Integration:

Mapping the Field

Report of a Project carried out by the University of Oxford

Centre for Migration and policy Research and Refugee Studies Centre
contracted by the Home Office
Immigration Research and Statistics Service (IRSS)

by

Stephen Castles, Maja Korac, Ellie Vasta, Steven Vertovec

with the assistance of

Katrin Hansing, Fiona Moore, Emma Newcombe, Lucy Rix, Soojin Yu

December 2002

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors, not necessarily those of
the Home Office (nor do they reflect Government policy).

Home Office Online Report 28/03

 Integration:
Mapping the Field

Report of a project carried out by the University of Oxford

Centre for Migration and policy Research and Refugee Studies Centre
contracted by the Home Office,
Immigration Research and Statistics Service (IRSS)

Executive summary i-ii

PART 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background to the Project 1

1.2 Structure of the Final Report 2

Chapter 2 Project Methodology 4

2.1 Scope of the project, methodological considerations and building

of data-sets 4
2. 2 Sources of data for bibliography building and methods used to
search literature 6
2.3 Selection of articles and reports for inclusion and categories
indicating different aspects of research/integration 9
2.4 Searches for recent and current research 9
2.5 Interviews with researchers and NGO representatives in the field 10

Chapter 3 Integration of immigrants and refugees: a conceptual survey 11

3.1 The concept of integration 11

3.1.1 Integration as a complex two-way process 11
3.1.2 Integration into what? 13
3.1.3 Alternative concepts 14
3.2 Definitional issues 19
3.2.1 Defining immigrants 19
3.2.2 Defining refugees 20
3.2.3 Defining integration of immigrants 22
3.2.4 Defining integration of refugees 23
3.3 Factors conditioning integration 26
3.3.1 Integration as a process 26

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 3.3.2 Appraising the conditioning factors 27
3.4 Indicators of integration 29
3.4.1 Conceptual problems with indicators of integration 29
3.4.2 Issues of evaluation 30
3.4.3 Possible indicators 31
3.5 Issues of methodology in integration research 33
3.5.1 Quantitative and qualitative research methods 33
3.5.2 Unit of analysis and time span 34
3.5.3 Availability of data 34
3.6 Approaches to integration policy: comparative aspects 35
3.6.1 Areas of current policy 35
3.6.2 Political participation 36
3.6.3 Social integration 36
3.6.4 Cultural integration 38
3.7 Conclusion 39

Chapter 4 Recent and current research about immigrants and refugees 41

4.1 Published academic research about integration of immigrants from
1996-2001 43
4.2 NGO based research and reports about the integration of
immigrants from 1996-2001 52
4.3 Current academic research about immigrants from 1996 onwards 56
4.4 Published academic research about integration of refugees from
1996-2001 59
4.5 NGO based research and reports about the integration of refugees
from 1996-2001 67
4.6 Current academic research about refugees from 1996 onwards 71
4.7 Recent and current academic research about ethnic minorities and
asylum seekers from 1996-2001 73
4.8 Conclusion 75

Chapter 5 Gaps in the research on integration of immigrants and refugees 76

5.1 Conceptual and theoretical gaps 76

5.1.1 Immigrants 77
5.1.2 Refugees 78
5.2 Methodological gaps: immigrants and refugees 80
5.2.1 Lack of adequate statistics 80
5.2.2 Interdisciplinary research 81
5.2.3 Qualitative research methods and the need to make the
voices of immigrants and refugees more representative 81
5.2.4 Language and translation 81
5.2.5 Combining qualitative and quantitative research 82
5.2.6 Participatory research/social action research 82
5.2.7 Dissemination 82
5.2.8 Comparative research 88
5.2.9 Longitudinal research 83
5.2.10 Community and academic research 83

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 5.3 Gaps in substantive research in specific integration topics and
sectors 83
5.3.1 Immigrants 83
5.3.2 Refugees 92
5.4 Conclusion 98

Chapter 6 Conclusions 99

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Model/guide for collection of materials and bibliography 1996-2001

102

Appendix 2 List of experts interviewed and consulted 103

Appendix 3 Integration models in selected immigration countries 105

PART 2

Data Set 1 Bibliography of academic works

Data Set 2 Publications and reports by NGOs and statutory bodies

Data Set 3 Recent and current research since 1996

Data Set 4 Research centres

Data Set 5 Key periodicals/ websites/ data sets/ organisations

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 Executive summary

1. The ‘Integration: Mapping the Field’ Project surveyed British research on

immigrants and refugees conducted between 1996-2001 predominantly
within academic and NGO sectors. The exercise included extensive
searches of literature and current research alongside interviews with
numerous experts in both sectors. Carried out under contract to the Home
Office - Immigration Research and Statistics Service (IRSS), the following
Report’s aim is to better inform government policy development.

2. The Project surveyed over 3,200 bibliographic references. The authors

emphasize that, although substantial, due to time constraints this cannot
represent an entirely comprehensive overview of the field. It does,
however, provide sufficient grounds for a highly informed discussion of the
main areas of integration research conducted in the UK over the past five
years.

3. The Report is divided into two parts. The first is comprised of six chapters
outlining conceptual and methodological issues, specific areas of
concentration regarding published and ongoing research, significant gaps
in knowledge, and views on the future development of policy-relevant
research on the integration of immigrants and refugees in the UK. The
second part includes a number of databases covering bibliographies of
academic publications and reports by NGOs and statutory bodies, lists of
current research, key journals, websites, research centres and relevant
organizations. A series of topical briefing sheets has been produced in
conjunction.

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4. The Report demonstrates that overall there is a serious lack of data and
other factual knowledge about processes and factors of immigrant and
refugee integration. This is particularly indicated by a subject-by-subject
discussion of research 1996-2001 (Chapter 4). The Report describes
significant gaps and proposes a variety of measures with regard to the
development of appropriate databases, concepts, theories and research
methods. Among a variety of issues, this includes calls for: analyses of
historical experiences of integration; recognising the contemporary
significance of transnational networks among immigrants and refugees;
detailed studies of labour market experiences; more exploration of the
impact of legal categories on integration processes; high-quality
longitudinal studies; combining quantitative and qualitative methods in
evidence-gathering for policy; more work on specific ethnic groups; and
more gender-aware research.

5. The authors offer a series of suggestions for further expansion and

improvement of policy-related research. While the Mapping Project indeed
surveyed a considerable amount of research on immigrant and refugee
integration, overall work in this field is highly uneven, poorly co-ordinated
and limited by inadequate data. In addition to simply more research, there
is a need for developing an agreed conceptual framework and set of
research indicators to measure various aspects of integration. A quasi-
autonomous ‘Immigration and Integration Research Bureau’, akin to that
established in Australia, may be desirable. In any case, there is much to
be gained by a greater research-policy partnership between academics,
policy-makers, practitioners and immigrant and refugee groups
themselves.

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PART 1

iii
Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter summary – The contextual background to the Project is briefly recounted followed
by a description of the Report’s structure. The Report is comprised of two Parts: the first
includes a conceptual and methodological discussion of integration research, an account of
subject areas covered by research 1996-2001, the highlighting of significant gaps in
research and a set of recommendations for developing the policy-research agenda. The
second part is made up of a number of data sets covering bibliographies of academic and
NGO publications, lists of current research, key journals, websites, research centres and
organisations.

1.1 Background to the project

Migration is one of the highest issues on the political agendas of the British
government, the European Union (EU) and most of its constituent Member-States. An
ageing population and labour shortages in both high and low-skilled sectors currently
represent just a few of the phenomena suggesting the need for rethinking surrounding
migration. The recent rise in immigration debates reflects at least four forces: ‘the
strength of the British labour market, globalisation, increasing economic integration
and labour mobility within the EU, and rising political instability around the world.
Since these forces are likely to persist, we can expect higher immigration’ (The
Economist 27 January 2001: 38). It follows that, concerning a variety of policy
domains relevant to migration, there is high demand for more and better social
scientific research.

This Report arises from a project funded by the Immigration Research and Statistics
Service (IRSS) of the Home Office following an Invitation to Tender issued in
December 2000. The contracted project was required to be very short-term in
duration, covering a period of just 20 weeks (19 February – 6 July 2001).

The context of the project arises by way of the policy goal that Home Office policies
in the field of integrating immigrants and refugees should be informed by the best
possible research data and information. In order to develop and improve upon policy
initiatives surrounding the integration of immigrants and refugees in British society,
therefore, the current array of integration research and information should be
examined. From there, new and modified policies based on solid evidence and sound
vision could be formulated. The following Report is intended to be a contribution to
this process.

Following the contracted terms of reference set out for the project by the Home
Office, we emphasize that this ‘mapping’ exercise is intended solely as a large-scale
survey of current academic work and non-government organisational reports
conducted in the field of immigrant and refugee integration in Britain. It is not a
review of literature or an evaluation of research or policy. Given restraints of time and
resources, moreover, the mapping exercise has been as full as possible but cannot
claim to be wholly comprehensive.
“The project has been
Specifically, the project has been designed to provide an designed to provide an
overview of current research in the area of immigrant and overview of current research
that can be used for policy
development.”
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refugee integration in the UK that can be used for policy development. This has
entailed: (a) the theoretical interrogation of key terms, concepts and approaches to
issues surrounding integration and policy intervention; (b) an extensive “mapping” of
literature, covering several areas relevant to integration in the UK, across various
academic disciplines, government departments and NGO’s; and (c) a series of
interviews with experts from academic and non-academic sectors in order to obtain
information on research completed or in process and to gather informed opinion and
advice regarding conceptual and empirical gaps and key areas for future policy-
relevant research on immigrant and refugee integration. In the course of research
numerous general references to ethnic minorities and asylum-seekers were gathered:
while these topics were not part of the project’s terms of reference, many such
references have been included since they may overlap with studies of immigrants and
refugees.

This Project Report complements the ‘mapping the field’ exercise on Asylum Policy
and Process in the United Kingdom undertaken by colleagues at the University of
Warwick also on behalf of IRSS/Home Office.

1.2 Structure of the Final Report

This Report follows a structure of discussing methodological and conceptual issues

through overviews of research specific to the last five years in the UK, to a detailed
list of references and relevant contacts. The Report is divided into two Parts, the first
being comprised of various overviews of the field and the second made up of
bibliographic and other data.

Part 1
Chapter 2 reviews the specific methods and approaches used in the ‘Integration:
Mapping the Field’ Project, including comments on electronic search engines,
sources, keywords and a framework of interviewing experts in the field.

In Chapter 3 we describe many of the difficulties in defining just what the

‘integration’ of immigrants and refugees might mean. The chapter represents a
distillation of literature surveyed by the Project, comments of interviewed experts,
and prior experience of the Report’s senior authors. We provide a Glossary of other
terms also often used in policy and research, such as assimilation, incorporation and
inclusion. Along with a discussion of pertinent terms and definitions, we proceed with
the recognition that ‘integration’ is a kind of umbrella term for summarizing a wide
variety of facets and possible trajectories and outcomes. A discussion of processual
features surrounding integration follows, as well as an outline of key factors
conditioning different pathways of integration. Subsequently, possible quantifiable
indicators of integration are listed. It is very important and highly instructive to
recognize the ways in which national models, government policies and administrative
contexts impact upon various modes of integration: therefore as an Appendix to this
chapter we include an extensive section describing a number of differing models of
immigrant and refugee integration (Australia, Germany, France, the Netherlands,
Sweden and Switzerland) and how they have affected migrant settlement and
community development.

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The substantial set of literature 1996-2001 and compendium of current research is
discussed in Chapter 4 by way of key subject groupings. Broken down into sections
covering both immigrant- and refugee-related research, the chapter indicates the main
topics that have been researched under the following headings: education and training,
labour market, health, housing, socio-cultural and political issues, women and gender,
family and children, justice and the legal system, welfare and social policy,
discrimination and racism, citizenship and multiculturalism, neighbourhood renewal
and social exclusion. Contrasted to the subject-led mapping discussion of research
1996-2001, Chapter 5 goes on to describes significant gaps in the current research
agenda. Subsequently, a variety of measures are suggested with regard to the
development of appropriate databases, concepts, theories and research methods
designed to fill these substantial gaps.

Chapter 6 concludes the Report by way of a series of suggestions arising from the
mapping project. These concern not only the current state of integration, but
recommended directions for future research and mechanisms for enhanced research-
policy coordination.

Part 1 concludes with a set of three appendices: 1. A model/guide for collection of

materials and bibliography used in the mapping project; 2. A list of experts
interviewed and consulted; and 3. A comparative description of integration models in
selected immigration countries.

[NB: all references sited in Part 1 appear in Part 2 - Dataset 1.]

Part 2
This part includes the following sets of data:
 Data Set 1 - bibliography of academic works concerning immigrant and
refugee integration 1996-2001, divided into several specific areas of study
 Data Set 2 - bibliography of publications and reports on the integration of
immigrants and refugees by non-government organizations and statutory
bodies
 Data Set 3 – list of recent and current research projects (including principle
investigators and institutions, funding bodies and contact details)
 Data Set 4 - list of research centres on migration and refugee studies, with
websites
 Data Set 5 - list of key periodicals, websites, datasets and relevant
organizations.

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Chapter 2
Project methodology

Chapter summary – The ‘Integration: Mapping the Field’ Project surveyed British
academic and NGO research on immigrants and refugees between 1996-2001. This
included extensive searches of literature and current research alongside interviews with
experts.

2.1. Scope of the project, methodological considerations, and building of data-

sets

The aim of this research project, as explained earlier, is to map out existing and
current research on integration of immigrants and refugees in the UK. In discussions
with the Home Office, it was agreed the study would focus on research conducted or
published during the period from 1996, the year when the Immigration and Asylum
Act was passed. The primary geographical framework for this ‘mapping’ project is the
UK. However, selected research about integration conducted in other countries is also
included, as a way of pointing to studies and experience that may be useful for
consultation and comparison. Further, relevant studies about integration in the UK,
published prior to 1996 are also included, to indicate the development and main
research trends in the field.

Given the main objective of this project, this study focused “This study focused on
on identifying and summarising the main areas, themes, identifying and summarising
and topics addressed in research about integration in the UK, the main areas, themes, and
as well as on indicating the main research gaps concerning topics addressed in research
definition of terms, concepts, methodological considerations, about integration in the UK”
and areas relevant to the field. To meet this project objective,
four sources of data and information were used:

• Bibliography of published research - this involved the building up of bibliography

that reflects geographical and time/period considerations set out by the project
objectives, as well as conceptual considerations relating to definition of categories
‘refugee’, ‘immigrant/migrant’, and ‘ethnic minority’ (see Data Set 1).
Additionally, the major task in building up the bibliography was to develop a
model or a guide of relevant aspects of integration to facilitate data collection,
classification, and analysis (see Appendix 1).

• Current research list - this involved building up a list of research that is currently
being carried out as well as that which has been carried out in the UK over the
past four to five years. The list also includes information about a selection of
relevant projects conducted outside the UK.

• Interviews – with key academic researchers, NGO representatives and community

sector workers involved in research and work in the field (see Appendix 2). These
interviews provided experts’ insight and comment on the current situation
concerning approaches and research about integration, as well as information on
evident and hidden gaps in the field. Therefore, they were considered as0 an
invaluable source of information for this study.

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• Literature - academic literature was used in order to provide a more in-depth
understanding of some of the concepts and debates around the process of
integration. Where relevant it was also used to support some of the other data.

Additionally, this ‘mapping’ exercise also included building up of sets of data

concerning relevant journals, web-sites of organisations, databases, and
organisations (see Data Set 5) as well as relevant Research Centres in the field, both
within and outside the UK (see Data Set 4). Therefore, discussion in this report is
based on all mentioned sources of data and information, as well as on expertise of the
members of the team.

In terms of fields of research covered in this study, this ‘mapping’ is multifaceted. It

was concerned with several broad and multidisciplinary areas of research – refugee,
migration, race relations and minorities studies – and research relating to integration
of immigrants and refugees in these fields. This multifaceted approach was shaped by
the main objective of the project, which required mapping the field of research about
integration of two categories of newcomers, the category of immigrants, on the one
hand, and the category of refugees, on the other. In the UK context, as this ‘mapping’
revealed, research in the area of race relations and ethnic minorities studies often
refers to both first and second-generation migrants as well as refugees. In order not to
allow for some of the research about immigrants and refugees to disappear into the
‘ethnic minority’ category, this category and field of study had to be to some extent
included in the project. Consequently, Data Sets 1-3 provide a selected list of research
focusing on the ‘ethnic minority’ category.

However, to meet the project objective, it was necessary not only to cover a broad
range of areas of research, but also to keep the two categories of newcomers separate
in our discussion and analysis. This caused problems, both in terms of the scope of
searches conducted and with regard to maintaining conceptual and analytical clarity in
analysis and discussion presented in this study. Clearly, there are overlaps between
these two categories of newcomers, particularly with respect to the issues involved in
the process of their integration, as is evident from, at times, repetitive discussion
presented in this report. In discussions with the Home Office, this conceptual,
methodological, and practical problem was pointed out. However, it was agreed to
keep the two categories as separate as possible in the analysis, given the needs of the
institution.

106
In terms of the types of research/studies and other publications included in this study,
the scope of this ‘mapping’ project was quite broad. The primary focus was on
research conducted and published in academic literature and did not include book
reviews, unpublished conference and working papers, and doctoral theses. The study
also sought out “grey literature” produced by the NGO sector involved in research
and work with refugees and immigrants. This proved to be a particularly complex and
difficult task, given that many NGO’s keep only one copy of research or programme
reports that were considered relevant for this study. Before addressing in more detail
methods used in creating these sets of data, it is important to emphasise that
information collected in this study cannot be considered entirely comprehensive. This
is due to the serious time constraint involved in conducting and completing this
project, as well as to the limitations associated with availability of data and methods
used in collecting information for this project. The latter issues are discussed below in
more detail.

2. 2. Sources of data for bibliography building and methods used to search

literature

The starting point involved in this ‘mapping’ was to identify literature relevant to
integration, such as existing bibliographies containing recent publications in the
relevant fields of study. Given the rapid growth of the volume of publications in
recent years, bibliographies of published academic research printed by national
libraries have not been able to follow adequately this growth due to the increased cost
involved in subscribing or maintaining the bibliographies. Consequently, electronic
equivalents have become the main source of information in searching literature.
Electronic databases enable much more complex searching and often provide access
to abstracts or even full-text of the publication. Additionally, and very importantly,
electronic searching is substantially less time-consuming and more systematic than
the search of printed bibliographies. Nevertheless, these bibliographic search engines
cannot claim to be fully comprehensive as they do not include all published articles,
nor do they reveal the content of the studies identified.

Given the problems mentioned, two main sources of information concerning relevant
literature were identified and two main methods were used in detecting research about
integration of immigrants and refugees in the UK:

• electronic bibliographic resources – these were searched for set of ‘keywords’ to

identify relevant publications;
• relevant articles and books identified – these were consulted by physically
searching their citations, i.e. ‘snowballing’, for other relevant publications not
already identified through the electronic search process.

These searches covered several fields of research, as mentioned earlier, and were not
constrained by disciplinary boundaries because each of the areas covered is
multidisciplinary, including anthropology, geography, economy, law, political science,
psychology, sociology, and social policy.

Electronic searches

107
The first stage involved in this data-gathering exercise was to consult the databases of
the Refugee Studies Centre (RSC) at the University of Oxford, and the ESRC
Research Programme on Transnational Communities. The information held at the
RSC Documentation Centre is predominantly in the form of journals and reports,
including grey literature, primarily on refugees. The information at the ESRC
Research Programme on Transnational Communities includes a number of ongoing
research projects located at universities throughout Britain. In addition to the searches
of databases of these two resources, databases were also searched physically, because
of the possible time lag between acquisition and entry to databases as well as because
a physical search usually generates other useful pieces of information.

In addition to these two specialised catalogues, a search was made of university

libraries using the following online search engines:

108
OLIS Oxford Library Information System - Oxford University's online
union library catalogue
COPAC Unified catalogues of some of the largest university research
libraries in the UK and Ireland
ZETOC British Library's Electronic Table of Contents
BOPCAS British Official Publications Current Awareness Service
BIRON Bibliographic Information Retrieval Online
SOSIG Social Science Information Gateway
ISI Institute for Scientific Information - Web of Science
BIDS-IBSS Bath Information Data Services - International Bibliography of
the Social Sciences
SOCIOFILE Database containing abstracts of the world's literature in
sociology and related disciplines
INGENTA Major online search service
REGARD Online database of ESRC-funded research

109
MIMAS Manchester Information & Associated Services

110
The search terms entered into bibliographic databases were:

111
Refugee(s) integration
settlement
adaptation
assimilation
adjustment
Migrant(s) integration
settlement
adaptation
assimilation
adjustment
Immigrant(s) integration
settlement
adaptation
assimilation
adjustment
Ethnic minority/ies integration
settlement
adaptation
assimilation

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 adjustment

All these terms/keywords were entered with inclusion of one of the following
geographic terms: United Kingdom, Britain, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern
Ireland, International, in order to uncover as much information as possible. As
expected, all of these searches generated extremely long lists with almost all of the
search engines, and much of the material was repetitive, and some not relevant to this
‘mapping’. It was important, though, to use all of the listed keywords, because of the
complex and multifaceted character of this study. Some of the conceptual and
methodological problems related to building up of relevant sets of data were already
discussed in this section. Additionally, it is important to briefly mention here the
problem with definition of terms: ‘refugee’, ‘im/migrant’, and ‘integration’, which are
central to this study. These terms and concepts are widely used in literature and other
publications, but they are often vaguely defined, as will be discussed later in this
Report. This is particularly the case with the term ‘integration’, which is seldom
defined with any accuracy. Hence, there was a need to search for relevant research
and publications by using five different terms (i.e. integration, settlement, adaptation,
assimilation, and adjustment) in order to ensure it would uncover as much information
as possible.

This data-gathering exercise, did not include systematic searches of literature on

asylum seekers, unless it explicitly concerned integration and/or settlement issues. All
other information relating to asylum seekers in the UK was omitted from this study,
since a separate report concerning asylum policy and law has already been prepared
and submitted to the Home Office.

Given a variety of aspects of integration, and consequently a range of disciplines

addressing the issue, electronic searches also included search of a number of
professional journals in the area of economics, education, training and employment,
as well as health (see the list of professional journals - Data Set 5).

Electronic searches for this ‘mapping’ exercise also included a number of web-sites
hosted by academic institutions, organisations, and individuals active in the field.
Some of these contain reports in downloadable form, and many provide links to other
sites of interest. A list of relevant web-sites and addresses is also provided in Data Set
5.

Snowballing
In addition to the electronic sources, a ‘snowballing’ strategy was used to find
relevant sources. This involved systematic searches of contents of all volumes (1996-
2001) of main academic journals in the field, as well as using bibliographies of books
and articles from journals to look for references which may not have been turned up
from the electronic sources (see Data Set 1). Although time consuming, this technique
proved to be very useful for collecting information for this study.

113
Although not a ‘snowballing’ technique in a strict sense, searches for unpublished,
‘grey’, literature produced primarily by the NGO sector involved in work in the field,
resembled this process. Given that systematic, electronic databases of these reports
and publications do not exist, it was necessary to collect this type of information by
contacting directly a selected number of organisations, and to ‘snowball’ from
information obtained to identify additional relevant sources. The organisations
selected were considered ‘key’ in one of the main areas pertaining to integration, such
as housing, health, education, training, or employment. They were identified through
our contacts and consultations with practitioners in the field as well as through the
expertise of some of the team members (see Appendix Two for list of NGOs
contacted).

2.3. Selection of articles and reports for inclusion and categories indicating
different aspects of research/integration

The initial stage of the mapping process involved a careful examination of each
bibliographic list generated, by looking at the title of the item, and making a
judgement as to whether it was relevant to this report. Additionally, whenever it was
possible given the limitations of physical availability of publications and the time
constraint involved in conducting and completing this ‘mapping’ exercise, abstracts
and/or full-text of items were consulted before they were included in the bibliography.

The next stage involved consideration of the aspect of the integration process it
addresses, and consequently a decision about the category in which the item should be
included. This process was facilitated by a model/guide that was developed during the
initial stages of this ‘mapping’ exercise, broadly listing categories/issues pertaining to
integration of newcomers (see Appendix 1). It needs to be noted that this model was
flexible and allowed for new categories to be added as they emerged during the course
of this data-gathering or, alternatively, for the already defined categories to merge in
order to correspond better to the situation in this field of research.

The latter stage and/or categorisation of items gathered implied that publications
listed in the bibliography were duplicated in cases in which research addresses more
than one aspect of the process of integration (e.g. if it looks at the situation of refugee
women regarding their education, employment, and wider social inclusion). In such
cases, the item was included in the bibliography under all relevant categories (e.g.
women and gender, education and training, and social inclusion). In discussions with
the Home Office, it emerged that this approach would suit their needs best, because it
would make the bibliography more ‘user-friendly’ and accessible for different users
within the institution.

2.4. Searches for recent and current research

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This task of searching for recent and current research began with a formal letter
(email) to a number of people and organisations in the migration field asking them to
provide us with some detail about research they have carried out over the past five to
six years or research they were currently involved in. The following researchers and
organisations were contacted or consulted:

• Directors of relevant research centres and organisations

• Researchers in centres, organisations and academic departments known to the
project researchers
• REGARD data base of ESRC which provides details of award holders
working in this field
• Directory of Research in Migration Being Carried out in Britain in 1998
(Kershan, AJ. and Lahiri S. (eds) Centre for the Study of Migration at Queen
Mary and Westfield College London, University of London
• Both academic and NGO interviewees were asked about their own
recent/current research as well as providing names of other researchers
working in the field
• Snowballing

Researchers were asked to provide information about their project titles, the
researcher(s) name(s), the funding body, project dates, description of the research and
contact details. Much of this information gathering was conducted via email and some
was followed up by telephone. Despite this, there are likely to be gaps. One known
gap is that of current doctoral research. The information gathered was so piecemeal it
was not able to provide a systematic understanding of research topics covered. As a
result, doctoral research was omitted from the mapping. Further, it cannot be assumed
that all current researchers in the field have been represented in our recent/current
research list (Data Set 3) as there is no central register of researchers in the field. The
strategy adopted was as comprehensive as possible.

2.5. Interviews with researchers and NGO representatives in the field

As already mentioned, individual researchers and organisations in the field were

consulted and asked for information relevant to this study. The 33 individuals who
were interviewed were people or organisations who were known to have worked in
the field, or who others active in the field had suggested consulting (see Appendix
Two for the list of people interviewed). Each interview addressed the following
topics:

• concepts/approaches to integration in literature/research and what would be the

most desirable approach
• gaps in the existing research about integration of refugees in Britain
• the most common research methods used and problems in research methodology
• criteria for evaluation of the integration policies used/developed among
researchers and practitioners in Britain
• useful sources of information about recent and current research as well as other
contacts.

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Most of the interviews were conducted face-to-face, each lasting approximately one
hour. Only a few were conducted over the telephone or email, primarily in cases when
interviewees were located outside Oxford/London. Almost all of the individuals and
organisations approached agreed to share their knowledge and expertise in the field.

116
Chapter 3
Integration of immigrants and refugees: a conceptual survey
Chapter summary – This chapter, which comprises an overview discussion of issues
surrounding the idea of immigrant and refugee ‘integration’, collectively draws upon three
sources: (1) the project’s compiled literature and current research lists, (2) interviews with
key academics and NGO representatives, and (3) the four senior authors’ own experience
and expertise. It is emphasized that integration must be recognized as a ‘two-way’ process
involving both the newcomers and the receiving society. Also, many in the field believe that
different factors and processes differentiate refugee from immigrant integration. Numerous
conditioning factors, possible indicators, questions of data and methodological matters are
outlined. It is clear, however, that there is no consensus as to what ‘integration’ of
immigrants or refugees really means, or how it can be measured. Finally, a variety of
comparative policy interventions are identified. The Chapter includes a glossary of
overlapping or alternative concepts.

This study is designed to provide an overview of current and recent research on the
integration of immigrants and refugees into UK society. However, before looking at
specific research on integration in the UK, it must be emphasised that there is no
single agreed understanding of the term ‘integration’. Meanings vary from country to
country, change over time, and depend on the interests, values and perspectives of the
people concerned. Research on immigrant and refugee integration is based on a set of
assumptions, concepts and definitions that are often tacit rather than explicit. Such
assumptions and concepts are multi-layered and complex, and may lack coherence or
even contradict each other. It is therefore necessary to discuss the varying meanings of
‘integration’, and to examine the conceptual frameworks which underlie these. That is
the purpose of this Chapter of the Report.

The Chapter has three main sources: first, selective reading of some of the literature
listed in Datasets 1 and 2; second, comments made in the expert interviews carried out
for this project; and third, the previous comparative research experience of the
authors. We start by examining the concept of integration and presenting a brief
glossary of alternative and supplementary concepts. Then we discuss definitional
issues with specific reference to immigrants and refugees, the conditioning factors and
indicators of integration. Finally, we look at the various modes through which
government agencies can intervene in the integration process. An appendix to the
Chapter presents brief accounts of integration approaches used in various immigration
countries.

3.1 The concept of integration

3.1.1 Integration as a complex two-way process

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A discussion on integration can start with the very general question: how do
newcomers to a country become part of society? More specifically, we can ask: what
happens to immigrants and refugees once they are in the UK? In what way and to
what extent do they find work and housing? Is it possible for them to access public
services of various kinds, especially welfare and educational services? How do they
negotiate all the private services needed in a complex economy, such as banks, rental
and estate agents and insurance? How do they build up social and cultural
relationships within their own ethnic groups and with the wider community? How do
they come to participate in political processes at various levels? Do they encounter
barriers to full participation based on their national origins, race, ethnicity, or social
and cultural background? These are just some aspects of the complex process of
becoming part of a new society that is referred to in popular and political usage as
integration.

The very broadness of the integration process makes it hard to “Integration of newcomers to
define in any precise way. Integration of newcomers to a soci- a society takes place at every
ety takes place at every level and in every sector of society. It level and in every sector of
involves a wide range of social players: public officials, political society.”
decision-makers, employers, trade union officials, fellow-wor-
kers, service providers, neighbours and so on. The immigrants
and refugees themselves play a crucial role in the integration process. Developing the
human agency needed to function effectively in a new environment requires the
individual and collective initiative of the newcomers. Where restrictive rules and rigid
systems confine them to a passive role, integration may be slow and incomplete.
Some respondents from the NGO sector argued that the 1999 Asylum and
Immigration Act tends to bring about segregation rather than integration, because they
feel it has encouraged an air of hostility and racism not only towards asylum seekers
but towards all newcomers. Another specific concern voiced by respondents was that
integration cannot be expected where racism creates isolation and conflict.

Popular attitudes and policies often seem to be based on the assumption that
integration is a one-way process. Migrants are expected to integrate into the existing
culture or society without any reciprocal accommodation. Integration then has the
connotation of assimilation in which immigrants are expected to discard their culture,
traditions and language. In contrast, much of the research lite-
rature as well as the experts interviewed for this study stress “Integration is a two-way
that integration is a two-way process: it requires adaptation process: it requires adaptation
on the part of the newcomer but also by the host society. Suc- on the part of the newcomer
cessful integration can only take place if the host society pro- but also by the host society.”
vides access to jobs and services, and acceptance of the imm-
igrants in social interaction. Above all, integration in a dem-
ocracy presupposes acquisition of legal and political rights by the new members of
society, so that they can become equal partners. Indeed, it is possible to argue that, in
a multicultural society, integration may be understood as a process through which the
whole population acquires civil, social, political, human and cultural rights, which
creates the conditions for greater equality. In this approach, integration can also mean
that minority groups should be supported in maintaining their cultural and social
identities, since the right to cultural choices is intrinsic to democracy.

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The process by which immigrant groups adjust to different cultures, termed
acculturation, has become a matter of interest to anthropologists, sociologists, and
psychologists. Although researchers have focussed on different aspects of the
acculturation process, they agree that acculturation is multidimensional, and includes
one’s orientation towards one’s ethnic group as well as towards the larger society
(Berry 1980, Padilla 1980, Phinney 1996, Rogler et al. 1991). In this context,
integration is understood as a process by which individuals and groups maintain their
cultural identity while actively participating in the larger societal framework (Berry
1980). Therefore, exploration of the process of integration is concerned with issues
such as identity, belonging, recognition and self-respect.

Because integration is such a complex process it cannot be studied from the

perspective of any single social science. Economics, political science, history,
sociology, anthropology, geography, urban studies, demography and psychology all
have a part to play. The research reviewed in this report comes from a wide range of
social scientific disciplines and much of it is consciously interdisciplinary. There is no
single, generally accepted definition, theory or model of immigrant and refugee
integration. The concept continues to be controversial and hotly debated.

In the NGO/community sector, our research showed that the term ‘integration’ is often
considered problematic. Many of those interviewed would not chose to use the term,
and some believed that it had been imported from European networking. Integration
was perceived as a buzzword that must be used in order to obtain European
Commission funding. ‘Integration’ was seen as a top-down term and was not used
voluntarily by grassroots organisations. While academics use the term more readily,
both academics and workers in the NGO/community sector echo each other in terms
of problems noted with the concept of integration.

3.1.2 Integration into what?

Integration means different things to different people. It has been used in varying
ways in different places and at different times. It often has normative significance, i.e.
the implication that newcomers should change their values and behaviour to ‘fit in’
with the existing society. It also seems sometimes to imply that there is just one way
of becoming part of a given society, or that nation-states need
to be mono-cultural to be cohesive. Yet the very hallmark of an “Are we referring to
open democratic society is that people may have quite different integration into an existing
lifestyles, values or ideas of the good. In a multicultural society ethnic minority, a local
marked by differences in culture, religion, class and social beh- community, a social group,
aviour there cannot be just one mode of integration. The key or British society?”
question then becomes: ‘integration into what’? Are we refer-
ring to integration into an existing ethnic minority, a local community, a social group,
or British society?

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Most political discussion of integration seems to assume tacitly that it means
conformity with a homogenous set of norms and values within a monocultural society.
Such an assumption, however, is at odds with the broad ideals of multiculturalism
accepted by most mainstream political opinion in the UK today. It is generally
accepted that the UK is comprised of numerous groups of different cultural
backgrounds whose rights to cultural practice and expression of identity should be
safeguarded, and who should be officially protected from a variety of forms of
discrimination. (A wider discussion of public and academic debates surrounding
multiculturalism is beyond the scope of the current report. The most recent and cogent
discussion of such ideals – including a discussion of how immigration and refugee
reception dovetails with them – is to be found in the Runnymede Trust’s Report
(2000) on The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain.)

The question ‘integration into what?’ is important at another level. Since modern
societies are highly complex, integration may take place differently in various sub-
sectors. For instance, immigrants and refugees may find that they have access to the
labour market, but are excluded or disadvantaged in the welfare and education sectors
(or vice versa). They may be included in both of these, but excluded from political
membership. Or they may be included in all of these sectors, but excluded in terms of
culture, identity and everyday forms of social interaction. A number of such issues
and the dilemma of definition concerning the term ‘integration’ itself are highlighted
in the vexed question: can one speak of immigrant or refugee incorporation into an
excluded underclass with little public voice and few chances of socio-economic
mobility, as integration?

3.1.3 Alternative concepts

Many social scientists prefer to use other terms rather than integration. Some of these
set out to be general and neutral, while others are more normative. We provide a brief
Glossary below, along with some pros and cons of a number of such relevant terms.
While we will use the term integration in this Report, it is important to remember the
inherent difficulties in the concept, and that other terms can better convey certain
aspects of process, scope for policy intervention or socio-cultural dynamics.

Some social scientists suggest that we should not speak of integration but of
inclusion, and study the way newcomers are included in specific sectors of society
such as the labour market, housing, education, health and social services,
neighbourhood life. Inclusion refers to how immigrants and refugees have access to,
use, participate in, benefit from and feel a sense of belonging to a given area of
society. Inclusion is a useful concept for policy formation, because it helps indicate
what specific authorities or agencies can do in their own areas of responsibility. If we
examine areas of exclusion of immigrants and refugees, we can link the analysis with
debates on social exclusion, which is now widely considered a major policy issue in
contemporary societies. Some social scientists prefer to use the term participation as a
framework for looking at the access of immigrants and refugees to the various sub-
sectors, since it implies a more active role for the group concerned than do the terms
inclusion or integration.

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Glossary of selected terms relating to integration of immigrants and
refugees

Note: This list gives a general idea of meanings attached to specific

terms in current social scientific literature on immigration and
integration. Some terms have more than one meaning. There is
hardly ever a consensus on the precise meaning and significance of
terms, so such a list is of indicative value only.

Integration
Usage 1: The process through which immigrants and refugees become
part of the receiving society. Integration is often used in a normative
way, to imply a one-way process of adaptation by newcomers to fit in
with a dominant culture and way of life. This usage does not recognise
the diversity of cultural and social patterns in a multicultural society, so
that integration seems to be merely a watered down form of assimilation.
Usage 2: A two-way process of adaptation, involving change in values,
norms and behaviour for both newcomers and members the existing
society. This includes recognition of the role of the ethnic community
and the idea that broader social patterns and cultural values may change
in response to immigration.
• Problem with the concept: the concept is vague and slippery and seems
to mean whatever people want it to.

Assimilation
The imagery associated with this term implies bringing immigrants and
refugees into society through a one-way, one-sided process of
adaptation: the newcomers are supposed to give up their distinctive
linguistic, cultural or social characteristics, adopt the values and
practices of the mainstream receiving society, and become
indistinguishable from the majority population. Sometimes this process
is expected to take more than one generation. The state tries to create
conditions favourable to this process through dispersal policies,
insistence on use of the dominant language and attendance at normal
state schools by immigrant children. The emphasis is on the individual
immigrant, who ‘learns’ the new culture and gives up the culture of
origin through a process of acculturation. Assimilation has been the
prevailing approach in many immigration countries, including the UK,
the US, Australia and Canada until the 1960s, and is still important in
some European countries, notably France.

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• Problems with the concept: (1) assimilation devalues the cultures and
languages of minority groups, and thus contradicts democratic principles
of diversity and free choice. (2) It pre-supposes that a receiving society is
willing and able to offer equality of rights and opportunities to
immigrants who assimilate; assimilation fails where there is
discrimination. (3) It is based on an individualistic model, and ignores
the importance of family and community in social life. (4) It gives little
attention to the possibility of diverse paths followed by immigrants.

Segmented assimilation
A term coined by US sociologists (Portes and Zhou,1993) to indicate that
immigrants sometimes do not become active members of society as a
whole, but rather become assimilated into specific parts of it, defined on
the basis of race or ethnicity and class. Thus Mexicans in the US are said
to ‘become assimilated as blacks’ (i.e. into a disadvantaged and
discriminated part of society), while Koreans ‘become assimilated as
whites’ (i.e. into the dominant group). The focus of research under the
concept of segmented assimilation is thus on the processes that
stigmatise or privilege certain groups when they enter US society, and on
the ways migrants – especially members of the so-called second
generation – direct their strategies of adaptation toward specific ethnic
communities and economic niches.
• Problem with the concept: it is in danger of losing sight of broader or
multiple patterns of integration.

Structural or functional assimilation

Recognition that immigrants may participate successfully in some
spheres of activity (for instance, in the labour market or education
system) while they remain highly discriminated against or excluded from
other spheres (such as neighbourhood life or the political system).
• Problems with the concept: it may suggest that certain domains are
sufficient for integration on their own. This approach may fail to observe
important linkages between spheres of activity.

Acculturation
The process through which immigrants are expected to learn the
language of the country of immigration, as well as its presumed
dominant cultural values and practices.
• Problem with the concept: it seems to pre-suppose that the receiving
society is mono-cultural and that immigrants have to give up their own
ethnic group cultures.

Adaptation

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The selective and often conscious attempt to modify certain aspects of
cultural practice in accordance with the host society’s norms and values.
The idea may coincide with a view that ‘public’ behaviour should
conform with UK culture, while ‘private’ activities may continue in line
with society and culture of sending country.
• Problem with the concept: assumes the onus is wholly on the
immigrant to ‘do something’ to make himself/herself ‘fit in’.
Public/private divide very artificial in reality and may propose that
assimilationism is appropriate for the public sphere while
multiculturalism is pertinent only to the private sphere.

Incorporation
Usage 1: Incorporation of immigrants is seen by some social scientists as
a fairly neutral term to refer to the overall process by which newcomers
become part of a society. It is seen as avoiding the normative
implications of such terms as assimilation, integration and insertion.
Comparative studies then speak of ‘modes of incorporation’.

Usage 2: Incorporation is used by other observers to refer to a broadly

defined political sphere alongside integration in the social sphere. That
is, incorporation is conceived as becoming part of a polity – that is,
gaining access to rights and privileges (including those of citizenship),
participating in a society’s legal, organisational and political structures,
and policy measures to assist this (such as encouraging membership in
work councils and trade unions, supporting the creation of ethnic
associations, establishing forums for consultation, and so forth).
• Problem with the concept: it may lead to an overly rigid
conceptualisation of legal/political and social/cultural spheres.

Inclusion
The process whereby immigrants or refugees become participants in
particular sub-sectors of society: education, labour market, welfare
system, political representation etc. The emphasis is on active and
conscious processes: that is policies of public agencies or employers, as
well as on the role of the newcomers themselves. This is seen as the
antithesis of exclusion or social exclusion.
• Problem with the concept: like ‘integration’, the term is so broad and
vague that it can be over-used and invoked without any attempt to
establish relevant indicators.

Exclusion

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This can refer to denial of access to certain rights, resources or
entitlements normally seen as part of membership of a specific society.
Immigrants are often included in some areas of society (eg. labour
market) but excluded from others (eg. political participation). This leads
to the notion of differential exclusion as a mode of immigrant
incorporation. Social exclusion pertains to a situation in which an
individual or group suffers multiple types of disadvantage in various
social sectors (eg. education, employment, housing, health). Cumulative
exclusion means that people are largely outside mainstream economic,
social and political relationships, and lack the ability to participate which
is crucial to full citizenship. Social exclusion affects nationals as well as
immigrants. However, specific types of exclusion experienced by
immigrants and refugees such as lack of political rights, insecure
residence status and racism – increase their vulnerability to social
exclusion. The socially excluded tend to become concentrated in
disadvantaged neighbourhoods, which are often characterised by poor
services and amenities, social stress, crime and racial conflict.
• Problems with the concept: (1) inclusion has normative undertones
suggesting that newcomers should change their values and behaviour to
‘fit in’ with the existing society, rather than society adjusting its
structures to accommodate the newcomers. (2) It also seems sometimes
to imply that there is just one way of becoming part of a given society.

Insertion
The process though which immigrants and refugees are brought into
various social sub-sectors. The term originates in the French Republican
Model of individual assimilation of immigrants, and carries the
implication of being inserted into an unchanged social institution – in
other words that the immigrant has to assimilate to existing structures.
• Problems with the concept: Like assimilation, insertion neglects the
collective dimension of societal belonging. The role of the ethnic
community is ignored.

Settlement
Another attempt to find a relatively general and neutral term for the
process whereby immigrants and refugees become part of society. The
term is widely used in countries of permanent immigration like Australia
and Canada, where the emphasis is on the role of government services in
the process. However, much sociological research on settlement
emphasises the active role of the immigrants and the ethnic community.
Settlement is also used with reference to geography and spatial patterns
and residential trends.
• Problem with the concept: settlement is mainly used in the context of
policy models, and tends to define the process in top-down or social
engineering terms.

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 Denizenship
A term coined by Swedish sociologist Tomas Hammar, to indicate that
some immigrants in European countries who do not have full formal
citizenship still have a legal claim to important rights that are normally
seen as part of citizenship, for instance local voting rights (in Sweden
and the Netherlands), the right to permanent residence in a country, and
social rights.
• Problem with the concept: denizenship appears to contradict the liberal-
democratic principle of full inclusion of all permanent residents as full
members of society and above all as active participants in the political
system.

Citizenship
Refers either to formal membership of a polity (eg. having a British
passport) or to having de jure and de facto enjoyment of a set of rights
(eg. civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights). Citizenship is
sometimes seen as a mark of full integration into society.
Problem with the concept: People who have formal citizenship may not
enjoy full access to important rights, as a result of racism or social
exclusion. In such cases, citizenship may be seen as a necessary, but not
sufficient condition for full integration.

Race relations approach

The idea that group identities based on race or ethnicity play an
important and enduring role in structuring relationships between
immigrant or minority groups and the majority population. The central
concern for policy in this model is to deal with discrimination and racism
and to ensure equal opportunity across the various racial or ethnic
groups. This approach has been most significant in the UK, the US and
the Netherlands.
Problem with the concept: race relations approaches may ascribe unitary
identities which ignore the diversity within groups on the basis of
gender, social status, cultural differences and individual preferences.

3.2 Definitional issues

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This study considers integration of both immigrants and refugees. We have
endeavoured to discuss the two categories separately, where appropriate. However,
many of the conceptual and methodological issues are very similar for both. The
dynamics of the integration process, the groups and institutions involved, and the
social sectors that play a part are more or less the same. The difference between the
two categories lies in two main factors. First, voluntary migrants are generally able to
plan and prepare their migration and are likely to have some resources to help them
settle, while refugees cannot plan their migration and may suffer considerable trauma
and dislocation during their flight. Second, the legal and institutional regimes for the
two categories differ considerably. This makes it important to examine differing
situations and experiences of refugee and immigrants, even if the underlying
integration process takes a similar course.

In this Report, we generally use the term ‘immigrants’ to refer to long-term entrants to
the UK who are neither refugees nor asylum seekers. This usage is useful for policy
debates, but is not formally correct. In demographic terms, anyone who crosses an
international border with the intention of a long-term or permanent stay is an
‘immigrant’ or an ‘international migrant’. ‘Refugees’ and ‘asylum seeker’ are
technically sub-categories of international migrant. Other sub-categories include
‘highly-skilled migrants’, ‘unskilled labour migrants’, ‘undocumented (or irregular or
illegal) migrants’, and ‘dependants of primary migrants entering through family
reunion’. All these concepts are politically loaded in the UK (and indeed elsewhere).
The next sub-section will discuss the complexities of defining immigrant and the
following sub-section will deal with refugees.

3.2.1 Defining immigrants

Some migration scholars speak mainly of ‘immigrants’ while others tend to refer to
‘migrants’. ‘Immigrants’ is sometimes used to imply long-term settlement and
integration, while ‘migrants’ sometimes has an implication of temporariness, or of the
possibility of return migration. However, these terms are used in varying ways, and
there is no agreed or precise differentiation. ‘Immigrants’ was a generally used
category in the 1950s and 1960s at the time of large-scale immigration from the New
Commonwealth. Policies of integration and multiculturalism developed since the
1960s labelled black and Asian populations as ‘ethnic minorities’, and the term
‘immigrant’ became less common in UK research.

Lack of specific research was linked to the fact that the UK did not consider itself to
be a country of immigration. Although economic immigration in fact continued, it was
not perceived as a major issue. In the last few years, however, international
recruitment of skilled personnel has received official support, and there is a growing
discussion on the future need for unskilled workers (Glover et al.:2001). Nonetheless,
many persons interviewed for this project said they could not speak legitimately of
immigrants in the UK – there were only asylum seekers or ethnic minorities. There
has been relatively little research on the social situation and integration of white
immigrants, who include both highly-skilled personnel from the EU, North America,
Australia, New Zealand and Japan, as well as low-skilled workers (for instance for
catering, and agriculture) from a range of origins.

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It has become clear in the course of this research that immigrants often tend to
‘disappear’ into the category of ‘ethnic minority’ in both popular and political
discourse. This is problematic not only in terms of clarity of research, but also in
terms of policy development. One example has to do with immigrant children as
opposed to the children born here of immigrant parents – the second generation and
later generations. It is well documented in the international literature that the
schooling needs of immigrant children are different from
the needs of the second generation which may again differ
“Today’s migrants may have
from the children of longer established population (Portes
settlement needs rather
and Zhou; 1993, Portes: 1998). Similarly, today’s adult
different from those who
migrants may have settlement needs rather different from
arrived 30 years ago.”
the adult migrants (now labelled ethnic minorities) who
arrived 30 years ago.

Overall, the term ‘ethnic minority’ in the UK seems to be an all-encompassing term

embracing long term migrants, the second and later generations, recently arrived
migrants, and also people who initially settled here as refugees (Favell; 1998; 1999).
In the research reviewed for this Report, samples of ethnic minority respondents can
include all of these groups. This issue may be significant as it can have the effect of
undermining or distorting important differences between groups. For example,
immigrant youth may have a set of social characteristics which significantly
differentiate them from second generation youth. It therefore became evident that we
should add the term or key word ‘ethnic minority’ to our database searches as there
was often an overlap between the two categories. Even so, the categories have been
kept separate for the bibliography (Datasets 1 and 2).

A similar problem of definition arises when using the term ‘black’ in research. During
the 1970s and 1980s the term ‘black’ became a much debated political term in the
UK. For some people it came to signify empowerment for members of ethnic
minorities of both Afro-Caribbean and Asian origin. However, many members of
Asian communities were not prepared to take on the label of ‘black’ as a term of
identity. Another problem is that categories used for ethnic minorities in the census
and other statistics are based on place of origin (India, Pakistan etc.) and do not reflect
ethnic or religious diversity within communities.

3.2.2 Defining refugees

The definition of refugees has become increasingly complex in Europe due to changes
in the causes of forced migration in the past decades. A single legal definition of a
‘refugee’ provided by the Geneva Convention has become inadequate to address these
changes. As a result, a number of categories and statuses have been developed in
different EU countries for people moving in a variety of ‘refugee-like’ circumstances.

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In terms of legal status and differentiated sets of rights attached to them, Joly and
associates identify five types of ‘refugee’ in Europe (Joly et al.1992). These are: i)
‘convention refugees’ recognised on the basis of the 1951 Geneva Convention relating
to the status of refugees; ii) ‘mandate refugees’ the category which indicates that
refugees are recognised by UNHCR but not by the host government; iii)
‘humanitarian refugees’ are those granted the right to stay on humanitarian grounds
which implies less rights than full refugee status or ‘convention status’; iv) ‘de facto
refugees’: the category which refers to those who are refugees in practice, but have
not sought refugee status for various reasons; and finally v) ‘refugees in orbit’, those
who move between different European countries in search of a more permanent
status. The importance of the latter three categories is becoming increasingly
important due to the intensification of restrictions on official recognition under the
Geneva Convention.

These categories are legal constructs that to a great extent determine the life chances
and well-being of refugees settling in the EU states, because each category implies
different sets of rights. These affect important aspects of refugee settlement that range
from legality and duration of residence, access to assistance, services and the labour
market, to possibilities for family reunification. Literature/research about integration
of refugees in the UK often refers to refugees as a ‘generic’ category describing
groups of individuals with very different rights - convention refugees, those with
exceptional leave to remain (ELR) granted for humanitarian reasons, and asylum
seekers. Authors frequently acknowledge the differences embedded in these various
legal situations/statuses and then proceed to discuss aspects of settlement/integration
that these groups have in common. One of many problems arising from such broad
definitions of refugees is a lack of focussed discussion and research about the
relationship between temporary protection and integration.

Yet another important problem with defining refugees in relation to integration is to

determine the point in time when a refugee stops being a refugee. Moreover, there is a
lack of clarity in conceptual terms concerning linkages between integration of
refugees and return. It is important to recognise that integration does not imply a point
of no return. Rather, it is critical to examine how these processes influence one
another, and how they have become transnational issues.

The changing character of international migration results in “The changing character

blurred boundaries between economic migrants and refugees. of international
While researchers agree that both groups have some needs and migration results in
characteristics in common because they are newcomers, they blurred boundaries”
also contend that refugees have additional, distinctive needs.
The situation becomes even more complex given the increasing-

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gly restrictive immigration policies in Europe in general, and the UK in particular.
Restrictions to immigration into the EU have contributed to the emergence of so-
called asylum migration as almost the only opportunity for migration from the less
developed countries. This situation creates a need to explore the overall economic,
social, and political impact of these legal labels and categories created by specific
contexts of the receiving societies. Moreover, the current policy context in the EU has
created a category of illegal migrants that needs to be unpacked and carefully
researched because it is shaped by the context in the receiving societies as well as by
the broader international context.

3.2.3 Defining integration of immigrants

Overall, there is an absence of any clear definition of integration in UK research on

immigrants (see Favell, 2001; Banton, 2001). Much of the empirical research seems
to focus on factors which may block integration, such as labour market problems,
racial discrimination, lack of political participation, and problems with social and
welfare policy. It is significant to note that, in the early post-war years, UK policy-
makers and researchers used the terms assimilation and integration for the settlement
of New Commonwealth immigrants. In 1965, the first Race Relations Act appeared
and the political vocabulary shifted from integration to ‘race relations’. The emphasis
was on ‘good race relations’ namely, peaceful co-existence through tolerance,
diversity and pluralism’ (Weil and Crowley, 1999: 108).

