane.

*How do we do a surveying line?!

-First of all before drawing any surveying line I might use the analyzing rod to identify the maximum parallel surfaces also we need to make sure that the undercut in the both side are almost equal so triangles must be equals if they are not then we tilt the cast slightly. - Then we draw a line using a graphite marker the graphite marker has a lead sheet on it to protect it from breaking and we start rotating to draw a line so we can have a true undercut area so we can place a clasp on it -When we draw a line the graphite marker should also touch the margin of the gingiva to determine the soft tissue undercut. After that I began gauging the undercut: - all the area below the survey line we need to select exactly the area where the undercut is present -The undercut gauge has a horizontal arm which goes 0.02 inch horizontally .We want to make sure that the vertical part and the horizontal part of the undercut gauge are touching in the same time

-What if the surveyor line is high (the tooth is too much tilted so the maximum bulge of the tooth is high and very close to the occlusal table) so if I end my clasp just below the surveyor line I may traumatize the tooth. -The best for a retentive arm of the clasp to be in the middle just between the middle and gingival thirdSometime I dont have an undercut... What is the solution...? 1-I could reverse may clasp and put my retentive arm on the lingual side if there is a lingual undercut 2-Or I can take an undercut from an adjacent tooth using extending clasp
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3-Or I can use a double embrasure clasp to obtain the retention from the other side 4-If I dont want to change my design, I could prepare an enamel dimple a small space in enamel just to end my clasp in it

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Kennedy class I .two abutments

Kennedy class II mod 1 .three abutments with two clasps at least on the posterior abutments

Kennedy class III mod 1 .four abutments with four clasps

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-if we have severe interference then we might solve this problem either by block out or cover the severely tilted teeth by servied crown with suitable rest seat and undercutif all of the previous solutions are not useful then we choose to extract the tooth as last resort.
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This is the dots method. I fix cast in the correct position I want. I then let the carbon rod touch three points in a single direction. When I take the cast home and come back the next morning, and I want to put it back, these three points will not touch the surveying machine until I tilt the cast to the exact same position which was the original tilt. These also can be lines. So if I draw lines in the tilted position, they will never come back parallel to the cast unless I 19 put the cast in the same tilted position

*Surveying diagnostic casts is an important step in the fabrication of removable partial dentures (RPD). After a suitable path of insertion is determined, the orientation of the cast needs to be recorded to allow repositioning of the cast in the same orientation at subsequent times.

-The ability to accurately record, communicate, and reproduce cast orientation is critical to the laboratory fabrication of an RPD framework with the same path of insertion as that determined by the dentist.

-Conventional methods for recording cast position require marking the cast in several areas to establish a plane of orientation. Tripodization is accomplished by placing horizontal marks on 3 divergent anatomic areas on the cast.

-These marks define a plane of orientation for repositioning the cast. The scoring method involves making 3 vertical marks along the base of the cast on the posterior and lateral areas.

- The analyzing rod of a surveyor is aligned with all 3 marks to reorient the cast. Several devices have been described to facilitate the recording and reproduction of cast orientation

-DR.Ansari described the use of a U-shaped plastic impression tray with a vertical stylus attached to a surveyor. The tray was indexed to the occlusal surface of a cast with silicone putty material.

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*MASTER CAST SURVEYING

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