As numerous interviewees suggested, UK researchers have been concerned to

contribute, through their research and policy input, to strategies to combat exclusion
and facilitate integration. Both empirically and theoretically, much of the research has
focused on issues of class, race, gender and the role of state within a ‘race relations’
model. Nevertheless, while the concept of ‘race relations’ is an important one, there
are some problems with it in the UK context in that the term is not all-encompassing
for the various migrant groups in the UK. The political discourse which emerged
around this term referred specifically to Blacks and Asians. As a result, white
immigrants have been marginalised in the debate around race relations.

Rather than an explicit research area, studies of integration have been an implicit
aspect of a race relations framework, in which theoretical work has focused on
definitions of ‘race’, equal opportunities and outcomes, social justice, racism and anti-
discrimination strategies. In the 1980s and 1990s, an approach known as British Black
Cultural Studies, based on experiences of anti-racist solidarity and resistance, became
important in academic discourse (Favell, 2000). At the same time, the mainstream
social sciences have been more concerned with empirical description, policy
development and quantitative census analysis. However, while some research
throughout the 1990s has been concerned with cultural diversity, cultural and social
changes, and complexities of cultures, there has been a noticeable lack of research on
institutions and social action and a ‘fixation with theoretical abstraction and textual
and cultural analysis’ (Solomos, 1999). Several interviewees stated clearly that the
cultural studies paradigm cannot provide the necessary systematic and rigorous
analysis required for understanding institutional processes.

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Within immigration research, the notion of community plays a key role. Yet it is rarely
precisely conceptualised. The notion of community needs to be considered in terms of
its fluidity as well as in terms of social, regional and political roots both in the home
country, and in the country of settlement as well as in terms of its transnational
practices. Part of the integration process for immigrants is gaining the ability to create
robust communities. The important aspect is that people should be empowered as part
of a democratic society rather than being compelled to perform according to criteria
of integration determined by government policies. Here participation research is
crucial. With regard to the definition of integration, it is also important to keep in
mind the differences within communities. One of the questions frequently asked by
the NGO sector is what constitutes an integrated person or community?
Furthermore, how does one define the difference between not “What constitutes an
being integrated and being socially excluded? Here again, integrated person or
there needs to be a clear understanding of the effects of exclu- community?”
sionary processes on newcomers and the importance of self and
community-defined programmes.

3.2.4 Defining integration of refugees

This mapping exercise reveals that the term integration is widely used with regard to
refugees, but is seldom defined with any consistency. As Robinson (1998a: 118)
suggests, integration is a vague and ‘chaotic’ concept. Terms such as holistic
approach to integration, social inclusion, settlement or re-settlement are considered
more acceptable by many British researchers and NGO representatives, than the term
‘integration’. Re-settlement acknowledges the fact that refugees had already been
‘settled’ in their countries of origin in terms of qualifications, jobs, social status,
family and social networks etc. Such terms are considered more adequate to explain a
complex of mutual adjustment of newcomers and the established community of the
receiving society. They can help avoid approaches to integration that entail any
notions of assimilation. By the same token, this terminology problem indicates the
increasing awareness that what is termed ‘integration’ should be about building
bridges as much as about bonds with roots and native cultures. This, however, does
not imply that the desirable concept of ‘integration’ should mean break-up of linkages
with countries of origin or a conflict with community development and involvement.

In the context of the refugee studies literature, integration is mainly understood in

terms of practical or functional aspects of integration. This situation is embedded in
the fact that refugee status implies the right to special protection. This right involves,
among other things, provision of social protection and access to social services to
facilitate settlement and integration of refugees. Assistance in housing, language
training, education and re-training, and access to the labour market have become areas
of governments’ concern with regard to managing refugee settlement in the receiving
societies. Research about integration of refugees in the UK from 1996 onwards is
primarily centred on exploration of functional aspects of integration, with an emphasis
on the availability and quality of social services, as well as rights and access to them.
All these aspects of integration, which may be termed “functional integration”
(Korac, 2001) have been to a lesser extent linked and explored in relation to other
important aspects of social integration, such as wider societal interaction and
participation in socio-cultural and civil/political spheres.

“Conceptual problems
relating to ‘integration’
130 extend to the question of
who is defining the term.”
Conceptual problems relating to ‘integration’ go beyond these
theoretical issues and extend to the question of who is defining
the term. Interviewed NGO representatives commented that
‘integration’ seemed to represent a kind of medicine that new-
comers should take in order to ‘fit in’, rather than a process
which ensured that they had rights and access to services they needed. The way the
verb can be used to suggest that people would ‘be integrated’ through various
‘integration programmes’ was felt to undermine positive concepts of empowerment,
choice, growth and development. It was also felt that conditions for successful
‘integration’ include a harmonious, equal and welcoming society. These conditions do
not always prevail in the UK, and the likelihood is that newcomers will enter a
situation of inequality, racism, and poverty.

In the current EU context, it is not only that refugees are expected to conform and
‘integrate’ in a prescribed way, but also in ways that vary from one nation-state to
another. This creates problems for research about integration of refugees as well as for
refugees who are not given a ‘voice’ in the process that determines their well-being
and life chances. The problem of power and voice relating to the process of defining
‘integration’ is apparent in disagreements between governments of the receiving
societies, including the UK, on the one hand, and refugees, practitioners, and
researchers, on the other, about the effects of asylum process on the process of
integration.

This mapping exercise reveals that researchers and practitioners (i.e. the NGO sector)
believe that the processes of integration/settlement and the length of the asylum
process are intrinsically linked, both conceptually and practically, because they argue,
how long a person awaits status acknowledgement and what he or she does during
that period has enormous repercussions for the integration process. The asylum period
may be lengthy, and it has been shown that if the refugee is excluded from all
‘integration’ services during this time, this will have a highly detrimental effect on
long-term integration. This issue becomes even more important if we note that over a
third of asylum seekers will receive some sort of admission to the UK. To prevent
these people from undergoing education, training or employment whilst they are
waiting for a decision, as is currently the case in the UK, can jeopardise their future
careers and their potential to contribute to national prosperity.

This discussion indicates that many questions concerning what it actually means to be
‘integrated’ in the UK context still remain to be answered. Does ‘integration’ suggest
a personal and cultural change, which is not expected of all newcomers (i.e.
individuals or groups) in the UK, such as wealthy businesspeople, Japanese or
American immigrants? Many interviewees from the NGO sector were deeply
concerned that ‘integration’ policies might lead to compulsory programmes for the
most disadvantaged immigrants and refugees coming from less developed countries.
All felt that these would be highly detrimental to the re-settlement process.

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Moreover, there is a concern about how we explain the difference between not being
‘integrated’ and being ‘socially excluded’. It is clear from the limited research that has
been carried out within the NGO sector, that the greatest barriers to ‘integration’ faced
by newcomers are those erected by the host society. There is some indication that
barriers such as racism, and hostility towards newcomers/refugees are more difficult
to overcome than barriers embedded in problems with language and professional
skills. For example, a refugee might go through a complex process of re-qualification,
obtain an advanced level of English, and undergo work placements, and might still be
unable to find work. This might be due to racism, negative stereotypes of refugees, or
ignorance and confusion about permission to work (exacerbated by Section 8 of the
Asylum and Immigration Bill). Furthermore, if and when a refugee overcomes all
these barriers, does this ‘integrated’ refugee then become a full member of UK society
or rather a member of an ethnic minority?

These questions clearly show the need for development of clear concepts and national
strategies relating to integration issues. Our search for a comprehensive working
definition of integration of refugees that would reflect concerns and problems
revealed by this mapping exercise, points to the definition given by Tom Kuhlman,
which can be useful for further consideration and discussion (1991):

‘If refugees are able to participate in the host economy in ways commensurate
with their skills and compatible with their values; if they attain a standard of
living which satisfies culturally determined minimum requirements (standard
of living is taken here as meaning not only income from economic activities,
but also access to amenities such as housing, public utilities, health services,
and education); if the socio-cultural change they undergo permits them to
maintain an identity of their own and adjust psychologically to their new
situation; if standards of living and economic opportunities for members of the
host society have not deteriorated due to the influx of refugees; if friction
between host population and refugees is not worse than within the host
population itself; and if the refugees do not encounter more discrimination
than exists between groups previously settled within the host society: then
refugees are truly integrated.’ (Kuhlman 1991: 7, emphasis added)

This definition, as Kuhlman suggests, should be taken as an ideal, rarely achieved in

reality, but which can be regarded as a model for assessing integration of refugees.
This definition emphasises that integration is relative and culturally determined, as
well as a two-way process. In other words, integration has to be assessed relative to
the situation in the receiving society (e.g. assessment of friction between refugees and
the established community is relative to friction within the latter group, as is
assessment of participation of refugees in the economy relative to their skills).

3.3 Factors conditioning integration

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An understanding of the various factors conditioning immigrant and refugee
integration will affect the efficiency of policy interventions. Policy makers need to
know what categories of entrants are involved in integration processes, and what their
specific characteristics are. They also need to examine the role of different societal
sectors, institutions and agencies in integration. Indicators of what is deemed to be
successful integration should be highlighted, as well as problems in the process.
Policy makers should also be informed by historical knowledge of how such
processes have taken place in the past – in the UK and elsewhere; this will help in
formulating realistic expectations of how integration should take place, and the likely
duration of specific aspects of it. It is important to realise that while some government
policies may assist integration (e.g. assistance in finding work or housing), others may
hinder it (e.g. dispersal of asylum seekers to areas with poor employment
opportunities, restrictions on the right to work or on welfare entitlements).

3.3.1 Integration as a process

Integration is often assumed to be a singular, universal, stage-sequential and regularly

paced process to which all individual immigrants or refugees are exposed. It is with
reference to such presumed universal stages and pace that migrants and refugees are
often judged, in public discourse, ‘successfully’ or ‘unsuccessfully’ integrated. This
was evident in the recent statement by Labour MP Phil Woolas, who suggests that in
Oldham ‘the Muslim community has not integrated at a pace which the white
population (and many within the Asian population) find acceptable’ (The Guardian 15
June 2001: 20). Woolas’ solution is ‘coerced integration’ – but as with most discourses
around integration, he offers no indication of what this might entail. “Integration should be
The research done in this study indicates that integration should recognised as an
be recognised as an umbrella term suggesting a set of possible umbrella term”
and overlapping processes and spheres. (Favell; 1998; 2001).
And rather than a standard pace, these processes in particular spheres entail different
velocities as well as variable trajectories and outcomes.

We can distinguish between short and long-term processes of integration, but we

should always remember that integration starts from day one of arrival. Long-term
outcomes may be influenced by early experiences. Individuals or groups with limited
rights and opportunities may integrate in ways that lead to disadvantage and
marginalisation. For instance, ‘guestworker’ policies that require immigrant workers
to work in low-level jobs are likely to affect their social position and even that of their
descendants for long periods. Undocumented immigrants may well settle
permanently, but their initial poor conditions may restrict future opportunities.
Asylum-seekers who are treated with suspicion and even confined to detention centres
may find it hard to feel that they are full members of society when and if their refugee
claims are recognised.

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Another set of processual issues surrounding integration concerns what Morton
Weinfeld (1997) calls a ‘nested process’ – reflecting the questions raised earlier
surrounding ‘integration into what?’ This approach entails the recognition that
migrants and refugees are not just undergoing processes of finding their way into
satisfactory exchanges and senses of belonging to the wider society. Rather, they first
integrate by way of consolidating their relationships with family and extended kin
groups, then sub-groups and wider ethnic groups, then neighbourhoods and cities, and
finally into what we might call national society as a whole. This nested process should
be recognised in policy terms, since different domains of policy impact on each level
or arena of integration in this sense.

Finally, we need to acknowledge that each domain of activity (and thereby, research
and policy) has its own processes, modes and meanings of integration: social, cultural,
religious, political, economic, geographical/spatial, media, leisure.
“A constellation of factors
With regard to each of these – as with the broad notion of integration
significantly influences
process as a whole – a constellation of factors significantly
velocity, trajectory and
influences velocity, trajectory and outcomes (Vertovec; 1999).
outcomes.”
Variations in integration processes and outcomes have been attributed to a range of
factors such as demographic characteristics of a group, legal status, labour market and
social status, and cultural and religious elements brought from the home country. Such
factors are often conceived in monolithic terms such as ‘Islam’ or ‘village culture’ of
this or that country. Contemporary research and analysis demonstrates that much more
work is needed on factors such as: gender relations, home country conditions and
dynamics, conditions of the migration process itself, changing sources of human,
social and financial capital, and the role of transnational networks and patterns of
interaction in patterning migrant strategies.

3.3.2 Appraising the conditioning factors

When we examine integration and factors conditioning it, does it make a difference
whether the newcomers are immigrants, refugees or indeed asylum-seekers? Certain
social processes influencing integration are similar in character for all people entering
a new society. However, there are significant differences in processes or trajectories of
integration that are largely conditioned by structural factors. First and perhaps
foremost is the issue of official status.

The state assigns newcomers to specific categories according to their mode of entry.
These categories shape rights and opportunities, and thus have important effects on
patterns of integration. Any discussion of integration needs to examine both the
general process, and the variants resulting from official classifications and policies. In
fact all immigration countries have a range of policies for different groups: skilled
immigrants, refugees, dependents of legal entrants, asylum-seekers and
undocumented workers. Group experiences and the long-term outcomes of settlement
processes may differ radically.

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Alejandro Portes and Rubén Rumbaut (1990) approach modes of incorporation by
way of typology which maps the complex formed by the policies of the host
government (receptive, indifferent or hostile); forms of social reception faced by
immigrants (prejudiced or non-prejudiced); and the characteristics of the co-ethnic
community. With regard to these variables, researchers need to analyse both
vulnerabilities and opportunities surrounding the trajectory of immigrant individuals
and groups, including the differential resources which pathways of incorporation
present.

Combining the following check-lists for each group of immigrants could lead to a
kind of Integration Matrix, which might help in identifying specific situations, needs
and problems, and subsequently in the planning of immigrant and refugee services.

Conditions of exit: factors concerning the specific socio-economic and

political conditions in migrants’ places of origin, including poverty,
class structure, political dynamics or repression, conflict,
environmental degradation;

Categories of entrant: skilled immigrant workers, unskilled immigrant

workers, undocumented workers, refugees, asylum seekers, students,
dependents of primary migrants in the other categories;

Legal status: citizenship, residence status, right to work, entitlement to

social housing, health care, welfare and social services;

Characteristics of entrants: age, gender, place of origin, nationality,

ethnicity, presence of family members, English proficiency,
educational background, religion, occupation and skill level,
qualifications (recognised in the UK/unrecognised), migration
experience (voluntary/forced, legal/illegal);

Characteristics of ethnic community: number in UK, geographic

distribution, segregation/concentration in specific areas, religion,
ethnic community associations, leadership, social divisions, political
divisions;

Conditions of receiving context: nature of national receptivity

(immigration suppressed, permitted but not encouraged, or welcomed
and supported), type and extent of government policies (such as access
to various legal statuses, assistance, English language training,
induction packages), available housing stock, degree of physical
segregation, nature of local labour market, school provision,
availability of advice bureaux, history of same or other ethnic group
presence; public opinion surrounding stereotypes, prejudice,
discrimination and racist violence versus patterns of tolerance,
cooperative activity and group interchange.

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An innovative new approach to conditioning factors is the ‘forms of capital’ model of
immigrant incorporation developed by Victor Nee and Jimmy Sanders (2001). Their
argument is that the mode of immigrant (and by extension, we can add refugee)
incorporation or integration is largely a function of the social, financial and human
capital of families, as well as how these resources are used by individuals within and
apart from the structure of ethnic networks and institutions. Such forms of capital
reflect the pre-migration backgrounds (especially class) of immigrants and refugees as
well as how they are transformed in the light of other factors suggested above.

Such approaches importantly shift attention from factors that presumably reduce
migrants and refugees to mere pawns of wider systems and structures. Their own
motivations, strategies and networks need be emphasised. This “Migrants’ own
includes not only the use of ‘forms of capital’ but factors surro- motivations, strategies and
unding individual and household decision-making (today often networks need be
conducted transnationally over the telephone or other modes of emphasised.”
telecommunication), the pooling and use of investments (not
least in the process and method of migration itself), savings and remittances.

It is clear that the constellation of the kinds of favourable to unfavourable factors and
conditions powerfully affect integration outcomes. Such variable sets of conditions
tend to channel immigrants and refugees into highly differentiated socio-economic
outcomes such as:
• unemployed and relying on welfare;
• clustering toward the lower tier of the receiving labour market or in the informal
economy with low wages and little scope for mobility;
• prone to effective ‘deskilling’ of skilled and highly trained migrants who must
take low skill jobs in the receiving context;
• acting as service providers wholly within an ethnic ‘enclave’ or as service brokers
between groups;
• competing as free wage labourers able to compete relatively fairly on an open
labour market; establishing businesses and conducting professional practice
without significant constraints..

3.4 Indicators of integration

For purposes of policy formation and evaluation, it would be extremely useful to have
a set of generally accepted indicators of integration. However, arriving at such a set of
indicators presents considerable problems. This section examines some of the
conceptual and practical issues, and discusses possible indicators and ways of linking
them together.

3.4.1 Conceptual problems with indicators of integration

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The problem of defining indicators of integration is closely related to the conceptual
problems of defining integration, discussed in the previous section. What it means to
be ‘integrated’ influences the ways in which indicators are defined. Moreover, issues
of evaluation are related to the previously discussed question about who defines
successful integration and against what societal objectives they are compared
(Robinson 1998a). In other words, if integration is to be understood as a two-way
process, refugees should be given the opportunity to contribute to the formulation of
determinants that constitute successful integration.

As already mentioned, ‘integration’ is a politically loaded term. Forms of settlement

and inter-group relations vary across ethnic communities depending on such factors as
community, religion, class, gender and many other differences. Some communities
may be perceived as integrating better than others. This may lead to hierarchies of
‘integratable’ communities and individuals. It is important to focus on an overall
understanding of the situation of specific groups, rather than a limited range of
indicators. One case in point is the issue of crime. Some observers might suggest that
ethnic minority groups with low crime rates are well integrated, while those with
relatively high crime rates are poorly integrated. However, the matter might have
more to do with levels of unemployment, discrimination, housing conditions and
service provision.

Similarly, while it is interesting and important to know about levels of inter-marriage,

these cannot in themselves give us a full understanding of group integration, in cases
where immigrants and refugees experience high levels of discrimination and
exclusion in relation to the labour market, schooling and training. Finally, indicators
of ‘integration’ are very rarely applied to the majority population. When levels of
crime are high in white communities, they generally are not explained in terms of lack
of integration. Explaining crime in terms of ethnicity may mean falling into socio-
biological and racist explanations. Therefore community needs and barriers to equal
participation should be seen as equally important to individual economic or
educational performance in constructing indicators.

The lesson that emerges from such discussions is that undue emphasis on a limited
number of indicators (such as employment, residential concentration or rates of
criminality) may lead to misleading results. It is essential to
use an integration framework based on a wide range of indic- “It is essential to use an
ators. Moreover, such indicators should not be set in a top- integration framework
down way by government agencies, but should rather be the based on a wide range of
result of consultations including a range of community groups, indicators.”
and spokespersons for immigrant and refugee communities.

3.4.2 Issues of evaluation

One of the first problems to be addressed regarding evaluation “There is a clear

of indicators is to make a clear distinction between the policy distinction between the
objectives and their effects. It is critical to examine both the policy objectives and their
extent to which policy objectives have been achieved, and the effects.”
effects of a policy on immigrants and refugees in terms of their

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 legal and social status in the receiving society. These two aspects may differ
considerably. Robinson (1998a) gives an example of this problem. In his discussion of
the UK Government’s programmes to resettle Ugandan Asian quota refugees who
arrived in the UK in 1972, he states that the objective of this policy was ‘dispersal of
migrants’ with the aim to confront ‘ghettoisation’ of these refugees and other
migrants. However, Ugandan Asians ignored this government programme, and
organised their own resettlement in ethnic areas, resulting in only 37 per cent of these
refugees being dispersed. As Robinson claims, the programme was thus a failure
when judged against government objectives, but was a success when set against the
standards set by the refugees themselves (Robinson, 1998a: 121).

This discussion brings into the focus another related issue. In evaluating policies, it is
more feasible to evaluate programmes for specific groups, Ugandan Asian or Bosnian
refugees for example (e.g. Robinson, 1986, 1995, 1998b, 2000), than to look at
policies or programmes in general. It is very difficult to generalise because of the
many differences among immigrant and refugee populations and because of
differences between the regions they settle.

Kuhlman’s model of refugee integration (see above) suggests a range of different

aspects of integration. They include spatial integration, economic integration, social
integration, political integration, legal integration, and psychological integration. One
of the issues involved in evaluating integration of specific groups is whether we
should weigh all of these aspects of integration equally. This mapping exercise
demonstrates that researchers and the NGO sector are inclined to give preference to
economic integration, without denying the importance of other aspects. Robinson’s
research about the development of policies for the resettlement of refugees in the UK,
from 1945 to 1991 shows a change in government interventions in the early stages of
integration, and reveals an implicit decision about which elements of integration are
more important than others (Robinson 1999). This research demonstrates that up to
the late 1950s, the government’s most important objective in resettling the Poles was
to assist them in finding employment. This objective, however, was not reflected in
more recent resettlement programmes for Ugandan Asian, Vietnamese and Bosnian
refugees. The emphasis of these policies has shifted to locating accommodation, and
has given little attention to whether refugees are being resettled in places that have
local economies capable of providing them with appropriate employment.

3.4.3 Possible indicators

The assessment of different aspects of integration of immigrants and refugees

includes objective indicators that are relatively easily quantifiable, as well as
subjective or qualitative indicators. The former include indicators such as
employment rates among refugees or statistics of accessing and completing further
education courses, the latter includes indicators such as playing a role in the
community, personal satisfaction, or having a ‘voice’. We list below indicators of
some aspects of integration identified by respondents in this mapping exercise:

Indicators of education, training and employment

• statistics of accessing and completing training programmes;
• statistics of accessing and completing further education courses;

138
• statistics of those who successfully re-qualify and are able to practise their original
profession;
• statistics of those who have their qualifications recognised for academic or
employment purposes;
• number of job applications made, interviews attended and job offers granted;
• number of successfully self-employed immigrants and refugees;
• number of immigrants and refugees who set up successful businesses;
• unemployment rates amongst immigrants and refugees (considering different
categories, such as gender, nationality, age etc.);
• employment distribution by occupation and industry;
• economic outcomes (such as income levels or home ownership) of immigrants
and refugees compared with those of the majority population;

Indicators of social integration

• residential segregation (e.g. indexes of dissimilarity and segregation);
• intermarriage;
• English acquisition;
• social interaction within and outside group;
• rates of victimisation to crime;
• rates of racially-motivated offences;
• rates of offending for various types of crime.

Indicators of health
• life expectancy;
• age and gender specific mortality rates;
• age and gender specific morbidity rates for significant illnesses;
• accident rates;
• access to medical services.

Indicators of legal integration

• right to reside in the country;
• right to participate in the labour market;
• right to access social services;
• acquisition of citizenship.

Indicators of political integration

• participation in trade unions and professional associations;
• participation in other associations;
• participation in political parties;
• participation as voters;
• election to representative positions in local, regional and national government.

Indicators of overall integration

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• demographic indicators, such as fertility and mortality rates, life expectancy and
inter-marriage (the rationale behind this indicator is that if a group of
newcomers/refugees ‘behaves’ demographically in a similar way to the indigenous
population, we may consider the group integrated into the receiving society. This
does not imply cultural assimilation because the group in question may or may not
retain many of its cultural characteristics).
• personal assessments of availability, quality, and adequacy of assistance
programmes and services provided;
• personal assessments of satisfaction with one’s achievements and situation in the
receiving society.

The above list should by no means be considered comprehensive or complete. The

major problems in constructing and evaluating indicators of integration suggest the
need for more work in this area. It might be possible in this way to establish a set of
agreed indicators for integration. These could be linked in a matrix, which might
allow the weighting of different aspects, as well as consideration of group differences
with regard to starting conditions and desired outcomes.

3.5 Issues of methodology in integration research

3.5.1 Quantitative and qualitative research methods

The above discussion on indicators of integration shows the necessity of using both
quantitative methods (e.g. surveys and analysis of statistical data sets) and qualitative
methods (e.g. individual in-depth interviews or participatory methods) in research
about integration. There have been attempts, outside the UK, to quantify indicators of
refugee adaptation and to apply more methodological rigour in ‘measuring’
integration (e.g. Montgomery, 1996). Montgomery’s study, distinguishes between
‘objective aspects’, such as economic components of integration,
“Subjective indicators’
and ‘subjective aspects’, such as feelings about one’s own situa-
of integration are as
tion or achievement. This study indicates that ‘subjective indic-
important as ‘objective
ators’ of integration are as important as ‘objective indicators’,
indicators”
which are usually those considered important from the host
government perspective.

This implies that immigrants and refugees should be given a voice in defining
indicators of integration, and in the process of policy evaluation. Robinson (1998a:
122) argues: ‘since integration is individualised, contested and contextual it requires
qualitative methodologies which allow the voices of respondents to be heard in an
unadulterated form.’ Quantitative research on a national sample of East African Asian
refugees showed them to have achieved significant social mobility within the UK
labour market (Robinson 1993). However, qualitative research with a small group of
these refugees ‘demonstrates that whilst many individuals have achieved significant
social mobility they have very different evaluations of their “success”.’ (Robinson,
1998a: 122-3). Robinson goes on to explain that their definition of integration success
goes beyond simple, measurable, individual occupational mobility, and includes
indicators such as quality and strength of their social links with other compatriots in
the UK, and their ability to ensure that their children can enter the professions.

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3.5.2 Unit of analysis and time-span

Research about integration of immigrants and refugees, as our interviews showed, is

about integration of individuals and groups as well as about mutual adjustment of
newcomers and the established community of the receiving society. This is clearly a
conceptual issue as well as a methodological problem. How is the unit of analysis to
be defined to reflect these conceptual concerns? In other words, is research about
integration of immigrants and refugees to examine this phenomenon at the individual,
household, community or national level? Moreover, if research is conducted at a
group level (i.e. by examining integration of a group of refugees), should it relate their
situation to the situation of another group, and if so, which group? Should it be the
entire population, or only other minorities, and if so, which minorities? Additionally,
if it is accepted to consider integration as a process, as this mapping project indicates,
what time period should be considered when examining who is ‘integrated’?

3.5.3 Availability of data

Official statistical sources do not always provide data useful for integration research.
Entry figures given in the Home Office’s International Passenger Survey refer to
inflows of ‘non-European Economic Area nationals, British
“Official statistical sources do
citizens and Other EEA nationals’. The Home Office gives
not always provide data useful
other figures on ‘admissions of spouses, fiancé(e)s and child-
for integration research.”
ren’, ‘extensions of leave to remain as a spouse or fianc(é),
‘admissions of work permit holders and their dependants’,
‘extensions of leave to remain as work permit holders’, and ‘applications for asylum.’
Such statistics do not permit a ready breakdown into categories relevant for
integration research. It is extremely difficult to relate entry figures to later
‘acceptances for settlement’. Data on family reunion are not presented in a
comprehensive form and cannot easily be linked to entry of primary migrants, making
it impossible to work out group structures and potential community needs for services
and amenities.

Moreover, official figures show considerable discrepancies according to definitions

and methods of collection. For instance the authoritative OECD Report on Trends in
International Migration notes that the inflow of foreign workers in 1997 numbered
79,000 according to the International Passenger Survey, 59,000 according to the
Labour Force Survey and 130,300 according to the Department of Social Security
(OECD, 1999: 219). We need to pay closer attention to the meanings of statistical and
social categories especially since the terms are important when developing settlement
policies for newcomers.

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Methodological issues and problems of research methods concerning research about
integration of refugees go beyond the questions addressed thus far. They extend to
problems of availability of data concerning overall numbers of asylum seekers and
refugees in Britain, as well as data about specific groups of refugees (e.g. children,
men/women, elderly, disabled and/or those with special needs,). Robinson ’s work
about the importance of information for the resettlement of refugees in the UK
(1998b) gives an overview of the implications of the lack of reliable official data in
this area. This corresponds with the concerns of researchers and NGO representatives
interviewed for this mapping project. Due to unavailability of reliable official data on
the size or distribution of refugee groups within the UK, in the public domain, even
organisations specifically established to serve the needs of asylum seekers and
refugees lack basic information to plan their services.

Most of the quantitative studies done in the field of integration in recent years have
focussed on ethnic minorities, reflecting policy concerns with improving race
relations. The census and a number of large surveys do provide a reasonable amount
of data, especially for large and long-established groups. By contrast, the data
situation for smaller and more recently arrived groups is very poor. This is a serious
obstacle to policy-relevant research on integration of immigrants and refugees.

3.6 Approaches to integration policy: comparative aspects

3.6.1 Areas of current policy

The Appendix to this Chapter provides comparative descriptions of approaches to

immigrant integration in a number of immigration countries. These experiences show
that ideas on the aims and mechanisms of integration policy vary considerably in
different countries. Moreover, there are numerous ways in which government
agencies can intervene in the integration process. These comprise
laws, policies, guidelines and good practice codes, publicly sup- “There are numerous
ported initiatives and state funding. Such modes of integration ways in which
policy have an influential role in determining immigrants’ social government agencies can
and economic outcomes as well as their impact on non-immigrant intervene in the
local communities. integration process”

Current areas of government policy intervention relevant to immigrant and refugee

integration include the following (after Glover et al. 2001):
 access to employment (particularly through permits and status);
 access to housing, health, education and benefits (also largely determined by
immigration status);
 family reunion;
 English language training;
 social exclusion (including measures to help with employment, reduce crime,
tackle racism, and improve educational and health outcomes);
 equality (especially involving penalties for racial and ethnic discrimination);

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  civic and cultural involvement (regarding policies valuing cultural diversity,
such as funding for cultural and self-help activities);
 citizenship / nationality (frameworks encouraging and easing the path to full
citizenship);
 access to voting and candidature;
 legal flexibility to accommodate cultural / religious customs (including
changes to law in order to accommodate specific practices).

It is important to link policies on integration with other economic and social policies,
to achieve ‘joined-up thinking’ across government departments. Immigrants and
refugees often tend to be ignored in wider government policies concerning the labour
market, social services, social exclusion an poverty reduction. Policy planners should
include such groups from the outset in setting targets and planning interventions.

This section presents some important sets of policy recommendations for immigrant
integration, made by various overseas bodies for certain key policy fields. These may
be useful in providing ideas for possible policy initiatives in the UK.

3.6.2 Political participation

A number of cross-national policy re-evaluations surrounding immigrant participation

have been undertaken. One key set was advanced by the Standing Conference of
Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE), in its Frankfurt Declaration entitled
‘Towards a New Municipal Policy for Multicultural Integration in Europe’. This
contains a section of policy recommendations under the heading ‘Effective
participation by immigrants in local political life’ (see CLRAE 1992). The Frankfurt
Declaration includes proposals that:
• immigrants must be involved in public enquiries and consultation;
• consultative councils should be set up within the decision-making system of
local authorities and these should be (a) staffed by persons either elected by
immigrants or nominated by immigrants’ associations, and (b) organised by
neighbourhood in larger cities;
• the right to vote in local elections should be extended to foreigners who have
been resident for several years;
• procedures for gaining nationality should be facilitated and obstacles for
multiple nationality should be removed.

Obviously the capacity for effecting these kinds of policies will largely depend on the
national membership models outlined in the previous section.

3.6.3 Social integration

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Policy approaches to promoting social integration are as broad and varied as the
notion of integration itself. With regard to research and policy concerning
immigrants, however, one example stands out. A large-scale project on the
relationship between newcomers and established residents in U.S. communities was
sponsored by the Ford Foundation in the early 1990s. Entitled Changing Relations,
the project made a series of important policy recommendations. The general message
of the project’s recommendations was that ‘attention must focus on participation and
membership, on opportunities to pursue shared concrete tasks, and on building
organisations in local neighbourhoods.’ (Bach et al. 1993: 7-9). Among the project’s
conclusions and specific recommendations are the following:

• ‘the uniqueness of local combinations of groups requires a renewed focus on

community building. Grass-roots organising is a useful approach in promoting
opportunities for interaction among groups at the local level. “Bottom-up”
processes often work better than “top-down” ones. Leadership training for
community members should be encouraged, particularly for teenagers and
women, who have already forged interpersonal and inter-group relations in many
communities.
• ‘Local activities should encourage participation and mobilisation across group
lines. Attention should be focused on producing unified activities that require the
energy of diverse people to reach a shared goal. It is not enough to simply try to
negotiate group differences. These common projects should address community
conditions, such as housing, education, and recreation.
• ‘Existing organisations are not necessarily responsive to the new demographic,
social, and economic diversity in today’s communities. They should consciously
seek ways to cross group boundaries and identify common projects. Re-
examination of and innovation in membership and approach in all organizations
are needed to build co-operation and encourage inclusion of diverse participants.
• ‘Established residents need more and better information about newcomers. Such
information could be provided through creative use of community newspapers,
library resources, and outreach programmes.
• ‘Special events and public festivals can create a more tolerant tone in
communities and are particularly effective when they involve face-to-face
collaboration among groups in planning the events. Such efforts must lead to
continued opportunities for inclusion and full participation. One-time efforts often
exacerbate rather than resolve tensions.’

Although the recommendations were made in the context of the US, they are relevant
for other countries as well. Another set of pertinent, and in some cases overlapping,
proposals where put forward by the Council of Europe in its Bremen Declaration
(CCC 1992). These included recommendations that European local authorities should
consider:
• providing premises for immigrants’ meetings,
• encouraging (financially and by way of infrastructure) the creation of ethnic
associations,
• setting up neighbourhood information offices open to both indigenous and
immigrant inhabitants,

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 • stimulating joint neighbourhood activities,
• including immigrants on consultative committees,
• facilitating the training of managers from immigrant populations for integration
into public office and services.

Many of the recommendations in both cases have been summarized by Robert Bach
(1993: 164), the Changing Relations project director, as involving the need to
promote ‘active, conscious decisions to organize around common issues – not just for
the sake of integration but when diverse people perceive similar interests’.

3.6.4 Cultural integration

Another set of recommendations serves to exemplify policy issues and needs
concerning the general topic of culture. Again in the Council of Europe’s Bremen
Declaration, the representatives of 21local authorities urged that new, innovative
measures must be promoted for developing all kinds of cultural activity, endorsing
cultural diversity, and thereby strengthening ‘cultural democracy’ in European cities
(see CCC 1992). One key section of the Bremen Declaration concerned ‘The Cultural
Contribution of Populations of Foreign Origin’. This advocated:
• a major reinforcement of local authorities’ actions to encourage acceptance of
the multi-ethnic societies which several European cities have already become
and derive therefrom all the enrichment which they can bring to the life of all
their citizens.
• European immigration countries have to recognise that they have become
multi-ethnic societies. They must draw the legislative conclusions from this
development in order to ensure and promote equal rights for all the people
living in their territory.
• ethnic minority cultures must be supported so that the members of the ethnic
minorities can live as equal partners in the host country and yet at the same time
maintain contact with their country of origin.
• the members of ethnic minorities should have free choice in deciding to what
extent they wish to retain their native culture or develop it in the new social
context.

With special regard to aspects of culture, various agencies and inter-governmental

bodies have also highlighted the role of media policy in facilitating immigrant and
refugee integration. For instance, the Council of Europe (1994) has recommended the
widening of scope of current media policies to increase public awareness of the reality
of ethnic diversity, to support immigrant/ethnic media initiatives with public funding,
and to foster ‘good practice’ codes for the media. It also advocated training projects
to encourage young immigrants to consider a career in media, the development of
local media in ‘ethnic languages’, and the need for concern over a balanced portrayal
of immigrant and minority groups in all forms of media.

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The areas of policy recommendation outlined above each concern what we might call
questions of integration by way of fair representation. This is based on a dual
understanding of the notion of representation, involving (1) representation as voice
and (2) representation as image. The first sense of ‘representation’ refers to the ways
in which immigrant and ethnic minority groups have the capacity and opportunity to
organise themselves politically and take part in realms of public decision-making that
affects them. The second sense of ‘representation’ refers to the qualitative images and
symbols surrounding immigrant and ethnic minority groups that their practices
present in the public sphere. In accordance with general tenets of multiculturalism
concerning long-established ethnic minorities, immigrants and refugees should be
provided with some facility for self-representation of images and meanings attributed
to them in the public sphere.

3.7 Conclusion

Research on immigrant and refugee integration often begs a fundamen- “Integration: is it a

tal question: is it a condition or a process? What are criteria for judg- condition or a
ing whether integration – as process or condition – is present, absent, process?”
high, low, declining or underway? Methodological implications fol-
low, including whether and how the researcher is to be engaged in
describing or measuring indices and understanding patterns (such as vertical and
horizontal mobility). The choice of methods - including the compilation of indices of
dissimilarity, ethnography, and network analysis - follows accordingly.

Rather than the common approaches of assessing individual and group differences in
rates of integration, Robert Bach (1993: 157) advocates ‘refocussing immigration
research to include community transformation as a whole’; that is, research should not
just focus on the immigrants, but should examine established populations and how
immigration ‘has changed the composition and relationships between members of
groups in urban communities’ (Ibid.). This represents perhaps one of the most
innovative and fruitful areas of policy related research: tracing the contours of
interaction and trust that are formed or stifled in social fields characterised by
immigration. This would entail description and analysis of social networks, cross-
cutting ties and sources of multiple identification which might form the stuff of new
associational activity and civil regeneration.

The conceptual survey on integration research presented in this Chapter has attempted
to show some of the problems, controversies and contradictions to be found in current
social scientific and policy debates in the UK and other immigration countries. These
issues cannot be resolved in a study of this kind, but it is important to be aware of
them when turning to more detailed examinations of research on integration of
immigrants and refugees in the UK in the rest of this Report. Some of the research
gaps identified in our study can be attributed to the lack of a clear and generally-
agreed conceptual framework for integration research. This points to the need for
more research on the meaning of integration for different groups involved in the
process. There also needs to be consultation involving government, academic, NGOs
and immigrant and refugee communities to examine differing understandings of
integration, and to find ways of bridging differences. Such debates may help in the
formulation of more appropriate goals, mechanisms and indicators for the process.

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Integration is a problematic concept, but abandoning it and replacing it with another
one (inclusion, settlement or whatever) will not solve anything: concepts take on the
social meaning that they are given by powerful groups and institutions. The task is
rather to find ways of securing broader participation in the process of defining and
shaping the integration process. This in turn will help make social research a more
useful instrument for policy formation in this area.

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Chapter 4
Recent and current research about immigrants and refugees
Chapter summary – Here, the substantial set of literature 1996-2001 and compendium of
current research is discussed by way of key subject groupings. Broken down into sections
covering both immigrant- and refugee-related research, the chapter indicates the main
topics that have been researched under the following headings: education and training,
labour market, health, housing, socio-cultural and political issues, women and gender,
family and children, justice and the legal system, welfare and social policy, discrimination
and racism, citizenship and multiculturalism, neighbourhood renewal and social exclusion.

This Chapter maps out research on the integration of immigrants and refugees that
was identified through our search of literature referring to ‘immigrant’, ‘migrant’ or
‘refugee’ categories. In some cases, however, the discussion in this Chapter will also
refer to publications concerning ‘ethnic minorities’ category because the boundaries
between these categories are often blurred and consequently, literature about ethnic
minority issues frequently covers some aspects of integration of immigrants and/or
refugees. This Chapter also gives a brief overview of themes and topics addressed in a
selection of research about asylum seekers. The research about asylum seekers
included in the Report, although not comprehensive, is considered relevant for a fuller
understanding of the issues relating to the integration of refugees.

The collected bibliographies (Data Sets 1, 2 and 3) will be reviewed in this Chapter in
order to provide an indication of areas and categories covered by the published
research over the past five years both in the immigration and refugee areas. Although
the bibliography of research about integration presented in the second part of this
Report (see Data Set 1) cannot be considered fully comprehensive, as pointed out
earlier, it does provide sufficient grounds for discussion of the areas in which research
has been conducted in the UK over the past five years or so. A review
of the themes and topics of the published research reveal that some “Some aspects of the
aspects of the integration process are more researched than others, integration process are
while other areas remain inadequately or under-researched. The cov- more researched than
erage of research in each category as revealed in Table 1 and Figure 1 others”
(see below) can only be taken as a broad indication of publications.
Within the wider survey of literature and research, the limited survey of academic
literature 1996-2001, across disciplines and roughly categorized into main policy
areas, provided the following breakdown. It is important to note that the substantial
sample of over 500 works indicates the relative ratio of research over the range of
topics. Although the following Chapter provides a more comprehensive list of the
gaps that have emerged from this mapping exercise, in this Chapter, as we map the
themes and topics covered in each category, we have also included some of the main
gaps in order to provide a more integrated mapping for each category.

148
This will be followed by a brief outline of some of the research that has been carried
out in the NGO sector (see Data Set 2) over the past five years. In this section is
provided only a sample of the areas of research carried out in that sector. A mapping
of Data Set 3 follows. This data was collected from interviews with a sample of key
researchers, as well as information provided from research Centres in immigration
and refugee research. Snow-balling technique was also adopted in order to make the
list as comprehensive as possible. It should be noted that despite the effort made and
the various methods used to collect this data, there is no doubt some ongoing research
does not appear in this list. Furthermore, some of the research that appears in Data Set
3 has already been published. However, this may simply be the early publication(s) of
their current or ongoing research. Finally, there is a small section on current research
on ethnic minorities and asylum seekers.
Table 1 − Academic publications 1996-2001

149
 Immigrants Refugees Total
General 43 29 72
Education and training 30 13 43
Labour market 41 6 47
Health 55 26 81
Housing 14 15 29
Socio-cultural area 59 8 67
Political area 11 4 15
Women and gender 14 6 20
Family and children 14 24 38
Justice and legal system 12 6 18
Welfare and social policy 17 9 26
Discrimination 26 4 30
Citizenship and multiculturalism 23 2 25
Neighbourhood renewal 1 0 1
Government docs 9 17 26

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 Total 369 169 538

In graphic form the above table is depicted below: Figure 1

Mapping the Field - Breakdown of Academic Publications

70

60

50
Number of Publications

40

30

20

10

0
Educatio Socio- Women Family Justice Welfare Citizens Neighbo Govern-
Labour Political Discrim-
General n and Health Housing Cultural and and and and hip and ur- hood ment
Market Area ination
Training Area Gender Children Legal Social Multicult Renew a Docs

Immigrants 54 29 40 54 13 66 9 14 10 15 18 39 22 1 3
Refugees 56 16 6 27 15 14 6 11 31 15 9 6 3 1 16

4.1 Published Academic Research about integration of immigrants from 1996-

2001

This section includes a mapping of the published academic research that appears in
Data Set 1. At the end of each category there appears a brief indication of our
estimation of perceived gaps so as to provide a more integrated mapping of the main
themes for each category.

1. General

This category covers published research that is concerned with a more universal and
broad-ranging approach to integration. This includes research on acculturation and
integration (Berry, 1997; Skerry, 2000). Another group in this category includes
published research on measuring and statistical problems of integration (Pryce, 2000;
Rees and Duke-Williams, 1997; Aspinall, 2000) while some refer specifically to
particular ethnic groups and their integration into UK society (Cicak-Chand, 1996;
Bhopal, 1999). A further group considers the notion of diversity in the UK (Frow,
1996) and some are specifically concerned with the effects of migration on UK cities
and urban living (Dorsett, 1998; Champion, 1999). Some of these are expressly
concerned with broad policy issues (Dorr and Faist, 1997) while others concentrate on
the relationship between immigration and the nation state (Joppke, 1999) particularly
institutional integration (Dorr and Faist, 1997). Only one is concerned with the matter
of deportation (Cohen, 1997).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• processes of integration and acculturation

• UK as a multi-ethnic society

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 • migration and the cities
• immigration and the state
• methodological issues - measuring integration and studying immigrants

There are two main gaps in the published research on universal aspects of
immigration and integration. The first concerns the immigration process itself and
such questions as why do certain groups choose the UK; the issue of trafficking; the
broader institutional aspects of integration. Secondly, migrant perceptions and
strategies of integration need to be systematically researched. Of equal importance are
the perceptions of the non-immigrant population of integration strategies of local
immigrant communities. This needs to feed directly into developing channels of
information to local immigrant and non-immigrant communities so as to avoid many
destructive misconceptions within local communities.

2. Education and training

Much of the research in this category is about children and adolescents in school (eg:
Ghuman, 1997; Parker-Jenkins and Haw, 1998; Sharma, 20000), with far less
carried out among adults (eg. Chu, 1996; Pithers and Lim, 1997). Three provide
comparative analyses with other countries (Leblond and Trincaz, 1999; McEachron,
1998; Zoccatelli, 1996), while another two are specifically concerned with young
men (Wrench, and Hassan, 1996; Wrench and Qureshi, 1996). At least a third of these
publications are concerned with specific ethnic or religious groups. The key issues
engaged by researchers in the field of immigrant education and training over the past
five include:

 bilingualism and competence in English language (eg. Thompson, 2000;

Dodwell, 1996)
 children’s vulnerability and experience of racism and xenophobia (eg Eslea
and Mukhtar, 2000)
 modes of in-service training to support immigrants and refugees
 educational experiences of children, particularly in a multi-ethnic environment
(Sharma, 2000; Parker-Jenkins and Haw, 1998; Warner, 1999; Tatar and
Horenczyk, 1996)
 development of specialist curricula (Levine, 1996)
 integration into school (Zocatella, 1996; Wrench, and Hassan, 1996)

A great part of this research evaluates issues and problems for immigrant children and
possible changes to strategies and policies. The research is conducted in individual
schools and, with the exception of the comparative research, there appears to be very
little holistic research of the needs of immigrant students in particular localities and
regions. Further, there appears to be very little research on the pedagogical needs of
children from varying cultural, class and educational backgrounds. Finally, there
appears to be very little research on the training needs of adult immigrants, for both
women and men.

3. Labour market

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The experience of immigrants in the labour market is a reasonably well researched
area compared with other areas. Over a quarter of the publications are concerned with
specific ethnic groups such as South Asians and Blacks (Berthoud, 1999; Holdaway,
1997; Lightbody, Nicholson, Sian and Walsh, 1997) while almost a quarter of the
studies are concerned with matters to do with the relation between ethnicity, language
or religion with employment (Brown, 2000; Kershen, 2000,Fitzgerald, Finch and
Nove, 2001; Shields and Wheatley Price, 2001). Research on various forms of
discrimination such as racism, gender discrimination and other forms of exclusion
included about thirteen of the publications (Holdaway, 1997; Wrench, Hassan and
Qureshi, 1999; Evans and Bowlby, 2000; Wrench, 2000). Many of these link up with
various aspects of unemployment (Ortega, 2000; Wheatley Price, 2001). One major
research question deals with the impact of immigration on the economy and the
labour market. Over a quarter of the publications researched skilled migration as well
as small businesses and the migrant economy (Robinson and Carey, 2000; Madood
and Virdee, 1998; Metcalf, Maddod and Virdee, 1996; Gidoomal, 1997). Much of the
research in this area concludes that on the whole the UK economy benefits positively
(Glover et al, 2001). It is surprising that there was only one publication on the
informal economy (Mingione, 1999) and two on illegal or undocumented labour
(Prest, 1997; Devell, 1998).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

 unemployment (Wheatley Price, 2001).

 self-employment, business and entrepreneurship (Metcalf, Maddod and

Virdee, 1996.
 ethnic stratification, poverty and occupational mobility (Model, 1997; Shields
and Wheatley Price, 2001)
 unskilled versus high skilled sectors (Robinson and Carey, 2000).
 wages, income and earnings (Shields and Wheatley Price, 1998).
 discrimination in the labour market (Wrench, Hassan and Qureshi, 1999;
Holdaway, 1997).
 informal economy and employment of illegals (Mingione, 1999; (Prest, 1997;
Devell, 1998).
 recruitment overseas (Khadria, 1999).
 gender differences in the labour market (Cox, 1999; Evans and Bowlby, 2000.

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Much of the research concentrates on skilled migration, business and entrepreneurship
and the benefits to the economy. There is a distinct lack of research on unskilled
migrants and availability and use of further education and training as well as skills
recognition of other groups of migrants including women and undocumented
migrants. The position of immigrant women in the labour market clearly requires
systematic research. Although there appears to be a reasonable coverage in the area of
discrimination and unemployment, there is no systematic research which deals with
these matters within regions, across enterprises or across ethnic groups. One issue
which needs to be addressed is to question how their unskilled status and their labour
market participations (or lack of) relate to their use of social services compared to
those who are skilled workers. Mapping of the labour market category also reveals a
clear lack of research on the skills of the family reunion spouses as well as of those
who come in with work permits, for example, Commonwealth working visitors.
Further, there is no evidence of research on the labour market participation of these
two groups. There is little evidence of research on skills levels and labour market
participation of young people. Finally, the effects of the ‘brain drain’ on developing
countries and the long-term follow on effects of unwanted immigration in the
developed countries needs systematic examination.

4. Health

Immigrant health appears to be one area which is reasonably well covered by

academic research in comparison to other areas. The majority of publications in the
list refer to specific illnesses in specific ethnic groups. Broadly, the illnesses range
from psychological and mental health issues (Callan, 1996; Williams and Hunt, 1999)
to more specific problems such as dermatitis, cancer, liver problems, cardiac illness
and HIV/AIDS (Sabatier, 1996; O’Brien and Power, 1998; Haworth, Raleigh and
Balarajan, 1999). The main groups covered are Asian or South Asian, and more
specifically Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Bengali (Bedi, 1996; Williams, Hunt and Bhatt,
1997) Afro-Caribbean (Harrison et al, 1997; Gibbs, 1996); one on Chinese (Chan,
2000), one on Turkish (Hoggart et al, 2000), one on Jewish (marks and Hilder, 1997),
several on the Irish (Williams and Ecob, 1999); Walsh and McGrath, 2000). As has
been mentioned earlier in this Report, much of the research on the Asian and Afro-
Caribbean’s can well include both immigrants and ethnic minorities of long standing.
The research on recent arrivals only is likely to be minimal. Length of stay would be a
crucial factor in determining differences between members of the same ethnic
community. Ten are region or locality based (Hoggart et al, 2000; Eade, 1997; George
et al, 1997) while only five deal with such matters as ethics in the health profession,
equity in the NHS regarding ethnicity and provision of services more generally
(Smaje and Le Grand, 1997; Wedderburm-Tate, 1998; Sher and Farsides, 1996;
Haour-Knipe and Rector, 1996). Beliefs, attitudes and practices concern five of the
publications (Rait, 1997; Bedi, 1996). Women’s health has five publications (eg
Thompson, 1998; Baraitser, 1999; Gibbs, 1996) while there are three covering
children (Harris, 2000; Sharma, 2000; Marks and Hilder, 1997), one on men, and one
on the elderly (Rait, 1997). Two papers cover ethnicity and class issues (Williams,
Wright and Hunt, 1998; Harding, 2000).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

 AIDS/HIV (Haour-Knipe et al, 1999).

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  psychological needs, well-being, psychotic disorders (Williams and Hunt,
1999).
 primary health care, family planning and sexual health (Baraitser, 1999).
 specific diseases: cancer, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, parasitic diseases (Harding
and Rosato, 1999).
 alcohol and substance abuse (Harrison, Sutton and Gardiner, 1997).
 child-, elderly- and women-specific healthcare (Rait, 1997; Harris, 2000;
Thompson, 1998).
 dietary and nutritional needs, factors and change (Sharma et al, 1999; Yang
and Read, 1996).
 group-specific types and rates of mortality (Williams and Ecob, 1999).

Research on specific problems in specific ethnic communities is extremely important

and needs to continue. The main gaps in research in the health area appear to be in the
areas of women’s, children’s and, in particular, health matters of the elderly.
Adequacy of health service for various groups and illnesses also requires attention.

5. Housing

Unlike the listing of references in the ‘ethnic minorities’ section, there appear to be
very few publications over the past five years in the area of housing for immigrants.
The two areas most covered within this category are first, matters to do with
stigmatisation, marginalisation and racism towards immigrants (Greenwood, 1997;
Murray, 1998) and secondly, the relationship between housing and welfare needs and
cultural needs (Webb, 1998; Duncan and Kleinman, 1999). Others were specifically
concerned with particular ethnic groups, the elderly (Sandhu, 1999), one specific
locality (Winstone, 1996) and one comparative study (Duncan and Kleinman, 1999).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

 assessment of housing needs (Webb, 1998; Duncan and Kleinman, 1999)

 access to various housing sectors, tenures and standards (Bowes et al, 1997)
 housing and welfare needs (Duncan and Kleinman, 1999)
 cultural needs and housing (Webb, 1998)
 marginalisation and racism (Third and McEwen, 1997).

Clearly there has been very little research carried out on the specific needs and
position of recently arrived migrants. This needs to be carried out in relation to access
to social housing, to employment, schooling, and entry into an established ethnic
community. Furthermore, research questions need to be examined about the impact on
family reunion immigrants who are excluded from social housing. There is also a
need to examine the issue of housing segregation for recently arrived migrants and the
problems of homelessness.

6. Socio-cultural area: religion, community, language, identity, residential

segregation and acculturation

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Around half of the publications in this category are based on specific groups or
communities including religious eg Muslim, Hindi (Dwivedi and Prasad, 2000; lewis,
1997) and ethnic/regional communities eg South Asian, Punjabi (Kumari, 1998;
Peach,1997; Singh, 2000; Siddhisena and White, 1999). Almost as many report
research carried out among ethnic or religious communities in certain locales in the
UK (Vertovec, 1998; Raj, 1997; Bourne and Kyriacou, 1999). One of the more
popular topics appears to be centred around religion and matters of religious identity
(Dhooleka, 2000; Kalilombe, 1997; Vajifdar, 2000) . The other is concerned with
issues of identity and community (Song, 1997; Jeffers, Hoggett and Harrison, 1996;
Chessum, 2000). More general aspects of acculturation and integration are also of
concern to researchers (Parekh, 2000; Van Oudenhoven, Prins and Buunk, 1998).
There are five publications concerned with language issues (Richards and Yamamoto,
1998; Loewenberg and Wass, 1997) and even fewer which deal with gender issues
(Bhopal, 1998; Franks, 2000), youth (Kucukan, 1998; Qureshi and Moores, 1999) and
children (Nesbitt, 2000).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

 religious affiliation and practice.

 language acquisition and maintenance.
 media representations (Martin, 1998).
 cultural continuity among the young.
 the creation of hybrid cultural forms.
 change and continuation of gender relations and practices.

Although these are some of the key issues researched, there are clear gaps in research
on women, children and youth with regard to religion, language and
community/identity issues. An understanding of the position of immigrant women in
the various communities is clearly lacking. In some communities it is women who
arrive as family reunion members. Little is known about their positions and
expectations in the UK. Indeed, what is the gender of family reunion arrivals in the
various ethnic communities? This is also a policy issue. The problems of immigrant
youth and particularly immigrant children with regards to the relationship between
recent community status and schooling (e.g. pedagogy, language, identity) is also
under-researched. Research on the aged in various immigrant communities is also
lacking.

7. Political area: organization, self-Initiatives and participation

There are two main areas covered in this category – local initiatives and community
organizations (Ahmed, 1998; Bairner and Bradley, 1999) and publications on political
participation. Two of these are concerned with a specific group of British South Asian
Elites (Saggar, 1998; Asghar, 1996) while the other is based in a particular locale of
Birmingham and Bradford (Rex and Samad, 1998). One is concerned with the issue of
‘ethnic entry’ into the British Labour Party (Fielding and Geddes, 1998) while another
is concerned with collective claims or migrant challenges to the nation state
(Koopmans and Statham, 1999).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

156
  the role of community organizations and leaders
 political participation
 collective mobilisation
 ethnic entry into political parties.

There appears to be very little research published over the past five years on the
community and political organization of immigrants groups. Do recently arrived
migrants integrate into already established community organizations? Do the new
groups have their special needs and experiences represented in the already established
organizations? Are most of the leaders men, as is often the case? How do community
organizations cater for immigrant children and youth? What resources do recently
arrived immigrants have to develop their own initiatives?

8. Women and gender

There has been a gradual shift in the realization that there needs to be specific
research on immigrant women and children if we are to understand the gendered,
cultural and class experiences of immigrant women and girls. Migrant women are
especially vulnerable to various forms of discrimination in all walks of life and this
has serious policy implications. Some research on women has appeared in all the
categories in this bibliography and in this specific category on Women and Gender we
find that indeed nearly all the publications can be inserted into the relevant other
categories. Part of the issue here is concerned with where researchers publish their
work. Much of the research in this section is published in so called women’s journals.
Thus, the two areas which have the most coverage are first, those about specific
groups dealing with matters of identity, community and the specific knowledge
required of community workers when dealing with specific communities (Crewe and
Kothari, 1998; Macey, 1999) . The second most common area is that of immigrant
women in the labour market (Evans and Bowlby, 2000) with one of these
concentrating on female entrepreneurs (Dhaliwal, 1998). On specific gender issues
there are few, for example, one on lone mothers (Sinha, 1998) and another on
women’s political participation (Jones-Correa, 2000).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

 gender differences in the labour market

 gendered political participation
 change and continuation of gender relations and practices.

In each of the categories mapped out so far, there has been a clear lack of published
research on immigrant women, for example, in the labour market, and in housing. In
this section, there is an apparent gap in research specific ‘gender issues’ such as lone
mothers; the position of women in their families and communities; domestic violence;
women’s cultures in birthing practices and child-rearing; women and domestic work.

9. Family and children

157
The majority of this published research is based on specific ethnic groups, with two
main topics covered. One is concerned mainly with traditional values (Lau, 2000),
and the process of transition (Bose, 2000) while the other main topic covers
childrearing (Dosanjh and Ghuman, 1997) with one of these specifically on child
maltreatment (Fontes, 2000).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

 family-values and tradition

 child-rearing practices.

In this area there is more research carried out in the NGO sector as the sample of
published articles in Data Set 2 indicates. In academic research the main areas which
are under-researched are child rights in the family including how immigrant families
in various communities deal with gay and lesbian children; adult couples and
problems of integration; family break ups and how these are dealt with within families
and communities; domestic violence; the elderly.

10. Justice and legal system

Unlike in the NGO sector, the published research in this area is minimal and the
topics are disparate. One article is on undocumented immigrants (Engberson and Van
der Leun (1998) while another is on changing immigration and employment laws
(Trott, 2000). Another is on children and families in Childrens Act proceedings (Lau
and Bond, 2000), and two are guides or handbooks.

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• undocumented immigrants
• immigration and employment laws
• protection of children.

The justice and legal system appears to be under-represented in academic research.

Systematic research programmes need to be developed to deal with such issues as the
relationship between ethnicity and youth, specific immigrant groups, women and
children in relation to policing, the law courts and other institutions in the legal
system. Racially motivated incidences, and court decisions need to be monitored.
Statistical data needs to be collected on a longitudinal basis.

11. Welfare and social policy

This category is one which can be absorbed within others such as housing, health etc.
As a result, there appears to be very little academic research within this category and
what does appear covers a divergent set of topics. Nevertheless, there are two topics
which can claim some coverage – immigration and welfare controls (Cohen,
Humphries and Mynott, (2001) and immigration and the welfare state Dorr and Faist,
1997). One other questions culturally appropriate services (Anon, 2000b) while
another deals specifically with care for older migrants (Blakemore, 1999). Only one
appears on the parity between UK and European policy (Wakamatsu, 1997).

158
Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• immigration and welfare control

• immigration and the welfare state
• UK and the European Union immigration policies.

While there may be evaluations of welfare strategies within the various categories of
policies, it is clear that there is a gap in research which deals with the relationship
between specific policies and integration for specific immigrant communities and
groups such as immigrant youth and children. The specific needs of immigrants in a
comprehensive sense appears to need some attention. Overall, there needs to be some
critical questions addressed regarding the need for a systematic immigration policy
which deals with labour migrants, undocumented immigrants, women migrants as
head of families, family reunion migration et. al. Further, the role of public and social
policies and immigration needs to be addressed. Finally, more research on
harmonisation process with the European Union is required.

12. Discrimination, racism, race relations, migration and settlement policies

As with several other categories, this category can be easily absorbed within others
such as discrimination in the labour market, in health etc. This section lists research
which deals with discrimination, racism, race relations and migration policies fairly
broadly. Most of the publications deal with specific forms of racism in specific social
areas such as sport or work (Collins, 1998; Dummett, 2000; Wrench, 1997) while
others report discrimination in policies and legislation (Anwar, 2000; MacEwan,
1997;Dean and Belchak, 2000). One is specifically concerned with immigration
controls (Morris, 1998). Other research is concerned with the issue of race relations
(Alibhai-Brown, 2000) and one is specifically concerned with the topic of managing
diversity (Collett, and Cook, 2000). A number of articles are concerned with specific
ethnic groups such as West Africans while about five refer to Irish immigrants in the
UK. Only one article is concerned with immigrants’ perceptions of host attitudes
(Horenczyk, 1997).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• racial discrimination
• race relations and managing diversity
• immigration legislation, policy and controls.

Little appears on the impact of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 on recently
arrived migrants, though it may be too soon for such research to be published. One
major gap in the published research on racism is that on institutional racism. Very
little research appears to be carried out on the various immigration categories such as
family reunion. Finally, the relationship between racism (institutional and otherwise)
and integration requires systematic analysis. Research that deals with the relationship
between class and ethnicity is needed in economically depressed local areas where
ethnicity has become the main explanation for socio-economic problems.

13. Citizenship and multiculturalism

159
Citizenship is addressed in a number of ways. First, it is dealt with as a legal entity
(Houston, 2000; Kershaw and Pearsall, 2000), secondly, as an aspect of social rights
(Smith and Blanc, 1996; Joppke, 1999), thirdly, in relation to the notion of identity
(Bryant, 1997; Hudson and Reno, 2000), fourthly, where it is more directly related to
integration (Bisogno and Gallo, 2000; Crowley, 1998; Favell, 1998). Multiculturalism
is also researched in relation to political integration (Rex, 1998), multiculturalism and
the state/policies (Cross, 1998; Martiniello, 1998) and national identity (Parekh,
2000). Several refer to specific groups such as Muslims (Bastenier, 2000) and East
African Asians (Mattausch, 1998).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• philosophical aspects of citizenship, integration and national identity

• citizenship and the law
• citizenship as social rights
• multiculturalism, the state and political integration
• multiculturalism and national identity.

In the context of UK immigration, the meaning of multiculturalism is unclear in

policy terms and in regard to race relations policies. Multiculturalism often refers to
the notion of identity as well as to a set of social policies. Both need to be more fully
analysed as well as the relation between the two. The debate about English and British
identity which was begun by Parekh needs to be followed through with systematic
longitudinal research which deals with issues of citizenship, ethnic and national
identity.

14. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

There appears to be very little research over the past five years on social exclusion of
immigrant groups. Part of the problem relates to the definition of social exclusion
which can also be defined as racial discrimination in the case of immigrants. Such
research would appear in the earlier category 12. In addition social exclusion is often
discussed in terms of ethnicity, so there may be research carried out in the UK which
includes such categories as social exclusion and ethnicity. Furthermore, any research
which may be carried out on social exclusion of specific ethnic groups is likely to
cover the broader term of ethnic minorities (eg see Chau and Yu, 2001) and again this
may appear in the category on discrimination. Nevertheless, there is a clear lack of
research on the process of social exclusion as it impacts on recently arrived
immigrants.

15. Government documents and evaluations

160
As can be seen from the listing in this section, there are very few government
documents based on academic research on the area of integration of immigrants. The
publications listed record immigration statistics. There is one evaluation study in this
section (Richardson and Hills, 2000) which does not deal with question of ethnicity.
Nevertheless, the Cabinet Office (2000) document, Minority Ethnic Issues in Social
Exclusion and Neighbourhood Renewal, clearly deals with the subject of ethnicity in
detail. Again, this document does not single out immigrants from ethnic minorities.
No evaluation research on the integration of immigrants appeared in our searches.
This is an area which is more likely to be carried out in the NGO area. These often
appear as reports and are generally not listed in any data bases.

4.2 NGO based research and reports about the integration of immigrants from
1996-2001

This mapping project includes reports and research about integration of immigrants
that have been carried out in the community sector as well as those commissioned by
government departments. Given the lack of systematic information and databases
relating to this sector, as discussed in the methodology chapter, the bibliography
presented in the second part of this study cannot be considered comprehensive.
Further, only a number of NGOs were selected for this exercise, as time did not
permit a systematic search of all such organizations. Nonetheless, this section
provides an overview of the issues and topics addressed by the NGO sector involved
in some areas of integration of immigrants.

The selected areas covered in this ‘mapping’ are those pertaining to health, housing,
adult education and training, employment, political organisation and participation,
self-help and community initiatives, social/cultural/religious issues, family life, and
police/justice/legal systems. Issues relating to evaluation of programmes and policies
pertaining to integration of immigrants are also covered, as well as “NGO reports and
special programmes concerning integration of immigrant children research address
and women. Reports and research done in each of these areas addr- availability and quality
ess a wide range to topics and issues of availability and quality of of services”
services to facilitate integration based on assessments of community
needs.

1. General

The research carried out within the NGO and community sector necessarily includes
some government and academic research - as material to consult or as research that
has been carried out with partners. This section covers a number of broad topics from
research on ethnic minorities in the inner city (Dorsett, 1998) to statistical material
with a social focus on ethnic minorities from the Office for National Statistics (1996)
through to research carried out by the Runnymeade Trust on the multi-ethnic good
society (1996).

2/3. Adult education, training and employment

161
Of the 30 or so articles in this section, the majority are concerned with employment
and labour market matters (Owen, 2000; Sly et al, 1999); educational issues (Adand
and Azmi, 1998) and language skills and problems (Carr-hill et al, 1996). Specific
ethnic groups, such as Afro-Carribean, are considered in the research (Wrench and
Hassan, 1996) while several articles are concerned with women eg Ethiopian and
Eritrean women (Reda, no date). Some articles are concerned with racism in the
labour market (TUC, 1999) as well as the plight of illegal workers (National
Association of Citizens Advice Bureau, 1996). Several articles are concerned with
business support for ethnic minority firms (Bank of England, 1999) and on business
benefits of race equality at work (Metcalf and Forth, 2000).

4. Health

The category of health covers a broad array of health issues and processes. The areas
covered include specific health problems and disabilities (Ahmed, 1998; Butt and
Bignall, 2000); the elderly (Lindsay et al, 1997; Patel, 1999); learning difficulties
(Steele et al, 2000); general health care (National Health Service Ethnic Health Unit,
1996); childbirth issues (Clark, 1997); and research on specific ethnic groups in
relation to specific issues such as attitudes of young single Somalis (Williams et al,
1998) and counselling services for Asian people (Netto, 2001). More than average
research on evaluation of appropriate services and assessment appear in the NGO
sector research (Bariso, 1997; Commission for Filipino Workers, 1997; National
Health Service Ethnic health Unit, 1996). One study is concerned with homelessness
and access to health care (Small and Hinton, 1997).

5. Housing

This is another area that appears to receive necessary research attention in the NGO
sector. Problems with housing can create immediate social problems such as
homelessness (Davies, 1996), problems for the elderly and the need for sheltered
housing (Goodby, 1996); problems with health (Small and Hinton, 1997). One area
which receives specific attention is racism (Marshall et al, 1998; Kilpatrick, 1997;
Dhooge 1996). There is also some research indicated on housing associations (Joseph
Rowntree Foundation, 1996; London Federation of Housing Associations, 1996). One
evaluation appears to have been carried out on association strategies (Housing
Corporation, 1996).

6a. Social/cultural/religious

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

6b. Community/self-help

This section contains research on various immigrant/ethnic communities (Somali –

Ahmed, 1998) and Bangladeshi organizations (Asghar, 1996); ethnic voluntary and
community organization (McLeod et la, 2001). It also includes research on needs of
various communities and organizations (Iraqi Community Association, 1996).

7. Political organisation and training

162
This section contains research (mostly academic research) on Black and Asian voting
(Owen, 2000) and the British electoral system and ethnic minorities (Anwar, 2000).
Another on the EU parliamentary election polls and ethnic minorities in Britain
(Operation Black Vote, 1999).

8. Women

This research deals with a number of issues which concern women directly such as
labour market participation (Bhavni, 1997); childbirth (Clark, 1997); identity issues
(Dattani et al, 2000); trafficking (Kelley and Regan, 2000); domestic violence versus
deportation (Southall Black Sisters, 1996); while others are concerned with specific
immigrant women such as Armenian women (Barseghian, 2001).

9a. Family life

Many of these articles are concerned with support for families, the elderly (Bowes and
MacDonald, 2000; Bowes and Dar, 1997; Yu, 2000). Others deal with parent-child
communication (Lam, 1996); family mediation (Pankaj, 2001); deportation of
families (Churches Commission for Racial Justice, 1997).

9b. Children

Much of the research in this section relates to children’s schooling issues including
teaching and learning strategies and issues to do with achievement (Bourne and Blair,
1998; Gillborn and Gipps, 1996; NALDIC, 1998; Runnyneade Trust, 1998). Some of
the research is concerned with racial equality in schools (Commission for Racial
Equality, 2000) and issues of race and identity (Richardson and Wood, 1999). Another
issue covered is the provision of social services for children and the issue of race
(Barn et al, 1997), and some research is concerned with specific ethnic groups and
certain issues such as the education of Somali children in the UK (Kahin, 1997).

10. Police/justice/legal system

This section covers a mixed bag of issues ranging from the law and the rights of
people in the criminal justice system (NACAB, 2000; NACRO, 1996; Rison, 2000);
ethnicity and victimization (Percy, 1998; Dilton, 1999) ethnic differences and
decisions about young offenders (Barclay and Mhlanga, 2000); through to questions
about racism and prejudice (Maynard and Read, 1997; HM Inspectorate of
Constabulary, 2001) and working with racially motivated and racist offenders
(National Association of Probation Officers, 1997); a report on the Stephen Lawrence
Inquiry (The Stationary office, 1999) and an evaluation of the recommendations of
the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (Bland and Quinton, 2000).

11. Welfare and social policy

[This is an area of research which is easily absorbed in each of the categories we have
used as a guide in this mapping exercise. ]

12. Racism/discrimination

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Many of the articles in this section have already appeared in their relevant other
categories which cover legal issues (eg Maynard and Read, 1997); on racial equality
in schools (Commission for Racial Equality, 2000); business benefiting of racial
equality at work (Metcalf and Forth, 2000). Nevertheless, Home Office research by
Sibbett (1997) is listed on the perpetrators of racial harassment and violence and the
joint NGO submission to the UN committee for all forms of racial discrimination
(Liberty Trust, 2000).

13. Citizenship and multiculturalism

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

14. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

There are several articles on social exclusion (Brownhill and Darke, 1998; Ahmed,
1998) as well as the Cabinet Office’s ‘Minority Ethnic Issues in Social Exclusion and
Neighbourhood Renewal’ (2000).

15. Evaluation

Overall, evaluation research appears to be more readily carried out within the NGO
sector, though it is not readily available to policy makers, communities and the
general public. Some research is concerned with methodology (Bell and Gibson, no
year of publication) while other articles or reports are directly concerned with
measuring processes and strategies (Health Action for Homeless People for
Kensington, 1999; Scottish Community Development Centre; Migrant Resource
Centre, 1999).

In summary, two main issues emerge when reviewing themes and topics of the NGO
reports and publications. Firstly, there are numerous reports and publications based on
the perspectives of clients/groups using services in these areas. Secondly, there are a
number of projects that carry out assessments and monitor accessibility and
appropriateness of services in these areas based on clients/groups’ needs. This is
particularly the case in areas of health and housing, and specifically concerning the
special needs of immigrant children. This ‘mapping’ clearly indicates that there is a
certain amount “Research going on
of evaluation research going on in the community sector. It also reveals in the community
that, unfortunately, this valuable information is frequently lost to the sector is frequently
remainder of the NGO sector, policy makers, the communities them- lost”
selves and the society at large due to lack of systematic strategies of
dissemination and communication between different groups and sectors involved in
research and policy development in the area of immigrant and refugee integration.

4.3 Current Academic Research about immigrants from 1996 onwards

Current research in the UK is thematically varied and often focuses on “Current academic
specific substantive issues. Although much of the research focuses on research in the UK is
matters to do with integration and settlement, generally this is not the thematically varied”

164
stated aim of the research. Further, it needs to be stated at the outset
that often the research includes immigrants, ethnic minorities and refugees. Some may
be concerned specifically with immigrants though this may depend on the focus of the
research where such a distinction may not be significant to the goals of the research.
While comparative research is seen by many of the interviewees to be a gap in UK
research on immigration, when we review current ongoing research, UK researchers
have begun to carry out comparative research. Some of this has been driven by the EU
funding strategies and others have developed out of research links forged among
researchers both within the UK and in Europe.

1. General

Here we have a disparate selection of research which is currently being conducted in

the UK. For example, one is concerned with migration and the UK economy (Hatton,
2001-); on immigration controls in three EU countries (Morris, 1998-2000); on
globalisation and regional development (2001-2003); and research on the Chinese
diaspora (Pieke, 1998-2000).

2. Education and training

There is one project in this section on pupil mobility with emphasis on immigrant
children (Dobson and Henthorne, (1999-2000).

3. Labour market

Here we have a longitudinal study of training, employment and migration in the

London borough of Hackney (Institute of Employment Research, Warwick, 1997-
2002); and another on borders and labour dynamics (Vickerman and Papapanagos,
1999-2001). Two projects on entrepreneurship - an EU project on entrepreneurship in
the garment industry in Amsterdam, London, Birmingham, New York Miami and Los
Angeles (Rath, Prodromos and Panayiotopoulos, 2000-2001) and one on
entrepreneurship, kinship and the circulation of assets (Ballard and Gardner, 1999-
2001); one on undocumented labour in London (Jordan,1997-1999).

4. Health

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

5. Housing

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

6. Socio-cultural area: religion, community, language, identity, residential

segregation and acculturation

165
Three projects in this section appear to deal specifically with issues of integration.
One concerns three ethnic groups Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields
(Kershan, 2000-2003) while the other is a comparative European project on the
integration of second generation youth (Penn, Perret and Lambert, 1998-2000). A
third is concerned with West African Methodists in London (Wood and Eade, 2000-
2001).

7. Political area: organisation, self-initiatives and participation

There is one project in this section which is concerned with diasporic politics of
immigrants and refugees from Turkey in Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and the
UK (Nielsen, 1999-2000).

8. Women and gender

One project is concerned with the maternal health needs of Turkish-speaking women
in Hackney (Sales, Hoggart and Raman, 1998-2001) and another with integration of
East Europeans in Bradford (Jackson, Holmes and Smith, 1997-1998).

9. Family and children

There are three projects in this category – one is on the impact of legal status and
children on transnational household strategies of migrant domestics (Phizacklea and
Anderson, 11998-2001) another forced marriages (Samad and Eade (2001) and a third
on the impact of immigration control on families (Humpjries and mynott, 1998-2001).

10. Justice and legal system

The one project in this section is on the law and policy towards the Roma in the UK
(Stevens, 2001).

11. Welfare and social policy

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

12. Discrimination, racism, race relations, migration and settlement policies

One project on migration and settlement policy (Kofman, 1999-2001) and another on
civic stratification, exclusion and migratory trajectories in the UK, France and Italy
(Kofman, Sales and Lloyd, 1999-2001).

13. Citizenship and multiculturalism

This project is concerned with citizenship and inclusion/exclusion in four EU

countries (Schuster and Solomos, 1999-2001).

14. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

166
15. Government documents and evaluations

To summarise, one of the outstanding features of this current research is that none
appears to be carried out on a nation-wide basis. While the above research is very
important in terms of adding to national and community knowledge as well as
contribution towards policy, there is clearly, as also mentioned by some of the
interviewees, a lack of nation-wide research on such issues. Secondly, as we can see
from this list, there is little systematic research being carried out on both entry and
settlement policy and on outcomes in various communities and regions. Thirdly, there
is little systematic analysis on theoretical issues though there is some in the recent
groups of articles published by Favel (2001), Parekh (2000). Social research on ethnic
communities which considers matters of importance such as forced marriage, health
matters as well as social research located in various localities are of paramount
importance. This type of research arises through researcher knowledge with various
communities and issues. However, there appears to be little or no work being carried
out on conceptual issues to do with integration and race relations. What does the race
relations paradigm mean for the UK in the 21st century? What is the overall policy of
immigrant settlement and what are its constituent parts such as integration into the
labour market?

Fourthly, there is very little research work on gender issues, not only in terms of
issues relating to immigrant women and girls in education, the labour market etc. but
also in terms of research on immigrant men and boys. While there is some important
research on youth, there needs to be a more systematic research agenda on immigrant
youth – tomorrow’s adult generation. Fifthly, there appears to be little research carried
out specifically on the attitudes of immigrants in terms of policy issues and the
process of integration. Finally, the mapping on current research reveals the necessity
to develop a comprehensive research agenda for the 21st century which covers the
following areas:

1) policy definitions of ‘race relations’, ‘integration’, settlement,

‘multiculturalism’ etc
2) research on newly arrived community groups
3) neighbourhood and regional research
4) institutional racism and anti-racism
5) policy research on labour market, education and training, health; other
citizenship issues such as equality of outcomes, immigrant participation,
cultural processes etc. This needs to be done on a nation-wide basis.
evaluation of policy in practice.

4.4 Published academic research about integration of refugees from 1996-2001

The collected bibliography and information about research conducted

“There is relatively little
in the UK from 1996 onwards presented in this report (see Data Set 1)
research about
document that there is relatively little research about integration of
integration of refugees”
refugees, given the urgency and importance of the issue. The existing
research primarily focuses on specific issues concerning integration/

167
settlement of refugees. Aspects that are more frequently explored are education and
training, health, and housing, as well as issues of exile, identity, and diaspora. In
terms of specific groups covered by research in the UK, children are the most
researched category.

1. General

A number of thematically varied studies, however, do exist in the UK. We were able
to identify 29 references of research pertaining to more general aspects of refugee
settlement. Of studies concerning the situation of forced migrants at the national level,
much of the research is about asylum policy and its impact on protection and
settlement of refugees (e.g. Bloch 2000a, 2000b, Richmond 2000) or about the
situation of refugees from a single country of origin settled in the UK, such as
Bosnians, Kosovans, South Africans, (e.g. Bloch 1999, Forest and Smith 1996, Israel
1999, Robinson and Coleman 2000).

There are also studies about the situation of refugees in one locality (e.g. London) or a
region (e.g. Wales). These studies focus primarily on problems concerning refugee
settlement and provision, availability and quality of variety of a services to meet their
needs (e.g. Bloch 1996, Green 1996, Robinson 1999). In some cases, they analyse the
process of integration of refugees from a single country of origin in one locality or
region, such as Vietnamese in London (Griffiths 2000, Lam and Martin 1997). These
studies are generally focussed on various functional aspects of refugee settlement (e.g.
housing, re-training and employment issues) and examine the availability and quality
of social services provided to facilitate their functional integration.

Other specific issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• the importance of information in refugee settlement (e.g. Raddon and Smith 1998,
Robinson 1998b)
• official policy and refugee responses (e.g. Lam and Martin 1997)
• the role of the media in (re)defining the refugee (e.g. Kaye 1998)
• the reasons for choosing Britain as the country of asylum (e.g. Day and White,
forthcoming).

168
It is striking that we were not able to identify any UK-based research that focuses
specifically on asylum seekers/refugees’ attitudes towards integration and/or their
vision about what constitutes ‘successful’ integration. It may be, of course, that these
issues have been addressed but hidden in the existing academic research that to some
extent includes exploration of experiences of refugee settlement in the UK. There is
hardly any research on groups with special needs, such as the disabled, and none on
elderly refugees. In terms of methods of research these studies vary and sometimes
combine both quantitative and qualitative methods, i.e. surveys, individual
interviewing, and/or focus groups (e.g. Bloch, 2000). There is also very little
comparative research at all levels. There is not any comparative research about
refugees from different countries of origin and how they adjust to the British context.
Comparative research about the situation of refugees and asylum seekers in different
geographic locations within the UK is also missing, as well as about groups arriving
at different times. Finally, there has been very little systematic research about
settlement/integration issues at the national level, since 1996. This is not surprising
given methodological concerns, problems with access to reliable official data about
refugees, discussed earlier, as well as a general lack of resources (i.e. funding) for this
type of research in the UK.

2. Education and training

Of the 13 references in this category, much of the research is about educational needs
and problems of children and young adults (e.g. Closs and Arshad 2000, Kahin 1997,
Marland 1998). Far less research is focused on issues concerning education and
training needs of other refugee groups (e.g. Bloch 1996, Lam and Martin 1996). Most
of the research is on a local (e.g. London) and/or regional level (e.g. Scotland). Much
of this research evaluates issues and problems for refugee children and possible
changes to strategies and policies. A very few studies about educational aspects of
integration focus on specific types of education for refugees, such as higher education
or citizenship education (e.g. Shah ed. 1996, Omoniyi 2000).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• children’s vulnerability and experiences of racism and xenophobia (e.g. Brewin

and Demetriades 1998)
• modes of in-service training to support refugees and facilitate social inclusion
(e.g. Jones and Rutter 1998)

As already emphasised, there is a lack of research in this area about educational needs
and problems of adults, and those with a low level of education in particular.

3. Labour market

169
This mapping shows that the area of labour and employment is under-researched. A
small number of studies, only six in this category, may indicate that specific issues of
employment and the labour market participation of refugees were to some extent
covered and ‘hidden’ in research about immigrants and ethnic minorities. These few
studies focus primarily on issues concerning employment of highly skilled refugees,
such as medical doctors or engineers (e.g., Beecham 1999, Salinas 1998), or on the
employment situation of refugees in one locality, such as the London Borough of
Newham (Bloch 1996).

Key issues engaged by researchers in these few studies include:

• employment needs of refugees (Bloch 1996)

• labour market experiences of refugees with professional skills (Pile 1997)
• legal barriers to employment of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK (Hudson
1996)
• problems of medical doctors in the UK and issues of wasted resources (e.g. Berlin,
Gill and Eversley 1997).

Given the extent to which this area is under-researched, it is safe to suggest that more
research about a variety of aspects concerning the labour market is needed. We point
here to issues such as employment/unemployment rates among refugees and the
barriers to their labour market participation, informal economy and refugees.

4. Health

The area of health is one of the better-researched aspects of refugee settlement. Of the
26 references in this category, the research primarily covers two main issues
concerning health, the issue of needs of refugees and the issue of healthcare provision,
and it usually addresses these issues at the national level. With respect to the needs of
refugees, research mainly focuses on trauma, and physical and mental stress
associated with terror and conflict that caused flight and their impact on exile (e.g.
Burnett and Peel 2001, Gorst-Unsworth and Goldenberg 1998, Lavik et al. 1996).
Studies about healthcare provision focus on availability and access to primary health
services (e.g. Deane 1997). Within research focusing on healthcare provision, less
research is centred on problems relating to inequalities and their effect on refugees
and the healthcare system (e.g. Jones and Gill 1998a, 1998b). We were able to
identify only one study about psycho-social problems of refugees caused by post-
migration experience, and specifically by the policy context in the UK, which
determines refugee well-being and choice in the process of settlement (Jobbins 1997).

In terms of specific groups, much of the research in the area of health is focussing on
children (e.g. Davies and Webb 2000, Hodes 2000). We identified only one study
about healthcare needs and provision for disabled refugees (Roberts 2000) and none
on needs of refugees with other special needs, such as elderly or those with specific
diseases.

Therefore, key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• responses to trauma and torture (e.g. Harris and Maxwell 2000, Herman 1998)

170
• primary health services and refugees (e.g. Hargreaves, Holmes, and Friedland
1999)
• child specific healthcare (e.g. Sellen and Balkan 2000).

Although the area of health is relatively better-researched than other areas, as

mentioned earlier, there are many aspects and problems relating to the issue of health
that are not studied in the UK. Some of the issues that need the attention of
researchers are: needs of refugees with specific diseases, needs of specific groups
(e.g. elderly, women), family planning and sex education etc.

5. Housing

Of the fifteen references in this category, much of the research is about the
involvement and problems of local authorities in providing adequate housing for
refugees or about access to social housing (e.g. Gosling 1998, Zetter and Pearl 1999).

Other key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• the role of associations and the local state in negotiating housing (e.g. Bright
1996)
• housing choice versus housing constraints and the role of ‘gatekeepers’ (e.g.
Cullen 1996, Graham 1998)
• evaluation of advice services for refugees (e.g. Means and Sangster 1998).

Many aspects of housing problems of refugees remain uncovered by research, such as

assessment of degrees and indices of segregation and homelessness among refugees.

6. Socio-cultural area: religion, community, language, identity, residential

segregation and acculturation

A small number of studies in the socio-cultural area. We identified eight references in

this category, primarily addressing the issues of identity, diaspora and community
among different refugee populations in Britain (e.g. Griffiths 1997, Phillips and Hardy
1997, Wahlbeck 1998). We identified only two comparative studies in this area, and
they explore community work and politics of exiled Kurdish refugees in Finland and
England (Wahlbeck 1996, 1999).

Therefore, key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• negotiation of new identities (e.g. Griffiths 1997)

• the role of community organisations and leaders (e.g. Wahlbeck 1998, Zetter and
Pearl 2000).

Among many issues that need attention of researchers in this area, we point here to
exploration of religious affiliation and practice as well as change and continuation of
gender relations and practices in exile.

7. Political area: organisation, self-initiatives and participation

171
A small number of studies focussing specifically on this area, only four references in
this category, focus on the following issues:

• relationship between the policy context and refugee participation (Bloch 2000,
Zetter and Pearl 2000)
• refugee associations and diaspora and their impact of the character of participation
of refugees (Wahlbeck 1996, 1998).

Given the importance of the issue for full integration of refugees in the receiving
society and the research specifically focusing on participation of refugees in the
political sphere, we argue that virtually all aspects of political participation represent a
gap in research in the UK.

8. Women and gender

Of the six references with a specific focus on the category of women or the issues of
gender as they pertain to integration, most of the research in this area focuses on the
gender dimension of legal/admission policy issues (e.g. Crawley 2001).

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

• legal status of refugee women (e.g. Crawley 2001, 1999)

• gender sensitive approach to migration (Sweetman ed. 1998)
• experiences of exile of refugee women from specific ethnic backgrounds in one
locality (Sales and Gregory 1998).

Given that it has become widely acknowledged that every aspect of exile and refugee
experience is importantly gendered, it is striking that there are very few studies
focussing specifically on these aspects of exile and integration. It may be, however,
that researchers apply a gender sensitive approach when examining different aspects
of refugee settlement and, consequently, knowledge about these important issues
remains ‘hidden’ in research. Nonetheless, the issue of gender remains an under-
explored aspect of integration in the UK.

9. Family and children

This area appears to be better researched than other areas, because this mapping
points to 24 references focussing specifically on this category. Most of the research,
however, focuses on children and almost none on family life and integration issues.
The research on refugee children is primarily concerned with the issues of schooling
and education, as discussed earlier, as well as with the legal issues affecting
unaccompanied minors. Most of this research refers to the refugee children in general
and their situation in the UK, and there are few studies that explore the situation of
children from specific ethnic groups or countries of origin, such as Albanian, Bosnian,
and Somali children.

Key issues engaged by contemporary researchers in this field include:

172
• legal aspects of admission and reception of unaccompanied children (e.g. Ayotte
1998, Russell 1999, Taylor 1997)
• rights of children from families seeking asylum (Sone 1997)
• needs and problems of refugee children and their implication for policy makers
(Rutter and Hyder 1998)
• social roles and networks of refugee children (Candappa 2000)
• psychological problems of refugee children (Hodes 2001)
• culturally sensitive educational assistance to refugee children and their families
(Rutter 1997).

As already mentioned, one of the main gaps in this area is knowledge and empirical
data on family life of refugees, the patterns of change as well as the ways in which
family life safeguards cultural practice and maintains native language. Another
important gap is missing research about inter-marriage and the process of negotiation
of cultural practices of family members.

10. Justice and legal system

In the area of law and justice, a very limited number of studies address the legal issues
concerning race, gender, or sexual practice of refugees (i.e. homosexuality), as well as
issues pertaining to refugee children as they relate to the admission and reception
processes.

In the six references in this category, the researchers focus on the following topics:

• legal issues and gender (Crawely 2001)

• legal concept of asylum and racial issues (Shah 2000)
• exploration of the category ‘refugee’ as a legal construct (Tuitt 1996)
• sexual practice of asylum claimants and the determination process (Mcghee
2001).

The limited number of studies in this area indicates that there are many gaps in
research. Some of the main gaps relate to the lack of statistical data on rates and
analysis of root causes of victimisation of various refugee groups as well as their
criminality in areas of their settlement.

11. Welfare and social policy

Welfare and social policy has seldom been the primary focus of research in the UK.
Of the nine references in this category, the researchers focus on the following topics:

• effects of the UK policy context on refugee settlement, their self-sufficiency and

participation (e.g. Bloch 2000, French 1999, Joly 1996)
• evaluation of specific sectors and programmes, such as housing, education, and
health service (Okitikpi and Aymer 2000, Stanton 1998, Trafford and Winkler
2000)
• welfare rights and fiscal impacts of refugees (Remedios 1997).

173
Although the lack of research specifically focussing on welfare and social policy may
not mean that these issues remain unexplored in studies that address broader issues of
refugee settlement, this mapping indicates that there is a lack of research about policy
strategies and delivery of policies for refugees.

12. Discrimination, racism, race relations, migration and settlement policies

The four references in this category include discussion of the following issues:

• assessment of specific government programmes to assist refugees from specific

countries of origin and their social implications, including experiences of
discrimination and racism. Most of this research was carried out by one researcher
(Robinson 2000, 1999, 1998)
• the role of the media in social constructions about asylum seekers and refugees
(Kaye 1998).

It is important to emphasise again that the lack of research specifically focussing on

discrimination and racism may not mean that these issues remain unexplored in
studies that address broader issues of refugee settlement. Nonetheless, this mapping
indicates that there is a lack of systematic research and empirical data about forms and
instances of discrimination and racism experienced by different refugee groups caused
by the policy of dispersal.

13. Citizenship and multiculturalism

Citizenship and multiculturalism is another area that is presently under-researched.

The two references in this category address the following topics:

• comparative perspective on citizenship and social policy issues as they pertain to

refugees in Britain and Europe (Bloch and Levy eds. 1999)
• issues concerning citizenship education and refugees (Omoniyi 2000).

The lack of research in this area documents yet again the existing gap in research
about different aspects of wider societal participation of refugees in UK society.

14. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

This mapping exercise does not indicate any research focusing specifically on issues
relating to the neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion category.

15. Government Documents and Evaluations

The 17 references presented in Data Set 1 represent government publications and

documents as well as evaluations of specific policy measures in the area of refugee
settlement (e.g. Robinson and Coleman 2000). The government documents address
four broad areas:

i. implementation of specific policies

ii. responsibilities of local authorities for implementation of specific policies and
provision of specific social services

174
iii. strategies for integrating refugees
iv. statistical data.

Key issues addressed within these four areas include:

• implementation of the policy of dispersal (Audit Commission 2000 document)

• the role of local authorities in implementing policies pertaining to asylum seekers
and refugees (Association of London Government 1996 document)
• the role of local authorities in providing health services to asylum seekers and
refugees (Audit Commission for Local Authorities 2000 document)
• strategies to facilitate full and equal participation of refugees in UK society (e.g.
Carey-Wood 1997, Home Office 1998 and 2000 documents)
• statistics on immigration control and persons granted British citizenship (e.g.
Jackson and McGregor 2000, Kilsby and McGregor 2000).

Although the number of studies focussing on assessment of specific government

policies/programmes (e.g. Bosnians, Ugandan Asians, Vietnamese) is not significant,
it is important to emphasise that these studies give explicit or implicit policy
recommendations and can be highly useful in terms of policy development in the UK.

4.5 NGO based research and reports about the integration of refugees from
1996-2001

This mapping project indicates that the NGO sector and statutory
“NGO and statutory
bodies in the UK provide valuable research materials about the issues
bodies’ research
pertaining to refugees, their needs and their integration/settlement in
materials represent an
the country. Their reports, guidelines, and policy recommendations
invaluable source of
based on their experience of work with refugees in local communities,
information”
as well as research, represents an invaluable source of information to
both researchers and policy makers. The bibliography of publications
and reports on integration of refugees in the UK by the NGO sector and statutory
bodies presented in this report (see Data Set 2), cannot be considered comprehensive,
because systematic data bases do not exist, as already emphasised in this report.
Nonetheless, the collected information clearly indicates a variety of aspects of
integration covered. This mapping indicates that the areas of health and education,
training and employment are better covered than other areas. In terms of focus on the
situation of specific groups, there is the indication that children are more often a focus
of concern than other categories.

1. General

175
NGO reports and publications are primarily concerned with needs of refugees and
asylum seekers and services to meet these needs, as well as with assessment of current
policies and programmes concerning refugees and asylum seekers. The former type of
reports and research refer to the situation of refugee population from a single country
of origin or ethnic group in a city borough or town, and far less often to a region (e.g.
Green 1996, Humm 1996). Most of these reports and publications are small-scale,
generally based on ‘snap-shot’ methodologies. The methods used in evaluating
specific programmes and services are prevailingly qualitative, based on individual
interviewing or on focus groups. Although data collected for these reports cannot be
considered highly representative of the targeted population of refugees, these reports
and publications represent a source of valuable information about potentially good
practices and strategies for integrating refugees at local level.

The material that assesses current policies and programmes pertaining to refugees and
asylum seekers offers updates, critiques, and recommendations concerning policy
developments pertaining to asylum seekers and refugees (Refugee Council 1996 and
1997 reports on the state of asylum and the government’s new policies pertaining to
refugees). Additionally, the NGO sector provides relatively comprehensive
information about nation-wide services for refugees and asylum seekers in the UK as
well as guides to recent changes in legislation concerning asylum seekers (e.g.
ILPA/Resource Information Service 2001 document, Refugee Council 1996 document
on refugee resources in Britain).

Key issues addressed in these documents include:

• critical assessment of social effects of different policies, such as the policy of

dispersal (Asylum Rights Campaign 2000 document), and the voucher scheme
(Oxfam/T&G/Refugee Council 2000 document)
• development of programmes to assist earlier self-sufficiency among refugees
(Lukes, Bell and Lloyd 1997)
• financial impact of refugees and asylum seekers (e.g. London Research Centre
1998)
• assessment of the situation and needs of refugees and asylum seekers in places of
their settlement.

2/3. Adult education, training and employment

Material on education, training and employment presented in this report consists of

research and guides and manuals for both practitioners in the field as well as for
refugees (e.g. Prince 2000, Peters 2001). Research material in this area focuses on
employment by assessing the needs of refugees in specific settlement areas (e.g.
Shuttle 1996), by pointing to the institutional barriers that hinder participation of
refugees in the labour market (e.g. The Industrial Society 1999), and by assessing
specific training programmes for refugees (e.g. Canadappa 1999).

Key issues addressed in this area include:

• language needs of refugees (e.g. Little and Lazenby Simpson 1996)

176
• training needs and employment of the skilled and qualified (e.g. Peabody
Trust/London Research Centre 1999 document)
• routes to finding employment (e.g. Africa Educational Trust, Gillet and Gregg
1999)

In terms of focus on special groups, this mapping indicates that there is more attention
on young refugees, male in particular, as well as those with professional skills. We
identified only one study that focuses on employers and their assessment of vocational
training provided for refugees (Thomas Coram Research Unit/Canadappa 1998).

4. Health

Material on the area of health is primarily research about the health needs of refugees
or about their experience as users of health care services in areas where they settled
(e.g. Croydon, Cardiff, Camden and Islington). There are also guidelines and manuals
providing information and advice to practitioners in the field, such as general
practitioners, pediatricians and advisory workers (e.g. Levenson 1999).

Key issues addressed in this material include:

• mental health problems of refugees and asylum seekers (e.g. Pourgourides and
Sashidharan 1996; Refugee Support Service 1997 document)
• health implications of the asylum seeking process (e.g. Enfield and Haringey
Health Authority 1999 report, Muzaffar, Saeher, Haque, Obaidul and Sugden
1999)
• care of victims of torture (e.g. Newham Refugee Centre 1996 report)
• problems of specific diseases, such as HIV, assessment and prevention among
asylum seekers and refugees (e.g. London Borough of Lewisham 1999 document,
Maharaj, Warwick and Whitty 1996).

In terms of specific groups, research in this area focuses more often on children and
young refugees (e.g. McCallin ed. 1996) than on other groups, such as disabled
(SIREN/Roberts 2000). In terms of the country of origin or ethnic background, the
collected material almost exclusively focuses on the needs of newly arrived groups,
such as Bosnians (e.g. Vaskovic 1998) and Kosovans (e.g. Dean 2000).

5. Housing

The collected material on housing indicates that this area is less often the focus of
attention of the NGO sector. A very few publications in this area, presented in the
second part of this report, address the issues of:

• access to the private housing sector (Garvie 2001)

• assessment of the housing situation of specific refugee groups (e.g. Latin
American Welfare Group 1996 document)
• use of public funds for meeting housing needs of refugees and asylum seekers
(e.g. London Research Centre 1998 document).

6a. Social/cultural/religious

177
A very few publications pertaining to this area identified in this research address the
issues of strategy concerning interfaith refugee networks (Social and Pastoral Action
1997) as well as the information needs of refugee groups (Radden 1998).

6b. Community/self-help initiatives

Relatively little material pertaining to this area, identified in this mapping, primarily
addresses the issues of the role of community networks in settlement of specific
groups, such as Bosnians (Maric unpublished), and to problems in obtaining asylum
experienced by certain groups of refugees, such as Sri Lankan Tamils (Refugee
Council 1997 document). There are also reports about refugee participation and
empowerment (OXFAM 1996). Other specific issues covered include discussion
about the ways to overcome diversity among refugee communities (e.g. Field and
Harrow 1999) as well as routes to the self-sufficiency of refugees (e.g. Lukes, Bell
and Lloyd 1997).

7. Political organisation/participation

We were able to identify only one document pertaining to this area, published by
Amnesty International, which deals with issues of refugees’ right to participation and
‘voice’.

8. Women

NGO reports focusing specifically on women are not numerous, as this mapping
indicates. A few publications included in the bibliography primarily address the issues
of asylum process and the position of women (e.g. ILPA/Refugee Action 1998,
Refugee Council 1997 document). A few reports also look into the specific situation
of women concerning the labour market and employment (e.g. The Industrial Society
1999, Refugee Women’s Association 1998).

9a. Family life

A few publications pertaining to this area identified and presented in the bibliography
of NGO publications, primarily focus on the needs, family life, and problems of
specific refugee groups in the UK, such as Bosnians, and Vietnamese (e.g. Kirby
1999, Lam 1996). We were also able to identify two reports focussing specifically on
elderly refugees, their needs and family problems (Refugee Action 1997, Refugee
Council 1998).

9b. Children

Material focussing specifically on children addresses primarily their specific situation

in the areas of health and education and offers practical guides and resource books for
practitioners in schools and health services (e.g. Islington Council 1997 document;
Lewisham Education and Community Services 1998 document).

Key issues addressed in this material include:

178
• assessment of children’s specific settlement needs (e.g. Gosling 2000)
• psycho-social needs and well-being of children (e.g. Davies and Webb 2000)
• childcare provision (e.g. Praxis 1998 document)
• unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and their needs (e.g. Russell 1999, Stone
2000)
• educational needs of refugee children (e.g. Refugee Council 1997 document).

Most of these publications address the situation of refugee children in general, and to
a lesser extent focus on children from specific country of origin.

10. Justice/political/legal system

NGO reports focusing on this area are primarily concerned with asylum rights and
challenge the official procedures in assessing asylum claims and determination
process in general (e.g. Asylum Aid 1999, Asylum Rights Campaign 1996, Jagmohan
1996, Refugee Legal Centre 1997), as well as detention practice in the UK (e.g.
Amnesty International UK 1996, Hornsby-Smith et al. 1997).

11. Welfare and social policy

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

12. Racism/discrimination

A few reports with a special focus on racism and discrimination, identified in this
mapping, focus on issues of poverty of asylum seekers and refugees caused by the
implementation of the Asylum and Immigration Act (Carter 1996), and racism and
xenophobia caused by the implementation of dispersal policy (Fekete 2000).

12. Citizenship and multiculturalism

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

13. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

15. Evaluation

Information about evaluation reports provided in the second part of this report (Data
Set 2) indicates that the NGO sector evaluates their specific projects, such as The
Bosnia Project (e.g. Compass Partnership 1997). Some of these evaluations and
reports are based on joint evaluation, and involves both service/programme providers
and refugees (e.g. Refugee Education and Training Advisory Service 2000).

4.6 Current academic research about refugees from 1996 onwards

The Data Set 3, presented in the second part of this report, gives “This set of data reveals
an indication of the current, ongoing or recently completed, relatively small number of
studies on refugees”
179
research about integration of refugees in the UK. This set of data
reveals relatively small number of studies on refugees conducted
by different research institutions in Britain.

1. General

Current research in this category thematically ranges from issues relating to patterns
of integration and alienation of refugees in the UK in relation to the legal and political
institutions (the project carried out by Joly) to assessment and evaluation of the policy
of dispersal and its effect on the situation of refugees settled in Scotland (the project
carried out by Walsh). Other issues addressed include: the character of links
established between transnational exile communities in the places of their settlement
and their countries of origin (the project carried out by Black, Koser, and Al-Ali), and
analysis of policy transformations in Britain and the ways in which they shape
priorities in research about refugees and asylum seekers (the project carried out by
Zetter).

2. Education, training, and employment

Current research pertaining to education and training of refugees looks into the issues
of their needs and the ways to overcome the barriers to their employment in UK
society (e.g. the project carried out by Roberts). These studies primarily focus on the
situation in the UK, and to a lesser extent to the situation in a region or locality (the
project carried out by Block in Newham).

3. Health

This mapping identified only one current research project about health issues as they
relate to refugee settlement. This ongoing study looks into the health and social
welfare problems of a specific refugee population, the Ethiopian refugees (the project
carried on by Papadopoulos). This project is concerned with the health and social care
needs of Ethiopian refugees in the UK. It aims to identify risk groups, common health
and social needs. Its research methodology and methods are designed to involve
community groups as a way of their empowerment and capacity building.

4. Housing

This mapping indicates that the current research on housing problems of refugees
focuses on social housing provision for refugee and asylum seekers in the UK (the
project carried out by Zetter et al.) as well as problems related to housing associations
and housing management (the projects carried out by Pearle and Zetter). We were also
able to identify one small-scale research about the housing and welfare needs of a
specific refugee population in one locality, i.e. the Vietnamese refugees in London
(the project carried out by Chevannes).

5. Socio-cultural area: religion, community, language, identity, residential

segregation and acculturation

180
The research project identified in this category looks into the ways in which
monocultural communities affect refugees and asylum seekers settled in such areas
(the project carried out by Dawison).

6. Political area: organisation, self-initiatives and participation

This mapping has not been able to identify any current research specifically focussing
on the issues pertaining to this category.

7. Women and gender

The two projects that focus specifically on the issues related to women and gender,
which have been identified in this mapping, look into the issues of dispersal and their
effect on the lives of Roma refugee women, as well as on the issues of domestic
violence, women, and adequacy of legislation to protect them (the project carried out
by Ceneda, Palmer, and Smith).

8. Family and children

Current research focussing on issues pertaining to family and children looks into
issues ranging from the problems of legal provisions to family reunification and their
impact on refugees (the project carried out by Mynott), welfare professional responses
to the needs of children and families traumatised by flight (the project carried out by
Okitikpi and Aymer), to problems of children separated from their parents and
families (the project carried out by Dawson).

9. Justice and legal system

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

10. Welfare and social policy

The two projects identified by this mapping, which examine the issues of welfare and
social policy, are looking at the role of social services in meeting the resettlement
needs of refugees (the project carried out by Sales, Dutton, Kohli, and Hoggart), as
well as the specific needs and problems of disabled refugees in the UK (the project
carried out by Roberts).

11. Discrimination, racism, race relations, migration and settlement policies

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

12. Citizenship and multiculturalism

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

13. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

[No specific research identified in mapping exercise.]

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14. Government and evaluations

To summarise, a quick review of the current research list (Data Set 3), shows there is
very little research currently being undertaken on the integration of refugees in the
UK. Gaps are specifically highlighted in Chapter 5.

4.7 Recent and current academic research about ethnic minorities and asylum
seekers from 1996-2001

The information collected on recent and current research about ethnic minorities, as
evident from the list presented in the second part of this study (see Data Set 1 and
Data Set 3), shows that ethnic minorities are the focus of academic research more
often than simply immigrants or refugees. Given that this project focuses on research
specifically on immigrants and refugees, in this section we will very briefly point to
the themes and topics of this research, some of which may pertain to the situation of
immigrants and/or refugees in the UK. Themes and topics of research about ethnic
minorities range from policy-oriented research, to issues relating to health, labour
market and/or specifically women and work, family life, and different aspects of
exclusion. Frequently, these specific issues or aspects of integration are explored in
relation to the situation of specific ethnic group, i.e. minority, such as Chinese, Sri
Lankans etc. Research on ethnic minorities in the UK, as this ‘mapping’ suggests, also
focuses on exploration of theoretical issues concerning ethnicity and multiculturalism.
This type of research also seems to focus more often on gender-related aspects of
integration, and examines not only the specific situation of women but also men, and
black men in particular. In terms of focus on specific groups, it is also apparent that
the research about ethnic minorities more often addresses the problems of youth, in
relation to the labour market in particular, than is the case in research about
immigrants.

182
Given the focus of this mapping, the bibliography about asylum seekers collected in
this research represents only a selection of work about this legal category of forced
migrants and issues that pertain to the process of integration of those who may be
permitted to stay in the UK. As Data Sets 1 and 3 indicate, much of the research about
asylum seekers gives critical analysis of asylum policy in the UK by focussing on its
exclusionary practices and their social implications (e.g. Cohen 1996; Ferriman
1997). There is an indication that research about asylum is more often comparative in
nature than research about refugees in the UK. It examines reception conditions in
different European countries (e.g. Bank 2000; the project carried out by Schuster and
Solomos ), or more broadly issues about exclusionary mechanisms relating to asylum
in Europe (e.g. Joly 1996, Lassalle 2000). Additionally, some of these studies focus
specifically on human rights issues relating to asylum procedures in the UK and other
European countries (e.g. Blake and Wright 1999, Feria-Tinta and Doebbler 1999).
Research focussing on critical examination of reception and treatment of asylum
seekers in the UK, frequently addresses the issue of detention of asylum seekers in the
UK and its psycho-social implications (e.g. Pourgourides 1997, Silove, Sinnerbrink,
Field, Manicavasagar, and Steel 1997, Travers 1999). There is also research focussing
on social implications of limited access to welfare system and social services, which
points to the poverty and social exclusion created by the withdrawal of the right to
social welfare benefits (e.g. Carter 1996; Garvie 2001, Kaye 1999). In addition to
studies about the area of welfare and social policy as it pertains to asylum seekers, the
area of health is also often the focus of research. These studies primarily address the
issues of health care and health needs of asylum seekers (e.g. Peel 2001, Taylor 1998;
the project carried out by Johnson) or the impact of asylum on health of asylum
seekers (e.g. Jobbins 2001). In terms of special focus on particular groups of asylum
seekers, research primarily focuses on children, either on the situation of
unaccompanied children in the asylum process (e.g. Ayotte 1998) or on the problems
of children in education and schools while awaiting a decision about their status (e.g.
Brewin and Demetriades 1998). This mapping also indicates that the current research
about asylum seekers (see Data Set 3) is more increasingly focussing on researching
and assessing the consequences of the policy of dispersal (e.g. the project carried out
by Hewitt and Cwerner).

4.8 Conclusion

The mapping of the main themes and topics of research about immigrants and
refugees presented in this chapter was given according to the categories and
classifications which were developed to facilitate collection and building up of data
sets provided in the second part of this report. These categories emerged from
interviews with experts in the field as well as from the authors’ expertise as being the
most suitable given the character of this mapping and its terms of reference. Given
that the categories used, correspond generally to key policy areas it was considered
that they would provide the most useful framework for discussing and presenting
“Categorisation is
information collected in this research. This,
not problem-free”
however, does not mean that the categorisation is not problem-free. As
emphasised throughout this chapter, some of the categories put emphasis
on specific aspects of integration or specific groups of immigrants and

183
refugees, which may not always be the central focus of researchers’ attention, but may
still be addressed in their discussion and therefore ‘hidden’ in analyses. This problem
is compounded by the fact that boundaries between immigrants, ethnic minorities, and
asylum seekers are often blurred. Hence, some areas that appear under-researched in
this mapping, for example the category ‘neighbourhood renewal strategy and social
exclusion’ in research about refugees, may be covered to some extent by research
about ethnic minorities or immigrants. For these reasons, the discussion in this
Chapter should be taken as an indication about the state of the art in these areas of
research. While this Chapter aimed to give an overview of the main themes, topics
and issues covered by research in the UK from 1996, the gaps that emerged in the
discussion will be addressed more comprehensively in Chapter 5.

184
Chapter 5
Gaps in the research on integration of immigrants and refugees
Chapter Summary – In both academic and NGO sectors, experts agree there is a serious lack of
data and other factual knowledge about processes and factors of immigrant and refugee integration.
This situation is currently compounded by the absence of an overall systematic research strategy.
Contrasted to the subject-led mapping discussion of research 1996-2001 represented in the previous
Chapter, this Chapter describes significant gaps and recommends a variety of measures with regard
to the development of appropriate databases, concepts, theories and research methods. Among other
things, this includes calls for: analyses of historical experiences of integration; recognising the
contemporary significance of transnational networks among immigrants and refugees; more
exploration of the impact of legal categories on integration processes; the need for longitudinal
studies; combining quantitative and qualitative methods in evidence-gathering for policy; more work
on specific ethnic groups; more gender-aware research; and finally, the need for enhanced co-
operation between academic researchers, practitioners, policy-makers and immigrants and refugees.

The overview of research (Data Sets 1−3) together with the expert interviews carried
out for this study indicate that there are gaps in virtually every area of research on
immigrant and refugee integration. These research gaps have been categorised
according to the guiding model of categories or classifications which were developed
at the beginning of the research based on the interviewees’ and researchers’ expertise
(see Appendix 1). These categories also correspond generally to key policy areas. In
some areas, however, there is simply a lack of knowledge. For example, very little is
known about undocumented workers, about family reunion “There are gaps in
members, or about recently arrived communities. On the other virtually every area of
hand, a lack of systematic research strategies in key policy areas, research on immigrant and
along with lack of co-ordination between government and the refugee integration”
academic research and NGO sectors have led to a situation in
which there is an insufficient body of social scientific knowledge
for evidence-based policy development.

5.1 Conceptual and theoretical gaps

Our study has found that there is considerable confusion about the social scientific
concepts and theories needed to analyse integration processes. There is no consensus
about the meaning of terms like integration, incorporation, inclusion, participation and
other terms used to describe the process of adjustment and changes associated with
immigration and exile. Further, there is no agreement about the “There is no consensus
operationalisation of these concepts to be applied to various fields about the meaning of
of study, and about the most useful indicators for assessing the terms like integration”
outcomes of integration processes. Some of the unevenness and
contradictions can be attributed to disciplinary and paradigmatic
differences, but others seem to be the result of a lack of adequate
research and debate between various actors in the field.

5.1.1 Immigrants

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There is a need for systematic analysis of various theories and models of integration.
The aim would be to compare the empirical and analytical basis of the differing
approaches, and to assess their usefulness for various policy contexts, as well as the
way they correspond with the needs and goals of various stakeholder groups. The use
of terminology (for instance acculturation, race relations, settlement, ethnic relations,
multiculturalism) need to be considered as well. The varying meanings of the term
‘integration’, which range from assimilationist to pluralist perspectives, need to be
examined more closely in terms of their application to two-way processes of
accommodation between minorities and the broader society. Further, conceptual and
theoretical issues concerning the ‘race relations’ paradigm and the necessity for its
further development to address adequately the changes in international migration
patterns affecting the situation in the UK.

Theories of immigration and integration need to be examined more closely, especially

in terms of their relevance to the UK and the possible shift to a policy of ‘planned
migration’. Such research should include comparative research in European and
other western countries of immigration (such as the Netherlands, France, Sweden,
US, Canada and Australia). Comparison of past experience and of policy models is
needed both in general and for specific groups (highly-skilled migrants, labour
migrants, family reunion, undocumented workers labour market, legal, female
immigrants). Such research would have to be linked to comparative analysis of
broader state policies on the labour market, education, social services etc.

Research is needed to clarify the composition of and linkages between immigrant

categories in the UK. Researchers need to develop a generally-agreed set of
definitions on what constitutes immigrants, ethnic minorities, the second and
subsequent generations etc., while being mindful of the problems of constraining
people’s choices by attaching labels to them. The relationship between the concepts of
‘immigrants’ and ‘refugee’ needs to be examined. Legal and popular usage of these
“The relationship between the
terms
concepts of ‘immigrants’ and
does not always correspond, leading to possible confusion.
‘refugees’ needs to be
This is partly due to complex and changing legal and policy
examined”
settings, and partly to the fact the people do not always fit
comfortably in a single category or move between them.

There needs to be a systematic analysis of the history of the UK race relations

approach, including assessment of the positive and negative outcomes in various
sectors of society. Such research is necessary before decisions can be made about
adoption of integration approaches used in other western immigration countries.
Study of the race relations approach should include examination of local and
community level experiences, to develop understanding of the causes of persistent
racism and inter-group conflicts in some areas. Varying policy models and outcomes
need to be set in the context of broader economic and social problems in the specific
areas.

There is a need for research on the integration process of various long-standing

communities, to work out which approaches and policies have been successful, and
for what reasons.

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Research is required on cultural and community change. How do immigrants develop
the individual and group capabilities needed to function in a new socio-cultural
setting? What is the role of community leaders, religious leaders, associations and
ethnic economic infrastructures in such processes? How does the receiving
population experience change and cope with it? How are institutional practices
modified to make services more relevant? Such research also requires examination of
varying perceptions and definition of ‘community’.

Research on immigrants and social exclusion/inclusion is needed, since these have

become key public policy concepts in the context of changes in the welfare state. This
requires examination of the position of immigrants in relation to class, ethnicity,
gender in terms of policy objectives for various social sectors. This research should be
linked to examination of participation in various contexts.

Research is needed on the significance of transnational communities for immigrants

in the UK. Due to the rapidly improving transport and communication technologies
associated with globalisation, it is increasingly easy for immigrants to maintain
enduring economic, social, political and cultural linkages with their countries of
origin and with co-ethnics in other places. This is thought to influence processes of
integration in receiving countries. Research on this topic is in its infancy, but is crucial
to understanding the situation of new immigrants in the contemporary world.

5.1.2 Refugees

The gaps in empirical research about different aspects of integration of refugees make
it difficult to develop a good theoretical and conceptual framework for addressing and
understanding integration issues. Consequently, there is a lack
of clear concepts and developed theoretical framework based
“There is a need to develop a
on empirical studies about integration of refugees in the UK.
theoretical framework that
There is a need to develop a theoretical framework that will
will bridge the gap between
bridge the gap between frameworks of ‘race relations’ and
frameworks of ‘race relations’
‘refugee studies’. This mapping project points to the following
and ‘refugee studies’”
areas of research that are important for the development of
clear analytical concepts and definitions, as well as empirically
well-grounded policy recommendations:

There is a need to conceptually clarify the relationship between integration and

return. This kind of research would be an important source of information about how
grounded is the notion adopted by EU governments that a lack of integration
programmes facilitate return of the refugees.

There is a lack of research that explores the relationship between temporary

protection and integration. The question of social effects of temporary protection on
the process of integration has become increasingly important due to the intensification
of restrictions on official recognition under the Geneva Convention.

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There is a need to explore the relationship between asylum process and integration in
order to understand the economic, social, and political consequences of policies that
encourage and facilitate integration only after status acknowledgement. This type of
research should focus on people at the commencement of the asylum process,
including their beliefs and hopes about their future, as well as their attitudes towards
UK society. Such an exploration has to be followed by an examination of how such
expectations are affected by the asylum process. This research should also include
evidence from frontline agencies and organisations working with refugees in each
integration area (education, health etc).

There is a lack of research about the role of refugee communities and networks in the
process of integration. This type of research can shed more light on the relationship
between integration of groups and individuals. It should explore how refugee
communities facilitate integration in the receiving society. In this respect, it would be
useful to do comparative research with countries where community organisations are
not as developed as in the UK (e.g. Austria or Italy).

There is a lack of research that explores differences among different categories of

immigrants in the UK and the social consequences of these legal constructs. This type
of research should compare the experiences of different groups, i.e. economic
migrants, convention and humanitarian refugees, as well as illegal immigrants. Such
research would be very useful in uncovering to what extent these categories are mere
legal constructs and to what extent they both reflect and shape social reality.

There is a lack of conceptually grounded indicators of integration. Development of

good and useful indicators requires clarity concerning the following questions:
• who defines ‘successful’ integration (i.e. policy makers, researchers, practitioners,
and/or refugees?)
• which aspects of integration are more important (i.e. legal, economic, social,
political, psychological?)
• how do we measure ‘soft’ indicators (i.e. methodological problems involved in the
use of quantitative versus qualitative research methods).

There is a lack of research about experiences of refugees regarding integration, how

refugees see themselves, their communities and UK society. There is little or no
research about the strategies of integration developed by the refugees themselves.
This kind of research would be an important source of knowledge about the ways in
which refugees respond to specific policy contexts and which policies allow refugees
to cope better.

5.2 Methodological gaps: immigrants and refugees

Research about the integration of immigrants and refugees and other migrants
involves many methodological problems. These problems are largely the same for
immigrants and refugees, and will be dealt with together in this section.

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5.2.1 Lack of adequate statistics

Existing official statistics are collected for a variety of purposes and do not
necessarily correspond with the needs of integration research. For instance Home
Office immigration control statistics break entrants up into categories that give little
information on likely group structures and settlement patterns. Data on acceptances
for settlement cannot be readily linked to immigration control data. There seems to be
no meaningful way to aggregate data in terms of community composition, nor to
relate them to regional distributions. In principle the Census should resolve this
problem through provision of household data at all geographical levels. However,
Census data are in fact inadequate for integration research for two reasons: first, 10
year intervals make the data far too irregular to study new immigrants and refugees;
second, small ethnic groups are very hard to pick up in Census data, especially in
cross-tabulations. Similarly, the Labour Force Survey is not fine-grained enough to
pick up smaller groups.

The lack of reliable data about immigrants and refugees makes

“Lack of reliable data
it practically impossible to produce ‘evidence-based’ research
makes it practically
about any aspect of their integration. Researchers and practit-
impossible to produce
ioners need reliable information about: how many refugees and
‘evidence-based’ research”
immigrants are currently in the UK; where they come from and
who they are in terms of age, gender, educational level, profess-
sional skills, etc. Integration research clearly requires additional
sources of data such as:

• A longitudinal survey, which interviews representative samples of immigrants and

refugees on arrival and again at regular intervals. This would be a very powerful
tool for integration research, and has been used successfully in other countries
(notably the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrant Arrivals (LSIA) in Australia).

• Sample surveys on the characteristics and integration experience of specific

categories of entrants and specific ethnic groups, both at the national and regional
levels.

• A nation-wide statistical database on highly-skilled refugees and immigrants: their

skills and qualifications, participation in re-training, qualifications obtained and
employment outcomes.

• Regional databases on service needs and availability using information collected

by NGOs as well as community organisations. NGOs have vast amounts of useful
data in their organisational databases, which need to be made available for
researchers and organisations/agencies involved in work with immigrants and
refugees.

5.2.2 Interdisciplinary research

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Some researchers have become so specialised in their own areas of expertise that
often they are unaware of what other researchers are doing. This is problematic in
integration research because all aspects of the process are interrelated. There is a need
for setting up interdisciplinary research teams in this field.

5.2.3 Qualitative research methods and the need to make the voices of
immigrants and refugees more representative

There is a need to move away from community-based contacts in selecting

interviewees, and to seek alternative ways to access immigrant and refugee
populations in order to include marginalised individuals. The people interviewed are
often those who are already active in refugee communities or people who have
already accessed services successfully, hence, their ‘voices’ may not be representative.

• Newcomers, who may be more isolated or not supported by their communities, are
rarely given a voice in research.

• Interviews with community leaders are not always representative of the

community as a whole, or of specific groups such as women and youth.

• Focus groups, as yet another way of collecting qualitative data in research about
integration, may be also problematic, because they tend to allow the most
powerful voices to be heard.

• It is crucial for this type of research not to rely on only one network in selecting
interviewees and to cover a variety of groups of immigrants and refugees (i.e.
from different countries of origin as well as of different age, gender, educational
background etc).

5.2.4 Language and translation

It is important to conduct qualitative research with recent immigrants and refugees in

their own languages. This requires adequate measures to overcome language
difficulties, which in turn require adequate funding.

• Interviewing through interpreters is one solution, but requires adequate training

for both interviewer and interpreter.

• Where bi-lingual community workers are employed as interviewers, it is vital that

they receive adequate training.

• Professional translations of research instruments are needed, as some interview

techniques can be problematic when interviews are conducted in one language
though written in another.

5.2.5 Combining qualitative and quantitative research

There is a lack of studies that combine quantitative and qualitative “There is a lack of studies
research methods. The process of integration as a complex social that combine quantitative
and qualitative research
methods.”
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phenomenon requires to be systematically explored by a combin-
ation of representative surveys and in-depth interviews. Combin-
ing the two research methods is useful because it makes it possible
to identify overall trends among newcomers as well as acquiring a
more in-depth knowledge about many aspects of integration that are not quantifiable.
NGO research tends to be mainly qualitative which is often useful for service
providers, but quantitative research would also be useful, especially for service
planning. Representative samples are difficult to obtain in the community sector, so
there is a need for triangulation of data (investigation of a specific issue using a
variety of data-sets and methodologies).

5.2.6 Participatory research/social action research

There is a lack of participatory/social action research in the area of integration,

particularly regarding cultural change as an interactive process among different
groups of newcomers, as well as between the newcomers and the established
community. This type of research involves community members designing their own
research, choosing research topics, and conducting interviews. This kind of research
is very important in terms of facilitating groups to develop their own strategies for
change, carrying them through and evaluating their work. It is also crucial in
evaluations because it allows the voice of refugees and other migrants to be heard.
This kind of research methodology is more important in those communities where
literacy is a problem. Participatory research does not lend itself easily to
quantification and is more time and labour intensive.

5.2.7 Dissemination

Research on integration – whether based on statistics and surveys, “Research on integration

or on community and NGO studies – needs to be adequately diss- needs to be adequately
eminated to all stakeholders. Currently too little funding is made disseminated to all
available for this process. Part of the dissemination process should stakeholders”
be translation of reports into the relevant languages, and distribution
through community associations.

5.2.8 Comparative research

There is a lack of comparative research at all levels:

• between different countries
• between different geographic localities within the UK
• between different groups of refugees and/or other migrants concerning their
country of origin or time of arrival
• between refugees and immigrants.

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This type of research can help develop clear analytical categories for research and
analysis. It can also help provide policy recommendations based on evidence about
how policies affect different categories of newcomers and to what extent they are
nationally applicable (i.e. do they facilitate integration better in some geographic
areas than others). Comparative research between different countries can provide
evidence about the ways in which different socio-cultural and policy contexts
influence integration of newcomers.

5.2.9 Longitudinal research

There is a lack of longitudinal research about the process of integration of both

refugees and immigrants. Such research is critical for evaluating policies and
programmes, because it can provide in-depth insights about different stages of the
process of integration of refugees and immigrants. It can also provide evidence about
long-term consequences of integration policies.

5.2.10 Community and academic research

Community research is often under-funded and may lack academic credibility.

Academic research can be somewhat distanced from the realities of refugees’ and
immigrant’s lives. Both sides would benefit from closer collaboration in the
planning, carrying out and analysis of research.

5.3 Gaps in substantive research in specific integration topics and sectors

5.3.1 Immigrants

Overall there is relatively little research on recent immigrants in the “There is relatively
UK, and almost nothing on certain groups and aspects of integration. little research on
This seems to be due to two circumstances: first, the UK is not gene- recent immigrants in
rally perceived as a country of immigration and there is no immigra- the UK”
tion policy as such. Secondly, the race relations model has been dom-
inant in research and has concentrated attention on longer established ethnic
minorities. A picture has emerged (from both our academic and NGO material, and
interviews) that immigrants are sometimes included as part of racism or poverty
reports, but they are rarely singled out as a specific group. As a result, what could be
labelled as two separate categories - The Immigration Process and Perceptions and
Strategies of Integration – have been included within the first category General at the
beginning of the list of categories which have guided this research in the process of
building the data sets.

1. General

The immigration process

There is a need for research on specific immigrant groups coming to the UK, and the
relevance of the migratory process for later settlement. Topics to be covered include:

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• demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics of specific groups

• reasons for migration, perspectives for duration and nature of stay, expectations
with regard to integration

• migration experience: legal or illegal, smuggling or trafficking, experiences

during travel and on arrival

• effect of the immigration process on the integration process.

Perceptions and strategies of integration

Receiving populations may have tacit assumptions that integration is a one-way

process through which migrants or minorities are the ones expected to integrate
without any changes from the majority population or culture. Immigrants may have
quite different expectations with regard to social and cultural interaction.

There is a need for research on how different groups – both immigrants and groups
within the receiving population – perceive integration.

Processes of negotiation, socio-cultural transformation and attitudinal change need

to be researched. This has also to do with definitions of integration.

• It is important to study levels of membership in civil society – that is the types of

rights held by various immigrant groups – and their consequences for participation
in various arenas, such as the labour market, housing, local and national politics
and so on.

• There needs to be research on immigrant success stories (defined in both

economic and cultural terms), and the ways in which these can be used as role
models.

2. Education and training

Schools and other educational institutions play a key part in long-term integration into
society. The UK has a good record of education research concerning Commonwealth
immigrants and existing ethnic minorities. Relatively little has been done on the
educational situation of newer immigrant groups.

• As immigrant children of diverse backgrounds enter local schools, there will be an

urgent need for increased research attention to all aspects of their educational
experience at a local and regional level. One important research question is to
tackle why certain groups are not achieving scholastically and what are specific
policy strategies to deal with such problems.

• Gendered research on all aspects of educational experience and needs of

immigrant children.

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• A need for more research on the pedagogical needs of children from varying
cultural, class and educational backgrounds.

• Separate research on education levels, training needs and available programmes

for adult migrants, again with separate research on female and male immigrants.

3. Labour market

Many aspects of immigrant integration into the labour market and

“Immigrant integration
the wider economy have been insufficiently studied and are poorly
into the labour market
understood. Since economic integration is crucial to success in the
has been insufficiently
immigration country, more research in this area is important.
studied
• Comparative studies on the labour market experience (employment,
unemployment, labour force status, occupational and industry distribution) of
various immigration categories (skilled migrants, unskilled migrants, refugees and
dependants) would be useful in understanding processes of labour market
incorporation.

• Research is needed on labour shortages in specific occupations and industries

and the extent to which immigrants can and do fill them.

• It is important to study the labour market role of undocumented workers,

including both illegal entrants and asylum seekers. Although these groups are not
supposed to take up employment, they actually appear to meet specific needs
within the UK economy. The growth of informal employment seems to be linked
to immigration (as has been found in other European countries).

• A perennial issue in popular debates on immigration is whether immigrants take

jobs from members of the existing labour force. Research is needed to find out if
this is the case, or whether immigration in fact generates additional jobs through
multiplier effects. Such analysis needs to be done both on specific occupations
and industries, and at higher levels of aggregation.

• This leads on to the need for more sophisticated analysis of the costs and benefits
of immigration, both for the economy as a whole and for particular groups
(employers, wage-earners etc.). Although this may be seen as primarily relevant
for immigration policy, it is also important for integration, as it helps shape public
attitudes. A useful model is the research on this topic in the US, done by the
National Science Council. Systematic and longitudinal research is required.

• It would be useful to examine the ethnic and gender division of labour in various
industries. There is evidence that ethnic minority entrepreneurs may play a
particular role in the employment of newer immigrants, which may have an
impact on inter-group relations and integration.

• It would also be valuable to examine the role of trade unions in shaping

immigrants’ employment patterns.

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• It is important to research the economic characteristics of the geographical
regions where immigrants settle. How do immigrants follow changes in industrial
patterns and labour markets?

• Research is needed on the economic impacts of immigrants at the regional level

on housing markets, availability and variety of goods and services, consumer
demand and needs for social capital.

• Research should be carried out on immigrants’ skills, recognition of skills and

training opportunities: is optimal use being made of the skills that immigrants
bring with them?

• Research needed on skills levels and labour market participation of family reunion
members and groups allowed work permits.

• Research required on skills levels and labour market participation of young

people, that is, of teenagers as well as people in the their twenties. Here
longitudinal research would be invaluable to follow employment trajectories.

• the effects of the ‘brain drain’ on developing countries and the long-term follow
on effects of unwanted immigration in the developed countries needs systematic
examination.

4. Health

Poor health can be a sign of social exclusion and a barrier to participation in health
services. Little is known about health issues concerning recent immigrants, and
research is needed on:

• the health situation of specific groups, as shown by data on mortality, fertility,

morbidity to specific diseases, accident rates and so on

• health research needs to be separate on immigrant children and adults as well as

by gender

• research on the elderly is especially needed

• access to health services, and specific barriers linked to socio-economic and

locational factors, social isolation, gender issues and language problems

• need to make sure that there is a differentiation between various ethnic groups
according to ethnicity rather than just the national or regional background. For
example, the terms ‘black’ or South Asian may not be appropriate when analysing
some medical conditions for there may be the need to differentiate between
Pakistanis and Bangladeshis and Jamaicans etc.

5. Housing

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• Housing needs of children and teenagers need to be taken into account in research.

• Gender differences in housing research needs attention. For example, with regard
to lone parents etc.

• Research needs to be carried out on the position of recently arrived migrants in

relation to access to social housing, to employment, schooling, entry into
established ethnic community.

• The impact on family reunion immigrants who are excluded from social housing.

6. Socio-cultural area: religion, community, language, identity, residential

segregation and acculturation

Research on integration at the group or community level

More research is necessary on various aspects of the integration process as they affect
specific groups of immigrants.

• Research is needed on ‘hidden communities’: for instance small recently-arrived

groups; groups in which many members lack documents; poorly-organised
groups.

• Research on the relationship between religion, community and identity is

important for understanding integration. One researcher interviewed for the study
suggested that there needs to be a shift away from emphasis on the ‘race’ (and
associated racial discrimination) to cultural and religious integration and
discrimination. For example, although there are differences between Muslim
communities, all Muslims tend to be affected in certain ways by their religion.
There is a rise in ‘faith groups’ or religious groups which cut across ethnic
boundaries and where religion/faith is becoming more important as an organising
feature of communities.

• There is a need for more research on definitions of ‘community’,

‘multiculturalism’ and ‘ethnicity’ in specific localities. It is would be useful to
record changes over time, and to understand the politics of community between
ethnic groups.

• Research is needed on the maintenance of language and culture amongst recent

immigrants, and useful comparisons could be made with earlier immigrant groups.

• More research needs to be carried out on the second and third generations in
terms of integration. It is often assumed that these groups are well integrated, but
apparent ability to cope can often mask problems of education, language and
identity. Possible ‘generation gaps’ and their effects on individuals and families
should also be examined.

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• There is a need for more research on the transnational linkages of various
communities and how these affect the integration process. Many immigrant
groups in the UK have links not only with their homelands, but also with co-
ethnics in other countries. What consequences do these have for economic, social
and political behaviour? How do these linkages affect the culture and identity of
groups concerned?

• Very little work appears to have been done on the situation and experience of
aged migrants who retire after working for some years in the UK or who enter
through family reunion. The situation of ‘immigrant pensioners’ may be
significant for integration of their descendants too.

• In some communities it is women who arrive as family reunion members. Little is

known about their positions and expectations in the UK. What is the gender mix
in the various communities which have high levels of family reunion? How does
social policy deal with this phenomenon?

• The problems of immigrant youth and particularly immigrant children with

regards to the relationship between recent community status and schooling (eg
pedagogy, language, identity) is also under-researched.

Culture

• How have migrants expanded cultural choice through ethnic small businesses
offering new goods and services; contribution to fashion, music, food industries,
literature, design, theatre etc?

• Research is needed on the role of cultural interaction in community relations and

the integration process.

7. Political area: organisation, self-initiatives and participation

• Political organisation and participation of newly arrived groups as these

groups can remain very isolated in the early years of migration. Do
recently arrived migrants integrate into already established community
organisations? Do the new groups have their special needs and
experiences represented in the already established organisations? Are
most of the leaders men as is often the case? What resources do recently
arrived immigrants have to develop their own initiatives?

• How do community organisations cater for immigrant children and

youth?

8. Women and gender

Women form a large proportion and sometimes a clear majority of immigrants of all
categories. Women’s and men’s experience of immigration and integration is often
very different. Gender should therefore be seen as a key variable in all types of
integration research.

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• Women are more likely than men to enter as ‘spouses’. Their immigration and
residential status is dependent on that of their spouse. This may lead to
vulnerability, especially in certain ethnic groups.

• Gendered research is needed on differences of access to and success in education

between males and females. Why do boys of certain ethnic background tend to
have lower educational participation and success than girls? What consequences
does this have for occupational and social integration?

• Domestic workers and prostitution are a special category of predominantly female

workers, who are often subject to exploitation and abuse. Special research is
needed on this group.

• Research is needed on the position of immigrant women in the family and the
community, including issues such as domestic violence and sexuality.

• Position of recently arrived immigrant women in the labour market.

• Women’s cultures in birthing practices and child-rearing; women and domestic

work.

• Research on all aspects of domestic violence in immigrant communties

9. Family and children

• all aspects of integration for recently arrived immigrants, including health

issues and education.

• child rights in the family including how immigrant families in various

communities deal with gay and lesbian children.

• adult couples and problems of integration; family break-ups and how these are
dealt with within families and communities.

• the elderly.

10. Justice and legal system

Work is needed on various aspects of the involvement of immigrants with the legal
system:

• Statistical analysis of rates of victimisation of various immigrants’ groups,

according to areas of settlement, socio-economic status and types of offence.

• Statistical analysis of rates of criminality of various immigrants’ groups,

according to areas of settlement, socio-economic status and types of offence.

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• Research on the extent to which various immigrant groups experience racially-
motivated violence, harassment or discrimination and how these are dealt with by
legal institutions.

• Studies on the relationships between specific immigrant groups and the police,
and law courts.

11. Welfare and social policy

• In terms of policy input and output, systematic research required

regarding the relationship between equality of opportunity and equality of
outcome.

• Research on policy strategies and delivery of policies specific to

immigrants. This is not simply a question of evaluation but has more to
do with the construction of planning and delivery processes.

• The relationship between specific policies and integration for specific

immigrant communities and groups such as immigrant youth and
children.

• Research regarding the need for a systematic immigration policy which

deals with labour migrants, undocumented immigrants, women migrants
as head of families, family reunion migration etc.

• The role of public and social policies and immigration needs to be

addressed.

• Research on harmonisation process with the European Union.

12. Discrimination, racism, race relations, migration and settlement

policies

There is a great deal of research on the manifestations and causes of racism towards
ethnic minorities in the UK. However, it seems that there has been a displacement of
racist attitudes in recent times to target asylum-seekers and other new immigrants.
The race relations model may not be a suitable framework for understanding racism
against these newer groups, and it may be useful to look at European research on
racism and xenophobia.

• Specific studies on the experience of newer immigrant groups with regard to

racist violence harassment and discrimination are needed.

• Racism against immigrant children in schools should be a special focus for study.

• Research which deals with the relationship between class and ethnicity is needed
in economically depressed local areas where ethnicity has become the main
explanation for socio-economic problems.

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13. Citizenship and multiculturalism

• Research on the meaning of multiculturalism as policy and in regard to race

relations policies.

• Systematic longitudinal research which deals with issues of citizenship, ethnic and
national identity.

14. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

• Social exclusion indicators applied to recently arrived immigrant

communities, as this will help to develop social policy strategies.

15. Government documents/policy and evaluations

• Evaluation research on the effectiveness of integration policy

implementation in various areas and sectors.

• Evaluation of strategies and delivery of policies with specific references

to different groups of immigrants, eg recently arrived; family reunion
members; children etc.

• Evaluation of Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy with specific reference to

various neighbourhoods and recently arrived immigrant groups.

• Evaluation of anti-discrimination and race relations strategies.

Research on the integration effects of immigration rules and other government

policies

The state does much to determine integration processes and their outcomes through
differentiation between various immigrants on the basis of immigration rules and
integration policies. Research is needed on:

• The impact of the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act on the integration of various
groups.

• The impact of UK family reunion policy on individuals, families and communities.

For instance the requirement that family members may enter only if they will not
become reliant on public funds may affect family reunion with parents and
grandparents, who may be seen as an integral part of the family by certain groups.

• The impact of deportation on families and communities. For instance deportation

of a parent may mean that a child has to be taken into care.

200
• Differing local modes of implementation of national policies, and their effects on
integration. This could include such issues as availability of language services in
areas with new or smaller ethnic communities.

• Systematic research needed on institutional research and integration

5.3.2 Refugees

This mapping documents the lack of a systematic research strategy “There is a lack of a
and plan for examining various aspects of integration of refugees at systematic research
the national level, as well as at regional and local levels. In the foll- strategy”
owing sections we point to the main gaps in research about refugees
pertaining to the categories developed for purposes of data-gathering
and analysis of the collected material. The information presented is based on
interviews with experts in the field (see Appendix 2) as well as on the ‘mapping’ of
themes and topics presented in Chapter 4.

1. General

Focus on specific groups of refugees and their differentiated needs

This research revealed a lack of information and knowledge about the needs and
problems confronted by different groups of refugees during their process of
integration. Moreover, since it demonstrated the agreement among researchers and
practitioners (i.e. the NGO sector) that integration is individualised and contextual,
there is the need for ‘tailor-made’ integration programmes for different refugee
groups. We can point to the following specific gaps in this type of research:

• There is a lack of research about effect of age on integration. There is a need for
exploration of generation gaps and problems associated with integration and
adjustment of different age groups of refugees. There is a particularly large gap in
research about elderly refugees, their specific situation and needs.

• There is a lack of research about gender aspects of refugee settlement, and

particularly about refugee women and their special needs.

• There is a lack of research about differentiated adjustment needs of refugees with

different levels of education and/or professional skills.

• There is a lack of research about the specific situation of refugees from different
countries of origin. This type of research can reveal reception and integration
problems, and needs of refugees coming from ‘politically-accepted’ sending
countries, versus the situation and needs of refugees coming from countries
treated with ‘suspicion’.

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The lack of empirical data concerning specific needs of different groups of refugees
create difficulties in understanding and dealing with problems they confront in
accessing mainstream social services, such as health, education, training, leisure, etc.

Focus on immigration and integration processes

There is a need for systematic research about links between immigration and
integration processes, and the impact of the experience of the former on the process of
integration. Important issues that need to be covered are:

• How refugees chose the country of their destination, the role of refugee networks
in the process, and the impact of expectations based on such information on
adjustment of refugees and their strategies for integration.

• Experiences of refugees in the integration process and how they themselves

assess their situation and future prospects in the UK.

Focus on public attitudes

This mapping project indicated agreement among researchers and those in the NGO
sector involved in refugee work that refugees confront a set of barriers to their
integration that are erected by the receiving society. Among those, the role of positive
public attitudes in facilitating the process of integration of refugees has been
emphasised as an important area that has to be addressed in research and policy. The
following gaps in research has been identified:

• Systematic monitoring of public attitudes across a range of issues, which would

be able to map changes in public attitudes against various economic and social
factors, which influence the attitudes towards refugees in the UK.

• The role and influence of the media in shaping public attitudes and the need for a
systematic research about the media coverage of people seeking and granted
asylum in Britain.

2. Education and training

There is a lack of systematic research and knowledge about education and training of
adults in general. Important topics that need attention are:

• Educational and training needs of refugees with different levels of education.

• Assessment of educational and training attainment of refugees in the UK, and

usefulness of educational and training programmes in finding employment.

3. Labour market

There is a lack of research and knowledge about the economic impact and potential of
refugee populations settled in Britain. We point to the following gaps which we were
able to identify:

202
• There is a need for nation-wide research on the skills and qualifications held by
refugees in the UK, and their economic contribution to the UK. This type of
research would document the scope and quality of cultural and social capital that
refugees bring to the receiving society, as well as the extent to which this capital
has been effectively utilised.

• There is a lack of research about the situation regarding skill recognition by

professional and trade organisations. This type of research can contribute to a
better understanding of the institutional barriers to integration in the UK.

• There is a need for research about income generation through self-employment,

and its contribution to the national economy.

• There is a lack of research on illegal employment and its economic and social
effects. This type of research could help estimate the extent of the ‘black’ market
in the UK and its contribution to the national economy.

4. Health

This mapping project indicates that significant gaps do exist even in the areas such as
health, which have been better researched than other areas. We identified the
following gaps:

• There is a lack of research about ‘post-migration’ stress and related psycho-social

problems of refugees. Researchers and service providers in the area of health and
socio-psychological counselling usually deal with problems relating to traumas
before and during flight and often ignore a wide range of issues concerning often
traumatic experiences involved in different phases of refugee settlement that affect
their mental health.

• There is a lack of focus on the effects of detention on mental health and

psychological wellbeing of refugees and its impact on integration.

• There is a lack of focus on nutrition, particularly with respect to poverty/vouchers

or not being able to purchase/cook familiar food.

• There is a lack of focus on access to leisure/exercise facilities and its effect on the
health of refugees.

• There is a lack of focus on refugees with special needs, particularly children with
special needs, and their problems to access health services.

• There is a lack of focus on sexual health of refugees and teenage pregnancy.

5. Housing

The area of housing is yet another area identified as better researched than other areas
pertaining to integration of refugees. However, we identified the following gaps:

203
• There is a lack of focus on different aspects of homelessness among refugee
populations. In this respect, the following issues need to be addressed:

• The need for well-informed estimates about percentages of refugees among

homeless in the UK.

• The phenomenon of hidden homelessness among refugees (i.e. those who are not
on the street, but who need a home and may be sleeping on a friend’s floor).

6. Socio-cultural area: religion, community, language, identity, residential

segregation and acculturation

• Research is needed on the relationship between religion, community and identity.

This type of research is critical for understanding integration, and individual as
well as group adjustment to the receiving societies.

• There is a lack of research that focuses on the process of building bridges between
refugees and the established community. This type of research has to examine how
wider social interaction and participation is established at the level of lived
relationships within a local community. It also has to explore the ways in which a
need to maintain one’s language and cultural practices affects this process.

7. Political area: organisation, self-initiatives and participation

As noted earlier in this report, the existing research about integration of refugees
focuses primarily on practical or functional aspects of settlement. We identified the
following gaps in research addressing other important aspects of the integration
process:

• There is a lack of research about the scope and character of involvement of

refugees in politics or local government.

• There is a general gap in research that examines the level of membership of

refugees in civil society, and the connection between this and other aspects of
integration such as employment.

8. Women and gender

Research about gender aspects of the process of integration is generally

lacking in the UK. There is a particular need to look into the following issues:

• Differentiated needs and experiences of integration of women and men. Such

research focus would be useful for empirically based and gender sensitive
integration policies as well as social services for refugees.

204
• The role of gender in shaping politics of refugee communities, their programmes
and activities. This type of research could shed more light on the internal
dynamics of refugee communities and their impact on individual and group
adjustment of refugees.

• The position of refugee women in the family and the community, including aspects
of domestic violence as well as women’s self-organising.

• The position of refugee women who are single parents; assessment of their
specific needs and adjustment experiences.

9. Family and children

This mapping indicates that more research is needed about the family life of refugees.
The important topics to be included are:

• The patterns of change in family life as the consequence of experiences of exile,

particularly with respect to the structure of authority within the family, gender
division of labour, and the changing status and role of children.

• Consequences of delayed or denied family reunification on psychosocial ability of

refugees to adjust and integrate in the receiving society.

• Issues of intermarriage among the refugee population and the process of

negotiation of cultural practices among family members.

10. Justice and legal system

More research is needed on various aspects of the involvement of refugees with the
legal system:

• Systematic analysis of rates of victimisation of various groups of refugees,

according to areas of settlement, socio-economic characteristics and type of
offence.

• Systematic analysis of rates of criminality of various groups of refugees,

according to areas of settlement, socio-economic characteristics and type of
offence.

• Relationships between specific groups of refugees and the police with particular
focus on the extent to which they experience racially motivated harassment and
discrimination.

11. Welfare and social policy

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Although this mapping pointed to the studies that assess specific social policy sectors
and programmes developed to assist refugee settlement in housing, education and
health, more systematic research is needed about

• policy strategies and delivery of policy for refugees in order to assess the planning
mechanisms and their ability to respond to differentiated needs of refugee
population.

12. Discrimination, racism, race relations, migration and settlement policies

This project revealed a need for a systematic evaluation of the current policies
pertaining to asylum and refugee settlement, and the policy of dispersal in particular.
This type of research is critical for assessing effects of policies on successful
integration. Moreover, it can provide a basis for acknowledging the social
implications of different policy objectives and approaches to integration, such as
discrimination and racism, and help address these problems more effectively. We
point to the issues identified as ‘missing information’ concerning research in this area:

• Assessment of the integration services available to refugees in dispersal areas and

what might genuinely encourage refugees to remain in such areas;

• Racial harassment in dispersal areas and its effect on integration;

• Examining the effects of prolonged separation from communities and families on

the process of integration;

• The consequences of poverty, racism and isolation for integration;

• A comparative study of refugees in different dispersal areas, focusing on the more

quantifiable measures such as rates of employment, incidents of racial violence,
numbers returning to London etc.

13. Citizenship and multiculturalism

In the area of citizenship and multiculturalism there is a need for research which
would examine:

• different aspects of wider societal participation of refugees in British society,

focussing on civil and social aspects of citizenship;

• multicultural experiences and practices of specific refugee groups and the ways in
which they affect the process of self-identification of refugees with British society.

14. Neighbourhood renewal strategy and social exclusion

More research is needed in this area to examine:

206
• refugee experiences of mechanisms of social exclusion in education, training,
employment, as well as in non-institutional social interaction in the UK;

• refugee strategies for overcoming social exclusion in the places of their

settlement.

15. Government documents and evaluations

This mapping indicates that there is a need for a systematic evaluation of all
government programmes and policies pertaining to refugee settlement, which would
assess the validity of their original objectives by examining the social outcomes of
different policies.

5.4. Conclusion

The overview of major gaps in research about integration of immigrants and refugees
in the UK, presented in this Chapter, indicates that there is a need for research on
virtually every topic relating to integration. There is also a need for a syste-
matic strategy for research on immigrant and refugee integration, “There is a need for
and for enhanced co-operation between all players in the field, research on virtually
i.e. researchers, practitioners, policy makers, as well as immigrants every topic relating to
and refugees. The next Chapter examines the ways forward in integration.”
research and policy development pertaining to the area of integ-
ration.

207
Chapter 6
Conclusions
Chapter summary – This part of the Report concludes with a series of points concerning
both the state of integration research and recommendations for further expansion and
improvement of policy-related research. While the mapping project indeed surveyed a
considerable amount of research on immigrant and refugee integration, overall work in this
field is highly uneven, poorly co-ordinated and limited by inadequate data. There is a need
for developing an agreed conceptual framework and set of research indicators to measure
various aspects of integration. A quasi-autonomous ‘Immigration and Integration Research
Bureau’, akin to that established in Australia, may be desirable. In any case, there is much
to be gained by a greater research-policy partnership between academics, policy-makers,
practitioners and immigrant and refugee groups themselves.

This mapping exercise has set out to explore the extent to which social scientific
research has been done in recent times on topics relevant to integration of immigrants
and refugees in the UK. The exercise has been limited in scope, focussing mainly on
research done in the last five years. Limitations of time and resources have made it
impossible to carry out exhaustive searches, so the Report makes no claim to being
fully comprehensive. Above all it must be stressed that it was not in the terms of
reference to read and review most of the reports and publications listed in Part II. This
Report is not a literature review. This means that our assessment of ‘research gaps’ in
Chapter 5 is indicative only: we may well have missed some contributions in various
areas.

Despite these limitations, it is possible to put forward with some confidence a number
of conclusions on the basis of the mapping exercise. Moreover, the research team has
set out to contextualise its findings through a discussion of current theory, concepts
and approaches on integration research in the UK and elsewhere. Our conclusions are
as follows:

1. The mapping report found that a considerable amount of research has been done
over the last five years on topics relevant to integration of immigrants and
refugees in the UK. However, this research is uneven, with good coverage of some
areas and little or none of others. The research work is poorly co-ordinated, and is
not based on any systematic attempt to cover all relevant topics or to prioritise
work on policy-relevant topics. Existing research is therefore not adequate for
evidence-based policy-making with regard to integration of immigrants and
refugees.

2. Gaps in the research were identified with regard to concepts and theory, research
methodology, and substantive issues in various integration areas (such as the
labour market, health, media and public opinion and so on). These gaps are listed
in Chapter 5 above.

3. A major conceptual issue arises from the dominance of the race relations model in
UK research on integration. This model may be appropriate for longer established
ethnic minorities, but its relevance for newer immigrant and refugee groups needs
to be investigated. Clinging to this model may be a barrier to adaptive policy-
making in the current situation.

208
4. A major issue with regard to methodology is the lack of adequate data relevant to
integration research. Existing data sets and collection methods often do not
provide data that is adequately focussed and sufficiently fine-grained. It therefore
seems necessary to look at possibilities of generating specific data-sets for
integration research. A valuable instrument would be a longitudinal survey of
immigrants and refugees in the UK. This might have to be preceded by a
feasibility study. Sample surveys and databases for special purposes connected
with integration research and policy would also be desirable.

5. The study identified a strong need for more detailed comparative research on
integration policies in other immigration countries – both in Western Europe and
elsewhere. Such research may bring important insights in view of the changing
nature of immigration at the present time.

6. Research on the transnational linkages of new immigrant and refugee groups in

the UK would also be important. This is a relatively new field of research, but is
of growing importance in view of improvements in transport and communications
technologies which question older models of integration.

7. The mapping exercise showed that the concept of integration is defined in varying
ways by different groups. It is also seen as slippery and controversial by NGOs,
academics and members of immigrant and refugee groups. A number of
alternative concepts such as settlement, inclusion, insertion and participation were
discussed. However, in the end it is not the label that matters, but the content
given to it in social discourse. There is no harm in using the concept of integration
as long as efforts are made to establish a comprehensive conceptual framework to
define it, and to operationalise it for various areas of research and policy.

8. A first step towards developing an agreed conceptual framework for integration

would be to involve all relevant groups (central government, local government,
researchers, NGOs, representatives of immigrant and refugee communities) in
discussions on the goals and approaches to be adopted in integration policies in
various locations and sectors. A national Integration Commission (on the model
adopted in Italy), or municipal advisory councils (as used in Germany) could play
a useful part. However, it would also be possible to extend the functions of
existing bodies, such as the CRE.

9. The mapping exercise looked at indicators of integration. Opinions differed

widely among researchers, NGOs and community representatives about which
indicators to use and how useful they are. Respondents warned that uncritical use
of a limited range of indicators (such as figures on educational success,
employment, or criminality) could have misleading and stigmatising effects.
Again there is a need for public discussion by all relevant groups about the most
appropriate indicators to use. This could lead to formulation of a comprehensive
set of indicators that cover the most significnat aspects of integration, taking
account of differing goals and priorities of various groups.

209
10. Such a set of indicators could be developed as an ‘Integration Matrix’. This would
be a tool for research planning, that would allow policy-makers to assess what
type of research is needed in various areas. Existing research could then be fed
into the Matrix. Gaps could be identified, making it possible to commission
appropriate new research. Developing such an Integration Matrix would be a
worthwhile task, but goes beyond the brief of this study.

11. Systematic planning of policy-relevant research on integration of immigrants and

refugees requires new mechanisms. The Government should consider the
establishment of a quasi-autonomous ‘Immigration and Integration Research
Bureau’. This would link the Government with academic community researchers,
but would include consultative mechanisms (such as an Advisory Board) to
include other groups, such as NGOs working in the field, employers, unions and
representatives of immigrant and refugee communities. Work commissioned by
this body would be policy-relevant, but would be more objective and credible than
work done directly by or for government departments. Models for this approach
can be found in the Australian Government’s Bureau of Immigration,
Multicultural and Population Research (BIMPR, 1989-96) and the Canadian
Government’s Metropolis Project.

12. Research on integration processes should be understood not as a top-down

exercise by government and academics but as a four-way partnership, which also
includes NGOs and communities. This also has consequences for research
methodology: conventional approaches such as surveys and statistical analysis
need to be complemented by qualitative research, community research and
participatory research.

13. It is important that all research on integration issues should be published. This
includes not only work done by the Government and by academic researchers, but
also research carried out by community organisations. This is essential to achieve
quality control through peer review and public debate. Publication should be
linked to a dissemination strategy to ensure that research findings are made
available in accessible forms to all participants in the integration process. This
may mean publication in languages other than English.

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Appendix 1
Model/guide for collection of materials and bibliography 1996-2001

211
 Academic literature re
migrant/refugee integ
(separate out migrant and
refugee lit where possible)
NGO material re
migrant/refugee integ
(separate out migrant and
refugee material where
possible)
Both/overlapping areas
(included here is
migrant/refugee academic
literature AND separately
NGO migrant/refugee
material)

General General Relevant material into each

Theoretical/conceptual of the following categories
-definitions of integration
Methodology
Evaluations of policy Evaluations of policy

Housing
Education/training
Labour market (incl. Labour
migrants)
Welfare/social policy
Family
Health/psychological
Political organisation
/participation
Social/cultural/religious
issues/organising/migrant
belonging/identity/community
Neighbourhood renewal
strategy/social exclusion
Justice/legal system
Women
Acculturalation/cross-
cultural/psychological
Housing
Education/training
Labour market
Welfare/social services
Family life
Health/psychological
Political organisation
/participation
Social/cultural/religious
issues/organising/migrant
belonging/identity/community
Community/self help
initiatives/neighbourhood
renewal strategy
Justice/police/legal system
Women
Acculturalation/cross-
cultural/psychological

Discrimination/racism
- racism
- anti-discrimination
- equal opportunity
- race relations policies
Discrimination/racism
- racism
- anti-discrimination
- equal opportunity
race relations policies

Citizenship – comparisons with

Europe and the US
Multiculturalism Multiculturalism
1) NB: Also include search for undocumented migrants
2) Pre-1996
Include here any relevant bibliographies on the UK and asterisk * any which we consider to be
important/seminal etc
3) European/International literature
Include here any relevant bibliographies and asterisk * any which we consider to be important/seminal
etc

212
Appendix 2
List of Experts interviewed and
consulted

Academic Interviewees

Professor Alaister Ager, Dr Khalid Koser

Director Migration Research Unit
Centre for International Health Studies Department of Geography
Queen Margaret University College University College London
Edinburgh 26 Bedford Way
London WC1H 0AP
Dr Muhammad Anwar
Department of Sociology Dr David Owen
University of Warwick CRER
Coventry CV4 7AL University of Warwick
Coventry CV4 7AL
Dr Les Back
Acting Head Professor Ceri Peach
Centre for Urban and Community Research School of Geography and Environment
Goldsmiths College University of Oxford
University of London Mansfield Road
New Cross Oxford OX1 3TB
London SE14 6NW
Dr Annie Phizacklea
Dr. Alice Bloch, Professor of Sociology
Department of Social Policy and Politics Sociology Department
Goldsmiths College University of Warwick
University of London
New Cross
London SE14 6NW Professor John Rex
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
Ramphal Building
Dr Mark R D Johnson University of Warwick
Reader in Primary Care Coventry CV4 7AL
Mary Seacole Research Centre
De Montfort University Professor John Salt
The Gateway Director, Migration Research Unit
Leicester LE1 9BH Department of Geography
University College London
Dr Daniele Joly 26 Bedford Way
Director London WC1H 0AP
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
Ramphal Building Dr John Solomos
University of Warwick Professor of Sociology
Coventry CV4 7AL Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
South Bank University
Professor Michael Keith 103 Borough Road
Head London SE1 0AA
Centre for Urban and Community Research
Goldsmiths College Sarah Spencer
University of London Director
New Cross Institute of Public Policy Research
London SE14 6NW 30-32 Southampton Street
London WC2E 7RA

213
Dr. Charles Watters,
Director, European Centre for the Study of the Nick Hardwick
Social Care of Minority Groups and Refugees Director, Refugee Council
University of Kent 3 Bondway
Canterbury CT2 7NZ London SW8 1SJ

Dr Stephen Wheatley-Price David Hudson

Department of Economics Refugee Council (employment)
University of Leicester 3 Bondway
University Road London SW8 1SJ
Leicester LE1 7RH
Tessa Liebschner
NGO Interviewees Migrants Resource Centre (community
development)
Theodros Abraham 24 Churton Street
Praxis (general) London SW1V 2LP
Pott Street
London E2 OEF Kamal Rusal
MODA (migrants/community development)
Sandy Buchan 4 Dean’s Court
Refugee Action (general/regional) St Pauls Churchyard
240a Clapham Road London EC4V 5AA
London SW9 OPZ
Jill Rutter
Adrian Chapell Refugee Council (children)
London Arts (arts/community) 3 Bondway
2 Pear Tree Court London SW8 1SJ
London EC1R ODS
Areti Siani
Alison Fenney Integration Policy Officer
Refugee Council (general) European Council on Refugees and Exiles
3 Bondway Clifton Centre, Unit 12
London SW8 1SJ 110 Clifton Street
London EC2A 4HT
Don Flynn
JCWI (Legal/justice/racism) Deng Yai
115 Old Street Refugee Council (training, employment)
London EC1V 9JR 3 Bondway
London SW8 1SJ
Liz Fekete
Institute for Race Relations (racism)
2−6 Leeke Street Consultants
London WC1X 8HS
Dr Bridget Anderson
Deborah Garvie Sociology Department
Shelter (housing) University of Warwick
88 Old Street Coventry CV4 7AL
London
EC1V 9HU
Professor Ceri Peach
Racheal Gosling School of Geography and Environment
Young Refugees Project (health) University of Oxford
Community Health South London Mansfield Road
Rachael.gosling@chsltr.sthames.nhs.uk Oxford OX1 3TB

Andy Gregg Sarah Spencer

RETAS/WUS Director
(education/training/employment) Institute of Public Policy Research
14 Dufferin Street 30-32 Southampton Street
London EC1Y 8PD London WC2E 7RA

214
Appendix 3
Integration models in selected immigration countries

A.1 A conceptual framework

Most highly developed western countries in North America, Oceania and Western Europe
have experienced large-scale immigration since 1945 and now have immigrant or ethnic
minority population shares comparable with and often larger than the UK. Like the UK,
none of these countries has consciously set out to build a multicultural society through
immigration, yet that has been the long-term result of processes of immigration initiated
for economic or political reasons. All such immigration countries have to face up to
broadly similar challenges with regard to integration. But they have developed quite
different approaches with regard to policies and goals. It is useful to compare these
approaches with those used in the UK to encourage discussion of possible alternatives
here.

In making such comparisons it rapidly becomes obvious that a major determining factor
is the historical experience of the various countries with immigrants and minorities
during the process of nation-state formation. Such processes have been strongly shaped
by territorial expansion, incorporation of minorities, recruitment of migrant labour,
reception of refugees, processes of cultural homogenisation, and practices of
discrimination and exclusion. European practices towards colonised peoples were also
major influences in shaping later practices towards immigrants and minorities at home.
Such historical elements need to be linked to current conditions, as outlined above. A
convenient way of summarising the various aspects would be to analyse each national
immigration-integration situation in terms of four groups of factors:

• History: Past experiences of the country with regard to immigration and

minorities, and the laws, policies and attitudes based on this.
• State: immigration rules, legislation on the status of various groups of
entrants, naturalisation and citizenship rules, integration policy, role of various
agencies and sectors (health, education, welfare etc), anti-discrimination
legislation, role of local government.
• Market: labour market opportunities, ethnic business, housing market, access
to services, immigrants and refugees as consumers.
• Community: attitudes and behaviour of the majority population, emergence of
ethnic communities, inter-group relations, multicultural neighbourhoods,
political mobilisation and participation of immigrants.

Obviously, these groups of factors have strong linkages, for instance community attitudes
help shape legislation or labour market opportunities, the housing market influences
needs for government services and so on. Government integration policy directly shapes
the state sector, but government can also set rules that influence markets (for instance
through anti-discrimination legislation) or the community (for instance through education
and welfare policies).
However, in the context of globalisation it is no longer adequate to conceptualise
immigration-integration processes simply at the nation-state level. It is necessary to add a
fifth group of factors to the analysis:

• Transnational factors: the links and networks which immigrants and refugees develop
with their countries of origin and with co-ethnics in other parts of the world. Such
networks have economic, political, social and cultural aspects, and may have
considerable influence on the way in which people integrate in any given society.

In this Appendix we will look briefly at the integration models developed in six countries:
Australia, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. For the purposes
of this Report, detailed references are not given for these brief case studies. They are
mainly based on the following accounts, which also give detailed sources: (Castles, 1998;
Castles, 2000; Castles and Vasta, 2000; Koopmans, 2000, Joppke, 1999; OECD, 1999).
However, to make the comparison more useful, we will start with a brief discussion of the
principles underlying UK approaches.

A2 United Kingdom
In the early stages of New Commonwealth immigration following the Second World War,
UK academics and policy-makers generally supported the idea of individual assimilation.
Immigrants from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent were seen as ‘dark
strangers’ who had to acculturate – that is to give up their original languages and customs
and individually adopt the UK culture and customs. Following the analysis of
functionalist sociologists that played an important role at the time, the UK was assumed
to be a harmonious and unitary society with a dominant culture and a universally
accepted set of values. Racial prejudice in the white population was seen as a matter that
could be dealt with through education. This model rapidly collapsed due to the race riots
of 1958, growing anti-immigration mobilisation on the right, and mounting evidence of
economic and social marginalisation of black and Asian immigrants.

The integration model that emerged in the late 1960s and the 1970s was based on a high
level of state intervention through anti-discrimination legislation and policies, and micro-
management of inter-group relations by social bureaucracies, police and local authorities
and through bodies such as community relations councils. Integration thus meant
recognising the existence of distinct groups, defined primarily on the basis of race. This
race relations approach had its antecedents in British colonial experience, and it was no
coincidence that it was now being applied to people who came from those very colonies.
Moreover, there was general agreement among political leaders that integration and ‘good
race relations’ in the UK was only possible on the basis of a restrictive immigration
policy. Successful integration policies for those immigrants who had been admitted were
thought to require exclusion of further entrants.
Therefore since the 1970s immigration has mainly been by way of family reunification
among previous migrants as well as through a modest asylum regime (the mass influx of
Ugandan Asians being a notable exception). Integration policy, if we wish to call it that,
was directed towards migrants and their families who had already been in the UK for
some time, not towards any real, ongoing stream of immigrants.

The black youth riots of the 1980s were linked to growing racist violence, lack of
economic opportunities, and failure of the police and social bureaucracies to respond to
the needs of minorities. This led to increased measures to combat systemic racism, reduce
ethnic disadvantage and improve race relations. By the 1990s, the UK largely perceived
itself as a multicultural society, and black and Asian populations were defined as British
albeit ethnic minorities with distinct cultural and social characteristics. Race relations
policy was concerned with combating discrimination and managing and improving
relations between minorities and the majority white population. Today, many observers
argue that this approach has been broadly successful for New Commonwealth immigrants
and their descendants. For instance, Bhikhu Parekh recently stated:

Thanks to the efforts of ethnic minorities, anti-discrimination legislation and

successive governments’ policies designed to reduce ethnic minorities’ economic,
educational and other disadvantages, Britain is increasingly moving in the
direction of becoming a relaxed and tolerant multi-ethnic and multicultural
society (Parekh, 2000).

This raises the question whether such policies will prove appropriate and effective
for the new immigrants and refugees of the first decade of the 21st century. These
differ from New Commonwealth immigrants in many ways. The latter entered the
UK as British subjects from former colonies with full formal rights. The new
entrants come from a wide range of places of origin, and mostly lack the colonial
linkage with the UK. Of course, it would be wrong to make an absolute
distinction between old and new immigrants in the UK. Throughout the post-1945
period there have been a variety of types of entrant. One of the largest groups, the
Irish, has enjoyed full citizenship rights in the UK. Irish immigrants have included
both temporary sojourners and permanent settlers. The UK has also had quite
large numbers of entrants from EU countries and other European countries. These
have included highly-skilled personnel, temporary workers for the catering
industry, dependents of British citizens and others. Today, the majority of new
immigrants are non-citizens and their rights to participate in various societal
arenas are often limited. Indeed many have an extremely weak legal status,
especially asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants. It is quite unclear how
many of the new immigrants and refugees wish to settle permanently, and whether
they will in fact do so. In such respects, there are strong similarities with the
immigration experience of continental European countries.

A3 Australia
Australia has seen itself a country of immigration ever since the establishment of the
British colony in New South Wales in 1788. In the aftermath of the Second World War,
the government saw small population size as a barrier to economic development and a
threat to security. A large-scale immigration policy was started in 1947, designed to bring
mainly British immigrants in as settlers. It was believed that non-British immigration
would undermine social cohesion, but the idea of acceptable settlers was gradually
widened to include Eastern and Southern Europeans. The White Australia Policy kept out
Asian immigrants until the 1960s, but eventually had to be dropped as economic and
political ties with Asian neighbours developed. In the late 1970s, Australia began
accepting refugees from Indo-China. By the 1980s, Asians made up about 40 per cent of
new entrants, while the number of British and other European immigrants declined. In
1947, Australia had a population of 7.5 million of whom just 744,000 had been born
overseas. As a result of constant flows of immigrants, the population had risen to 17.9
million at the 1996 Census, of whom 3.9 million were born overseas. Australia is now
home to immigrants from virtually every part of the world, and has the largest immigrant
share in population of any developed country (except Israel). Finding ways of integrating
these highly diverse immigrants into a rapidly growing and changing society has been a
challenge for successive governments and for society as a whole.

The initial model adopted in the late 1940s was assimilationism: the idea that immigrants
could be culturally and socially absorbed, and rapidly become indistinguishable from the
existing Anglo-Australian population. The principle of assimilation became a 'common
sense' view on how to deal with ethnic difference, which remains popular today. The key
to assimilation, it was believed, was to treat immigrants just like everyone else. Once
admitted, migrants were treated as future citizens: naturalisation could be obtained after
five years of residence (later reduced to three years, and then two years). Migrants were
to work and live among Australians, to avoid the formation of ethnic enclaves. The
school was to have a key role in making the children of migrants into Australians; there
should therefore be no special courses for migrant children, and they were to be forced to
speak English from the outset.

However, by the 1960s, the basic contradiction of assimilationism was becoming

obvious: 'New Australians' were meant to speak English, live among Anglo-Australians
and behave just like them, but at the same time labour market segmentation and social
segregation were emerging — often as a result of discrimination. Government policies
caused migrant workers to become concentrated in unskilled jobs. Even highly-skilled
migrants were often forced into unskilled work by official refusal to recognise their
overseas qualifications. Migrants settled in the industrial suburbs and the inner-city areas
close to their work, where housing was relatively cheap, while Anglo-Australians moved
out to new suburbs. Many migrants encountered racist attitudes and discriminatory
behaviour by Anglo-Australians.
Studies found that many migrants were living in isolation and relative poverty. Migrant
children were failing at school, often due to lack of support in learning English.
Departure rates were increasing and it was becoming harder to attract new immigrants.
The result was a series of policy changes between 1965 and 1972 designed to improve
the social integration of immigrants and their children. Such measures, however, did not
mean abandonment of the aim of assimilation. Immigration Minister Snedden stated: 'We
ask particularly of migrants that they be substantially Australian in the first generation
and completely Australian in the second generation'.

By the 1970s, a new approach to managing ethnic difference began to emerge:

multiculturalism. Australian Labor Party (ALP) leaders began to realise that NESB
migrants represented a significant proportion of working-class voters. The ALP set out to
woo the 'migrant vote', setting up Greek and Italian sections, paying attention to migrants'
educational and welfare needs, advertising in the ethnic press and selecting a few
migrants as candidates. The victory of the ALP in the 1972 election, after 23 years of
conservative government, was partly attributable to this policy. In 1973, Immigration
Minister Grassby spoke of multiculturalism in a speech on 'the family of the nation'. It is
often argued that this speech marks the beginning of Australian multiculturalism, but in
fact the emphasis in this period was not on cultural pluralism but on improving welfare
and education systems — a typically social-democratic concern with social citizenship.

The Australian Assistance Plan — the centrepiece of Whitlam's social policy reform —
put special emphasis on migrant disadvantage. A Migrant Task Force was set up to
consult with migrant groups. Measures included the right to invalid and widows pensions,
migrant housing and low-interest loans, family health insurance, and work-based child-
care programs employing workers of appropriate ethnic backgrounds. The involvement of
migrant spokespersons in planning and implementation encouraged the formal
constitution of ethnic organisations, such as the Australian-Greek Welfare Society and the
Italian welfare agencies COASIT and FILEF. A migrant rights movement developed,
leading to the formation of Ethnic Communities Councils (ECCs) in all states.

When the Liberal-Country Party Coalition returned to power in 1975, many people
thought that it would move away from multicultural policies, but Prime Minister Fraser
had learnt the significance of the 'ethnic vote', and set out to win the support of ethnic
community leaders. Fraser emphasised the value of multiculturalism as a way of
maintaining social cohesion in an ethnically diverse society. The bodies set up to promote
multicultural ideas included the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs (AIMA), and
the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which was to provide multicultural television
and radio services. The Adult Migration Education Program was expanded, and a
Multicultural Education Program was developed for schools. Multiculturalism was
redefined according to an ethnic group model in which Australian society was seen as
consisting of a number of distinct ethno-cultural communities, held together by a set of
'overarching values'. The Government could use this notion of ethnicity as a justification
for delegation of welfare functions to ethnic organisations, which could deliver services
in a 'culturally appropriate' way. This made it possible to privatise parts of the welfare
state and reduce government expenditure.
The election of an ALP Government in 1983 was to lead to a radical rethinking of
multiculturalism as way of managing ethnic difference. At first, the Hawke Government
treated the notion of ethnicity with some scepticism, and seemed likely to return to the
traditional ALP focus on class-based social welfare. This trend was reinforced by signs of
hostility to immigration, based on Australia's increasingly uncertain economic
perspectives. In 1984, historian Geoffrey Blainey warned against what he called the
'Asianisation of Australia'. A plethora of racist statements and even attacks on Asians
followed. Most politicians condemned Blainey's words, but some began to feel that there
was considerable opposition to multiculturalism. In the 1986 Budget, the ALP
Government abolished the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs, and cut funding
for English as a Second Language teaching and for the Multicultural Education Program.
Plans were also made to merge the SBS with the ABC.

But these cuts led to protests and demonstrations by migrant organisations. This ethnic
mobilisation threatened the ALP hold on marginal seats in Sydney and Melbourne. In a
rapid about-turn, many of the measures of 1986 were reversed in early 1987. The new
direction was signalled by the establishment of an Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA)
within the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet; the appointment of an Advisory
Council on Multicultural Affairs (ACMA) to advise the Prime Minister; and the dropping
of the proposed SBS-ABC merger. ALP immigration policies were reshaped to encourage
entry of highly-skilled immigrants. The Government used the concept of 'productive
diversity' to argue that a multicultural population was better placed to respond to the
challenges of international trade and communication, and above all to provide an opening
to Asia.

In social policy, the Government moved away from services for specific ethnic groups.
The slogan of 'mainstreaming' was adopted as a principle for restructuring services. This
implied that all government agencies should be aware of the needs of the various groups
within the population, and plan their services so that they were accessible to everybody.
All Commonwealth Government departments were required to produce annual 'Access
and Equity Statements' designed to show that their services were responsive to the needs
of a diverse population.

The most significant statement of the ALP's new approach to multiculturalism was
contained in the National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia. The National Agenda
identified 'three dimensions of multicultural policy':
• cultural identity: the right of all Australians, within carefully defined limits, to express
and share their individual cultural heritage, including their language and religion;
• social justice: the right of all Australians to equality of treatment and opportunity, and
the removal of barriers of race, ethnicity, culture, religion, language, gender or place of
birth; and
• economic efficiency: the need to maintain, develop and utilise effectively the skills
and talents of all Australians, regardless of background.
In the National Agenda, multiculturalism was portrayed as a system of rights linked to
citizenship. These rights were limited by an overriding commitment to the nation, a duty
to accept the Constitution and the rule of law, and the acceptance of principles such as
tolerance and equality, English as the national language and equality of the sexes.
Multiculturalism was not defined as cultural pluralism or minority rights, but as part of
the cultural, social and economic rights of all citizens in a democratic state. The program
contained in the document was based on the recognition that some groups were
disadvantaged by educational and social factors, together with discrimination based on
race, ethnicity and gender.

The period from 1987 to 1996 was marked by an institutionalisation of multiculturalism.

At the Federal level, OMA had a wide-ranging brief, which included monitoring bills and
cabinet submissions, vetting departmental Access and Equity Statements, and publicly
promoting multicultural policies. The Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs
(DIEA) was responsible for a range of settlement services, including the Adult Migrant
Education Program (mainly English courses); grant-in-aids to migrant welfare
organisations; and the Telephone Interpreter Service (TIS), which provides interpreters
for all languages throughout Australia. DIEA also funded a quasi-autonomous Bureau of
Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research (BIMPR). The Department of
Employment, Education and Training (DEET) ran a National Office of Overseas Skills
Recognition (NOOSR). The Federal Government financed the Special Broadcasting
Service, which provides radio and television broadcasts to meet the needs of ethnic
communities, and to promote wider cultural understanding. Most state governments had
a similar range of multicultural agencies.

However, major shifts away from multiculturalism developed from the mid-1990s.
Liberal and National Party Governments were elected in several states and, in 1996, at
the Federal level. Anti-multicultural sentiments were major political factors during and
after the Election, as shown both by the rise of the One Nation Party and by Prime
Minister Howard’s obvious dislike for the notion. The early measures of the Howard
Government seemed to indicate a rapid move away from multicultural policies. Federal
agencies such as the Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) and the Bureau of
Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research (BIMPR) were axed. The August
1996 Budget contained cuts to mainstream services particularly important to immigrants,
such as job training and employment schemes, health services, aged care and tertiary
education. Fees for visas and English language courses for new immigrants were
increased. The most serious change was the exclusion of new immigrants from a range of
welfare benefits during their first two years in Australia.
However, opinion polls continue to show strong support for multiculturalism. By 1999
the National Multicultural Advisory Council (NMAC) was strongly recommending the
retention and strengthening of multiculturalism. The Council was chaired by business
leader Neville Roach (CEO of Fujitsu Australia) and its Report, Australian
Multiculturalism for a New Century: Towards Inclusiveness, was launched by the Prime
Minister, indicating something of a change of heart. The Report reasserted the principles
of multiculturalism laid down in 1989, while seeking to redefine it as ‘Australian
multiculturalism’ in order to emphasise ‘its unique Australian character’. The NMAC
Report argued that multiculturalism was crucial for nationhood and for identity for all
Australians. Importantly, it pointed to the need for including Australia’s indigenous
people in any new approach to cultural difference and social justice.

The current situation is contradictory. Many of the reform impulses of the 1980s and the
early 1990s have been abandoned or reversed. Public involvement in issues of cultural
diversity and social justice seems to have waned. Yet there is clearly no possibility of
return to the policies of the immediate postwar period. Australia’s multicultural society
received a great deal of praise during the 2000 Olympic Games, and was clearly seen as a
source of pride by many Australians. All in all, the Australian experience appears as a
positive example of successful government and community approaches in bringing about
integration of large and diverse immigrant groups.

A4 Germany
Germany is at the opposite end of the integration policy from Australia. From the late
1950s, Germany started recruiting ‘guestworkers’ from Southern Europe and Turkey.
Family reunion and permanent settlement was never envisaged. This model had been
initially developed in Germany between 1870 and 1914 as a way of recruiting and
controlling Polish, Italian and other foreign workers during industrialisation. The
approach can be called differential exclusion. It means accepting immigrants only within
strict functional and temporal limits: they are welcome as workers, but not as settlers; as
individuals, but not as families or communities; as temporary sojourners, but not as long-
term residents. Immigrants are integrated (temporarily) into certain societal sub-systems
such as the labour market and some aspects of the welfare system, but excluded from
others such as political participation. Differential exclusion implies legal and
administrative arrangements that enforce strict distinctions between temporary residents
and citizens, and which make it very hard to move from one status to the other. Such
arrangements are typical of countries which base their citizenship on ethnic descent
according to the ius sanguinis model.
From about 1960, Germany was the largest European labour recruiter, with the best
organised recruitment and control system, in which the state played a dominant role. On
the basis of this guestworker system, German politicians and officials declared that ‘the
German Federal Republic is not a country of immigration’. This declaration continued to
be intoned by leaders until at least 1998, even though it had become obvious by the late
1970s that this was no longer true. The trigger for change was the 1973 Oil Crisis, which
led to a ban on further labour recruitment in anticipation of the first significant postwar
recession. According to the logic of the guestworker system, unemployed workers were
expected to leave, along with those who had reached the end of their planned stay in
Germany. Foreign employment would decline by natural attrition, leading to effective but
painless export of unemployment. But this did not happen: some foreign workers did
leave, but many remained. Moreover, processes of family reunion now gained
momentum. By the late 1970s, Germany’s foreign population stabilised at over 4 million,
while entry of spouses and children led to a gradual ‘demographic normalisation’: the
predominance of young men was eroded, increasing demands for family housing,
schooling and social amenities. The migratory chains established through guestworker
recruitment continued in new forms: family reunion, irregular migration and asylum-
seeker flows.

Germany’s legal and administrative framework had been designed to do two things: first
to prevent large-scale permanent settlement; and second to prevent those who did settle
from becoming full members of society and especially citizens. It failed in both these
objectives. How could such a powerful and well-organised state prove incapable of
controlling relatively powerless groups? The answer lies both in the dynamics of the
migratory process and in the principles and institutional structures of the modern liberal
democratic state.

The system of temporary labour recruitment met the needs of all the main participants at
the beginning of the migratory process. But over time these needs changed. Migrant
workers found that their savings were insufficient to allow an early return, so they
prolonged their stay in Germany. Others tried to set up businesses in their homeland, but
found that conditions were not suitable, leading to poor returns or business failure. This
encouraged re-migration. Longer stays abroad made life alone in the spartan conditions
of worker hostels less bearable, generating pressure for family reunion. Spouses often
came as workers themselves. Family reunion or family formation led to birth of children,
and once these went to German schools return became far more difficult. As for German
employers, they felt a continued need for foreign labour and were anxious to retain
experienced employees. Mass recruitment of foreign workers led to structural
dependence, with certain industrial sectors or occupations becoming heavily reliant on
migrants. At the same time housing-market mechanisms brought about residential
concentration in certain neighbourhoods. This is turn created the conditions for
community formation and establishment of ethnic infrastructure, such as places of
worship, cultural and social associations and ethnic businesses.
The German experience shows how difficult it is to prevent immigrant settlement in a
liberal-democratic state. In the 1970s, the authorities tried the following measures at
various times: preventing entry of dependents; prohibiting dependents from joining the
labour force; deportation of unemployed persons or those who applied for social security
benefits; financial incentives to leave Germany; and barring settlement in areas seen as
having excessive immigrant populations. All these measures proved ineffective or
unenforceable. In some cases, the courts interpreted rights laid down in the German Basic
Law as providing protection for the rights of non-citizens, for instance with regard to the
right to family life. In other cases it became clear that discriminatory measures might
have damaging consequences for the population as a whole.

From the late 1970s, German educational and welfare authorities began to develop a set
of special measures that recognised immigrants’ special needs and sought to integrate
them into mainstream society. These included remedial classes and intensive German
courses in schools, special training courses for unemployed foreign youth, and
multilingual social workers and interpreter services at the municipal level. By the 1980s,
big cities like Berlin and Cologne were establishing offices for ‘foreign fellow-citizens’.
In Frankfurt the office was even called the Office for Multicultural Affairs. Many cities
set up Advisory Councils for ‘foreign fellow-citizens’. These were either appointed by the
city government or directly elected by foreign residents. Such steps recognised and
strengthened immigrant political and religious leaderships.

By the late 1980s, Germany seemed to be well on the way to ‘de facto multiculturalism’,
which gave long-standing foreign residents many of the civil and social rights of
citizenship but stopped short of full political membership. Continuing restrictive rules on
naturalisation made political citizenship unattainable for all but a small minority of
immigrants. Instead they were being incorporated as ‘denizens’ (see Glossary). However,
the situation in Germany was to change dramatically with the end of the Cold War and
the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

German Reunification was accompanied by an upsurge of nationalism. The most obvious

sign was the rapid growth of extreme-right organisations and outbursts of racist violence.
Such attacks had the effect of strengthening an enclave mentality, especially for Turkish
youth. Protecting the community against racist attack was linked to militant forms of
mobilisation around cultural and religious symbols. At the same time, the influx of ethnic
Germans from the former Soviet Union, Romania etc., and the westward migration of
East Germans displaced by the collapse of socialist industries seemed to put the jobs of
foreign immigrants at risk. The general climate of threatening change, the upsurge in
asylum-seeker entries (peaking at 438,000 in 1992) and fears of further mass migration
from the East and South led to a siege mentality on the part of many Germans, boding ill
for the incorporation of immigrants.
Yet these changes also put citizenship for immigrants on the political agenda in a new
way. Fears of an extreme-right revival generated an anti-racist mobilisation by the left,
the unions and the churches. This was linked to a new understanding that long-term
solutions to problems of ethnic divisions and social exclusion could only be achieved
through recognition of the permanent nature of immigrant settlement. This required easier
naturalisation for foreign residents, and the right to citizenship for children born to
foreign parents in Germany. This was linked to the demand for dual citizenship, which
was particularly important for Turks whose government did not permit them to renounce
their previous affiliation. By the late 1990s, it was clear that the old model of claiming to
be ‘not a country of immigration’ could no longer be maintained.

The SPD-Green Coalition that was elected in 1998 announced a major reform of
citizenship law, though strong opposition from conservatives forced the Schröder
Government to water down the changes. Nonetheless the measures passed by the German
parliament in the spring of 1999 represented a major change in citizenship rules. The
previous law had given foreign immigrants legally resident in Germany for at least 15
years a claim to citizenship provided they gave up their previous citizenship; had not
been convicted of a major felony; and were able to support themselves and their families.
The new law (which came into force on 1 January 2000) reduced the period of legal
residence required for a claim to citizenship to eight years. However, the same rather
restrictive conditions applied. Most importantly, the new law still generally prohibited
dual citizenship, although with a list of exceptions in cases where renunciation of the
previous citizenship would cause hardship or unreasonable difficulties.

The 1999 legislation also substantially improved access to citizenship for descendants of
immigrants. From 2000, children born in Germany to foreign parents acquired German
citizenship at birth if at least one parent had lived legally in Germany for a minimum of
eight years. Children who acquired German citizenship in this way were allowed to hold
dual citizenship until they reached maturity, but were required to chose between German
and foreign citizenship by the age of 23. Children born to foreign parents before the new
law who were under the age of 10 could claim German citizenship by virtue of birth in
Germany. They had to make this claim within one year of the promulgation of the law,
and also had to chose between German and foreign citizenship by the age of 23.

A further important shift came with the appointment by the Federal Minister of the
Interior of an Independent Commission on Immigration chaired by CDU politician Rita
Suessmuth. In its Report, published in April 2001, the Commission declared that
Germany needed immigrants for both demographic and economic reasons. For the first
time, the Report called for a systematic immigration policy to include both skilled and
unskilled workers. Permanent settlement was seen as essential to make up for Germany’s
declining population.
By the turn of the century, Germany had thus abandoned the differential exclusion model.
It had gone a long way towards abolishing the principle of ius sanguinis and ethnic
descent hitherto intrinsic to the German concept of the nation. The combination of a
written constitution conferring most basic rights to everyone (rather than just citizens), a
strong legal system able to enforce laws even against the intentions of politicians and the
bureaucracy, and an integrative welfare system had in the long run made differential
exclusion untenable. Germany had taken major steps towards a multicultural society but
there was still a long way to go.

The legacy of many years of the officially-endorsed discrimination built into the
guestworker system was a highly-segmented labour market, where immigrants remained
highly concentrated in manual occupations. Unemployment rates for immigrants and
their descendants were roughly double those of Germans. Laws and practices to prevent
racism and discrimination were poorly developed, and racism remained a major factor. It
had diminished somewhat in the period of settlement in the 1980s, only to take on a new
virulence in the aftermath of Reunification. Discrimination and racist violence had led to
a ‘disintegration’ of immigrants, reversing previous trends: occupational and residential
segregation had actually grown in the 1990s and some groups of immigrants were more
socially isolated than before. As a result of the restrictive naturalisation practices of the
past and reluctance to accept dual citizenship, the great majority of immigrants remain
non-citizens. Clearly, the important legal and policy changes of recent years were not
sufficient to quickly eliminate the result of years of deliberate exclusion.

A5 France
Foreign residents made up 6.4 per cent of France’s total population in 1990 (still the most
recent census figures available). In addition there were over one million immigrants who
had become French citizens, and up to half a million French citizens of African,
Caribbean and Pacific Island origin from Overseas Departments and Territories. Official
policies are based on individual assimilation of immigrants, through easy naturalisation
and equal social rights. In reality, however, there is considerable differentiation. European
Union citizens enjoy all basic rights, except the right to vote. Immigrants from non-EU
European countries (such as Poland and former Yugoslavia) lack many rights, and many
have an irregular legal situation. People of non-European birth or parentage (whether
citizens or not) constitute the ethnic minorities. These include Algerians, Tunisians and
Moroccans, young Franco-Algerians, black Africans, Turks and settlers from the
Overseas Departments and Territories. They may have formal rights as French citizens,
but they still suffer socio-economic exclusion and racism.
The bidonvilles (shanty-towns) that developed around French cities in the 1960s have
disappeared, but there is still residential concentration in inner city areas and in the public
housing estates on the periphery of the cities. The work situation of ethnic minorities is
marked by low status, insecure jobs and high unemployment rates, especially for youth.
Racist discrimination and violence, especially against North Africans have been a
problem for many years. In the 1970s, policies towards immigration (especially family
reunion) became increasingly restrictive. Police raids, identity checks and deportations of
immigrants convicted of even minor offences were common. In the early 1980s, the
Socialist Government improved residence rights and granted an amnesty to illegals and
allowed greater political participation. In the late 1980s, growing racism and serious
social problems in areas of immigrant concentration led to a series of special programmes
to improve housing and education and combat youth unemployment.

But in the 1990s, the centre-right government became increasingly restrictive towards
minorities. This was partly due to the increasing influence of the extreme-right Front
National, which regularly got around 15 per cent of the votes in national elections, and
which was able to controls the local authorities of several major cities. The 1993 Loi
Pasqua tightened up immigration and nationality rules. Conditions for entry and family
reunion became stricter, while deportation was facilitated. Rules on citizenship for
children of immigrants tightened up. Fears about Islamic fundamentalism turned into
near-panic when violence in Algeria spilled over into bomb attacks on the Paris Métro in
1995. Immigration rules were further tightened, and there were mass deportations of
people in irregular situations. However, the Socialist Government elected in 1997
partially restored previous citizenship rights.

The position of ethnic minorities in French society has become highly politicised.
Immigrants have taken an active role in major strikes, and demanded civil, political and
cultural rights. Second generation North African immigrants (known as beurs) and
Muslim organisations are emerging political forces. Youth discontent with unemployment
and police practices led to riots in Lyons, Paris and other cities in the 1980s. More
recently, campaigns by the beurs have asserted the need for a new type of ‘citizenship by
participation’, based on residence rather than nationality or descent. This means
demanding a form of pluralism quite alien to the French republican model.

Today, of all the highly developed immigration countries, France probably comes closest
to the assimilation model (see Glossary). France introduced the notion of citizenship as a
political community after the 1789 Revolution, and its policies towards colonised peoples
were based on assimilation of those willing to conform to French cultural and political
values. The essence of today’s republican model is to be found in the first report of the
official Haut Conseil à I’Intégration (High Council for Integration) which was
established in 1990:
 French conceptions of integration should obey a logic of equality and not a logic
of minorities. The principles of identity and equality which go back to the
Revolution and the Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizens impregnate our
conception, thus founded on the equality of individuals before the law, whatever
their origin, race, religion ... to the exclusion of an institutional recognition of
minorities.

The central idea was that immigrants could (and should) become integrated into the
political community as French citizens, and that this would bring about cultural
integration. There was therefore no room for long-term cultural or ethnic diversity.
Exponents of the model saw France as temporarily multi-ethnic, but not as permanently
multicultural. Citizenship was seen as essentially a political relationship, most simply
expressed by the statement: ‘Celui qui vote est français et citoyen’ (‘a person who votes is
French and a citizen’). Any granting of rights (such as local voting rights) to non-citizens
means watering down this principle, and could lead to new identifications, not only by
migrants but also by French people, on the basis of ‘origins, blood, race or culture’. In
this view, rights for minorities lead directly to racism. Despite the emphasis on political
integration, the implication of cultural homogenisation is very strong.

The relationship between citizenship and cultural difference has become an area of
struggle. In the 1980s, immigration organisations called for municipal voting rights,
which were seen as a form of quasi-citizenship. The demand was rejected by the state,
because it was seen as a threat to the supposedly unitary and egalitarian nature of
citizenship. By the 1990s, new movements had developed out of struggles by second-
generation immigrants against racism and for improvements in housing, education and
vocational training. Their critique of the republican model had two aspects. Firstly, they
pointed out that the concept of citoyen proclaimed by the 1789 the Revolution was based
purely on residence on French territory, had nothing to do with culture and was granted
even to non-nationals. Citizenship should therefore be automatically granted to all
permanent immigrants, and dual citizenship should be accepted. Secondly, they argued
that the ideal of equality of rights embodied in citizenship was a dead letter for people
who are socio-economically marginalised and victims of racism. It was unrealistic to
expect members of ethnic minorities to become culturally assimilated, when they need
their communities for protection and as a political basis. The new demand is for a notion
of citizenship based not on cultural belonging but on actual participation in society.

A6 The Netherlands
In 1997, there were 7678,000 foreign residents in the Netherlands – 4.4 per cent of the
total population. However, many immigrants have become citizens. The foreign-born
population was 1.4 million in 1995, of whom 57 per cent were Dutch citizens. The top
five countries of origin of the foreign born were Surinam (181,000), Indonesia (180,000),
Turkey (166,000), Morocco (140,000) and Germany (131,000).
In the 1960s, Mediterranean, Surinamese and Antillean workers became concentrated in
unskilled jobs in manufacturing and the services. In the period of economic restructuring,
they bore the brunt of unemployment. By 1994, the unemployment rate stood at 19 per
cent for the foreign-born, compared with 6.4 per cent for the Netherlands-born. Certain
minority groups had extremely high rates: 30 per cent for Antilleans, 31 per cent for
Moroccans and 36 per cent for Turks. The ethnic minority population became
overwhelmingly concentrated in urban areas, where they often live in distinct
neighbourhoods. In 1990, 38 per cent of Turks, 49 per cent of Moroccans, 52 per cent of
Surinamese and 27 per cent of Antilleans lived in the four biggest cities, Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht.

The revised Constitution of 1983 introduced municipal voting rights for resident non-
citizens. The 1983 Minorities Policy was based on multicultural principles, declaring the
need for social policies to integrate minorities as ethnic groups rather than as individuals.
The Minorities Policy covered Mediterranean workers and their families, people of
Surinamese and Antillean origins, Moluccans, refugees (but not asylum-seekers), gypsies
and caravan dwellers. These groups were estimated to add up to 876,385 people in 1990.
However, by the end of the 1980s, the Minorities Policy was being criticised on the
grounds that it did little to overcome unemployment, poor educational performance and
social disadvantage.

In 1994, a new Integration Policy was introduced, covering persons of Turkish,

Moroccan, Surinamese and Antillean descent, as well as refugees. The new policy aims at
reducing social and economic deprivation, and has two elements: a ‘newcomers’ or
‘reception policy’, and an ‘integration policy’. The newcomers policy consists of Dutch
language courses, social orientation and vocational training, plus individual case-
management to secure entry into further education or the labour market. Immigrants who
fail to participate may be deprived of social security benefits. Integration policy is
concerned with improving the educational and labour market position of minority youth,
and ameliorating the safety and the living conditions of neighbourhoods.

Citizenship is fairly easy to obtain, with a five-year qualification period. Dual nationality
has been accepted since 1991, which led to a sharp rise in the number of naturalisations.
The Netherlands has laws that prohibit racial defamation, incitement to racial hatred,
discrimination and violence, and discrimination at work or in public places. Organisations
that call for racial discrimination can be forbidden. Nonetheless racism and racist
violence are still problems in The Netherlands. Extreme-right anti-immigrant groups,
which blame unemployment on immigrants and carry out campaigns for repatriation,
have been able to secure representation in parliament.
.

A7 Sweden
Until 1945 Sweden was a fairly homogeneous country, with only a small aboriginal
minority - the Sami or Lapps (about 10,000 people today). After 1945, labour migration
was encouraged. Foreign worker recruitment was stopped in 1972, but family reunion
and refugee entries continued. In 1997, the 522,000 foreign residents made up 6 per cent
of Sweden’s population. In fact about 1 million persons had been born abroad, but over
half had acquired Swedish citizenship. Including children born in Sweden to at least one
immigrant parent, the population of immigrant origin is 1.6 million – about 15 per cent of
the population! A third of the foreign population are non-Europeans – mainly refugees
from the Middle East, Africa and Latin America.

Immigrant workers are over-represented in manufacturing, and in lower-skilled services

occupations. They are under-represented in agriculture, health care and social work,
administrative and clerical work, and commerce. In 1993, unemployment in Sweden
reached an historical peak of 8 per cent. The rate for foreigners was 21 per cent, while for
non-Europeans it reached 37 per cent. Immigrants have mainly settled in the cities, and
people of the same nationality cluster in certain neighbourhoods, allowing linguistic and
cultural maintenance.

The waiting period for naturalisation is two years for Scandinavians and five years for
everybody else, while children born to foreign resident parents can obtain Swedish
citizenship upon application. In 1975, parliament set out an immigrant policy with three
basic objectives: equality, which refers to giving immigrants the same living standards as
Swedes; freedom of choice which means giving members of ethnic minorities a choice
between retaining their own cultural identities or assuming Swedish cultural identity; and
partnership, which implies that minority groups and Swedes benefit from working
together. Since 1975, foreign residents have had the right to vote and stand for election in
local and regional elections. It was planned to extend such rights to national elections, but
it proved impossible to get the parliamentary majority required for a change in the
constitution.

In 1986, an Act Against Ethnic Discrimination came into force, and an Ombudsman
Against Ethnic Discrimination was appointed. A new anti-discrimination law was passed
by parliament in 1994. Immigrants enjoy the benefits of Sweden’s highly developed
welfare state, as well as a number of special services. New immigrants have the right to
400 hours of Swedish instruction with financial assistance. Children of immigrants can
receive pre-school and school instruction in their own language, within the normal
curriculum. Other measures include translator and interpreter services, information
services, grants to immigrant organisations and special consultative bodies.

The increase in asylum-seeker entry in the late 1980s led to strains in housing and other
areas. The extreme-right Sverigepartiet (SP – the Sweden Party) started anti-immigrant
campaigns in 1986. In 1988, a referendum in the small town of Sjöbo decided to keep
refugees out. This was followed by an increase in racist violence, including arson and
bomb attacks on refugee centres. From 1989, the government introduced a series of
measures to restrict the entry of asylum-seekers. In 1992 the inflow – particularly from
former Yugoslavia – peaked at 84,000, but had declined to 9,000 by 1995.
A8 Switzerland
In 1997, the 1.3 million foreign residents made up 19 per cent of the total population of
Switzerland – the highest immigrant quota in Europe (except for Luxembourg). In 1995,
there were 734,000 foreign resident workers, compared with 670,000 in 1990. Workers
from the Mediterranean basin have become concentrated in manual employment, while
Swiss workers, and also immigrants from Germany, Austria and France, generally have
white-collar and supervisory positions. Unemployment for workers from the
Mediterranean countries is above the Swiss average, although very low compared with
rates in other countries. Foreign residents have become concentrated in certain housing
areas, but there are no areas of extreme social disadvantage.

The Swiss authorities still declare that Switzerland is not a country of immigration,
although most immigrants have been in the country for many years. All foreign residents
are denied political rights, in particular the right to vote, and foreigners are kept under
surveillance by the Fremdenpolizei (foreigners’ police). Employers and landlords have to
report changes of job or residence to the authorities. Citizenship is extremely hard to
obtain. The waiting period is 12 years, which must have been spent in the same canton,
very high fees are charged in some cantons, and the authorities carry out rigorous
examinations to ensure that an applicant is ‘sufficiently assimilated’. Children of
immigrants born in Switzerland have no automatic right to citizenship and can be
deported.

In accordance with the Swiss laissez-faire tradition of leaving social issues to market
forces and self-regulation, there are no special social policies for immigrants. Provision
of support in emergency situations is left largely to voluntary efforts. Anti-racist and anti-
discrimination legislation or affirmative action programmes have no place in the Swiss
model.
Latent racism is widespread, forming the basis for institutional and informal
discrimination. One expression of hostility towards immigrants has been a series of
referenda, starting in 1965, designed to combat Überfremdung (foreign penetration) by
limiting immigration and the number of foreign residents. In 1982, a new Aliens Law that
would have led to minor improvements in the legal status of foreign residents was
narrowly defeated in a referendum. In 1992, Swiss voters rejected joining the European
Economic Area (linking EU and European Free Trade Area countries) that would have
meant free movement of citizens of member countries.

A9 Discussion
Nearly all Western countries have experienced significant immigration since 1945, and in
every case the integration of the newcomers has been perceived as a challenge to existing
ideas on national culture and identity. In the early stages of post-1945 immigration,
policy makers generally had the expectation that they could control such challenges either
by using ‘guestworker’ models which prevented permanent settlement, or through
policies of assimilation. In the long run, such policies proved largely unsuccessful for
three main reasons. First, strong legal systems and the principle of equality before the law
made policies of involuntary repatriation and of forced assimilation impossible. Second,
welfare state systems found they had to recognise and accept cultural differences in order
to achieve acceptable outcomes in education and social service delivery. Third, unequal
access chances to labour and housing markets for newcomers created patterns of
segmentation. The result in every country was the emergence of ethnic communities and
a fairly high degree of cultural maintenance for a sizeable proportion of immigrants.

Governments of immigration countries have had to face up to the reality of increasing

ethnic and religious diversity. Their approaches to dealing with this situation have varied
considerably, as shown in the country studies. However, there are some general trends.
All the countries concerned have had to change their laws on immigration, settlement and
citizenship. In some cases, laws have been reformed repeatedly and are still in a state of
flux. Overall there has been a tendency towards multicultural models (albeit under a
variety of labels). Such models are characterised by the combining of two key principles:
recognition of the right to cultural difference, and acceptance of the duty of the state to
create conditions for equal political, economic and social participation, irrespective of
cultural difference. This process is uneven, with some countries making rather small steps
(e.g. Switzerland) while others have undergone quite major change (Australia, Germany).
Nor is the process uni-linear, as fluctuations in French citizenship law demonstrate.

Analysis of such experiences would no doubt be helpful to UK policy-makers, since

some of the new inflows to the UK have great similarities with overseas experiences.
This short summary cannot hope to achieve the necessary comparative tasks, but it may
point to the need for more detailed consideration.
PART
Data Set 1

Bibliography of Academic Works

PART I. THEORIES AND METHODS [SELECTED READINGS]

1. Theories and Models of Integration, Multiculturalism and Citizenship 4

2. Theories of Ethnicity and Racism (Selected Readings)
17
3. Methods and Methodological Issues
18

PART II. REFERENCES DATING FROM 1996 ONWARDS

1. Immigrants – UK 19

1.1 General 19
1.2 Education and Training 21
1.3 Labour Market 23
1.4 Health 25
1.5 Housing 28
1.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity,

Residential Segregation and Acculturation 28

1.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation32
1.8 Women and Gender 33
1.9 Family and Children 34
1.10 Justice and Legal System 35
1.11 Welfare and Social Policy 35
1.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 36
1.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 38
1.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 39
1.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 39

2. Refugees – UK 41

2.1 General 41
2.2 Education and Training 42
2.3 Labour Market 43
2.4 Health 43
2.5 Housing 45
2.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity,
Residential Segregation and Acculturation 46

1
 2.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 46
2.8 Women and Gender 46
2.9 Family and Children 47
2.10 Justice and Legal System 48
2.11 Welfare and Social Policy 48
2.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 49
2.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 49
2.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 49
2.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 49

3. Unspecified/Ethnic Minorities – UK 51

3.1 Genera 51
3.2 Education and Training 52
3.3 Labour Market 55
3.4 Health 59

2
 3.5 Housing 64
3.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Belonging, Language, Identity,
Residential Segregation and Acculturation 66
3.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 68
3.8 Women and Gender 68
3.9 Family and Children 69
3.10 Justice and Legal System 69
3.11 Welfare and Social Policy 69
3.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 69
3.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 70
3.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 70
3.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 71

4. Immigrants – International
72

4.1 General 72
4.2 Education and Training 76
4.3 Labour Market 77
4.4 Health 80
4.5 Housing 82
4.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity,
Residential Segregation and Acculturation 83
4.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 87
4.8 Women and Gender 89
4.9 Family and Children 91
4.10 Justice and Legal System 92
4.11Welfare and Social Policy 93
4.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 94
4.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 96
4.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 98
4.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 98

5. Refugees – International
100

5.1 General 100

5.2 Education and Training 101
5.3 Labour Market 101
5.4 Health 102
5.5 Housing 103
5.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential Segregation and
Acculturation 103
5.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 103
5.8 Women and Gender 103
5.9 Family and Children 104
5.10 Justice and Legal System 104
5.11 Welfare and Social Policy 105
5.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 105
5.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 106
5.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 106
5.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 106

3
6. Unspecified/Ethnic Minorities – International
107

6.1 General 107

6.2 Education and Training 109
6.3 Labour Market 109
6.4 Health 110
6.5 Housing 110
6.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Belonging, Language, Identity,
Residential Segregation and Acculturation 110
6.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 111
6.8 Women and Gender 111
6.9 Family and Children 111
6.10 Justice and Legal System 111
6.11 Welfare and Social Policy 111
6.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 111
6.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 112
6.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 112
6.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 113

PART III. REFERENCES DATING FROM BEFORE 1996 [SELECTED READINGS]

114
1. Immigrants – UK 114
2. Refugees – UK 117
3. Unspecified/Ethnic Minorities – UK 122
4. Immigrants – International 128
5. Refugees – International 132
6. Unspecified/Ethnic Minorities – International 133

PART IV. ASYLUM SEEKERS

136
1. Asylum Seekers 136
2. Undocumented Migrants 139

4
5
PART I. THEORIES AND METHODS [SELECTED READINGS]

1. Theories and Models of Integration, Multiculturalism and Citizenship

Alba, Richard. 1999. ‘Immigration and The American Realities Of Assimilation and
Multiculturalism’. Sociological Forum, 14, 1, 3-25.

Alba, Richard and Nee, Victor. 1997. ‘Rethinking Assimilation Theory For A New Era
Of Immigration’. International Migration Review, 31, 4, 826-874.

Aleinikoff, T.A. and Klusmeyer, D. (Eds). 2000. From Migrants To Citizens:

Membership In A Changing World. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment For
International Peace.

Alibhai-Broan, Y. 2000. After Multiculturalism. London: The Foreign Policy Centre.

Archibugi, Daniele, Held, David and Kohler, Martin. 1998. Re-Imagining Political
Community: Studies In Cosmopolitan Democracy. Oxford: Polity.

Bach, R. 1993. ‘Recrafting the common good: immigration and community’, Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 530: 155-70.

Bach, R. et al. 1993. Changing Relations: Newcomers and Established Residents in U.S.
Communities. New York: Ford Foundation.

Banton, M. 2001. ‘National Integration in France and Britain’, Journal of Ethnic and
Migration Studies, 27, 1, Jan: 151-68.

Barbieri, William A. 1998. Ethics Of Citizenship: Immigration and Group Rights In

Germany. Durham: Duke University Press.

Baubock, Rainer. 1992. Immigration and The Boundaries Of Citizenship. Monographs

In Ethnic Relations No.4. Coventry: Centre For Research In Ethnic Relations.

Baubock, Rainer. 1994a. From Aliens To Citizens: Redefining The Status Of Immigrants
In Europe. Aldershot: Avebury.

Baubock, Rainer. 1994b. The Integration Of Immigrants. CMDG-Report. Strasbourg:

Council Of Europe.

Baubock, Rainer. 1994c. Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights In

International Migration. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

Baubock, Rainer. 1996a. ‘Cultural Minority Rights For Immigrants’. International

Migration Review, 30, 1, 203-250.

6
Baubock, Rainer. 1996b. ‘Social and Cultural Integration in a Civil Society’. Rainer
Baubock, Agnes Heller and Aristide R. Zolberg, (Eds.), The Challenge of
Diversity: Integration and Pluralism in Societies of Immigration, 67-132.
Aldershot: Avebury European Centre.

Baubock, Rainer. 1998. ‘The Crossing and Blurring Of Boundaries In International

Migration: Challenges For Social and Political Theory’. In R. Baubock and J.
Rundell (Eds). Blurred Boundaries: Migration, Ethnicity, Citizenship.
Aldershot: Ashgate.

Baubock, Rainer, Heller, Agnes and Zolberg, Aristide R. 1996. The Challenge Of
Diversity: Integration and Pluralism In Societies Of Immigration. Aldershot:
Avebury European Centre.

Baubock, Rainer and Rundell, J (Eds). 1998. Blurred Boundaries: Migration, Ethnicity,
Citizenship. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Baumann, Gerd. 1996. Contesting Culture: Discourses Of Identity In Multi-Ethnic

London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Baumann, G. 1999. The Multicultural Riddle: Rethinking National, Ethnic and

Religious Identities. London: Routledge.

Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. 1996. ‘Multiculturalism in Sociological Perspective’. Rainer

Baubock, Agnes Heller and Aristide R. Zolberg, (Eds.), The Challenge of
Diversity: Integration and Pluralism in Societies of Immigration, 133-154.
Aldershot: Avebury European Centre.

Ben-Sira, Zeev. 1997. Immigration, Stress, and Readjustment. Westport, Conn. and
London: Praeger.

Berry, John. 1997. ‘Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation’. Applied Psychology:

An International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1,
Jan, 5-34.

Berry, J.W. 1980. “Acculturation as varieties of adaptation”, in Acculturation:

Theory, Models, and Some New Findings, A. Padilla (Ed.). Boulder, CO:
Westview.

Bertrand, Didier. 1998. ‘Refugees and Migrants, Migrants and Refugees: An

Ethnological Approach’. International Migration, 36, 1, 107-114.

Bloommaert, Jan and Martiniello, Marco. 1993. ‘Ethnic Mobilization, Multiculturalism

and The Political Process In Two Belgian Cities: Antwerp and Liege’.
Innovation, 9, 1, Mar, 51-73.

7
Blum, Lawrence. 1998. ‘Accounts of Multiculturalism’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing
Multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate, 73-99. Oxford: Blackwell.

Body-Gendrot, Sophie. 1998. ‘ “Now you see, now you don’t”: Comments on Paul
Gilroy’s Article’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 5, 848-858.

Bourhis, Richaed Y, Moise, L.C., Perrault, S. and Senecal, S. 1997. ‘Towards An

Interactive Acculturation Model: A Social Psychological Approach’.
International Journal Of Psychology/Journal International De Psychologie, 32,
6, 369-386.

Bousetta, Hassan. 1996. ‘The Destiny Of Immigrants. Assimilation and Segregation In

Western Democracies’. New Community, 22, 2, Apr, 355.

Bousetta, Hassan. 2000. ‘Institutional Theories of Immigrant Ethnic Mobilisation:

Relevance and Limitations’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 4,
229-246.

Brettell, Caroline B. and Holifield, James Frank (Eds). 2000. Migration Theory:
Talking Across Disciplines. New York and London: Routledge.

Brubaker, Rogers (Ed.). 1989. Immigration and The Politics Of Citizenship In Western
Europe and North America. New York: University Press Of America.

Carmon, Naomi (Ed.). 1996. Immigration and Integration In Post-Industrial Societies.

London: Macmillan.

Castles, Stephen. 1992. ‘The Australian Model Of Immigration and Multiculturalism: Is

It Applicable To Europe?’ IMR, 26, 2, 549-567.

Castles, Stephen. 1995. ‘How Nation-States Respond To Immigration and Ethnic

Diversity’. New Community, 21, 3, 293-308.

Castles, Stephen. 1998a. ‘Globalization and The Ambiguities Of National Citizenship’.

In R. Baubock and J. Rundell (Eds). Blurred Boundaries: Migration, Ethnicity,
Citizenship. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Castles, Stephen. 1998b. The Age Of Migration: International Population and

Movements In The Modern World. 2nd Ed. London: Macmillan.

Castles, S. 1999. ‘International Migration and the Global Agenda. International

Migration’, 3, 1, 5-20.

Castles, Stephen. 2000. Ethnicity and Globalisation: From Migrant Workers To

Transnational Citizens. London: Sage.

8
Castles, Stephen and Davidson, A. 2000. Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and
The Politics Of Belonging. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Castles, S. and Miller, M. 1998. The Age of Migration (2nd Ed.) London: Macmillan.

CCC [Council for Cultural Co-operation, Council of Europe]. 1992. Town and Culture:
Bremen Declaration, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, DECS-Cult, 92, 14.

Cesarani, David and Fulbrook, Mary (Eds). 1996. Citizenship, Nationality and
Migration In Europe. London: Routledge.

CLRAE [Standing Conference of Regional Authorities of Europe] 1992. Europe 1990-

2000: Multiculturalism in the City. The Integration of Immigrants, Strasbourg:
Council of Europe, Studies and Texts No. 25

Codagnone, Cristiano. 2000. ‘Introduction’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26,
2, 173-182.

Cornell, Stephen. 1996. ‘The Variable Ties that Bind: Content and Circumstances in
Ethnic Processes’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 2, 265-289.

Council of Europe. 1994. The Role of the Media in Promoting Integration and Equal
Opportunities for Immigrants, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, MG-EO,94, 56
rev.

Council of Europe. 1997. Measurements and Indicators of Integration. Brussels: Council

of Europe.

Crowley, John. 1999. ‘The Politics of belonging: some theoretical considerations’.

andrew Geddes and Adrian Favell, The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and
Minorities in Contemporary Europe, 15-41. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Delanty, Gerard. 1996. ‘Beyond The Nation-State: National Identity and Citizenship In A
Multicultural Society - A Response To Rex’. Sociological Research Online
http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk /socresonline/, 1, 3, Sept.

Dewind, Josh and Kasinitz, Philip. 1997. ‘Everything Old Is New Again? Processes and
Theories Of Immigrant Incorporation’. International Migration Review, 31, 4,
1096-1111.

Dijkstra, Steven, Genijen, Karn and de Ruijter, A. 2001. ‘Multiculturalism and Social
Integration In Europe’. International Political Science Review, 22, 1, 55-84.

9
Doomernik, J. 1998. “The Effectiveness of Integration Policies towards Immigrants and
their Descendants in France, Germany and the Netherlands.” in International
Migration Papers. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.

Dörr, S. and Faist, T. 1997. ‘Institutional Conditions For The Integration Of Immigrants
In Welfare States: A Comparison Of The Literature On Germany, France, Great
Britain, and The Netherlands’. European Journal Of Political Research, 31, 4,
401-426.

Dustmann, Christian. 1994. Return Intentions of Migrants: Theory and Evidence.

Discussion Paper/Centre for Economic Policy Research no. 906. London: Centre
for Economic Policy Research.

Entzinger, Han. 2000. The Dynamics of Integration Policies: A Multidimensional Model.

Rood Koopmans and Paul Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic
Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives, 97-118. New York:
Oxford University Press.

Faini, Riccardo. 1997. Globalisation and Migratory Pressures from Developing

Countries: a Simulation Analysis. Development Studies Working Papers no. 104.
Oxford: Queen Elizabeth House. www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP1660.asp.

Faist, Thomas. 1997a. ‘From Common Questions to Common Concepts’. Tomas

Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.)
International Migration, Immobility and Development: Multidisciplinary
Perspectives, 247-276. Oxford: Berg.

Faist, Thomas. 1997b. ‘The Crucial Meso-Level’. Tomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann,
Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.) International Migration, Immobility and
Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 187-218. Oxford: Berg.

Faist, Thomas. 2000a. ‘Transnationalization In International Migration: Implications For

The Study Of Citizenship and Culture’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 2, Mar,
189-222.

Faist, Thomas. 2000b. The Volume and Dynamics Of International Migration and
Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Favell, Adrian. 1997. ‘Citizenship and Immigration: Pathologies Of A Progressive

Philosophy’. New Community, 23, 2, 173-195.

Favell, Adrian. 1998a. ‘Multicultural Race Relations In Britain: Problems Of

Interpretation and Explanation’. In Christian Joppke (Ed.). Challenge To The
Nation State: Immigration In Western Europe and The United States, 319-345.
Oxford: OUP.

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Favell, Adrian. 1998b. Philosophies Of Integration: Immigration and The Ideal Of
Citizenship In France and Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Favell, Adrian. 1999. ‘To belong or not to belong: the postnational question’. andrew
Geddes and Adrian Favell, (Eds.), The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and
Minorities in Contemporary Europe, 209-227. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Favell, Adrian. 2000. ‘Ethnic minorities in British social sciences: three views’, Journal
of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 2, April: 359-63.

Favell, Adrian. 2001. ‘Multi-Ethnic Britain: An Exception In Europe?’. Patterns Of

Prejudice, 35, 1, 35-58.

Favell, Adrian. 2001. ‘Integration policy and integration research in Europe: A review
and critique,’ in Citizenship Today, T.A. Aleinikoff and D. Klusmeyer (Eds),
Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 349-99.

Favell, Adrian and Martiniello, Marco. 1998. ‘Conclusion: Convergence and Divergence
between British and Belgian Multiculturalisms’. Marco Martinello, (Ed.),
Multicultural Policies and the State: A Comparison of Two European Societies,
178-190. Comparative Studies in Migration and Ethnic Relations 5. Utrecht:
European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations.

Fischer, Peter A., Martin, Reiner and Straubhaar, Thomas. 1997a. ‘Interdependencies
between Development and Migration’. Tomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann,
Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.) International Migration, Immobility and
Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 91-132. Oxford: Berg.

Fischer, Peter A., Martin, Reiner and Straubhaar, Thomas. 1997b. ‘Should I Stay or
Should I Go?’ Tomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas
Faist, (Eds.) International Migration, Immobility and Development:
Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 49-90. Oxford: Berg.

Freeman, Gary. 1995. ‘Modes Of Immigration Politics In Liberal Democratic Societies’.

International Migration Review, 29, 4.

Friedman, Jonathan. 1997. Global Crises, the Struggle for Cultural Identity and
Intellectual Porkbarrelling: Cosmopolitans versus Locals, Ethnics and Nationals
in an Era of De-hegemonisation. Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, (Eds.),
Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-
Racism, 70-89. London: Zed Books.

Gans, Herbert J. 1992. ‘Second-Generation Decline: Scenarios For The Economic and
Ethnic Futures Of The Post-1965 American Immigrants’. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 15, 2, 173-192.

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Gans, Herbert J. 1997. ‘Toward A Reconciliation Of ‘Assimilation’ and ‘Pluralism’: The
Interplay Of Acculturation and Ethnic Retention’. International Migration
Review, 31, 4, 875-892.

Geddes, andrew. 2000. Immigration and European Integration: Towards Fortress

Europe?. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Ghatak, Subrata. 1993. Migration Theory and Evidence: an Assessment. Discussion

Paper/Centre for Economic Policy Research no. 769. London: Centre for
Economic Policy Research.

Gordon, Milton M. 1964. Assimilation In American Life: The Role Of Race, Religion
and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.

Glazer, Nathan. 2000. ‘On Beyond The Melting Pot, 35 Years After’. International
Migration Review, 34, 1, 270-279.

Glover, S., C. Gott, A. Loizillon, J. Portes, R. Price, S. Spencer, V. Srinivasan and C.

Willis (2001) Migration: An Economic and Social Analysis, London: Home
Office RDS Occasional Paper No 67.

Goulbourne, Harry. 1991a. Ethnicity and Nationalism In Post-Imperial Britain.

Cambridge: CUP.

Goulbourne, Harry. 1991b. ‘Varieties Of Pluralism: The Notion Of A Pluralist Post-

Imperial Britain’. New Community, 17, 2.

Grillo, Ralph D. 2000. ‘Plural Cities In Comparative Perspective’. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 23, 6, Nov, 957-981.

Gutmann, A. (Ed.). 1994. Multiculturalism: Examining The Politics Of Recognition.

Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Habermas, J. 1996. Die Einbeziehung des anderen: Studien zur politischen Theorie.
Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Hammar, Tomas and Tamas, Kristof. 1997. ‘Why do People Go or Stay?’ Tomas
Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.),
International Migration, Immobility and Development: Multidisciplinary
Perspectives, 1-19. Oxford: Berg.

Hargreaves, Alec G. 1995. Immigration, ‘Race’ and Ethnicity In Contemporary France.

London and New York: Routledge.

12
Harris, Leonard. 1998. ‘Universal Human Liberation: Community and Multiculturalism’.
Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the current
debate, 449-457. Oxford: Blackwell.

Heisler, Barbara Schmitter. 1992. ‘The Future Of Immigrant Incorporation: Which

Models? Which Concepts?’. International Migration Review, 26, 2 (98),
Summer, 623-645.

Heller, Agnes. 1996. ‘The Many Faces of Multiculturalism’. Rainer Baubock, Agnes
Heller and Aristide R. Zolberg, (Eds.), The Challenge of Diversity: Integration
and Pluralism in Societies of Immigration, 25-42. Aldershot: Avebury European
Centre.

Hermele, Kenneth. 1997. ‘The Discourse on Migration and Development’. Tomas

Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.),
International Migration, Immobility and Development: Multidisciplinary
Perspectives, 133-158. Oxford: Berg.

Hing, Bill Ong. 1997. To Be An American: Cultural Pluralism and The Rhetoric Of
Assimilation. Critical America Series. New York, London: New York
University Press.

Hitchcox, Linda. 1986. ‘Some Thoughts On Assimilation and The Resettlement Of

Vietnamese Refugees In Britain’. Amity International, 2, 1, 18-27.

Holton, R.J. 1998. Globalization and The Nation-State. London: Macmillan.

Hudson, Robert and Reno, Fred. 2000. ‘Introduction: Politics of identity − Migrants and
Minorities in Multicultural States’. Robert Hudson and Fred Reno, (Eds.),
Politics of Identity: Migrants and Minorities in Multicultural States, xv-xvii.
London: Macmillan Press.

Ireland, P. 2000. “Reaping what they sow: institutions and immigrant political
participation in Western Europe.” in Challenging Immigration and Ethnic
Relations Politics, R. Koopmans and P. Statham (Eds). Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Pp. 233-82.

Jacobson, David. 1996. Rights Across Borders: Immigration and The Decline Of
Citizenship. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Jenkins, Richard. 1996. ‘Ethnicity etcetera: Social Anthropological Points of View’.

Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 4, 807-822.

Joly, Daniele. 2000. ‘Some Structural Effects Of Migration On Receiving and Sending
Countries’. International Migration, 38, 5, 25-40.

13
Joly, D. et al. 1992. Refugees: Asylum in Europe? London: Minority Rights Publications.

Joppke, C. 1999. Immigration and the Nation-State: the United States, Germany and
Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Joppke, Christian (Ed.). 1998. Challenge To The Nation-State: Immigration In Western

Europe and The United States. Oxford: OUP.

Joppke, Christian. 1999. Immigration and The Nation-State: The United States,
Germany, and Great Britain. Oxford: OUP.

Joppke, Christian. 1999. ‘How Immigration Is Changing Citizenship: A Comparative

View’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 4, July, 631-652.

Jupp, J. 1998. ‘Creating Multicultural Societies: Australia, Britain, Sweden, and

Canada’. International Journal, LII, 3, 508-523.

Kagitcbasi, Cigdem. 1997. ‘Whither Multiculturalism?’. Applied Psychology: An

International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1, Jan,
44-49.

Kamali, Masoud. 1999. ‘Distorted Integration: Problems Of Monolithic Order’.

Innovation, 12, 1, Mar, 81-97.

Kershen, Anne J. 1996. ‘The Centre For The Study Of Migration At Queen Mary and
Westfield College’. Immigrants and Minorities, 15, 2.

Kershen, A. and S. Lahiri.1998. Directory of research in migration: Being carried out in

Britain, London: Centre for the Study of Migration, University of London.

Kobayashi, A. 1993. ‘Multiculturalism: Representing A Canadian Institution’. In J.

Duncan and D. Ley (Eds). Place, Culture, Representation. London: Routledge.

Koopmans, R., and P. Statham 2000 “Migration and ethnic relations as a field of political
contention: an opportunity structure approach.” in Challenging Immigration and
Ethnic Relations Politics, R. Koopmans and P. Statham (Eds). Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Pp. 13-56.

Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, Paul. 1999. ‘Challenging The Nation-State?:

Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and The Collective Claims-Making Of
Migrants and Ethnic Minorities In Britain and Germany’. American Journal Of
Sociology, 105, 652-696.

Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, Paul (Eds). 2000. Challenging Immigration and Ethnic
Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives. New York: Oxford
University Press.

14
Koprolin, Eva. 1996. ‘Book Review: Limits Of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational
Membership In Europe’. International Migration Review, 30, 20, 601-2.

Korac, M. 2001. “Cross-ethnic networks, self-reception system, and functional

integration of refugees from former Yugoslavia in Rome, Italy”. Journal of
International Migration and Integration, 2,

Koser, Khalid and Lutz, Helma. 1998. ‘The New Migration in Europe: Contexts,
Constructions and Realities’. Khalid Koser and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New
Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and Social Realities, 1-17. London:
Macmillan.

Kuhlman, T. 1991. “The economic integration of refugees in developing countries: a

research model”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 4, 1: 1-20.

Kurthen, Hermann, Fijalkowski, Jurgen and Wagner, Gert. 1998. Immigration,

Citizenship and The Welfare State In Germany and The United States. Stanford,
Conn: JAI.

Kymlicka, W. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Theory Of Liberal Rights. Oxford:

Claredon.

Kymlicka, Will and Wayne Norman (Eds). 2000. Citizenship In Diverse Societies.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mackert, Jurgen. 1996. ‘Citizenship and Immigration: Heterogenization Of The Nation-

State and New Forms Of Belonging: Recent Articles On The Discussion Of
Citizenship’. Berliner Journal Fur Soziologie, 6, 2, 261-275.

Mahnig, H., and A. Wimmer 2000. “Country specific or convergent? A typology of

immigrant policies in Western Europe.” Journal of International Migration and
Integration 1: 177-204.
Malmberg, Gunnar. 1997. ‘Time and Space in International Migration’. Tomas Hammar,
Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.) International
Migration, Immobility and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 21-48.
Oxford: Berg.

Martin, Bill, 1998. ‘Multiculturalism: Consumerist or Transformational?’ Cynthia Willet,

(Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate, 121-150.
Oxford: Blackwell.

Martiniello, Marco (Ed.). 1998. Multicultural Policies and The State : A Comparison Of
Two European Societies. Utrecht : European Research Centre On Migration and
Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University.

15
Martiniello, Marco and Statham, Paul. 1999. Introduction. Journal of Ethnic and
Migration Studies, 25, 4, 565-574.

Matustik, Martin and Beck, J. 1998. ‘ Ludic, Corporate and Imperial Multiculturalism:
Imposters of Democracy and Cartographers of the New World Order’. Cynthia
Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate, 100-
117. Oxford: Blackwell.

Melucci, Alberto. 1997. ‘Identity and Difference in a Globalized World’. Pnina Werbner
and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, 58-69. London: Zed Books.

Menahem, Gila and Spiro, Shimon E. 1999. ‘Immigrants In A Restructuring Economy:

A Partial Test Of Theories’. International Migration, 37, 3, 569-586.

Miles, Robert and Cleary, Paula. 1994. ‘Britain: Post-Colonial Migration In Context’.
In Thranhardt, D. (Ed). Europe − A New Immigration Continent, 120-144. Lit
Verlag Books.

Miller, David and Walzer, Michael. 1995. Pluralism, Justice and Equality. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

Miller, John J. 1998. The Unmasking Of Americans: How Multiculturalism Has

Undermined The Assimilation Ethic. New York: Free Press.

Modgil, Sohan et al. 1986. Multiculturalism: The Interminable Debate. London:

Falmer.

Modood, Tariq. 1994. ‘Establishment, Multiculturalism and British Citizenship’.

Political Quarterly, 65, 1

Modood, Tariq. 1992. Not Easy Being British: Colour, Culture and Citizenship.
London: Runnymede Trust/Trentham.

Modood, Tariq and Werbner, Pnina (Eds). 1997. The Politics Of Multiculturalism In The
New Europe: Racism, Identity,aand Community. London: Zed Books.

Montgomery, J. Randal. 1996. ‘Components Of Refugee Adaptation’. International

Migration Review, 30, 3(115), Fall, 679-702. (Canada).

Montgomery, R. 1996. “Components of Refugee Adaptation”, International Migration

Review, XXX, 3: 679-702.

Morris, L. 1997. ‘Globalization, Migration and The Nation-State: The Path To A Post-
National Europe?’. British Journal Of Sociology, 48, 2, 192-209.

16
Nee, V. and J. Sanders. 2001. ‘Understanding the diversity of immigrant incorporation: A
forms-of-capital model,’ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24,3: 386-411.

Nickel, Kames W. 1996. ‘Commentary: The Claims Of Immigrants: A Response To

Baubock and Parekh’. International Migration Review, 30, 1, 285-288.

OECD. 1999. Trends in International Migration: Annual Report 1999. Paris: OECD.

Oliver, Kelly. 1998. ‘Identity, Difference and Abjection’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.),
Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate, 169-186. Oxford:
Blackwell.

Ong, A. 1999. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logic Of Transnationality. Durham:

Duke University Press.

Ong, Aihawa. 1996. ‘Cultural Citizenship As Subject-Making: Immigrants Negotiate

Racial and Cultural Boundaries In The United States’. Current Anthropology,
37, 5, Dec, 737-751.

Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development. 1998. Trends In

International Migration. SOPEMI − Annual Report Of Continuous Reporting
System On Migration. Rome: OECD.

Padilla, A. (Ed) 1980. “The role of cultural awareness and ethnic loyalty in
acculturation”, Acculturation: Theory, Models, and Some New Findings.
Boulder, CO: Westview.

Papastergiadis, Nikos. 2000. Turbulence Of Migration: Globalization,

Deterritorialization and Hybridity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Parekh, Bhikhu. 1996. ‘Minority Practices and Principles Of Toleration’. International

Migration Review, 30, 1, 251-284.

Parekh, Bhikhu. 2000. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political

Theory. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Parekh, B. 2000 Integrating Minorities. London: Institute of Contemporary Art.

Penn, Roger, Favell, Adrian and Cross, Malcolm. 2000. ‘Ethnic Minorities in British
Social Science: Three Views’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 4,
357-368.

Phizacklea, Annie. 1998. ‘Migration and Globalization: A Feminist Perspective’. Khalid

Koser and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New Migration in Europe: Social
Constructions and Social Realities, 21-38. London: Macmillan.

17
Phoenix, Ann. 1998. ‘Dealing with Difference: the Recursive and the New’. Ethnic and
Racial Studies, 21, 5, 859-880.

Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 2000. ‘Globalization and Human Integration: We Are All
Migrants’. Futures, 32, 5, June, 385-398.

Piper, Nicola. 1998. Racism, Nationalism and Citizenship: Ethnic Minorities In Britain
and Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Portes, A. 1981. ‘Modes Of Structural Incorporation and Present Theories Of

Immigration’, In M. Kritz et al. (Eds), Global Trends In Migration. Staten
Island, NY: CMS Press.

Portes, A. 1987. ‘One Field, Many Views: Competing Theories Of International

Migration’. In J. Fawcett and B. Carino (Eds). Pacific Bridges: The New
Immigration From Asia and The Pacific Islands. New York: Center For
Migration Studies.

Portes, A. 1997. ‘Immigration Theory For A New Century: Some Problems and
Opportunities’. International Migration Review, 31, 799-825.

Portes, A. 1998. ‘Divergent Destinies: Immigration, the Second Generation and the rise
of Transnational Communities’. Peter Schuck and Rainer Munz (Eds). Paths to
inclusion : the integration of migrants in the United States and Germany, 33-57.
Migration and refugees series, v.5. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books and
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Portes, A. 2000. ‘An Enduring Vision: The Melting Pot That Did Happen’.
International Migration Review, 34, 1, 243-248.

Portes, A. and Borocz, J. 1989. ‘Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives

On Its Determinants and Modes Of Incorporation’, International Migration
Review, 23, 3, 606-630.

Portes, A. and M. Zhou. 1993. ‘The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and
its variants’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences,
530: 74-96

Portes, A. and R. Rumbaut. 1990. Immigrant America: A Portrait., Berkeley: University

of California.

Pryce, W.T.R. 2000. ‘A Migration Typology and Some Topics For The Research
Agenda’. Family & Community History, 3, 1, May, 65-80.

18
Rapport, Nigel and Dawson, andrew. 1998. ‘Home and Movement: A Poemic’. Nigel
Rapport and andrew Dawson, (Eds.), Migrants of Identity: Perceptions of Home
in a World of Movement, 19-38. Oxford: Berg.

Reaume, Denise G. 2000. ‘Official-Language Rights: Intrinsic Value and the Protection
of Difference’. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, (Eds.), Citizenship in
Diverse Societies, 245-272. Oxford: OUP.

Rex, John. 1996a. Ethnic Minorities In The Modern Nation State: Working Papers In
The Theory Of Muticulturalism and Political Integration. Basingstoke:
Macmillan.

Rex, John. 1996b. ‘National Identity In The Democratic Multi-Cultural State’.

Sociological Research Online, Http://Www.Soc.Surrey.Ac.Uk /Socresonline/,
1996, 1, 2, June.

Rex, John. 1997. ‘The Problematic of Multinational and Multicultural Societies’. Ethnic
and Racial Studies, 20, 3, July, 455-473.

Rex, John and Drury, B. (Eds.). 1994. Ethnic Mobilisation In A Multi-Ethnic Europe.
Aldershot: Avebury.

Robinson, V. 1986. Transients, Settlers and Refugees. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Robinson, V. 1993. “Marching into the middle classes? The long term resettlement of
East African Asians in the UK”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 6, 3, 230-48.

Robinson, V. 1995. “The migration of East African Asians to the UK”, R. Cohen (Ed.)
The Cambridge History of World Migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.

Robinson, V. 1998a. “Defining and measuring successful refugee integration”, in

Proceedings of ECRE International conference on Integration of Refugees in
Europe, Antwerp November 1998. Brussels: European Council on Refugees and
Exiles.

Robinson, V. 1998b. “The Importance of information in the resettlement of refugees in

the UK”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 11, 4,146-61.

Robinson, V. (Ed) 1999. “The development of policies for the resettlement of refugees
in the UK, 1945−91”, in Migration and Public Policy. Cheltenham: Elgar.
Robinson, V. 2000. “Lessons Learned? A Critical Review of the Government Program to
Resettle Bosnian Quota Refugees in the United Kingdom”, International
Migration Review, 34, 4, 1217-44.

19
Rogler, L.H. et al. 1991. “Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics:
convergence and new directions for research” American Anthropologist, 46,6,
585-97.

Rumbaut, Rubén G. 1997a. ‘Assimilation and Its Discontents: Between Rhetoric and
Reality’, International Migration Review, 31, 4, 923-960.

Rumbaut, Ruben G. 1997b. ‘Introduction: Immigration and Incorporation’.

Sociological Perspectives, 40, 3, Fall, 333-338.

Rumbaut, Rubén G. 1997c. ‘Paradoxes (and Orthodoxies) Of Assimilation’.

Sociological Perspectives, 40, 3, 483-511.

Runnymede Trust 2000. The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, London: Runnymede Trust.

Salt, John. 2000. Current Trends in International Migration in Europe, Brussels: Council
of Europe.

Samad, Yunas. 1997. ‘The Plural Guises of Multiculturalism: Conceptualising a

Fragmented Paradigm’. Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics
of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, 240-
260. London: Zed Books Ltd.

Schmitter Heisler, Barbara. 1992. ‘The Future Of Immigrant Incorporation: Which

Models? Which Concepts?’. International Migration Review, 26, 2, 623-645.

Schuck, Peter H. and Munz, Rainer. 1998. ‘Introduction’. Peter Schuck and Rainer Munz
(Eds). Paths to inclusion: the integration of migrants in the United States and
Germany, vii-xxii. Migration and refugees series, v.5. New York and Oxford:
Berghahn Books and American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Sciortino, Giuseppe. 2000. ‘Toward a Political Sociology of Entry Policies: Conceptual

Problems and Theoretical Proposals’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,
26, 2, 213-228.

Seifert, W. 1996. “Occupational and social integration of immigrant groups in Germany.”

New Community, 22.

Skerry, Peter. 2000. ‘Do We Really Want Immigrants To Assimilate?’ Society, 37,
3(245), Mar-Apr, 57-62.

Solomos, J. 1999. ‘Social Research and the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry’, Sociological
ResearchOnline, 4, 1: 7.

Soorenson, Jens Magleby. 1996. The Exclusive European Citizenship: The Case For
Refugees and Immigrants In The European Union. Aldershot: Avebury.

20
Soysal, Y. N. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in
Europe. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Soysal, Y.N. 1994. The Limits Of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership
In Europe. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.

Taylor, Rupert. 1996. ‘Political Science Encounters “Race” and “Ethnicity.” Ethnic and
Racial Studies, 19, 4, 884-895.

Thomas, Laurence M. 1998. ‘Moral Deference’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing

Multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate, 359-381. Oxford: Blackwell.

Triandis, Harry C. 1997. ‘Where Is Culture In The Acculturation Model?’. Applied

Psychology: An International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue
Internationale, 46, 1, Jan, 55-58.

Turner, B. 1997. ‘Citizenship Studies: A General Theory’. Citizenship Studies, 1, 1, 5-

18.

Vermeulen, Hans and Perlmann, Joel. 2000. Immigrants, Schooling and Social
Mobility: Does Culture Make A Difference? Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Vertovec, Steven. 1996. ‘Multiculturalism, Culturalism and Public Incorporation’.

Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 1, 222-42.

Vertovec, Steven. 1998a. ‘Multi-multiculturalisms’. Marco Martinello, (Ed.),

Multicultural Policies and the State: A Comparison of Two European Societies,
25-38. Comparative Studies in Migration and Ethnic Relations 5. Utrecht:
European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations.

Vertovec, Steven. 1998b. ‘Multicultural Policies and Modes Of Citizenship In European

Cities’. International Social Science Journal, 156, 187-99.

Vertovec, Steven. 1999a. ‘Introduction’. S.Vertovec, (Ed.), Migration and Social

Cohesion. Cheltenham: Elgar Reference Collection.

Vertovec, Steven (Ed.) 1999b. Migration and Social Cohesion, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

Waldrauch, H. and C. Hofinger 1997. ‘An index to measure the legal obstacles to the
integration of migrants,’ New Community, 23, 2: 271-85.

Ward, Collen. 1997. ‘Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology:

Three Perspectives On Acculturation’. Applied Psychology: An International
Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1, Jan, 58-62.

21
Weil, P. and Crowley, J. 1999. ‘Integration in Theory and Practice: A Comparison of
France and Britain’ in S. Vertovec, Migration and Social Cohesion, Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar.

Weiner, Myron. 1996. ‘Determinants of Immigrant Integration: an International

Comparative Analysis’. Naomi Carmon, (Ed.) Immigration and Integration in
Post-Industrial Societies: Theoretical Analysis and Policy-Related Research, 47-
62. London: Macmillan Press.

Weiner, M and Munz, R. 1997. ‘Migrants, Refugees and Foreign Policy: Prevention and
Intervention Strategies’. Third World Quarterly, 18, March, 1, 25-51.

Weinfeld, M. 1997. ‘Overview of state of the art reviews on immigration and

immigrant
integration from six disciplinary perspectives,’ ms. Ottawa: Metropolis Forum.

Werbner, Pnina. 1997a. ‘Afterword: Writing Multiculturalism and Politics in the New
Europe’. Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics of
Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, 261-267.
London: Zed Books Ltd.

Werbner, Pnina. 1997b. ‘Essentialising Essentialism, Essentialising Silence: Ambivalence

and Multiplicity in the Constructions of Racism and Ethnicity’. Pnina Werbner
and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, 226-254. London: Zed Books.

Werbner, Pnina and Tariq Modood. 1997. Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and The Politics Of Anti-Racism. London: Zed Books.

Wicker, Hans-Rudolf. 1997. ‘From Complex Culture to Cultural Complexity’. Pnina

Werbner and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-
Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, 29-45. London: Zed Books.

Wieviorka, Michel. 1998. ‘Is Multiculturalism the solution?’ Ethnic and Racial Studies,
21, 5, 881-910.

Willet, C. 1998. ‘Introduction’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A

guide to the current debate, 1-15. Oxford: Blackwell.

Zhou, Min. 1997. ‘Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research
On The New Second Generation’. International Migration Review, 31(4)975-
1008.

22
Zicone, Giovanna. 2000. ‘Documentation Note: A Model Of ‘Reasonable Integration’:
Summary Of The First Report On The Integration Of Immigrants In Italy’.
International Migration Review, 34, 3, 956-968.

Zolberg, Aristide R. 1996. ‘Immigration and Multiculturalism in the Industrial

Democracies’. Rainer Baubock, Agnes Heller and Aristide R. Zolberg, (Eds.),
The Challenge of Diversity: Integration and Pluralism in Societies of
Immigration, 43-66. Aldershot: Avebury European Centre.

23
2. Theories Of Ethnicity and Racism [Selected Readings]

Anthias, F. and Yuval-Davis, N. 1993. Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender,

Colour and Class and The Anti-Racist Struggle. London: Routledge.

Baumgartl, Bernd and Favell, Adrian (Eds). 1995. New Xenophobia In Europe.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Bonnett, Alastair. 1996. ‘Constructions of ‘Race’, Place and Discipline: Geographies of

‘Racial’ Identity’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 4, 864-883.

Fysh, Peter and Wolfreys, Jim. 1998. The Politics Of Racism In France. Houndmills:
Macmillan.

Henwood, Karen and Phoenix, Ann. 1996. ‘“Race” in Psychology: Teaching the Subject’.
Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 4, 841-863.

Mason, David. 1996. ‘Themes and Issues in the Teaching of Race and Ethnicity in
Sociology’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 4, 789-806.

Peach, Ceri. 2000. ‘Discovering White Ethnicity and Parachuted Plurality’. Progress in
Human Geography, 24, 4, 620-626.

Piper, Nicola. 1998. Racism, Nationalism and Citizenship: Ethnic Minorities In Britain
and Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Rex, John. 1986. Theories Of Race and Ethnicity. Cambridge: CUP.

Rex, J. and Moore, R.S. 1967. Race, Community and Conflict. London: Oxford
University Press.

Wal, Jessika and Verkuyten, Maykel (Eds). 2000. Comparative Perspectives On Racism.
London: Ashgate.

Wieviorka, Michel. 1998. ‘Racism and Diasporas’. Thesis Eleven, 52-55, Feb, 69-81.

Wimmer, andreas. 1997. ‘Explaining Xenophobia and Racism: A Critical Review Of

Current Research Approaches’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20, 1, Jan, 17-41.

Wrench, John and Solomos, John (Eds). 1993. Racism and Migration In Western
Europe. Oxford: Berg.

24
3. Methods and Methodological Issues

Acquadro, Catherine, Jambon, Bernard, Ellis, David and Marquis, Patrick. 1996.
‘Language and Translation Issues’. In B. Spilker, (Ed.), Quality Of Life and
Pharmacoeconomics In Clinical Trials, Chapter 63. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia:
Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

Ahearn, Frederick L. Jr. 2000. Psychosocial Wellness Of Refugees: Issues In Qualitative

and Quantitative Research. Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Bardsley, M. and Storkey, M. 2000. ‘Estimating The Numbers Of Refugees In London’.

Journal Of Public Health Medicine, 22, 3, 406-412.

Bertrand, Didier. 1998. ‘Refugees and Migrants, Migrants and Refugees: An

Ethnological Approach’. International Migration, 36, 1, 107-114.

Billsborrow, R.E., G. Hugo, Oberai, A.S. and Zlotnik, H. 1997. International Migration
Statistics: Guidelines For Improving Data Collection Systems. Geneva: ILO.

Bloch, A. 1999. ‘Carrying Out A Survey Of Refugees: Some Methodological

Considerations and Guidelines’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 12, 4, 367-385.

Ellis, Mark and Wright, Richard. 1998. ‘When Immigrants Are Not Migrants: Counting
Arrivals Of The Foreign-Born Using The US Census’. International Migration
Review, 32, 1, 127-144.

Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J. and Badia, X. 1997. ‘‘Equivalence’ and The Translation
and Adaptation Of Health-Related Quality Of Life Questionnaires’. Quality Of
Life Research, 6, 237-247.

Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J. and Badia, X. 1998. ‘A Model Of Equivalence In The

Cultural Adaptation Of HRQOL Instruments: The Universalist Approach’.
Quality Of Life Research, 7, 323-335.

Jerusalem, Mattias., Hahn, A. and Schwarzer, R. 1996. ‘Social Bonding and Loneliness
After Network Disruption: A Longitudinal Study Of East German Refugees’.
Social Indicators Research, 38, 3, July, 229-243.

Kofman, Eleonore. 1997. ‘In Search Of The Missing Female Subject: Comments On
French Immigration Research’. In M. Cross and S. Perry (Eds). Population
and Social Policy In France. London: Pinter.

McHugh, Kevin E. 2000. ‘Inside, Outside, Upside Down, Backward, Forward, Round
and Round: A Case For Ethnographic Studies In Migration’. Progress In
Human Geography, 24, 1, Mar, 71-89.

25
Woodrow-Lafield, Karen A. 1998. ‘Undocumented Residents In The United States In
1990: Issues Of Uncertainty In Quantification’. International Migration Review,
32, 1, 145-174.

26
PART II. REFERENCES DATING FROM 1996 ONWARDS

1. Immigrants − UK

1.1 General

Aspinall, P. 2000. ‘The challenges of measuring the ethno-cultural diversity of Britain in

the new millennium’. Policy and politics, 28, 1, 109-118.

Ballard, Roger. 1997. ‘The Construction of a Conceptual Vision: ‘ethnic groups’ and the
1991 UK Census’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20, 1, 182-194.

Banton, Michael, Kymlicka, Will and Westin, Charles. 2000. ‘Report of the Commission
on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain: UK, North American and Continental
European Perspectives’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 4, 719-
738.

Banton, Michael. 2001. ‘National Integration in France and Britain.’ Journal of Ethnic
and Migration Studies, 27, 1, 151-168.

Berry, John. 1997. ‘Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation’. Applied Psychology:

An International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1,
Jan, 5-34.

Bhopal, Kalwant. 1999. ‘Domestic Finance in South Asian Households in East London’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 1, 81-94.

Bourhis, Richaed Y, L. C. Moise, S. Perrault and S. Senecal. 1997. ‘Towards an

Interactive Acculturation Model: A Social Psychological Approach’.
International Journal of Psychology/Journal International de Psychologie, 32,
6, 369-386.

Champion, Tony. 1999. ‘Migration and British Cities in the 1990s’. National Institute
Economic Review, 170, 4, 60-77.

Chan, Yu Man and Chan, Christine. 1997. ‘The Chinese in Britain’. New Community, 23,
1, 123-132.

Cicak-Chand, Ruzica. 1996. ‘Migration and Ethnicity: Main Characteristics of the South
Asian Diaspora in Great Britain’. Migracijske teme, 12, 4, 289-309.

Clark, Helen, Dick, Lorraine and Fraser, Basabi. 1996. Peoples of Edinburgh: our
multicultural city: personal recollections, experiences and photographs.
Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh Council, Dept. of Recreation, Museums and
Galleries.

27
Cohen, R. 1997. ‘Shaping The Nation, Excluding The Other: The Deportation Of
Migrants From Britain’. Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (Eds). Migration,
Migration History, History, Old Paradigms and New Perspectives. Bern: Peter
Lang.

Dörr, S and Faist, T. 1997. ‘Institutional conditions for the integration of immigrants in
welfare states: a comparison of the literature on Germany, France, Great Britain,
and the Netherlands’. European journal of political research, 31, 4, 401-426.

Dorsett, R. 1998. Ethnic Minorities in the Inner City. Bristol: Polity Press, in
association with the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Faist, Thomas. ‘Transnationalization in International Migration: Implications for the

Study of Citizenship and Culture’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 2, Mar, 189-
222.

Favell, Adrian. 2001. ‘Multi-ethnic Britain: an exception in Europe?’. Patterns of

prejudice, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp.35-58.

Feher, Ferenc and Heller, Agnes. 1994. ‘Naturalization or “Culturalization”?’ Rainer

Baubock,(Ed.) From Aliens to Citizens: Redefining the Status of Immigrants in
Europe, 135-147. Public Policy and Social Welfare vol.17. Aldershot: Avebury.

Fielding, Tony. 1997. ‘Migration and Poverty: A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship
between Migration and Social Mobility in England and Wales’. IDS Bulletin, 28,
2, Apr, 48-57

Frow, M. 1996. Roots of the future: Ethnic diversity in the making of Britain. London:
CRE.

Grillo, Ralph D. 2000. ‘Plural Cities in Comparative Perspective’. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 23, 6, Nov, 957-981.

Haskey, J. 1997. ‘The Ethnic Minority and Overseas-Born Population of Great Britain’.
Population Trends, 88, 13-30.

Israel, Mark. 1996. ‘The “Strangest of Minorities”: The Shifting Visibility of South
African Post-War Migration to Britain’. New Community, 1996, 22, 3, 479-493.

Joppke, Christian. 1999. Immigration and the nation-state: the United States, Germany,
and Great Britain. Oxford: OUP.

Jowell, Roger et al., (Eds.)1998. National Centre for Social Research, British and
European Social Attitudes - How Britain Differs - the 15th Report. 1998/99
Edition. NCSR.

28
Jowell, Roger et al., (Eds.)1999. National Centre for Social Research, British and
European Social Attitudes - How Britain Differs - the 15th Report. 1999/2000
edition. NCSR.

Kagitcbasi, Cigdem. 1997. ‘Whither Multiculturalism?’. Applied Psychology: An

International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1, Jan,
44-49.

Kershen, A.J (Ed.). 1997. London, the promised land? the migrant experience in a
capital city. Aldershot: Avebury.

MacRaild, D. M. 1999. ‘The Great Famine and Beyond: Irish Migrants in Britain in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’. Immigrants and Minorities, 18, 2/3, 1-13.

McEvoy, David. 1996. ‘Greater London in Britain’s First Ethnic Census’. Curtis C.
Roseman, Hans Dieter Laux and Gunther Thieme. EthniCity: Geographic
Perspectives on Ethnic Change in Modern Cities, 97-119. London: Rowman and
Littlefield Inc.

Panayi, Panikos. 1996. ‘The History of Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities: Britain
Compared with the USA’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 4, 823-840.

Panayi, P. (Ed.). 1999. The impact of immigration: a documentary history of the effects
and experiences of immigrants in Britain since 1945. Manchester: Manchester
University Press, Manchester.

Parekh, Bhikhu. 2000. The Future of multi-ethnic Britain. London: Runnymede

Trust/Profile Books.

Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 2000. ‘Globalization and Human Integration: We Are All
Migrants’. Futures, 32, 5, June, 385-398.

Pryce, W.T.R. 2000. ‘A Migration Typology and Some Topics for the Research Agenda’.
Family & Community History, 3, 1, May, 65-80.

Rees, P. H. and Duke-Williams, O. 1997. ‘Methods for Estimating Missing Data on

Migrants in the 1991 British Census’. International Journal Of Population
Geography, 3, 4, 323-368.

Siddhisena, K.A.P. and White, P. 1999. ‘The Sri Lankan Population of Great Britain:
Migration and Settlement’. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 8, 511-536.

Skerry, Peter. 2000. ‘Do We Really Want Immigrants to Assimilate?’. Society, 37,
3(245), Mar-Apr, 57-62.

29
Spencer, Ian R.G. 1997. British immigration policy since 1939: the making of multi-
racial Britain. London and New York: Routledge.

Triandis, Harry C. 1997. ‘Where Is Culture in the Acculturation Model?’. Applied

Psychology: An International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue
Internationale, 46, 1, Jan, 55-58.

Ward, Collen. 1997. ‘Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology:

Three Perspectives on Acculturation’. Applied Psychology: An International
Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1, Jan, 58-62.

White, Paul. 1998. ‘The settlement patterns of developed world migrants in London’.
Urban studies, 35, 10, 1725-1744.

Wieviorka, Michel. 1998. ‘Racism and Diasporas’. Thesis Eleven, 52-55, Feb, 69-81.

1.2 Education and Training

Bryan, Beverley. 1996. ‘Learning School: Cross-Cultural Differences in the Teaching of

English’. Changing English, 3, 2, Oct, 201-207.

Chan, Yiu Man. 1997. ‘Educational Experiences of Chinese Pupils in Manchester’.

Multicultural Teaching, 15, 3, Sum., 37-42.

Chu, King Yuk. 1996. ‘Second Chance for Chinese Women’. Adults Learning (England),
8, 3, Nov., 64-65 .

Crabb, Ruth. 1996. ‘Working with Hassan’. Multicultural Teaching, 14, 2, Spr., 22-25.

Dodwell, Eithne. 1996. ‘Nahim and the New Trainers: Language Learning in a Bilingual
Reception Class--Who Is Learning What from Whom?’ Multicultural Teaching,
15, 1, Aut., 18-22.

Eslea, M. and Mukhtar, K. 2000. ‘Bullying and racism among Asian schoolchildren in
Britain’. Educational Research, 42, 2, Summer, 207-217.

Ghuman, P.A.S. 1997. ‘Assimilation or integration? A study of Asian adolescents’.

Educational research, 39, 1, 23-36.

Great Britain Department for Education and Employment. 1996. Guidance on the
admission to maintained schools of children from overseas. London:
Department for Education and Employment.

30
James, Allison. 1998. ‘Imaging Children ‘At Home’, ‘In the Family’ and ‘At School’:
Movement Between the Spatial and Temporal Markers of Childhood Identity in
Britain’. Nigel Rapport and andrew Dawson, (Eds.), Migrants of Identity:
Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement, 139-160.Oxford: Berg.

Kahin, Mohamed H. 1998. ‘Somali Children: The Need To Work in Partnership with
Parents and Community’. Multicultural Teaching, 17, 1, Aut., 4-16.
Kiddle, Cathy. 1999. Traveller children: a voice for themselves. London: J. Kingsley.

Kohli, Ravi. 2000. ‘Breaking the Silence’. Professional Social Work, June, 6-7.

Leblond, Dominique and Trincaz, Jacqueline. 1999. ‘Pluriculturality in the French and
British Education Systems: Cross Perspectives’. Eduation and Social Justice, 1,
3, 16-24.

Levine, Josie. 1996. Developing pedagogies in the multilingual classroom: the writings
of Josie Levine. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

McEachron, G. 1998. ‘Multilingual programs in England, Wales and the United States’.
School field, 9, 3-4, 107-132.

Modood, T. 1997. Qualifications and English Language. Research Report - Policy

Studies Institute, 843, 60-82.

Naylor, Sally and Wild-Smith, Kanta. 1997. Broadening horizons: education and
travelling children. Chelmsford : Essex County Council Education Department.

Parker-Jenkins, Marie and Haw, Kaye Francis. 1998. ‘Educational Needs of Muslim
Children in Britain: Accommodation or Neglect?’ Steven Vertovec and Alisdair
Rogers, (Eds.), Muslim European Youth: Reproducing Ethnicity, Religion,
Culture. Research in Ethnic Relations Series, 193-215.

Pithers, R.T. and Lim, Rosemary. 1997. ‘A Non-English-speaking Background in Adult

Vocational Education: Breaking Through the Barriers’. Vocational Education
and Training, 49, 4, 531-544.

Rassool, Naz. 1999. ‘Flexible Identities: Exploring Race and Gender Issues among a
Group of Immigrant
Pupils in an Inner-City Comprehensive School’. British Journal of Sociology of
Education, 20, 1, Mar, 23-36.

Sharma, Dev. 2000. ‘Educational Issues’. Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian Children and
Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 157-175. London: Whurr
Publishers.

31
Tatar, M. 1998. ‘Counselling immigrants: school contexts and emerging strategies’.
British Journal Of Guidance and Counselling, 26, 3, 337-352.

Tatar, M. and Horenczyk, G. 1996. ‘Immigrant and host pupils' expectations of

teachers’. British Journal Of Educational Psychology, 66, 3, 289-300.

Thompson, Linda. 2000. Young bilingual children in nursery school. Clevedon:

Multilingual Matters.

Warner, Rachel. 1999. ‘The Views of Bangladeshi Parents on the Special School
Attended by Their Young Children with Severe Learning Difficulties’. British
Journal of Special Education, 26, 4, Dec., 218-23.

Wrench, J. and Hassan, E. 1996. Ambition and Marginalisation: A qualitative study of

under-achieving young men of Afro-Caribbean origin. Research Studies RS31,
Department for Education and Employment, London.

Wrench, J. and Qureshi, T. 1996. Higher Horizons: A qualitative study of young men of
Bangladeshi origin. Research Studies RS30, Department for Education and
Employment, London.

Wrench, J. 1998. “Towards an International Typology of Anti-Discrimination Training in

Employment” Migration papers, No.26, Esbjerg: South Jutland University
Press.

Zoccatelli, Barbara. 1996. ‘Between Tolerance and Integration: Islamic Schools in Great
Britain and the Netherlands’. La Critica Sociologica, 119, Oct-Dec, 53-67.
1.3 Labour Market

Beaverstock, Jonathan and Smith, Joanne. 1996. ‘Lending jobs to global cities: skilled
international labour migration, investment banking and the city of London’.
Urban Studies, 33, 8, 1377-1394.

Bell, B. D. 1997. ‘The Performance of Immigrants in the United Kingdom: Evidence

from the GHS’. Economic Journal, 441, 333-344.

Berthoud, R. 1999 Young Caribbean Men and the Labour Market: A comparison with
other ethnic groups. Work and Opportunity Series No.16. York: Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.

Berthoud, Richard. 2000. ‘Ethnic Employment Penalties in Britain’. Journal of Ethnic

and Migration Studies, 26, 3, 389-411.

Brown, Mark Simon. 2000. ‘Religion and Economic Activity in the South Asian
Population’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 6, Nov, 1035-1061.

32
Cantrell, David and Pilkington, Jane, 2000/01. ‘Economic Immigration in Modern Ireland
in Comparison with the UK’. Immigration and Employment Law, 5, Winter, 15-
19.

Clarke, Harry. 1998. ‘International trade, labour migrations and capital flows: Long-
term evidence for Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United
States’. International Migration, 36, 3, 383-408.

Cox, R. 1999. ‘The Role of Ethnicity in Shaping the Domestic Employment Sector in
Britain’. J. Momsen, (Ed.), Gender, Migration and Domestic Service. London:
Routledge.

Dhindsa, K. S. 1998. Indian immigrants in United Kingdom: a socio-economic analysis.

New Delhi: Concept.

Duvell, Franck. 1998. Undocumented Migrant Workers in the UK: ‘Researching a

taboo’: An Interim Report. Exeter: University of Exeter.

Edin, P.-A., Fredriksson, P. and Aslund, O. 2001. Ethnic Enclaves and The Economic
Success Of Immigrants − Evidence From A Natural Experiment. Discussion
Paper Series - Centre For Economic Policy Research London, 2729.

Evans, S.L. and Bowlby, S. 2000. ‘Crossing boundaries: racialised gendering and the
labour market experiences of Pakistani migrant women in Britain’. Women’s
studies international forum, 23, 4, 461-474.

Fitzgerald, Rory, Finch, Steven and Nove, andrea. 2001. ‘Black Caribbean Young Men’s
Experiences of Education and Employment’. Labour Market Trends, 109, 2,
123-4.

Gidoomal, Ram. 1997. The UK Maharajahs: Inside the South Asian Success Story.
London: Nicholas Brealy Publishing.

Glover, Stephen, Ceri Gott, Anais Loizillon, Jonathan Portes, Richard Price, Sarah
Spencer, Vasanthi Srinivasan and Carole Willis. 2001. Migration: an economic
and social analysis. RDS Occasional Paper No 67. London: Home Office,
Communications and Development Unit, Research, Development and Statistics
Directorate.

Holdaway, Simon. 1997. ‘Responding to Racialized Divisions Within the Workforce - the
Experience of Black and Asian Police Officers in England’. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 20, 1, 69-90.

Iredale, Robyn R. 1997. Skills transfer: international migration and accreditation

issues: a comparative study of Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the
United States. Wollongong: University of Wollongong Press.

33
Kershen, Anne J. (Ed.). 2000. Language, labour and migration. Aldershot and
Burlington: Ashgate.

Khadria, Binod. 1999. The Migration of Knowledge Workers: Second-Generation Effects

of India’s Brain Drain. New Delhi: Sage.

Letourneau, J. and Hallsworth, A. 1997. ‘The Migrant Economy in Canada and Britain’.
British Journal Of Canadian Studies, 12, 1, 92-111.

Lightbody, Pauline, Nicholson, Stephen, Siann, Gerda and Walsh, Dave. 1997. ‘A
Respectable Job: Factors Which Influence Young Asians’ Choice of Career’.
British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 25, 1, Feb, 67-79.

Metcalf, H., Modood, T. and Virdee, S. 1996. Asian Self-Employment: The interaction
of culture and economics in England Policy Studies Institute, London.

Mingione, E. 1999. ‘Immigrants and the informal economy in European cities.’

International Journal Of Urban and Regional Research, 23, 2, 209-211

Model, Suzanne. 1997. ‘Migration, Ethnic Stratification, and Aging, An Occupational

Tale of Two Cities: Minorities in London and New York’. Demography, 34, 4,
Nov., 539-550.

Modood, T., Metcalf, H. and Virdee, S. 1998. “British Asian Entrepreneurs: Culture and
Opportunity Structures” in P. Taylor-Gooby (Ed) Choice and Public Policy: the
limits to welfare markets. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Ortega, J. 2000. ‘Pareto-Improving Immigration in an Economy with Equilibrium

Unemployment’. Economic Journal, 110, January, 92-112.

Penninx, R. and Roosblad, J. (Eds) 2000. Trade Unions, Immigration, and Immigrants,
1960-1993 Oxford: Berghahn.

Prest, C. 1997. ‘Business Matters − Employing illegal immigrants’. Finishing, 21, 8, 14-
19.

Rath, Jan. 1999/2000. Immigrant business: the economic, political, and social
environment. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Robinson, Vaughn and Carey, Malcolm. 2000. ‘Peopling skilled international migration:
Indian doctors in the UK’. International Migration, 38, 1, 89-108.

Salt, John and Clarke, James. 1998. ‘Flows and Stocks of Foreign Labour in the UK’.
Labour Market Trends, 106, 7, 372-85.

34
Shields, M. A. and Wheatley Price, S. 1998. ‘The earnings of male immigrants in
England: evidence from the quarterly LFS’. Applied Economics, 30, 9, 1157-
1168.

Shields, Michael A. and Wheatley Price, Stephen. 2001a. ‘Language Fluency and
Immigrant Economics Prospects: Evidence from Britain’s Ethnic Minorities’.
Applied Economics Letters, forthcoming.

Shields, Michael A. and Wheatley Price, Stephen. 2001b. ‘The English Language
Fluency and Occupational Success of Ethnic Minority Immigrant Men Living in
English Metropolitan Areas’. Journal of Population Economics, forthcoming.

Wallman, Sandra. 1996. ‘Ethnicity, Work and Localism: Narratives of Difference in

London and Kampala’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 1, 1-28.

Wheatley Price, Stephen. 2001a. ‘The Employment Adjustment of Male Immigrants in

England’. Journal of Population Economics 14: 193-220.

Wheatley Price, Stephen. 2001b. ‘The Unemployment Experience of Male Immigrants in

England’. Applied Economics, 33, 201-215.

Williams, Iestyn. 1996. Economic needs of the Irish community in Birmingham.

Birmingham: Birmingham Irish Community Forum and Birmingham City
Council.

Wrench, J. 2000. ‘British Unions and racism: organisational dilemmas in an

unsympathetic climate’. In R. Penninx and J. Roosblad (Eds.). Trade Unions,
immigration, and immigrants. Oxford: Berghahn.

Wrench, John, Hassan, Edgar and Qureshi, Tarek. 1999. ‘From School to the Labour
Market in Britain: the Qualitative Exposure of Structures of Exclusion’. John
Wrench, andrea Rea and Nouria Ouali, (Ed.), Migrants, Ethnic Minorities and
the Labour Market: Integration and Exclusion in Europe, 54-71. London:
Macmillan Press.

1.4 Health

Anson, O., Pilpel, D. and Rolnik, V. 1996. Physical and psychological well-being among
immigrant referrals to colonoscopy. Social Science and Medicine, 43, 9, 1309-
1316.

Baider, L., Kaufman, B., Ever-Hadani, P. and Kaplan De-Nour, A. 1996. Coping with
additional stresses: Comparative study of healthy and cancer patient new
immigrants. Social Science and Medicine, 42, 7, 1077-1084.

35
Baraitser, Paula. 1999. Family Planning and Sexual Health: Understanding the Needs of
South Asian Women in Glasgow. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 1,
133-150.

Bedi, R. 1996. Betel-quid and tobacco chewing among the United Kingdom’s
Bangladeshi community. British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Sup//29, S73-S77.

Callan, A. F. 1996. ‘Schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean immigrants’. Royal Society Of

Medicine, 89, 5, 253-256.

Chan, Christine. 2000. ‘The Quality of Life of Women of Chinese Origin’. Health &
Social Care in the Community, 8, 3, May, 212-222.

Chaplin R.H., Thorp C., Ismail I.A., Collacott R.A. and Bhaumik S. 1996. ‘Psychiatric
disorder in Asian adults with learning disabilities: Patterns of service use’.
Journal Of Intellectual Disability Research, 40, 298-304, Part 4.

Dean, G. and Elian, M. 1997. ‘Age at immigration to England of Asian and Caribbean
immigrants and the risk of developing Multiple Sclerosis’. Journal Of
Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 62, 5, 565-568.

Eade, John. 1997. ‘The Power of the Experts: The Plurality of Beliefs and Practices
Concerning Health and Illness among Bangladeshis in Contemporary Tower
Hamlets, London’. Lara Marks and Michael Worboys, (Eds.), Migrants,
Minorities and Health: Historical and Contemporary Studies, 250-271. London:
Routledge.

George, S., Berth-Jones, J. and Graham-Brown, R. A. C. 1997. ‘A possible explanation

for the increased referral of atopic dermatitis from the Asian community in
Leicester’. British Journal Of Dermatology, 136, 4, 494-497.
Gibbs, Jewelle Taylor. 1996. ‘Triple Marginality: The Case of Young African-Caribbean
Women in Toronto (Canada) and London (England)’. Canadian Social Work
Review/Revue canadienne de service social, 13, 2, Summer, 143-156.

Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. 1996. ‘AIDS and HIV, Migrants and Refugees: International Legal
and Human Rights Dimensions’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.)
Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 50-69. London: Taylor and
Francis.

Haour-Knipe, M., Fleury, F. and Dubois-Arber, F. 1999. ‘HIV/AIDS prevention for

migrants and ethnic minorities: three phases of evaluation’. Social Science and
Medicine, 49, 10, 1357-1372.

Haour-Knipe, Mary and O’Brien, Oonagh. 1996. ‘Programme Evaluation’. Mary Haour-
Knipe and Richard Rector (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and
AIDS, 222-238. London: Taylor and Francis.

36
Haour-Knipe, Mary and Rector, Richard. 1996. Conclusion: Shaping a Response. Mary
Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity
and AIDS, 239-245. London: Taylor and Francis.

Harding, S. 2000. ‘Examining the contribution of social class to high cardiovascular

mortality among Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi male migrants living in
England and Wales (Analysis based on data from the 1991 Census and deaths in
1991−93)’. Health Statistics Quarterly, 5, 26-28.

Harding, S.and Rosato, M. 1999. ‘Cancer Incidence Among First Generation Scottish,
Irish, West Indian and South Asian Migrants Living in England and Wales’.
Ethnicity and Health, 4, 1/2, 83-92.

Harris, Queenie. 2000. ‘Psychological Problems in Asian Children’. Annie Lau, (Ed.)
South Asian Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 195-
216. London: Whurr Publishers.

Harrison, G., Glazebrook, C., Brewin, J., Cantwell, R., Dalkin, T., Fox, R., Jones, P. and
Medley, I. 1997. ‘Increased incidence of psychotic disorders in migrants from
the Caribbean to the United Kingdom’. Psychological Medicine, 27, 4, 799-806.

Harrison, L. Sutton, M. and Gardiner, E. 1997. ‘Ethnic Differences in Substance Use

and Alcohol-Use-Related Mortality among First Generation Migrants to England
and Wales’. Substance Use and Misuse, 32, 7/8, 849-876.

Haworth, E. A., Raleigh, V. S. and Balarajan, R. 1999. ‘Cirrhosis and Primary Liver
Cancer Amongst First Generation Migrants in England and Wales’. Ethnicity
and Health, 4, 1/2, 93-100.

Hoggart, L., Sales, R., Raman, I. and Gunbey, A. 2000. Turkish Speaking Mothers in
Hackney: an Investigation of Needs and Use of Health Provision and a Trial of
a Volunteer Visiting Scheme for First-Time Mothers. London: Middlesex
University Social Policy Research Centre.

Littlewood, Roland. 1997. Aliens and alienists: ethnic minorities and psychiatry. 3rd
(Ed.) London: Routledge.

Lockie, Cameron et al. (Eds.). 2000. Travel medicine and migrant health. Edinburgh
and London: Churchill Livingstone.

Louhenapessy, Maureen. 1996. Care Issues and Migrants. Mary Haour-Knipe and
Richard Rector, (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 154-
66. London: Taylor and Francis.

37
Marks, Lara and Hilder, Lisa. 1997. ‘Ethnic Advantage: Infant Survival among Jewish
and Bengali Immigrants in East London, 1870-1990’. Lara Marks and Michael
Worboys, (Eds.), Migrants, Minorities and Health: Historical and
Contemporary Studies, 179-209. London: Routledge.

Maxwell, R. and Harding, S. 1998. ‘Mortality of migrants from outside England and
Wales by marital status’. Population Trends − London, 91, 15-22.

Meadows, L. M., Thurston, W. E. and Melton, C. 2001. ‘Immigrant women’s health’.

Social Science and Medicine, 9,1451-1458.

Murray, R. M. and Hutchinson, G. 1999. ‘Psychosis in Migrants: The Striking Example

of African-Caribbeans Resident in England’. Search For The Causes Of
Schizophrenia, 4, 129-140.

Narimani, Petra, Galle, Felix and Tovar, Jaime. 1996. ‘International Networking:
Building Migrants’ Networks Across Europe’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard
Rector, (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 207-221.
London: Taylor and Francis.

Nellen, J. F. J. B., Smulders, Y. M., Frissen, P. H. J., Slaats, E. H. and Silberbusch, J.

1996. ‘Hypovitaminosis D in immigrant women: slow to be diagnosed’. British
Medical Journal, 312, 7030, 570-571.

Nikelly, A. G. 1997. ‘Cultural Babel: The challenge of Immigrants to the Helping

Professionals’. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 3, 4, 221-234.

O’Brien, Oonagh and Power, Robert. 1998. HIV and a migrant community: the Irish in
Britain. London: Action Group for Irish Youth.

Rait G. and Burns A. 1997. ‘Appreciating background and culture: the South Asian
elderly and mental health’. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12,
10, 973-977.

Sabatier, Renee. 1996. ‘Migrants and AIDS: Themes of Vulnerability and Resistance’.
Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration,
Ethnicity and AIDS, 86-101. London: Taylor and Francis.

Sharma, Anne. 2000. ‘Health Needs of Children from Asian Ethnic Minorities’. Annie
Lau, (Ed.) South Asian Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural
Issues, 141-156. London: Whurr Publishers.

Sharma, S., Cade, J., Riste, L. and Cruickshank, K. 1999. ‘Nutrient intake trends among
African-Caribbeans in Britain: a migrant population and its second generation’.
Public Health Nutrition, 2, 4, 469-476.

38
Sherr, Lorraine and Farsides, Calliope. 1996. ‘The Person Behind the Virus: Migration,
Human Factors and Some Moral and Ethical Questions’. Mary Haour-Knipe and
Richard Rector, (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 70-85.
London: Taylor and Francis.

Smaje, C. and LeGrand, J. 1997. ‘Ethnicity, equity and the use of health services in the
British NHS’. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 3, 485-496.

Thompson Ortiz, E. 1998. ‘Female Genital Mutilation and Public Health: Lessons From
the British Experience’. Health Care For Women International, 19, 2, 119-129.

Van den Bosch C. and Roberts, J. 2000. ‘Tuberculosis screening of new entrants; how
can it be made more effective?’. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 22, 2, 220-
223.

Varghese, C., Barrett, J. H., Johnston, C., Shires, M., Rider, L. and Forman, D. 1996.
‘High risk of lymphomas in children of Asian origin: ethnicity or confounding
by socioeconomic status?’ British Journal Of Cancer, 75, 9, 1503-1505.

Walsh, J. J. and McGrath, F. P. 2000. ‘Identity, Coping Style, and Health Behaviour
Among First Generation Irish Immigrants in England’. Psychology and Health,
15, 4, 467-482.

Wedderburn-Tate, C. 1998. ‘Backs to the future: The contribution Caribbean immigrants

have made to the NHS’. Nursing Management, 5, 4, 5.

Weekers, J. and Siem, H. 1997. ‘Overseas screening of migrants: justifiable?’, Public

Health Reports, 112, 397-402.

Welshman, J. 2000. ‘Tuberculosis and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1950−70’.

Sociology of Health & Illness, 22, 6, 858-882.

Westin, Charles. 1996. ‘Migration Patterns’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector,
(Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 15-30. London: Taylor
and Francis.

Wheeler, Erica L. 1998. ‘Mental Illness and social stigma: experiences in a Pakistani
community in the UK’. Caroline Sweetman, (Ed.) Gender and Migration, 37-43.
Oxford: Oxfam.

Williams, Rory and Ecob, Russel. 1999. ‘Regional Mortality and the Irish in Britain:
Findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study’. Sociology of Health and Illness,
21, 3, May, 344-367.

39
Williams, Rory, Eley, Susan, Hunt, Kate and Bhatt, Sheila. 1997. ‘Has Psychological
Distress among UK South Asians Been Under-Estimated? A Comparison of
Three Measures in the West of Scotland Population. Ethnicity & Health, 2, 1-2,
Mar-June, 21-29.

Williams, R. and K. Hunt. 1997. ‘Psychological distress among British South Asians:
the contribution of stressful situations and subcultural differences in the West of
Scotland Twenty-07 Study’. Psychological Medicine, 27: (5) 1173-1181.

Williams, Rory, Wright, William and Hunt, Kate. 1998. ‘Social Class and Health: The
Puzzling Counter-Example of British South Asians’. Social Science and
Medicine, 47, 9, Nov, 1277-1288.

Winter H., Cheng K.K., Cummins C., Maric R., Silcocks P., Varghese C. 1999. ‘Cancer
incidence in the south Asian population of England (1990-92)’. British Journal
Of Cancer, 79, 3-4, 645-654.

Yang, W. and Read, M. 1996. ‘Dietary Pattern Changes of Asian Immigrants’. Nutrition
Research, 16, 8, 1277-1294.

1.5 Housing

Bowes, Alison, Dar, Naira and Sim, Duncan. 1997. ‘Tenure Preference and Housing
Strategy: An Exploration of Pakistani Experiences’. Housing Studies, 12, 1, Jan,
63-84.

Duncan, S. and Kleinman, Mark. 1999. ‘Housing, welfare and the state in Europe. A
comparative analysis of Britain, France and Germany.’ International Journal Of
Urban and Regional Research, 23, 2, 409

Greenwood, Mark. 1997. ‘Breaking through the Great Wall of Stigma’. Housing Today,
31, 1 May 1997, 10

Laniyan, Leslie, Ahmed, Solma, Cant, David and Kundi, Kami. 1997. ‘A Look Into the
Future’. Housing Today, 56, 23 October 1997, 12-13.

Murray, Kate. 1998. ‘Fear Deters Pakistanis from Council Housing’. Housing Today, 68,
29 January, 6.

Passmore, Jon and Franklin, Bridget. 1998. ‘Seeds of a New Strategy’. Housing Today,
90, 2 July 1998, 21

Ponizovsky, A. and Perl, E. 1997. ‘Does supported housing protect recent immigrants
from psychological distress?’ International Journal Of Social Psychiatry, 43, 2,
79-86.

40
Sandhu, H. 1999. ‘Housing needs of Asian elders’. Axis, 54, 3, 17.

Third, Hilary and McEwen, Martin. 1997. ‘Marginalised by the Housing World’.
Housing Today, 50, 11 September 1997, 15.

Webb, Julie. 1998. ‘Squaring the Circle on Cultural Needs’. Housing Today, 81, 30 April
1998, 19.

White, Paul. 1998. ‘The Settlement Patterns of Developed World Migrants in London’.
Urban Studies, 35, 10, Oct, 1725-1744.

Winstone, Paul. 1996. ‘Managing a Multi-Ethnic and Multicultural City in Europe:

Leicester’. International Social Science Journal, 48, 1, 147, Mar, 33-41.

Wrench, J. 1997. ‘New Towns and Racism: Barriers to mobility for settled migrant
populations in Great Britain’ in B.S. Bolaria and R. E. Bolaria (Eds)
International Labour Migrations Oxford University Press, Delhi

1.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential

Segregation and Acculturation

Ahmed, Khurshid. 1998. ‘Birmingham: Local Initiatives to Associate Immigrants in the

Integration Process.’ OECD Proceedings. Immigrants, Integration and Cities:
Exploring the Links, 173-186. Paris: OECD.

Anwar, M., P. Roach and R. Sondhi (Eds). 2000. From legislation to integration? race
relations in Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Bastenier, Albert. 2000. ‘Secular Multiculturalism and the Muslims of Great Britain:
Reflections on the Communication of T. Modood’. Social Compass, 47, 1, 57-
60.

Baumann, Gerd. 1998. ‘Body Politic or Bodies of Culture? How Nation-State Practices
Turn Citizens into Religious Minorities’. Cultural Dynamics, 10, 3, 263-280.

Bhatt, Chetan. 2000. ‘Hindutva Movements in the UK’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 3,
559-593.

Bhopal, Kalwant. 1998. ‘South Asian Women in East London: Religious Experience and
Diversity’. Journal of Gender Studies, 7, 2, July, 143-156.

41
Blom, Amelie. 1999. ‘Is there such a thing as ‘global belonging’? Transnational protest
during the “Rushdie Affair.”’ andrew Geddes and Adrian Favell, (Eds.), The
Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe, 192-
208. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Bourne, S. and Kyriacou, S. (Eds). 1999. A ship and a prayer: celebrating a hundred
years of the black presence in Hammersmith and Fulham. London: London
Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.

Broeder, Peter and Extra, Guus. 1997. ‘Language: Great Britain’. Hans Vermeulen, (Ed.),
Immigrant Policy for a Multicultural Society: A Comparative Study of
Integration, Language and Religious Policy in Five Western European
Countries, 73-78. Brussels: Migration Policy Group.

Brown, Cynthia. 1997. Immigrant communities in Leicester. Guide to local research.

Leicester: Living History Unit.

Burnham, John and Harris, Queenie. 1996. ‘Emerging Ethnicity: A Tale of Three
Cultures’. Kedar N. Dwivedi and Ved P. Varma, (Eds.), Meeting the Needs of
Ethnic Minority Children: a Handbook for Professionals, 130-156. London :
Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Bush, H., Williams, R., Bradby, H., anderson, A. and Lean, M. 1998. ‘Family
Hospitality and Ethnic Tradition Among South Asian, Italian and General
Population Women in the West of Scotland’. Sociology of Health & Illness, 20,
3, 351-380.

Chessum, Lorna. 2000. From immigrants to ethnic minority: making black community
in Britian. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Commission for Racial Equality. 1996. ‘Roots of the Future − Ethnic Diversity in the
Making of Britain’. London: CRE.

Council of Europe. 1999. Religion and the integration of immigrants. Consultants:

Hans Vocking and Jorgen Nielsen. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Daley, P.O. 1998. ‘Black Africans in Great Britain: spatial concentration and
segregation’. Urban studies, Vol.35, No.10, pp.1703-1724.

Dhooleka, Sarhadi Raj. 2000. ‘“Who the Hell do you Think You Are?” Promoting
Religious Identity among Young Hindus in Britain’. Ethnic and Racial Studies,
23, 3, 535-558.

Dhindsa, K. S. 1998. Indian immigrants in United Kingdom: a socio-economic analysis.

New Delhi: Concept.

42
Dustmann, Christian. 1996. Temporary Migration, Human Capital, and Language
Fluency of Migrants. Discussion Paper/Centre for Economic Policy Research
no. 1376. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.

Dustmann, Christian. 1998. Language and the Earnings of Immigrants. Discussion

Paper/Centre for Economic Policy Research no. 2012. London: Centre for
Economic Policy Research.

Dwivedi, Kedar Nath and Prasad, Konasale. 2000. ‘The Hindu, Jain and Buddhist
Communities: Beliefs and Practices’. Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian Children
and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 61-82. London: Whurr
Publishers.

El-Hadi, Ali. 2000. ‘The Muslim Community: Beliefs and Practices’. Annie Lau, (Ed.)
South Asian Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 83-
106. London: Whurr Publishers.

Franks, Myfanwy. 2000. ‘Crossing the Borders of Whiteness? White Muslim Women
who Wear the Hijab in Britain Today’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 5, 917-
929.

Israel, Mark. 1996. ‘The “Strangest of Minorities”: the Shifting Visibility of South
African Post-war Migration to Britain’. New Community 22, 3, 479-494.

Jamous, Haroun. 2000. ‘From Integration to “Imaginary Homelands.”’ Societes

Contemporaines, 37, 71-88.

Jeffers, Syd, Hoggett, Paul and Harrison, Lyn. 1996. ‘Race, Ethnicity and Community in
Three Localities’. New Community 22, 1, 111-126.

Kalilombe, Patrick. 1997. ‘Black Christianity in Britain’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20,
4, 306-324.

King, John. 1997. ‘Tablighi Jamaat and the Deobandi Mosques in Britain’. Steven
Vertovec and Ceri Peach, (Eds.), Islam in Europe: The Politics of Religion and
Community, 129-146. London: Macmillan Press.

Kruyt, Arrien and Niessen, Jan. 1997. ‘Integration: Great Britain’. Hans Vermeulen,
(Ed.), Immigrant Policy for a Multicultural Society: A Comparative Study of
Integration, Language and Religious Policy in Five Western European
Countries, 37-44. Brussels: Migration Policy Group.

Kucukan, Talip. 1998. ‘Continuity and Change: Young Turks in London’. Steven
Vertovec and Alisdair Rogers, (Eds.), Muslim European Youth: Reproducing
Ethnicity, Religion, Culture. Research in Ethnic Relations Series, 103-131.
Aldershot: Ashgate.

43
Kumari, K. 1998. ‘The Birth of New Asian Ethnicities’. Issues in Social Work Education,
18, 2, Aut., 25-30.

Leavey, G. 1999. ‘Suicide and Irish migrants in Britain: identity and integration’.
International Review Of Psychiatry, 11, 2/3, 168-172.

Lewis, Philip. 1997. ‘The Bradford Council for Mosques and the Search for Muslim
Unity’. Steven Vertovec and Ceri Peach, (Eds.), Islam in Europe: The Politics
of Religion and Community, 103-128. London: Macmillan Press.

Loewenberg, M. and Wass, B. 1997. ‘Provision for the Development of the Linguistic
Proficiency of Young Immigrants in England and Wales and France: a
comparative study’. Comparative Education, 33, 3, 395-410.

Martin, Paul E. 1998. Black press, Britons, and immigrants: alternative press and
society. Kingston, Jamaica: Vintage Communications.

Nanton, P. 1999. Migration dynamics: Great Britain and the Caribbean. Review. Fernand
Braudel Center, XXII, 4, 449-470.

Nesbitt, E. 2000. ‘Celebrating and learning in community: the perpetuation of values

and practices among Hindu Punjabi children in Coventry, UK’. Indo-British
review, XXI, 1, 119-132.

Parekh, Bikhu. 2000. ‘National Identity in a Multicultural Society’. Muhammed Anwar,

Patricia Roach, and Ranjit Sondhi, (Eds.) From Legislation to Integration?
Race Relations in Britain, 169-211. London: Macmillan Press.

Parker, Kenneth. 1998. ‘Writing dis-location: Black writers and postcolonial Britain’.
Social Identities, 4, n.2, 177-199.

Parolin, Gartano. 1998. ‘The Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the Italian
Fiesta in London. An Anthropological Letter’. Studi Emigrazione/Etudes
Migrations, 35, 129, Mar, 99-125.

Peach, Ceri. 1997. ‘Contrasting patterns of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi settlement
in Britain’. Migracijske teme, 13, 1-2, 15-36.

Peach, Ceri. 1999. ‘Pluralist and assimilationist models of ethnic settlement in London
1991’. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 88, 2, 120-134.

Peach, Ceri, Rogers, Alisdair, Chance, Judy and Daley, Patricia. 2000. ‘Immigration and
Ethnicity’. A.H. Halsey, (Ed.), British Social Trends 1900-2000, 128-175.
Basingstoke: Macmillan.

44
Qureshi, K and Moores, S. 1999. ‘Identity remix: tradition and translation in the lives of
young Pakistani Scots’. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 2, 3, 311-330.

Raj, Dhooleka Sarhadi. 1997. ‘Partition and Diaspora: Memories and Identities of
Punjabi Hindus in London’. International Journal of Punjab Studies, 4, 1, Jan-
June, 101-127.

Rashid, Haroon-Ur and Rashid, Shila. 2000. ‘Similarities and Differences: Working
Respectfully With the Bangladeshi Community.’ Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian
Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 176-194. London:
Whurr Publishers.

Rex, J. 2000. ‘The Integration of Immigrants and Refugees in European Societies.’ E.

Appelt and M. Jarosch (Eds.) Combating Racial Discrimination: Affirmative
Action as a Model for Europe. Oxford: Berg.

Richards, B. and Yamamoto, A.Yamada. 1998. ‘The linguistic experience of Japanese

preschool children and their families in the UK’. Journal of multilingual and
multicultural development, 19, 2, 142-157.

Saeed, Amir, Blain, Neil and Forbes, Douglas. 1999. ‘New Ethnic and National
Questions in Scotland: post-British Identities among Glasgow Pakistani
Teenagers’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 5, 821-844

Siddhisena, K.A.P. and White, Paul. 1999. ‘The Sri Lankan Population of Great Britain:
Migration and Settlement’. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 8, 4, 511-536.

Singh, Ramindar. 2000. ‘Religious Beliefs and Practices among Sikh Families in
Britain’. Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian Children and Adolescents in Britain:
Ethno-Cultural Issues, 107-120. London: Whurr Publishers.

Song, Miri. 1997. ‘ "You’re becoming more and more English": Investigating Chinese
Siblings’ Cultural Identities’. New Community, 23, 3, 343-362.

Sunier, Thijl and Meyer, Astrid. 1997. ‘Religion: Great Britain’. Hans Vermeulen, (Ed.),
Immigrant Policy for a Multicultural Society: A Comparative Study of
Integration, Language and Religious Policy in Five Western European
Countries, 114-118. Brussels: Migration Policy Group.

Taylor, I. 2000. ‘European ethnoscapes and urban redevelopment: the return of Little
Italy in 21st century Manchester’. City, 4, 1,27-42.

Vajifdar, Farrokh. 2000. ‘Jews, Christians and Parsis’. Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian
Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 121-140. London:
Whurr Publishers.

45
Van Oudenhoven, J. P., Prins, K. S. and Buunk, B. P. 1998. Attitudes of Minority and
Majority Members Towards Adaption of Immigrants. European Journal Of
Social Psychology, 28, 6, 995-1014.

Vertovec, Steven. 1998a. ‘Accommodating Religious Pluralism in Britain: South Asian

Religions’. Marco Martinello, (Ed.), Multicultural Policies and the State: A
Comparison of Two European Societies, 163-177. Comparative Studies in
Migration and Ethnic Relations 5. Utrecht: European Research Centre on
Migration and Ethnic Relations.

Vertovec, Steven. 1998b. ‘Young Muslims in Keighley, West Yorkshire: Cultural Identity,
Context and “Community.”’ Steven Vertovec and Alisdair Rogers, (Eds.),
Muslim European Youth: Reproducing Ethnicity, Religion, Culture. Research in
Ethnic Relations Series, 87-101. Aldershot: Ashgate.

White, Paul. 1998. ‘The Settlement Patterns of Developed World Migrants in London’.
Urban Studies, 35, 10, Oct, 1725-1744.

1.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

Asghar, M.A. 1996. Bangladeshi community organisations in East London. London:

Bangladeshi community organisations in East London.

Bairner, A. and Bradley, Joseph M. 1999. ‘Sport, Culture, Politics and Scottish Society:
Irish Immigrants and the Gaelic Athletic Asssociation’. International Review
For The Sociology Of Sport, 34, 2, 191.

Baumann, Gerd. 1998. ‘Body Politic or Bodies of Culture? How Nation-State Practices
Turn Citizens into Religious Minorities’ Cultural Dynamics, 10, 3, 263-280.

Bradley, J.M. 1996. ‘Integration or assimilation? Scottish society, football and Irish
immigrants’. International journal of the history of sport, 13, 2, 61-79.

Ellis, Patricia and Khan, Zafar. 1998. ‘Diasporic Mobilisation and the Kashmir Issue in
British Politics’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 3, 471-488.

Fielding, Steven and Geddes, andrew. 1998. ‘The British Labour Party and “ethnic
entryism”: Participation, Integration and the Party Context’. Journal of Ethnic
and Migration Studies, 24, 1, 57-72.

Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, P. 1999. ‘Challenging the nation-state?: postnationalism,

multiculturalism, and the collective claims-making of migrants and ethnic
minorities in Britain and Germany’. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 652-
696.

46
Kushner, Tony. 1996. ‘The Spice of Life? Ethnic Difference, Politics and Culture in
Modern Britain’. David Cesarini and Mary Fulbrook, (Eds.), Citizenship,
Nationality and Migration in Europe, 125-145. London: Routledge.

Rex, John. 1998. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in European Cities’.

Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, 105, July-Dec, 261-280.

Rex, John and Samad, Yunas. 1996. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in
Birmingham and Bradford’. Innovation, 9, 1, Mar, 11-31.

Saggar, Shamit. 1998. ‘British South Asian Elites and Political Participation: Testing
The Cultural Thesis’. Revue Europeenne De Migrations Internationales, 14, 2,
51-69.

1.8 Women and Gender

Anderson, B. 2000. Doing the Dirty Work: The Global Politics of Domestic Labour,
London and New York: Zed Books.

Barrington, Clare. 1997. Irish women in England: an annotated bibliography. Dublin:

Women’s Education Research and Resource Centre, University College.

Crewe, Emma and Kothari, Uma. 1998. ‘Gujarati Migrants’ search for modernity in
Britain’. Caroline Sweetman, (Ed.) Gender and Migration, 13-20.Oxford:
Oxfam.

Dhaliwal, Spinder. 1998. ‘Silent Contributors: Asian Female Entrepreneurs and Women
in Business’. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21, 5, Sept-Oct, 463-474.

Dwivedi, Radha. 1996. ‘Community and Youth Work with Asian Women and Girls’.
Kedar N. Dwivedi and Ved P. Varma, (Eds.), Meeting the Needs of Ethnic
Minority Children: a Handbook for Professionals, 172-184. London: Jessica
Kingsley Publishers.

Dwyer, Claire. 2000. ‘Negotiating Diasporic Identities: Young British South Asian
Muslim Women’. Women’s Studies International Forum, 23, 4, July-Aug, 475-
486.

Evans, Sally Lyoyd and Bowlby, Sophia. 2000. ‘Crossing boundaries: racialised
gendering and the labour market experiences of Pakistani migrant women in
Britain’. Women’s studies international forum, 23, 4, 461-474.

47
Jones-Correa, Michael. 2000. ‘Different Paths: Gender, Immigration and Political
Participation’. Katie Willis and Brenda Yeoh, (Eds.), Gender and Migration. The
International Library of Studies on Migration, 357-380. Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar.

Macey, Marie. 1999. ‘Class, Gender and Religious Influences on Changing Patterns of
Pakistani Muslim Male Violence in Bradford’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 5,
845-866.

Rubery, Jill, et al. 1998. Europe and Women’s Employment. London: Routledge.

Sinha, Rachana. 1998. The cultural adjustment of Asian lone mothers living in London.
Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.

Southall Black Sisters. 1997. ‘The One Year Immigration Rule. A Stark Choice: Domestic
Violence or Deportation?’ National Women’s Network Newsletter, July/August,
1.

Sweetman, Caroline. 1998. ‘Editorial’. Caroline Sweetman, (Ed.) Gender and Migration,
2-6.Oxford: Oxfam.

Whiteford, Elaine A. 1996. Adapting to change: occupational pension schemes, women

and migrant workers: an examination of the extent to which occupational
pension schemes in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany enable women and
migrant workers to accrue adequate pensions. The Hague and London: Kluwer
Law International.

1.9 Family and Children

Baltas, Zuhal and Steptoe, andrew. 2000. ‘Migration, Culture Conflict and Psychological
Well-Being among Turkish-British Married Couples’. Ethnicity & Health, 5, 2,
May, 173-180.

Bose, Ruma. 2000. ‘Families in Transition’. Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian Children and
Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 47-60. London: Whurr
Publishers.

Chamberlain, Mary. 1999. ‘The Family as Model and Metaphor in Caribbean Migration
to Britain’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 2, Apr, 251-266.

Chunilal, Naomi. 1999. ‘The Immigration and Asylum Act Support for Children and
Families: Setting a “Fairer, Faster and Firmer” Agenda?’ Policy Review.
Children & Society, 13, 5 Nov, 401-03.

48
Dosanjh, J. S. and Ghuman, Paul A.S. 1996. ‘The Cultural Context of Child-Rearing: A
Study of Indigenous and British Punjabis’. Early Child Development and Care,
126, Dec., 39-55.

Dosanjh, J.S. and Ghuman, Paul A.S. 1997. ‘Punjabi Childrearing in Britain:
Development of Identity, Religion and Bilingualism’. Childhood: A Global
Journal of Child Research, 4, 3, Aug, 285-303.

Dosanjh, J.S. and Ghuman, Paul A.S. 1998. ‘Child-Rearing Practices of Two Generations
of Punjabis: Development of Personality and Independence’. Children &
Society, 12, 1, Feb., 25-37.

Fontes, Lisa Aronson. 2000. Interviewing immigrant children & families about child
maltreatment. Thousand Oaks, Calif.:Sage Publications.

Lau, Annie. 2000. ‘Traditional Values and the Family Life Cycle’. Annie Lau, (Ed.)
South Asian Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 33-46.
London: Whurr Publishers.

Loewenberg, Monica and Wass, Bob. 1997. ‘Young Immigrants in England and Wales
and France: A Comparative Study’. Comparative Education, 33, 3, Nov., 395-
409.

Sterett, Susan. 1997. ‘Domestic violence and immigration in Britain’. Political and
legal anthropology review, v.20, n.2, pp.63-69.

Suarez-Orozco, C. 2000. ‘Identities under siege: immigration stress and social mirroring
among the children of immigrants’. Society For Psychological Anthropology, 11,
194-226.

Williams, Ned. 1996. Midland fairground families. Wolverhampton: Uralia.

1.10 Justice and Legal System

Chatwin, Mick (Ed.). 1999. Immigration, Nationality & Refugee Law Handbook : A
User’s Guide. London: JCWI.

Engbersen, Godfried and van der Leun, Joanne. 1998. ‘Illegality and Criminality: The
Differential Opportunity Structure of Undocumented Immigrants’. Khalid Koser
and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New Migration in Europe: Social Constructions
and Social Realities, 199-223. London: Macmillan.

49
Greonendyk, Kees, Guild, Elspeth and Dogan, Halil. 1998. Security of Residence of
Long-Term Migrants: A Comparative Study of Law and Practice in European
Countries. Brussels: Council of Europe.

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants. 1997. Immigration, Nationality and Refugee
Law Handbook. A User’s Guide. London: JCWI.

Lau, Annie and Bond, Anna. 2000. ‘Children and Families involved in Children Act
Proceedings’. Annie Lau, (Ed.) South Asian Children and Adolescents in
Britain: Ethno-Cultural Issues, 217-236. London: Whurr Publishers.

Leigh, Leonard Herschel and Beyani, Chaloka. 1996. Blackstone’s guide to the Asylum
and Immigration Act 1996. London: Blackstone.

Phelan, Margaret. 1997. Immigration law handbook. London: Blackstone.

Refugee Council. 1998. Briefing on the Government’s Immigration & Asylum White
Paper. London: Refugee Council.

Refugee Council. 1998. Response to ‘Fairer, faster and firmer - a modern approach to
immigration and asylum’. London: The Council.

Remedios, E. 1997. ‘Benefits, immigrants and asylum seekers’. Tolleys Immigration and
Nationality Law and Practice,12, 1, 19-22.

Travers, Max. 1999. British Immigration Courts: A study of law and politics. Bristol:
Policy Press.

Trott, Philip. 2000. ‘Changing Rules for a Changing Climate’. Immigration and
Employment Law, 2, Winter, 1

1.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Anon. 2000b. ‘Culturally Appropriate Services.’ Professional Social Work, December, 1.

Blakemore, Ken. 1999. ‘International Migration in Later Life: Social Care and Policy
Implications’. Ageing and Society, 19, 6, Nov, 761-774.

Cohen, S., Humphries, B. and Mynott, E. (Eds.) 2001. From Immigration Controls to
Welfare Controls. London: Routledge.

Cox, Simon et al. 1997. Migration and social security handbook: a rights guide for
people entering and leaving the UK. 2nd ed. London: Child Poverty Action
Group.

50
Dorr, Silvia and Faist, Thomas. 1997. ‘Institutional Conditions for the Integration of
Immigrants in Welfare States: A Comparison of the Literature on Germany,
France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands’. European Journal of Political
Research, 31, 4, June, 401-426.

Hansen, Jorgen and Lofstrom, Magnus. 2000. ‘Immigrant Assimilation and Welfare
Participation: do Immigrants Assimilate Into or Out Of Welfare?’ Centre for
Economic Policy Research.

Hatton, Tim and Wheatley Price, Stephen. 1998. Migration, Migrants and Policy in the
United Kingdom. Centre for Economic Policy Research.

Hudson, David. 1997. Excluded at Home, Excluded in the UK. Adults Learning
(England), 8, 5, Jan,121-23

Little, Elizabeth. 1998. ‘What we do Now Dictates Tomorrow's Social Fabric’.

Professional Social Work, September, 4-5 .

Per-anders, Edin, anders, Aslund, Olof and Fredrikssen, Peter. 2001. ‘Settlement Policies
and the Economic Success of Immigrants’. Centre for Economic Policy
Research.

Refugee Council. 1998a. Briefing On The Government’s Immigration & Asylum White
Paper. London: Refugee Council.

Refugee Council. 1998b. Response To ‘Fairer, Faster and Firmer - A Modern Approach
To Immigration and Asylum’. London : The Council.

Saggar, Shamit. 1999. ‘Immigration and minority policy debate in Britain: Multicultural
political narratives contested’. andrew Geddes and Adrian Favell, (Eds.), The
Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe, 42-59.
Aldershot: Ashgate.

Sassen, S. 1996. ‘Beyond Sovereignty: Immigration Policy Making Today’. Social

Justice, 23, 3, 9-20.

Wakamatsu, Kunihiro. 1997. The position of the British Government towards

harmonisation of European immigration policy. Centre for Research in Ethnic
Relations Policy paper in ethnic relations no. 23.

Waldrauch, Harald and Hofinger, Christoph. 1997. ‘An Index to Measure the Legal
Obstacles to the Integration of Migrants.’ New Community 23, 2, 271-286.

51
Whiteford, Elaine A. 1996. Adapting to change: occupational pension schemes, women
and migrant workers : an examination of the extent to which occupational
pension schemes in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany enable women and
migrant workers to accrue adequate pensions. The Hague and London: Kluwer
Law International.

1.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin. 2000. ‘Race Relations in New Britain’. Muhammed Anwar,

Patricia Roach, and Ranjit Sondhi, (Eds.) From Legislation to Integration? Race
Relations in Britain, 178-195. London: Macmillan Press.

Anwar, Muhammed. 2000. ‘The Impact of Legislation on British Race Relations’.

Muhammed Anwar, Patricia Roach and Ranjit Sondhi, (Eds.) From Legislation
to Integration? Race Relations in Britain, 58-77. London: Macmillan Press.

Banton, Michael. 2000. ‘Strategic Vision in Combating Racial Discrimination’.

Muhammed Anwar, Patricia Roach and Ranjit Sondhi, (Eds.) From Legislation
to Integration? Race Relations in Britain, 158-177. London: Macmillan Press.

Banton, M. 2001. “National variations in conceptions of racism”. Migration Vol

36/37/38 .

Blakemore, K. and Drake, R. 1996. Understanding Equal Opportunity Policies.

London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Brown, andy R. 1999. ‘‘The Other Day I Met a Constituent of Mine’: A Theory of
Anecdotal Racism’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 1, Jan, 23-55.

Collett, P. and Cook, T. 2000. Diversity UK: A survey on managing diversity in the
United Kingdom. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
http://users.ox.ac.uk.

Collins, Tony. 1998. ‘Racial minorities in a marginalized sport : race, discrimination and
integration in British Rugby League football’. In Mike Cronin and David
Mayall (Eds). Sporting nationalisms: identity, ethnicity, immigration, and
assimilation. London : F. Cass.

Day, Michael. 2000. ‘Reflections from the Chair’. Muhammed Anwar, Patricia Roach
and Ranjit Sondhi, (Eds.) From Legislation to Integration? Race Relations in
Britain, 78-106. London: Macmillan Press.

Dean, Matt and Belchak, Hilary. 2000. ‘Race Discrimination and Section 8 of the Asylum
and Immigration Act 1996’. Immigration and Employment Law, 2, Winter, 16-
20.

52
Dummett, Ann. 2000. ‘Tackling Racism: Britain in Europe’. Muhammed Anwar, Patricia
Roach and Ranjit Sondhi, (Eds.) From Legislation to Integration? Race
Relations in Britain, 107-123. London: Macmillan Press.

Dustmann, Christian and Preston, Ian. 2000. ‘Racial and Economic Factors in Attitudes to
Immigration’. Centre for Economic Policy Research,
www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP2542.asp.

Frost, Diana. 1996. ‘Racism and Social Segregation: Settlement Patterns of West African
Seamen in Liverpool since the Nineteenth Century’. New Community 22, 1, 85-
96.

Geddes, andrew. 1996. The politics of immigration and race. Manchester: Baseline
Books.

Gilroy, Paul. 1998. ‘Race Ends Here’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 5, 838-847.

Hayes, Peter. 1998. ‘Review article: Deterring migrants and helping minorities: Writings
on immigration and affirmative action’. Immigants and Minorities, 17, 3s.

Hickman, Mary J. 1998. ‘Reconstructing deconstructing ‘race’: British Political

Discourses about the Irish in Britain’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 2, 288-307.

Hickman, M. and Walter, B. 1997 Discrimination and the Irish Community in Britain.
Commission for Racial Equality, London.

Horenczyk, G. 1997. ‘Immigrants’ Perceptions of Host Attitudes and Their

Reconstruction of Cultural Groups’. Applied Psychology, 46, 1, 34-38.

Karapin, Roger. 2000. ‘Major Anti-Minority Riots and National Legislative Campaigns
Against Immigrants in Britain and Germany’. Rood Koopmans and Paul
Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics:
Comparative European Perspectives, 312-47. New York: Oxford University
Press.

Mac an Ghaill, Mairtin. 2000. ‘The Irish in Britain: the Invisibility of Ethnicity and Anti-
Irish Racism’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 1, 137-148.

MacEwen, M. (Ed.) 1997. Anti-Discrimination Law Enforcement: A Comparative

Perspective. Aldershot: Avebury.

Morris, Lydia. 1998. ‘Governing at a distance: The elaboration of controls in British

immigration’. International Migration Review, 32, 4, 949-973.

53
Spencer, Ian R.G. 1997. British immigration policy since 1939: the making of multi-
racial Britain. London and New York: Routledge.

Walter, Bronwen. 2001. Outsiders inside: whiteness, place, and Irish women. London:
Routledge.

Wrench, John. 1997. ‘New Towns and Racism: Barriers to Mobility for Settled Migrant
Populations in Great Britain’. B. Singh Bolaria and Rosemary von Elling
Bolaria, International Labour Migrations, 43-66. Delhi: OUP.

1.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

Ahmad, A. 1998. ‘Out of the dust of idols’. Race and class, 41, 1-2, 1-22.

Bastenier, Albert. 2000. ‘Secular Multiculturalism and the Muslims of Great Britain:
Reflections on the Communication of T. Modood’. Social Compass, 47, 1, 57-
60.

Bisogno, Enrico and Gallo, Gerardo. 2000. ‘The Acquisition of Citizenship, Instrument or
Result of the Integration Process: A Comparison among Some European
Countries in the Early 1990s’. Studi Emigrazione/Etudes Migrations, 37, 137,
Mar, 145-175.

Bryant, Christopher G.A. 1997. ‘Citizenship, National Identity and the Accommodation
of Difference: Reflections on the German, French, Dutch and British Cases’.
New Community 23, 2, 257-172.

Chatwin, Mick. (Ed.). 1999. Immigration, nationality & refugee law handbook: a user’s
guide. London: JCWI.

Cross, Malcolm. 1998. ‘Multiculturalism and the State: a British Paradox’. Marco
Martinello, (Ed.), Multicultural Policies and the State: A Comparison of Two
European Societies, 89-105. Comparative Studies in Migration and Ethnic
Relations 5. Utrecht: European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic
Relations.

Crowley, John. 1998. What Does Multiculturalism Add to Citizenship? Implications of

the French and British Cases. International Sociological Association (ISA).

Favell, Adrian. 1998. Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of

Citizenship in France and Britain. London: Macmillan Press.

Great Britain Home Office. 1998. Control of unscrupulous immigration advisers: a

consultation document. London: Home Office.

54
Hansen, Randall. 2000. Citizenship and Immigration in Post-War Britain. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

Houston, M. R. W. 2000. ‘Birthright Citizenship in the United Kingdom and the United
States: A Comparative Analysis of the Common Law Basis for Granting
Citizenship to Children Born of Illegal Immigrants’. Vanderbilt Journal Of
Transnational Law, 33, 3, 693-738.

Hudson, Robert and Reno, Fred (Eds.). 2000. Politics of identity: migrants and
minorities in multicultural states. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Joppke, C. 1999. ‘How immigration is changing citizenship: a comparative view’. Ethnic

and Racial Studies, Jul, 22, 4, 629-652.

Jupp, J. 1998. ‘Creating multicultural societies: Australia, Britain, Sweden, and

Canada’. International journal, LII, 3, 508-523.

Kershaw, Roger and Pearsall, Mark. 2000. Immigrants and aliens: a guide to sources on
UK immigration and citizenship. Kew: PRO.

Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, P. 1999. ‘Challenging the nation-state?: postnationalism,

multiculturalism, and the collective claims-making of migrants and ethnic
minorities in Britain and Germany’. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 652-
696.

Martiniello, Marco (Ed.). 1998. Multicultural policies and the state: a comparison of
two European societies. Utrecht: European Research Centre on Migration and
Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University.

Martiniello, Marco. 2000. ‘Citizenship of the European Union’. T. Alexander Aleinikoff

and Douglas Klusmeyer, (Eds.), From Migrants to Citizens: Membership in a
Changing World, 342-380. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace.

Mattausch, John. 1998. ‘From Subjects to Citizens: British East African Asians’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 1, 121-141.

Parekh, Bhikhu. 2000. The Future of multi-ethnic Britain. London: Runnymede

Trust/Profile Books.

Rex, John. 1998. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in European Cities’.

Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, 105, July-Dec, 261-280.

Rex, John and Samad, Yunas. 1996. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in
Birmingham and Bradford’. Innovation, 9, 1, Mar, 11-31.

55
Smith, David M and Blanc, Maurice. 1996. ‘Citizenship, Nationality and Ethnic
Minorities in Three European Nations’. International Journal of Urban and
Regional Research, 20, 1, Mar, 66-82.

1.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

Chau, R.C.M. and Yu, S.W.K. 2001. ‘Social exclusion of Chinese people in Britain’.
Critical social policy, 21, 1, 66-69, 103- 126.

1.15 Government Documents and Evaluations

Commission for Racial Equality. 1996. We regret to inform you … Commission for
Racial Equality, London.

Commission for Racial Equality. 1996. Racial equality and the Asylum and Immigration
Act 1996: a guide for employers on compliance with the Race Relations Act
1976. London: Commission for Racial Equality.

Government Statistical Service and Research, Development & Statistics Directorate.

2001. Control Of Immigration Statistics United Kingdom. Government
Statistical Service; Research, Development & Statistics Directorate.

Home Office. 1997. Control of immigration statistics United Kingdom 1996. London:
HMSO.

Home Office. 1998a. Control of Immigration Statistics United Kingdom. London: Home
Office

Home Office. 1998b. Fairer, Faster and Firmer- A Modern Approach to Immigration and
Asylum. London: Home Office.

Jackson, Keith and Bennett, andy. 1998. ‘Control of Immigration Statistics: UK, First
half 1998’. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 24/98.

Jackson, Keith and Mcgregor, Rod. 2000. Control Of Immigration: Statistics, United
Kingdom. Government Statistical Service, Research, Development and
Statistics Directorate.

Richardson, L. and Hills, J. 2000, View of the National Strategy for Neighbourhood
Renewal. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, ESRC Research Centre,
London School of Economics, UK.

56
2. Refugees − UK

2.1 General

Barer, Robin et al. 1999. Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Studies In London. London:
London Research Centre.

Bertrand, Didier. 1998. ‘Refugees and Migrants, Migrants and Refugees: An

Ethnological Approach’. International Migration, 36, 1, 107-114.

Bloch, Alice. 1996. ‘Refugees In Newham’. In T. Buttler and M. Rustin (Eds.). Rising
In The East: The Regeneration Of East London. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Bloch, Alice. 1999. ‘Kosovan Refugees In Britain: The Rolls Royce Or Rickshaw
Reception?’. Forced Migration Review, August, 5, 24-26.

Bloch, Alice. 2000a. ‘Refugee Settlement In Britain: The Impact Of Policy On

Participation’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 1, 75-88.

Bloch, Alice. 2000b. ‘A New Era Or More Of The Same? Asylum Policy In The UK’.
Journal Of Refugee Studies, 13, 1, 29-42.

Bocker, Anita and Havinga, Tetty. 1997. ‘Asylum Migration to the European Union:
Patterns of Origin and Destination’. Brussels: European Commission.

Day, K. and White, P. Forthcoming. ‘Choice or Circumstance: the UK as the Location of

Asylum Applications by Bosnian and Somali Refugees’. Geoforum

Duke, Karen. 1996. ‘The Resettlement Experiences Of Refugees In The UK: Main
Findings From An Interview Study’. New Community, 22, 3, July, 461-478.

Green, R. 1996. A Survey Of Refugees In The London Borough Of Redbridge.

Redbridge: Refugee Forum.

Griffiths, D.J. 2000. ‘Fragmentation and Consolidation: The Contrasting Cases Of

Somali and Kurdish Refugees In London’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 13, 3,
281-302.

Israel, Mark. 1999. South African Political Exile In The United Kingdom. London:
Macmillan.

Joly, Danièle. 1996. ‘Local Authority Policy On Refugees: The British Case’. In D.
Joly. Haven Or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees In Europe. London:
Macmillan.

57
Kaye, Ron. 1998. ‘Redefining The Refugee: The UK Media Portrayal Of Asylum
Seekers’. In K. Koser and H. Lutz (Eds.). The New Migration In Europe: Social
Constructions and Social Realities. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Kelly, L. and Joly, D. 1999. Refugees’ Reception and Settlement in Britain. A Report for
the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Lal, Victor. 1997. ‘From Reporter To Refugee: The Politics Of Asylum In Great
Britain’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, V.10, N.1, Pp.79-90.

Lam, Tom and Martin, Christopher. 1997. The settlement of the Vietnamese in London:
official policy and refugee responses. South Bank University School of Education,
Politics and Social Science Social science research papers no. 6. London: South
Bank University.

Lawson, M. 1999. ‘Seeking asylum in the UK after torture in Sierra Leone’, The Lancet,
353: 1365-6.

London, L. 2000. ‘Whitehall and The Refugees: The 1930s and The 1990s’. Patterns
Of Prejudice, 34, 3, 17-26.

Moore, R. 2000. ‘Access To Banking Services and Credit For UK Ethnic Minorities,
Refugees and Asylum Seekers’. Radical Statistics, 75, 16-24.

Raddon, Rosemary and Smith, Christine. 1998. Information Needs Of Refugee Groups.
British Library Research and Innovation Report, 71. London: British Library
Research and Innovation Centre.

Richmond, Anthony H. 2000. ‘Refugees and Asylum Seekers In Britain: UK

Immigration and Asylum Act, 1999’. Refuge, 19, 1, 35-41.

Robinson, V. 1998a. “Defining and measuring successful refugee integration”,

Proceedings of ECRE
International conference on Integration of Refugees in Europe, Antwerp
November 1998. Brussels:
European Council on Refugees and Exiles.

Robinson, Vaughan. 1998b. ‘The Importance Of Information In The Resettlement

Of Refugees In The
UK’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 11, 2, June, 146-160.

Robinson, Vaughan. 1999. ‘Cultures Of Ignorance, Disbelief and Denial: Refugees

In
Wales’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 12, 1, Mar, 78-87.

58
Robinson, Vaughan and Coleman, C. 2000. ‘Lessons Learned? A Critical Review
Of
The Government Program To Resettle Bosnian Quota Refugees In The
United Kingdom’. International Migration Review, 34, 132, 1217-1244.

Shah, Sneh (Ed.). 1996. Refugees and Asylum Seekers and Higher Education: The
Context Of Re-
Settlement. Aldenham: Centre For Equality Issues In Education, University
Of Hertfordshire.

Shuster, Liza and Solomos, John. 1999. ‘The Politics Of Refugee and Asylum
Policies
In Britain: Historical Patterns and Contemporary Realities’. A. Bloch (Ed.).
Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy In Europe. London: Macmillan.

Wieviorka, Michel. 1998. ‘Is Multiculturalism the solution?’ Ethnic and Racial Studies,
21, 5, 881-910.

Zetter, Roger. 1999. ‘Reconceptualizing The Myth Of Return: Continuity and

Transition Amongst The
Greek-Cypriot Refugees Of 1974’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 12, 1, Mar, 1-

2.2 Education and Training

Bloch, Alice. 1996. Beating The Barriers: The Employment and Training Needs Of
Refugees In Newham. London: London Borough Of Newham.

Brewin, Michael and Demetriades, Athy. 1998. Raising The Profile Of Invisible
Students : Practical and
Peer-Led Approaches To Enhancing Educational and Emotional Support For
Refugee and Asylum Seeking Children In Schools. London: Children Of The
Storm.

Closs, J. S. and Arshad, R. 2000. ‘Refugee Pupils In Scottish Schools’. Primary

Practice, 23, 40-45.

Hudson, D. 1996. ‘Persecuted At Home: Excluded In The UK: The Impact Of The
Asylum and
Immigration Act 1996 On The Education, Training and Employment
Prospects Of Asylum Seekers and Refugees’. Language Issues, 8, 2, 22-23.

Jones, Crispin and Rutter, Jill. 1998. Refugee Education: Mapping The Field. Stoke-
On-Trent: Trentham.

59
Kahin, Mohamed H. 1997. Educating Somali Children In Britain. Stoke-On-Trent:
Trentham.

Lam, Tom and Martin, Christopher. 1996. ‘What’s Schooling For? The Vietnamese In
The British Educational System’. Refugee Participation Network, Issue 21, April.

Marland, Michael. 1998. ‘Refugee Pupils: A Headteacher’s Perspective’. Multicultural

Teaching, 17, 1, Aut., 17-22.

Omoniyi, T. 2000. ‘Coming in from the heat: refugees and citizenship education in
Britain’. School Field, XI, 1-2, Spring-Summer, 41-58.

Retamal, Gonzalo and Aedo-Richmond, Ruth. 1998. Education As A Humaniatarian

Response. Frontiers Of International Education Series. London: Cassell.

Shah, Sneh. 1996a. Going For Higher Education: A Guide For Refugees and Asylum
Seekers. Aldenham: Centre For Equality Issues In Education, University Of
Hertfordshire.

Shah, Sneh (Ed.). 1996b. Refugees and Asylum Seekers and Higher Education: The
Context Of Re-Settlement. Aldenham: Centre For Equality Issues In Education,
University Of Hertfordshire.

Stead, Joan, Closs, Alison and Arshad, Rowena. 1999. Refugee Pupils In Scottish
Schools. Spotlights Series, No.74. Edinburgh : Scottish Council For Research In
Education.

2.3 Labour Market

Beecham, L. 1999. ‘Refugee doctors in the United Kingdom need help’, British Medical
Journal, 318, 7186, 815.

Berlin, A., Gill, P. and Eversley, J. 1997. ‘Refugee Doctors in Britain: A Wasted
Resource’ British Medical Journal, 315, 264-5.

Bloch, Alice. 1996. Beating The Barriers: The Employment and Training Needs Of
Refugees In Newham. London: London Borough Of Newham.

Eastwood, J. et al. 1998. ‘Registering refugee and asylum seeking doctors’, The Lancet,
253, 647-8.

Hudson, D. 1996. ‘Persecuted At Home: Excluded In The UK: The Impact Of The
Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 On The Education, Training and Employment
Prospects Of Asylum Seekers and Refugees’. Language Issues, 8, 2, 22-23.

60
Pile, Helga. 1997. The Asylum Trap: The Labour Market Experiences Of Refugees With
Professional Qualifications. London: Low Pay Unit.

2.4 Health

Bell, A. 2000. ‘The Health Issues Of Refugees In Britain’. British Journal Of Health
Care Management, 6, 5, 229-230.

Burnett, A. and Peel, M. 2001. ‘Asylum Seekers and Refugees In Britain: The Health Of
Survivors Of Torture and Organised Violence’. British Medical Journal, 322,
7286, 606-609.

Communicable Disease Report 1999, ‘Communicable disease hazards facing refugees

from Kosovo’, CDR Weekly, 9, 150,

Davies, M. and Webb. E. 2000. ‘Promoting the Psychological Well-being of Refugee

Children.’ Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 4.

Deane, J. 1997. ‘Refugee access to primary health services’, Share, 16, 7-8.

Doktet, Ditty (Ed). 1998. Art Therapists, Refugees and Migrants: reaching across
borders. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Forrest, Duncan and Smith, Sally Verity. 1996. Lives under Threat: a Study of Sikhs
Coming to the UK from the Punjab. Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims
of Torture.

Gorst-Unsworth, C. and Goldenberg, E. 1998. ‘Psychological Sequelae of Torture and

Organised Violence Suffered by Refugees from Iraq: Trauma-related factors
compared with social factors in exile’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 90-9.

Hargreaves, S., Holmes, A. and Friedland, J. 1999. ‘Healthcare provision for asylum
seekers and refugees in the UK’, The Lancet, 9163, 353, 1497-8.

Harris, K. and Maxwell, C. 2000. Needs assessment in a refugee mental health project in
North-East London: extending the counselling model to community support.
Medicine, Conflict and Survival, Apr-Jun, 16, 2, 201-215.

Herman, Judith Lewis. 1998. Trauma and Recovery: from Domestic Abuse to Political
Terror. London: Pandora.

Hodes, M. 1998. ‘Refugee children may need a lot of psychiatric help’, British Medical
Journal, 316, 793-4.

61
Hodes, M. 2000. ‘Psychologically Distressed Refugee Children In The United
Kingdom’. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 5, 2, 57-68.

Jobbins, D. 1997. ‘The Impact of the Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 on the health of
refugees and asylum seekers in the UK’, Share, 16, 5-6.

Jones, D and Gill, P. 1998a. ‘Breaking Down the Language Barriers. The NHS needs to
provide accessible interpreting service for all’. British Medical Journal, 316, 1476

Jones, D. and Gill, P. 1998b. ‘Refugees and primary care: tackling the inequalities’,
British Medical Journal, 317, 1444-6

Lavik, N.J. et al 1996. ‘Mental disorder among refugees and impact of persecution and
exile: some findings from an outpatient population’, British Journal of Psychiatry,
169: 726-32.

Little, Elizabeth. 1997. ‘Building Trust Again in the Victims of Man’s Dark Heart’.
Professional Social Work, December, 10-11.

Peel, Michael and Salinsky, Mary. 2000. Caught In The Middle : A Study Of Tamil
Torture Survivors Coming To The UK From Sri Lanka. Medical Foundation For
The Care Of Victims Of Torture.

Preibe, S. and Esmaili, S. 1997. ‘Long term mental sequelae of torture in Iran: Who seeks
treatment?’. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 74-7.

Roberts, K. 2000. ‘Lost In The System? Disabled Refugees and Asylum Seekers In
Britain’. Disability and Society, 15, 6, 943-948.

Sellen, D. W. and Tedstone, A. 2000. ‘Nutritional Needs Of Refugee Children In The

UK’. Journal- Royal Society Of Medicine, 93, 7, 360-364.

Sram, I. and Balkan, D. ‘Briefing (Part 4): Kosovo Refugees In The North West Region
Of The United Kingdom’. Journal Of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54, 4,
314-317.

Taylor, G. 1998. ‘Health care for refugees and asylum seekers in Britain.’ Papadopoulos,
I, Tilki, M. and Taylor, G. Transcultural Care: A guide for health care
professionals, Dinton: Quay Books.

Trafford, Penny and Winkler, Fedelma. 2000. Refugees and Primary Care: Participative
Development In General Practice. London: Royal College Of General
Practitioners.

62
Valley, A., Scott, C. and Hallums, J. 1999. ‘The Health Needs of Refugees: Using Rapid
Appraisal to assess needs and identify priority areas for public action’. Public
Health Medicine, 1, 3, 103-107.

2.5 Housing

Anon. 1997. Monserratian Refugees Win Government Cash Help. Housing Today, 58, 6
November 1997, 1-3.

Bright, Janis. 1996a. Refugee Association Faces Ruin. Inside Housing, 15 March 1996, 5.

Bright, Janis. 1996b. Refugee Association Outlines Survival Plan. Inside Housing, 1 June
1996, 2.

Crawley, John. 1997. Refugees Need a Fearless Response. Housing Today, 32, 8 May
1997, 11.

Cullen, Julie. 1996. London Boroughs go to court to challenge asylum plans. Inside
Housing, 5 January 1996, 3.

Davies, Rhydian Wynn. 1996. Still Much to Learn. Inside Housing, 15 March 1996, 22-
23.

Ellery, Simon, 1996a. Shelter goes to court as refugee evictions begin. Inside Housing, 23
August 1996, 1.

Ellery, Simon. 1996b. A Home for the Dispossessed. Inside Housing, 11 October 1996,
19-20.

Godfrey, Claire. 1996. A new Life and a New Nightmare. Inside Housing, 19 January
1996, 8-9.

Gosling, P. 1998. ‘The Cost Of Caring: UK Local Authorities Are Struggling To Provide
Accommodation For The Ever-Increasing Numbers Of Refugees’. Public
Finance, 2 Oct 1998, 20-21.

Graham, Llewellyn. 1998. Equal Opportunities? Housing Today, 81, 30 April 1998, 10.

Means, Robin and Sangster, Azra. 1998. In Search Of A Home: An Evaluation Of

Refugee Housing Advice and Development Workers. Bristol: Policy Press.

Stanton, Richard. 1998. Refugees and Asylum Seekers In London: Financial Impact Of
Social Services and Housing Duties. London: London Research Centre.

63
Zetter, Roger and Pearl, Martyn. 1999a. Managing To Survive: Asylum Seekers,
Refugees and Access To Social Housing. Bristol : Policy Press.

Zetter, R. and Pearl, M. 1999b. ‘Sheltering On The Margins: Social Housing Provision
and The Impact Of Restrictionism On Asylum Seekers and Refugees In The UK’.
Policy Studies, 20, 4, 235-254.
2.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential Segregation
and Acculturation

Griffiths, David. 1997. ‘Somali Refugees In Tower Hamlets: Clanship and New
Identities’. New Community, 23, 1, Jan, 5-24.

Israel, Mark. 1999. South African Political Exile In The United Kingdom. Macmillan.

Phillips, N. and Hardy, C. 1997. ‘Managing Multiple Identities: Discourse, Legitimacy

and Resources In The UK Refugee System’. Organization, 4, 2, 159-186.

Wahlbeck, O. 1996. ‘The Kurdish Diaspora and Refugee Associations In Finland and
England’. In P. Muss (Ed.). Exclusion and Inclusion Of Refugees In
Contemporary Europe. Utrecht: ERCOMER.

Wahlbeck, O. 1998. ‘Community Work and Exile Politics: Kurdish Refugee

Associations In London’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 11, 3, Sept, 215-230.

Wahlbeck, Osten. 1999. Kurdish Diaspora: A Comparative Study Of Kurdish Refugee

Communities. London: Macmillan.

Wallace, Rebecca M. M. 1996. Refugees and Asylum: A Community Perspective.

London: Butterworths.

Zetter, Roger and Pearl, Martyn. 2000. ‘The Minority within the Minority: Refugee
Community-based Organisations in the UK and the Impact of Restrictionism on
Asylum-Seekers’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 4, 675-698.

2.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

Bloch, A. 2000. ‘Refugee Settlement in Britain: the Impact of Policy on Participation’.

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 1, 75-88.

Wahlbeck, O. 1996. ‘The Kurdish Diaspora and Refugee Associations In Finland and
England’. P. Muus (Ed.). Exclusion and Inclusion Of Refugees In Contemporary
Europe. Utrecht: ERCOMER.

Wahlbeck, O. 1998. ‘Community Work and Exile Politics: Kurdish Refugee

Associations In London’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 11, 3, Sept, 215-230.

64
Zetter, R. and Pearl, M. 2000. ‘The Minority Within The Minority: Refugee
Community-Based Organisations In The UK and The Impact Of Restrictionism
On Asylum-Seekers’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 4, 675-698.

2.8 Women and Gender

Byng, Susannah. 1997. A Study Of Social Change, Participation and Empowerment

Among Somali Women Refugees. Manchester: University Of Manchester.

Crawley, H. 1997. Women As Asylum Seekers: A Legal Handbook. London: Refugee

Action.

Crawley, H. 1999. ‘Women and Refugee Status In The UK’. D. Indra (Ed.).
Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice. New York: Berghahn
Books.

Crawley, H. 2001. Refugees and Gender: Law and Practice. London: Jordans.

Sales, R. and Gregory, J. 1998. ‘Refugee Women in London: the Experience of Somali
Women’. Refuge 17, 1, 16-20.

Sweetman, C. (Ed.). 1998. Gender and migration. Oxfam UK.

2.9 Family and Children

Anon. 1999. Failure to Protect Child Refugees. Professional Social Work, June, 1.

Ayotte, Wendy. 1998. Supporting Unaccompanied Children In The Asylum Process.

London: Save The Children.

Bhahba, Jacqueline and Young, Wendy. 1998. ‘Through a child’s eyes: protecting the
most vulnerable asylum seekers’. Interpreter Releases, 75, 21, June.

Blake, Caroline and Ademi, Xhevat. 1998. Albanian Refugee Children. Multicultural
Teaching, 17, 1, Aut., 8-13,26.

Brewin, M. 1998. ‘Children Of The Storm: Highlights The Work Of This Organisation
With Young Refugees In The UK’. Childright, 149, 6-7.

Brewin, Michael and Demetriades, Athy. 1998. Raising The Profile Of Invisible
Students: Practical and Peer-Led Approaches To Enhancing Educational and
Emotional Support For Refugee and Asylum Seeking Children In Schools.
London: Children Of The Storm.

Candappa, Mano. 2000. ‘Seeking A Haven : Young Refugees In The UK’. Community
Care, Issue 1331, 24-25.

65
Closs, J. S. and Arshad, R. 2000. ‘Refugee Pupils In Scottish Schools’. Primary
Practice, 23, 40-45.

Field, Yvonne. 1999. Developing Youth Work With Young Refugees: Evaluation Report
For Barbara Melunsky Fund: Youth Work Training Programme. October 1997 −
November 1998. London: Goldsmiths College, University Of London.

Goldstein, R.D., Wampler, N.S. and Wise, P.H. 1997. ‘War experiences and distress of
Bosnian Children’, Paediatrics, 100, 873-8.

Hodes, M. 2000. ‘Psychologically Distressed Refugee Children In The United

Kingdom’. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 5, 2, 57-68.

Kahin, Mohamed H. 1997. Educating Somali Children In Britain. Stoke-On-Trent:

Trentham.

Okitikpi, T. and Aymer, C. 2000. ‘The Price Of Safety: Refugee Children and The
Challenge For Social Work’. Social Work In Europe, 7, 1, 51-57.

Richman, Naomi. 1998. In The Midst Of The Whirlwind: A Manual For Helping
Refugee Children. Stoke-On-Trent: City and Hackney Community Services NHS
Trust and Save The Children With Trentham Books.

Russell, Simon. 1999. Most Vulnerable of All : the Treatment of Unaccompanied

Refugee Children in the UK. International United Kingdom.

Russell, Simon. 1999. ‘Unaccompanied Refugee Children In The United Kingdom’.

International Journal Of Refugee Law, 11, 1, 126-154.

Rutter, Jill. 1997. ‘Working With Refugee Children and Their Families’. In John
Bastiani (Ed.). Home-School Work In Multicultural Settings. London: David
Fulton.

Rutter, Jill. 1998. Refugee Children in the Early Years. Multicultural Teaching, 17, 1,
Aut., 23-26.

Rutter, Jill and Hyder, Tina. 1998. Refugee Children In The Early Years: Issues For
Policy-Makers & Providers. London: Save The Children.

Sellen, D. W. and Tedstone, A. 2000. ‘Nutritional Needs Of Refugee Children In The

UK’. Journal of the Royal Society Of Medicine, 93, 7, 360-364.

Singh, S. 1997. ‘Assessing Asian Families in Scotland: a discussion’. Adoption and

Fostering, 21, 3.

66
Sone, K. 1997.‘No Entry: the rights of children from families seeking UK residency’,
Community Care, 25 September.

Taylor, Diane. 1997. ‘Refugee Children Face Abuse and Imprisonment In Britain’. The
Big Issue, 251, 4-5.

Tojcic, Igor. 1997. Unaccompanied Refugee Children from Former Yugoslavia:

Consequences of Community Destruction in Bosnia. Social Work in Europe, 4, 3,
25-26.

2.10 Justice and Legal System

Crawley, H. 2001. Refugees and Gender: Law and Practice. London: Jordans.

Ellery, Simon. 1996. ‘Passing Judgement on the Refugees’ Champion’. Inside Housing, 1
March 1996, 8-9.

Mcghee D. 2000. ‘Accessing Homosexuality: Truth, Evidence and The Legal Practices
For Determining Refugee Status − The Case Of Ioan Vraciu’. Body & Society, 6,
1, 29-50.

Shah, Prakash A. 2000. Refugees, Race and The Legal Concept Of Asylum In Britain.
Cavendish.

Tuitt, Patricia. 1996. False Images: Law’s Construction Of The Refugee. Law and
Social Theory Series. London: Pluto Press.

West, Tim. ‘Hopes rise for refugees but Asylum Act stays’. Inside Housing, 4 Oct. 1996,
3.

2.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Bloch, Alice. 2000. ‘Refugee Settlement In Britain: The Impact Of Policy On

Participation’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 1, 75-88.

French, Caroline Blake. 1999. ‘Supporting Refugees’. Professional Social Work, May, 2.

Joly, Danièle. 1996. ‘Local Authority Policy On Refugees: The British Case’. In D.
Joly. Haven Or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees In Europe. London:
Macmillan.

Lam, Tom and Martin, Christopher. 1997. The settlement of the Vietnamese in London:
official policy and refugee responses. South Bank University School of Education,
Politics and Social Science Social science research papers no. 6. London: South
Bank University.

67
Okitikpi, T. and Aymer, C. 2000. ‘The Price Of Safety: Refugee Children and The
Challenge For Social Work’. Social Work In Europe, 7, 1, 51-57.

Remedios, E. 1997. ‘Benefits, immigrants and asylum seekers’. Tolleys Immigration and
Nationality Law and Practice, 12, 1, 19-22.

Sales, R. Forthcoming. ‘Refugees and Social Policy in Britain’. Critical Social Policy,
forthcoming.

Stanton, Richard. 1998. Refugees and Asylum Seekers In London: Financial Impact Of
Social Services and Housing Duties. London: London Research Centre.

Trafford, Penny and Winkler, Fedelma. 2000. Refugees and Primary Care: Participative
Development In General Practice. London: Royal College Of General
Practitioners.

2.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

Kaye, Ron. 1998. ‘Redefining the Refugee: the UK Media Portrayal of Asylum Seekers’.
Khalid Koser and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New Migration in Europe: Social
Constructions and Social Realities, 163-182. London: Macmillan.

Robinson, V. 1998. “The Importance of information in the resettlement of refugees in

the UK”. Journal of Refugee Studies, 11, 4, 146-161.

Robinson, V. 1999. “The development of policies for the resettlement of refugees in the
UK, 1945-91”. V. Robinson (Ed.) Migration and Public Policy. Cheltenham:
Elgar.

Robinson, V. 2000. “Lessons Learned? A Critical Review of the Government Program to

Resettle Bosnian Quota Refugees in the United Kingdom”. International
Migration Review, 34, 4, 1217-1244.

2.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

Bloch, A. and Levy, C., (Eds.) 1999. ‘Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy in Britain
and Europe’. London: Macmillan.

Omoniyi, T. 2000. ‘Coming In From The Heat: Refugees and Citizenship Education In
Britain’. School Field, 11, 1, 41-58.

2.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

nil

2.15 Government Documents and Evaluations

68
Association of London Government. 1996. No place to call home: Report and
recommendations for London local authorities on the implementation of new
legislation affecting refugees and asylum seekers. London: Association of
London Government.

Audit Commission. 2000. Another Country: Implementing Dispersal Under The

Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. National Report Series. London: Audit
Commission.

Audit Commission For Local Authorities and The National Health Service In England
and Wales. 2000. A New City: Supporting Asylum Seekers and Refugees In
London. London: Audit Commission For Local Authorities and The National
Health Service In England and Wales.

Carey-Wood, Jenny. 1997. Meeting Refugees’ Needs In Britain: The Role Of Refugee-
Specific Initiatives. London: Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate.

Commission for Racial Equality. 1998. ‘Three-Six-Five’. Newsletter Of The European

Year Against Racism In The United Kingdom, Issue 4. London: EYAR Unit,
Commission For Racial Equality.

Home Office. 2001. Full and Equal Citizens: A Strategy For The Integration Of
Refugees Into The United Kingdom. Croydon: Refugee Integration Section,
NASS, Home Office.

Home Office. 2000. Full and Equal Citizens: A Strategy for the Integration of Refugees
into the United Kingdom. London: Home Office.

Home Office, Immigration and Nationality Directorate. 1999. A Consultation Paper On

The Integration Of Recognised Refugees In The UK. London: Home Office.

Home Office. 1999. ‘A Consultation Paper on the Integration of Recognised Refugees in

the UK’. London: Home Office.

Home Office. 1998. Fairer, Faster, and Firmer: A Modern Approach To Immigration
and Asylum. London: Home Office.

Jackson, Keith and Mcgregor, Rod. 2000. Control Of Immigration: Statistics, United
Kingdom. Government Statistical Service, Research, Development and Statistics
Directorate.

Jackson, Keith and Bennett, andy. 1998. ‘Control Of Immigration Statistics: UK, First
Half 1998’. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 24/98.

69
Robinson, Vaughan and Coleman, C. 2000. ‘Lessons Learned? A Critical Review Of
The Government Program To Resettle Bosnian Quota Refugees In The United
Kingdom’. International Migration Review, 34, 132, 1217-1244.

Robinson, V. 1999. “The development of policies for the resettlement of refugees in the
UK, 1945-91”, V. Robinson (Ed.) Migration and Public Policy. Cheltenham:
Elgar.

Robinson, V. 1998. “Defining and measuring successful refugee integration”,

Proceedings of ECRE
International conference on Integration of Refugees in Europe, Antwerp
November 1998. Brussels:
European Council on Refugees and Exiles.

UK Department Of Environment, Transport and The Regions. 1999. ‘New Housing

Provisions Concerning The Accommodation Of Asylum Seekers’. The Text Of A
Number Of Legal Documents, Related To Housing Law and The Rights Of
Refugees and Asylum Seekers Entering The UK To Be Provided With
Accommodation.

Woodbridge, J., Burgum, D., and Heath, T. 2000. Asylum Statistics United Kingdom
1999. Statistical Bulletin- Home Office Research, Development and Statistics
Directorate, 17.

70
3. Unspecified/Ethnic Minorities - UK

3.1 General

Back, Les. 1996. New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture In
Young Lives. London: UCL Press.

Ballard, R. 1996. ‘Negotiating race and ethnicity: exploring the implications of the 1991
census’. Patterns of Prejudice, 30, 3, Jul., 3-33.

Bennett, R. 1999. ‘Corporate Reputation of UK Banks and Building Societies among

Ethnic Minorities’. Corporate Reputation Review, 2, 2, 104-115.

Clark, Helen, Lorraine Dick and Basabi Fraser. 1996. Peoples of Edinburgh: our
multicultural city: personal recollections, experiences and photographs.
Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh Council, Dept. of Recreation, Museums and
Galleries.

Coleman, David and Salt, John. 1996. Ethnicity In The 1991 Census: Demographic
Characteristics Of The Ethnic Minority Populations. Volume 1. London:
HMSO.

Ethnopolitics mailing list archive Encourage scholarly research and exchange between
academics on issues related to (non- immigrant) ethnic minorities, minority
rights, and the origin, development and settlement of ethnic conflicts.

Frow, M. 1996. Roots of the future: Ethnic diversity in the making of Britain. London:
CRE.

Home Office. Up-to-date. ‘Immigration and Asylum’.

Jackson, Keith and andy Bennett. 1998. ‘Control of immigration Statistics: UK, First
half 1998’. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 24/98.

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (JCWI). An independent UK based

organisation which works to achieve justice for immigrants and asylum seekers
to the UK.

Kershen, A.J. (Ed.). 1997. London, the promised land?: the migrant experience in a
capital city. Aldershot: Avebury.

McHugh, Kevin E. 2000. ‘Inside, Outside, Upside Down, Backward, Forward, Round
and Round: A Case for Ethnographic Studies in Migration’. Progress in Human
Geography, 24, 1, Mar, 71-89.

71
Modood, Tariq, Berthoud, Richard, Lakey, Jane, Nazroo, James, Smith, Patten, Virdee,
Satnam and Beishon, Sharon. 1997. Ethnic Minorities In Britain: Diversity and
Disadvantage. London: Policy Studies Institute.

Moore, R. 2000. ‘Access To Banking Services and Credit For UK Ethnic Minorities,
Refugees and Asylum Seekers’. Radical Statistics, 75, 16-24.

Neal, F. 1999. ‘The foundations of the Irish settlement in Newcastle upon Tyne: the
evidence in the 1851 census’. Immigrants and minorities, Vol.18, No.2-3,
pp.71- 93.

Panayi, P. (Ed.). 1999. The impact of immigration: a documentary history of the effects
and experiences of immigrants in Britain since 1945. Manchester: Manchester
University Press, Manchester.

Pacione, Michael (Ed.). 1997. Britain’s Cities: Geographies Of Division In Urban

Britain. London: Routledge.

Parekh, Bikhu. 2000. The Future Of Multi-Ethnic Britain: The Parekh Report. Profile
Books.

Peach, C. 1996. Ethnicity In The 1991 Census: The Ethnic Minority Populations Of
Great Britain. Volume 2. London: HMSO.

Peach, Ceri. 1999. ‘Social Geography’. Progress in Human Geography, 23, 2, June, 282-
288.

Ratcliffe, P. 1996. Ethnicity In The 1991 Census: Social Geography and Ethnicity In
Britain: Geographical Spread, Spatial Concentration and Internal Migration.
Volume 3. London: HMSO.

Rinaldi, Giancarlo. 1998. From the Serchio to the Solway. Dumfries: Dumfries and
Galloway Libraries.

Seaford, Helen. 1998. Commission On The Future Of Multi-Ethnic Britain. Runnymede

Trust.

Scottish Refugee Council An independent group that was founded in 1985 to improve
the social and economic conditions of refugees in Scotland and provide them
with para-legal support.

Smith, Patten and Prior, Gillian. 1997. The fourth national survey of ethnic minorities.
Social and Community Planning Research. London: LSE.

72
Sussex Migration papers. Full text of a series of working papers published by the Sussex
Centre for Migration Research at the University of Sussex from 2000 onwards.

3.2 Education and Training

Acland, T. and Azmi, W. 1998. Expectation and Reality: Ethnic Minorities in Higher
Education. Research Report- Policy Studies Institute, 841, 74-85.

Adia, Ebrahim. 1996. ‘Higher education: the ethnic minority student experience’. Leeds:
Heist.

Ali, Aydin Mehmet. 1998. ‘An Unhappy Experience’. Adults Learning (England), 10, 2,
Oct., 11-13.

Amin, Kaushika. 1997. Black and ethnic minority young people and educational
disadvantage. London: Runnymede Trust.

Bath, L. and Farrell, P. 1996. ‘The attitudes of white secondary school students towards
ethnic minorities’. Educational and Child Psychology, 13, 3, 5-13.

Blair, Maud, Gillborn, David, Kemp, Sophie and MacDonald, Jacqui. 1999. ‘Institutional
racism, education and the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry’. Education and Social
Justice 1, 3, 6-15.

Blunden, Gillian and Shah, Sneh. 1997. ‘Widening participation in teacher education:
issues related to minority ethnic students’. Aldenham: University of
Hertfordshire, Centre for Equality Issues in Education.

Bryan, Beverley. 1996. ‘Learning School: Cross-Cultural Differences in the Teaching of

English’. Changing English, 3, 2, Oct, 201-207.

Chadha, S. K. 1996. ‘Continuing Education for Ethnic Minorities in Wales’, Adults

Learning, 7, 5, 117-118.

Commission for Racial Equality. [n. d.] Education and Training in Britain. CRE
Factsheet. London: CRE.

Connor, Helen. 1996. Ethnic minority graduates: differences by degrees. Report /

Institute for Employment Studies no. 309. Brighton: Institute for Employment
Studies.

Demie, F. 2001. ‘Ethnic and gender differences in educational achievement and

implications for school improvement strategies’. Educational research, 43, 1,
Spring, 91-106.

73
Department for Education and Employment. 1996. Guidance on the admission to
maintained schools of children from overseas. London: Department for
Education and Employment.

Forbes, Rowena Clare. 1999. A minority within a minority: an anthropological study of

people with learning difficulties from ethnic minority backgrounds in Britain.
Manchester: University of Manchester, 1999.

Ghuman, P.A.S. 1999. Asian adolescents in the West. Leicester: British Psychological
Society.

Ghuman, P.A.S. 1997. ‘Assimilation or integration? A study of Asian adolescents’.

Educational research, Vol.39, No.1, pp.23-36.

Gibson, Margaret A. 1997. ‘Exploring and Explaining the Variability: Cross-National

Perspectives on the School Performance of Minority Students’. Anthropology
and Education Quarterly, 28, 3, Sept, 318-329.

Gillborn, D. 1997. ‘Young, black and failed by school’. International Journal of

Inclusive Education, 1, 1, 1-23.

Gillborn, David. 1997. ‘Ethnicity and Educational Performance in the United Kingdom:
Racism, Ethnicity, and Variability in Achievement’. Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 28, 3, Sept, 375-393.

Gillborn, David. 1998. Policy and Research in Race and Education in the U.K.:
Symbiosis or Mutual Abuse? International Sociological Association (ISA).

Gillborn, David and Gipps, Caroline. 1996. Recent research on the achievements of
ethnic minority pupils. Ofsted reviews of research. London: H.M.S.O.

Hancock, Susan, Pinsent, Pat, Singh, Ishtla and Reynolds, Kimberley. 1999. Young
people’s reading at the end of the century: focus on ethnic minority pupils.
British National Bibliography Research Fund report 94. London: Roehampton
Institute London.

Karn, V. 1996. Ethnicity In The 1991 Census: Employment, Education, and Housing
Among The Ethnic Minority Populations In Britain. Volume 4. London: HMSO.

Lam, Tom and Christopher, Martin. 1996. ‘What’s schooling for? The Vietnamese in the
British educational system’. Refugee Participation Network, issue 21, April.

Levine, Josie. 1996. Developing pedagogies in the multilingual classroom: the writings
of Josie Levine. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

74
Lewis, Jane. 1996. Give us a voice: towards equality for black and minority ethnic
people with learning difficulties. London: Choice Press.

McEachron, G. 1998. ‘Multilingual programs in England, Wales and the United States’.
School field, Vol.9, No.3-4, pp.107-132.

Martin-Jones, Marilyn and Saxena, Mikul. 1996. ‘Turn-Taking, Power Asymmetries, and
the Positioning of Bilingual Participants in Classroom Discourse’. Linguistics
and Education, 8, 1, 105-123.

McManus, I. C., Richards, P., Winder, B. C. and Sproston, K. A. 1996. ‘Final

examination performance of medical students from ethnic minorities’. Medical
Education, 30, 3, 195-200.

Modood, T. 1998. Ethnic Minorities’ Drive for Qualifications. Research Report − Policy
Studies Institute, 841, 24-38.

Modood, T. and Acland, T. (Eds) 1998. Race and Higher Education. Policy Studies
Institute, London.

Naylor, Sally and Kanta Wild-Smith. 1997. Broadening horizons: education and
travelling children. Chelmsford : Essex County Council Education Department.

Noon, M. and Ogbonna, E. 1998. ‘Unequal Provision? Ethnic minorities and employment
training policy’. Journal Of Education and Work, 11, 1, 23-40.

Oc, Taner, Tiesdell, Steven and Moynihan, David. 1997. ‘Urban regeneration and ethnic
minority groups: training and business support in City Challenge areas. Area
regeneration series’. Bristol: Policy Press.

Ogbonna, Emmanuel. 1998. ‘British Ethnic Minorities and Employment Training:

Redressing or Extending Disadvantage?’ International Journal of Training and
Development, 2, 1, 28-41.

Ogbonna, E. and Noon, M. 1999. ‘A new deal or new disadvantage? British ethnic
minorities and government training’. International Journal Of Manpower, 20,
3/4, 165-178.

Ohri, Ashok. 1997. The world in our neighbourhood: black and ethnic minority
communities and development education. London: Development Education
Association.

Osler, A. and Hill, J. 1999. ‘Exclusion from School and Racial Equality: An examination
of government proposals in the light of recent research evidence’, Cambridge
Journal of Education 29, 1, 33-62.

75
Panesar, Jasbir. 1999. ‘Neighbourhood Watch’. Adults Learning (England), 10, 9, May,
13-16.

Parratt, D. and Levinson, D. A. 1998. ‘Is there discrimination against ethnic minorities
applying to Scottish medical schools?’ Scottish Medical Journal, 43, 6, 163.

Ram, M., Sanghera, B., Abbas, T. and Barlow, G. 2000. ‘Training and ethnic minority
firms: the case of the independent restaurant sector’. Education and Training,
42, 4/5, 334-341.

Rasekoala, E. 1997. ‘Ethnic minorities and achievement: the Black Hole in science
ranks’. Part 2: post-16 education. Multicultural Teaching, 16, 1, 12-15.

Richardson, R. and Wood, A. 1999. Inclusive Schools, Inclusive Society: race and
identity on the agenda. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

Ross, Ann. 1996. ‘Welcoming Bilingual Pupils: Admissions and Induction’. Multicultural
Teaching, 14, 2, Spr., 18-21.

Seliet, Hala and Swift, Helen. 1999. ‘Language Strategies To Raise Achievement in
Business Education’. Multicultural Teaching, 17, 3, Sum., 38-42.

Sewell, T. 1997. Black Masculinities and Schooling: How Black Boys Survive Modern
Schooling, Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books

Strand, S. 1999. ‘Ethnic Group, sex, and economic disadvantage: associations with
pupils’ edcuational progress from baseline to the end of Key Stage 1’. British
Educational Research Journal, 25, 2, 179-202.

Taylor, P., Powell, D. and Wrench, J. 1997. The evaluation of anti-discrimination

training activities in the United Kingdom. International Labour Office, Geneva.

Thompson, Linda. 2000. Young bilingual children in nursery school. Clevedon:

Multilingual Matters.

Tomlinson, Sally. 1997. ‘Diversity, Choice and Ethnicity: The Effects of Educational
Markets on Ethnic Minorities’. Oxford Review of Education, 23, 1, Mar, 63-76.

Woodrow, Derek. 1996. ‘Cultural Inclinations towards Studying Mathematics and

Sciences’. New Community, 22, 1, Jan, 23-38.

Wrench, J. 1996. ‘Problems in the transition from school to work of young people of
migrant descent in the UK’. Conference paper at Egalite de Chances et
Discriminations a L'Embauche des Jeune Issus, March 1996, Universite Paris.

76
Zoccatelli, Barbara. 1996. ‘Between Tolerance and Integration: Islamic Schools in Great
Britain and the Netherlands’. La Critica Sociologica, 119, Oct-Dec, 53-67.

3.3 Labour Market

Bank of England. 1999. The financing of ethnic minority firms in the United Kingdom: a
special report. London: Bank of England.

Banton, M. 1997. ‘The ethics of practice-testing.’ New Community, 23, 3.

Barrett, G.A., Jones, T.P. and McEvoy, D. 1996. ‘Ethnic minority business: theoretical
discourse in Britain and North America’. Urban Studies, 33, 4-5, May, 783-809.

Beaverstock, Jonathan and Joanne Smith. 1996. ‘Lending jobs to global cities: skilled
international labour migration, investment banking and the city of London’.
Urban Studies, v.33, n.8, pp.1377-1394.

Benton, G. and Gomez, E.T. 1999-2002. ‘Ethnic enterprise, class, and the state : the
Chinese in Britain, southeast Asia and Australia’. ESRC-funded research.
Award No.L214252046.

Berthoud, R. 2000a. ‘Ethnic employment penalties in Britain’. Journal of ethnic and

migration studies, 26, 3, Jul., 389-416.

Berthoud, R. 2000b. ‘Institute for Social and Economic Research: Unemployment and
poverty among ethnic minorities: the picture is more complex than you think’.
Benefits, 28, 30.

Blackaby, D. H., Leslie, D. G., Murphy, P. D. and O’Leary, N. C. 1998. ‘The ethnic wage
gap and employment differentials in the 1990s: Evidence for Britain’.
Economics Letters, 58, 1, 97-103.

Blackaby, D., Leslie, D. Murphy, P. and O’Leary, N. 1999. ‘Unemployment among

Britain's ethnic minorities’. Manchester School, 67, 1, July, 1-20.

Blackaby, D., Drinkwater, S. Leslie, D. and Murphy, P. 1997. ‘A picture of male and
female unemployment among Britain’s ethnic minorities’. Scottish journal of
political economy, 44, 2, May, 182-197.

Blackaby, D. and Frank, J. 2000. ‘Ethnic and other minority representation in UK

academic economics’. Economic Journal,110, 464, Jun., 293-311.

Burton, Dawn. 1997. ‘Ethnicity and Occupational Welfare: a Study of Pension Scheme
Membership in Britain’. Work, Employment and Society 11, 3, Sept., 505-518.

77
Brunt, L. ‘Friend or foe: Italian icecream vendors in Glasgow in the 1900’s (Vriend of
vijand: Italiaanse ijsverkopers in Glasgow rond 1900)’. Sociologische gids,
Vol.XLVII, No.3, pp.161-179.

Carmichael, F. and Woods, R. 2000. ‘Ethnic penalties in unemployment and occupational

attainment: evidence for Britain’. International review of applied economics,
14,1, Jan., 71-98.

Carter, John. 2000. ‘New Public Management and Equal Opportunities in the NHS’.
Critical Social Policy, 20, 1(62), Feb, 61-83.

Clark, K. and Drinkwater, S. 2000. ‘Pushed out or pulled in? Self-employment among
ethnic minorities in England and Wales’. Labour Economics, 7, 5, 603-628.

Dandeker, C. and Mason, D. 2001. ‘The British armed services and the participation of
minority ethnic communities: from equal opportunities to diversity?’
Sociological Review, 49, 2, May, 219-235.

Deakins, David, Majmudar, Madhavi and Paddison, andrew. 1997. ‘Developing Success
Strategies for Ethnic Minorities in Business: Evidence from Scotland’. New
Community, 23, 3, 325-342.

Denny, Kevin, Colm P. Harmon and Maurice J. Roche. ‘The distribution of

discrimination in immigrant earnings: evidence from Britain 1974-93’.
Economic working papers series, St. Patrick’s College, Maynooth, Ireland.
Department of Economics, N69/08/97. Maynooth, Co. Kildare: National
University of Ireland, Maynooth.

DFEE, 1998. ‘Ethnic Minorities’. DfEE, Labour Market and Skill Trends 1998/9, 24-5.
Sudbury: DfEE.

DFEE, 2000. ‘Ethnic Minorities’. DfEE, Labour Market and Skill Trends 2000, 34-8.
Sudbury: DfEE.

Dhindsa, K. S. 1998. Indian immigrants in United Kingdom: a socio-economic analysis.

New Delhi: Concept.

Dustmann, C. and F. Fabbri. 2000. ‘Language Proficiency and Labour Market

Performance Of Immigrants In The UK’, Paper presented at the conference
‘Migration and Development: Second-Generation Immigrants and The
Transition To Ethnic Minorities’ organised by the European Science Foundation,
12-17 May, 2000, in Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy.

English language ability accounts for most of the earnings disadvantage among the ethnic
minorities in Britain

78
Evans, S.L. and S. Bowlby. 2000. ‘Crossing boundaries: racialised gendering and the
labour market experiences of Pakistani migrant women in Britain’. Women's
studies international forum, Vol.23, No.4, pp.461-474.

FitzGerald, John Desmond and Ide Kearney. 1999. ‘Migration and the Irish labour
market’. ESRI working paper, 113. Dublin: Economic and Social Research
Institute.

Fieldhouse, Edward A. 1999. ‘Ethnic minority unemployment and spatial mismatch: the
case of London’. Urban studies, 36, 9, Aug.,1569-1596.

Fieldhouse, Edward A. and Gould, M. I. 1998. ‘Ethnic minority unemployment and local
labour market conditions in Great Britain’. Environment and planning A, 30, 5,
May, 833-853.

Gerrish, Kate and Papadopoulos, Irena. 1999. ‘Transcultural competence: the challenge
for nurse education’. British Journal Of Nursing, 8, 21, 1453-1457.

Glover, Stephen, Ceri Gott, Anais Loizillon, Jonathan Portes, Richard Price, Sarah
Spencer, Vasanthi Srinivasan and Carole Willis. 2001. Migration: an economic
and social analysis. RDS Occasional Paper No 67. London: Home Office,
Communications and Development Unit, Research, Development and Statistics
Directorate.

Heath, A., McMahon, D. and Roberts, J. 2000. ‘Ethnic differences in the labour market: a
comparison of the samples of anonymized records and labour force survey’.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,163, 3, 341-362.

Hassell, Karen, Noyce, Peter and Jesson, Jill. 1998. ‘Ethnic Minority Self-employment in
Retail Pharmacy in Britain: an Historical and Comparative Analysis’. Work,
Employment and Society 12, 2, June, 245-271.

Ho, Suet Ying and Henderson, Jeffrey. 1999. ‘Locality and the Variability of Ethnic
Employment in Britain’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 2, Apr,
323-333.

Holdsworth, Clare and Dale, Angela. 1997. ‘Ethnic Differences in Women's

Employment’. Work, Employment and Society 11, 3, Sept., 435-57.

Home Office. 2000. Race equality in public services. Home Office, London.

Iganski, Paul. 1998. Recruiting minority ethnic groups into nursing, midwifery and health
visiting. London: English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health
Visiting.

79
Iganski, P., Mason, D., Humphreys, A. and Watkins, M. 2001. ‘Equal opportunities and
positive action in the British National Health Service: some lessons from the
recruitment of minority ethnic groups to nursing and midwifery’. Ethnic and
racial studies, Mar, 24, 2, 294-321.

Iganski, P. and Payne, G. 1999. “Socio-economic restructuring and employment: the

case of minority ethnic groups” British Journal of Sociology 50, 2, 195-215.

Iganski, Paul and Payne, Geoff. 1996. ‘Declining Racial Disadvantage in the British
Labour Market’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 1, 113-134.

Iganski, P. and Payne, G. 1999. ‘Socio-Economic Re-Structuring and Employment: The

Case Of Minority Ethnic Groups’. British Journal Of Sociology, 50, 2, 195-215.

Jones, Trevor. 1996. Britain’s ethnic minorities: an analysis of the Labour Force Survey.
PSI research report, 822. London: Policy Studies Institute.

Jenkins, R. 1998. ‘Discrimination and Equal Opportunity In Employment: Ethnicity and

‘Race’ In The United Kingdom’ In Employment In Britain. Duncan Gallie,
Editor. London: Basil Blackwell.

Jones, Bryn. 1998. ‘Disadvantage and Disenfranchisement in British Labour Markets: A

Social Constitutions Perspective’. International Review of Sociology/Revue
Internationale de Sociologie, 8, 1, Mar, 95-113.

Karn, V. 1996. Ethnicity In The 1991 Census: Employment, Education, and Housing
Among The Ethnic Minority Populations In Britain. Volume 4. London: HMSO.

Leslie, Derek, Drinkwater, Stephen and O’Leary, Nigel. 1998. ‘Unemployment and
Earnings among Britain’s Ethnic Minorities: Some Signs for Optimism’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 3, July, 489-506.

Local Government Management Board. 1997. Flexible Working: Working patterns in

local authorities and the wider economy. Local Government Management
Board, London.

Mackay, Daniel. 1996. ‘The earnings determinants of immigrants and the native born in
the UK labour market’. Discussion paper, University of Aberdeen, Department
of Economics, no. 96-17. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen, Dept. of
Economics.

Model, Suzanne. 1999. ‘Ethnic inequality in England: an analysis based on the 1991
census’. Ethnic and racial studies, Vol.22, No.6, pp.966-990.

Model, S. and Berthoud, Richard. 2000. ‘The Incomes of Ethnic Minorities’. ISER
Report 98-1. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 1, 159.

80
Model, Suzanne and Ladipo, David. 1996. ‘Context and Opportunity: Minorities in
London and New York’. Social Forces, 75, 2, Dec., 485-510.

Modood, T. 1997. ‘Employment. Research Report − Policy Studies Institute’, 843, pp.
83-149.

Modood, T. 1998. ‘Ethnic Diversity and Racial Disadvantage in Employment’. T.

Blackstone, B. Parekh and P. Saunders, (Eds.), Race Relations in Britain: a
Developing Agenda, 53-73. London: Routledge.

Neal, F. 1999. ‘The foundations of the Irish settlement in Newcastle upon Tyne: the
evidence in the 1851 census’. Immigrants and minorities, Vol.18, No.2-3,
pp.71- 93.

Noon, M. and Hoque, K. 2001. ‘Ethnic minorities and equal treatment: the impact of
gender, equal opportunities policies and trade unions’. National Institute
Economic Review Part 2, 176, 105-116.

O’Leary, N.C., Murphy, P.D., Drinkwater, S.J. and Blackaby, D.H. 2001. ‘English
Language Fluency and the Ethnic Wage Gap for Men in England and Wales’.
Economic Issues, 6, 1, 21-32.

Owen, D. and Green, A.E. 2000. ‘Estimating commuting flows for minority ethnic
groups in England and Wales’. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 26, 4,
581-608.

Phizacklea, Annie and B. Anderson. 1998-2001. ‘Impact of legal status and children on
transnational household strategies of migrant domestics’. ESRC − funded
research. Award No.L214252011.

Price, Stephen Wheatley. 1998a. ‘The employment adjustment of male immigrants in

England’. Discussion papers in public sector economics, no. 98/9. Leicester:
Public Sector Economics Research Centre, University of Leicester.

Price, Stephen Wheatley. 1998b. ‘The unemployment experience of male immigrants in

England’. Discussion papers in public sector economics, no. 98/10. Leicester:
Public Sector Economics Research Centre, University of Leicester.

Pirotin, V. and Robinson, A. 2000. ‘Employee participation and equal opportunities

practices: productivity effect and potential complementarities’. British journal of
industrial relations, 38, 4, Dec., 557-584.

Ram, M. 1999 ‘Managing Professional Service Firms in a Multi-Ethnic Context: An

Ethnographic Study’ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 4.

81
Ram, M. and Jones, T. 1998 Ethnic Minorities in Business. Open University Business
School, Milton Keynes.

Reid, L. L. 1998. ‘Devaluing Women and Minorities: The Effects of Race/Ethnic and Sex
Composition of Occupations on Wage Levels’. Work and Occupations. 25, 4,
511-536.

Shields, Michael A. and A.Wailoo. 1999. ‘Unhappiness and involuntary unemployment :

the case of ethnic minority men in Britain’. Discussion papers in public sector
economics, no. 99/1. Leicester: Public Sector Economics Research Centre,
University of Leicester.

Song, Byung Khun. 1998. ‘Agrarian Policies on Pauper Settlement and Migration,
Oxfordshire 1750-1834’. Continuity and Change, 13, 3, Dec, 363-389.

Shropshire Jules, Warton Rebecca and Walker Robert. 1999. Unemployment and
jobseeking : the experience of ethnic minorities. Research report (Great Britain.
Department for Education and Employment), RR106.

Simister, J. 2000. ‘Long-Term trends in Wage Discrimination Against Ethnic Minorities:

USA and UK’. Journal Of Interdisciplinary Economics, 11, 3/ 4, 341-358.

Sly, Francis, Thair, Tim and Risdon, Andrew. 1998. ‘Labour Market Participation of
Ethnic Groups’. Labour Market Trends, 106, 12, 595-615.

Sly, Francis, Price, Alistair and Risdon, Andrew. 1997. ‘Trends in Labour Market
Participation of Ethnic Groups: 1984-1996’. Labour Market Trends, 105, 8, 295-
303.

Snell, J. 2000. ‘Local counsel’. Health Service Journal. 17 Aug., 30-32.

Song, Miri. 1997. ‘Children’s Labour in Ethnic Family Businesses: the Case of Chinese
Take-away Businesses in Britain’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20, 4, 690-716.

Stone, Vanessa and Tuffin, Rachel. 2001. ‘Attitudes of people from minority ethnic
communities towards a career in the police service. Great Britain Policing and
Reducing Crime Unit’. Police research series, paper 136. London: Home Office,
Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.

Thomas, Jonathan M. 1998a. ‘Job Aspirations and Ethnic Minority Unemployment in the
UK: Is There a Connection?’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 1,
189-197.

Thomas, Jonathan M. 1998b. ‘Who Feels it Knows it: Work Attitudes and Excess Non-
white Unemployment in the UK’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 1, 138-150.

82
University of East London. 1999. Case study materials: ethnic minorities and migrants
Series. SOSTRIS working paper, no. 4. London: University of East London.

White, Paul. 1998. ‘The settlement patterns of developed world migrants in London’.
Urban studies, Vol.35, No.10, pp.1725-1744.

Williams, Iestyn. 1996. Economic needs of the Irish community in Birmingham.

Birmingham: Birmingham Irish Community Forum and Birmingham City
Council.

Wrench, J. 1996. ‘Undocumented workers in the UK: recent policy proposals’.

Conference paper, given at KU Leuven Conference − Undocumented
Immigrants on the Labour Market, Palace of Congress, Brussels. ESRC-funded
research. Award No.YG00290002.

Wrench, John. 1997. ‘New towns and racism: barriers to mobility for settled migrant
populations in Great Britain’. In B.S.Bolaria and R.E.Bolaria (Eds).
International labour migrations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zulauf, Monika. 1997. ‘Time Organization and the Integration of EU Migrant

Professionals’. Time & Society, 6, 2-3, July, 151-170.

Zulauf, Monika. 1996. ‘The occupational integration of female European Union

migrants in Britain, Germany and Spain : a case study of the nursing and
banking professions’. Ph.D. thesis. LSE.

3.4 Health

Akinosi, B. and Ramaiah, S. 2000. ‘Ethnic minorities ill served by health service’.
Lancet, 9238, 1354.

Askham, J. 1997. ‘Ageing in black and ethnic minorities: a challenge to service

provision’. British Journal Of Hospital Medicine, 56, 11, 602-604.

Avlund, Kirsten, Luck, Mike and Tinsley, Rob. 1996. ‘Cultural Differences in Functional
Ability among Elderly People in Birmingham, England, and Glostrup,
Denmark’. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 11, 1, Mar, 1-16.

Bahl, V. 1996. ‘Cancer and ethnic minorities: the Department of Health's perspective’.
British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Sup//29, S2-S10

Bakhshi, Surinder S., Hawker, Jeremy and Ali, Shaukat. 1997. ‘The Epidemiology of
Tuberculosis by Ethnic Group in Birmingham and Its Implications for Future
Trends in Tuberculosis in the UK’. Ethnicity & Health, 2, 3, Aug, 147-153.

83
Berthoud, R. and Nazroo, J. 1997. ‘The Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities’, New
Community, 23, 3, 309-24.

Bhopal, R. S. and Rankin, J. 1996. ‘Cancer in minority ethnic populations: priorities

from epidemiological data’. British Journal Of Cancer, 74, SUP//29.

Bhugra, D. 2000. ‘Assessment of Psychiatric Problems in Ethnic Minorities’. Medicine,

28, Part 5, 89-90.

Bhugra, D. and Bhui, K. 1998. ‘Psychotherapy for Ethnic Minorities: Issues, Context and
Practice’. British Journal Of Psychotherapy, 14, 3, 310-326.

Boneham, A., Williams, K. E., Copeland, J. R. M., McKibbin, P., Wilson, K., Scott, A.
and Saunders, P. A. 1997. ‘Elderly people from ethnic minorities in Liverpool:
mental illness, unmet needs and barriers to service use’. Health and Social Care
In The Community, 5, 3, 173-180.

van den Bosch, C. and Roberts, J. 2000. ‘Tuberculosis screening of new entrants; how
can it be made more effective?’. Journal of Public Health Medicine, vol. 22, no.
2, pp. 220-223(4).

Bush H., R. Williams, H. Bradby H, A. Anderson, and M. Lean. 1998. ‘Family

Hospitality and Ethnic Tradition Among South Asian, Italian and General
Population Women in the West of Scotland’. Sociology of Health & Illness, vol.
20, no. 3, pp. 351-380(30).

Cole, A. 1996. ‘Double Jeopardy’, Health Visitor, 69, 4, 131-2.

Congdon, Peter. 1996. ‘The Epidemiology of Suicide in London’. Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society), 159, 3, 515-533.

Dean, G. and M. Elian. 1997. ‘Age at immigration to England of Asian and Caribbean
immigrants and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis’. Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 565-568(4).

De Cock, K. M. and Low, N. 1997. ‘HIV and AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases,
and tuberculosis in ethnic minorities in United Kingdom: Is surveillance serving
its purpose?’ British Medical Journal, 314, 7096,1747-1750.

Eccles, Rosemary and Bhupinder, Kohli. 1996. Primary health care for black and
minority ethnic people: a GP perspective. Leeds: NHS Ethnic Health Unit.

Farren, C. and Naidoo, J. 1996. ‘Smoking cessation programmes targeted at black and
minority ethnic communities’. British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Sup//29, S78-S80.

84
Fassin, Didier. 2000. ‘The Politics of Ethnopsychiatry. The African Psyche, from
African Colonies to Parisian Suburbs’. L’Homme, v.153, Jan-Mar, pp.231-250.

Fenton, K. et al. 1997. ‘Race, ethnicity and sexual health’, British Medical Journal, 314:
1703-4.

Fountain, A. 1999. ‘Ethnic minorities and palliative care in Derby’. Palliative Medicine,
13, 2161-2162.

Free, C. 1998. ‘Some ethnic groups may have problems getting as far as consultation’.
British Medical Journal, 317, 816.

Gaffin, J., Hill, D. and Penso, D. 1996. ‘Opening Doors: Improving access to hospice and
specialist palliative care services by members of the black and minority ethnic
communities. Commentary on palliative care’. British Journal Of Cancer, 74,
Sup//29, S51-S53.

Gandhi, Pushpa. 1996. ‘When I’m Sixty-Four: listening to what elderly people from
ethnic minorities need’. Professional Social Work, Feb., 12-13.

Green, Gill S., H. Bradby, M. Lee and K. Eldridge. 1999-2000. ‘The mental health of
Chinese women in Britain’. ESRC-funded research. Award No. R000222822.

Harding, S. and Allen E.J. 1996. ‘Sources and uses of data on cancer among ethnic
groups’. British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Supp. 29, S17-S21.

Hayes, Debra. 1998. ‘Race, health and immigration control’. Applied community
studies working papers. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University.

Hoare, T. 1996 ‘Breast screening and ethnic minorities’. British Journal Of Cancer, 74,
Sup//29, S38-S41.

Johnson, Mark. 1996. Good practice and quality indicators in primary health care:
health care for black minority and ethnic people. Leeds: NHS Ethnic Health
Unit.

Johnson, Mark R. D. 2000. Black and minority ethnic groups in England: the second
health and lifestyle survey. London: Health Education Authority.

Kawachi, I. and Kennedy, B. 1997. ‘Health and Social Cohesion: why care about
inequality?’, British Medical Journal, 314, 1037-1040.

Kernohan, E. E. M. 1996. ‘Evaluation of a pilot study for breast and cervical cancer
screening with Bradford's minority ethnic women; a community development
approach, 1991-3'. British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Sup//29, S42-S46.

85
Khan, Furzana and Ditton, Jason.1998. Ethnic minority drug use in Glasgow. Glasgow:
Glasgow Drugs Prevention Team.

Kurtz, Zarrina and Bahl, Veena. 1997. The health and health care of children and young
people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. London: National Children’s
Bureau.

Lago, Colin. 1996. Race, Culture and Counselling. Milton Keynes, OUP.

Lai, C. 2000. ‘Reaching out to black ethnic minorities in Aberdeen: a voluntary sector
perspective on mental health’. Practice, 12, 1, 17-28.

Lau, Annie. 1996. ‘Family Therapy and Ethnic Minorities’. Kedar N. Dwivedi and Ved P.
Varma, (Eds.), Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority Children: a Handbook for
Professionals, 157-171. London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Lawrenson, Ross, Leydon, Geraldine, Freeman, George, Fuller, Jon, Ballard, Janet and
Ineichen, Bernard. 1998. ‘Are We Providing for Ethnic Diversity in Accident
and Emergency (A&E) Departments?’ Ethnicity & Health, 3, 1-2, Feb-May,
117-123.

Lindesay, J. 1998. ‘Diagnosis of mental illness in elderly people from ethnic minorities’.
Advances In Psychiatric Treatment, 4, 4, 219-226.

Luke, K. 1996. ‘Cervical cancer screening: meeting the needs of minority ethnic women’.
British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Sup//29, S47-S50.

Maitra, Begum and Miller, Ann. 1996. ‘Children, Families and Therapists: Clinical
Considerations and Ethnic Minority Cultures’. Kedar N. Dwivedi and Ved P.
Varma, (Eds.), Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority Children: a Handbook for
Professionals, 111-129. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

McCracken, C. F. M., Boneham, M. A., Copeland, J. R. M., Williams, K. E., Wilson, K.,
Scott, A., McKibbin, P. and Cleave, N. 1997. ‘Prevalence of Dementia and
Depression among Elderly People in Black and Ethnic Minorities’. The British
Journal of Psychiatry, 171, Sept, 269-273.

McGovern, D. and Nazroo, James. 1999. ‘The Health of Britain’s Ethnic Minorities:
Findings from a National Survey’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25,
2., 355.

Mackintosh, Joan. 1999. Step by step guide to epidemiological health needs assessment
for ethnic minority groups. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon
Tyne, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health.

86
Mehra, Harish. 1996. ‘Residential Care for Ethnic Minorities Children’. Kedar N.
Dwivedi and Ved P. Varma, (Eds.), Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority
Children: a Handbook for Professionals, 79-88. London : Jessica Kingsley
Publishers.

Molokhia, M. and Oakeshott, P. 2000. ‘Ethnic minorities have specific needs with regard
to cardiovascular risk’. British Medical Journal, 321, 7253, 112.

Moodley, R. 1999. ‘Psychotherapy with Ethnic Minorities’. Changes, 17, 2, 109-125.

Moreno-Fuentes, F. J. and Nazroo, James Y. 2001. ‘The Health of Britain’s Ethnic

Minorities: Findings from a National Survey’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24 Part
2, 342-343.

Murray, Ulric and Brown, Derek. 1998. They look after their own, don’t they? inspection
of community care services for black and ethnic minority older people. London:
Social Care Group, Department of Health.

Nazroo, J. 1997. Ethnicity and Mental Health Findings From A National Community
Survey. London: Policy Studies Institute.

Nazroo, J. 1998. ‘Rethinking the Relationship between Ethnicity and Mental Health’,
Journal of Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 4, 145-148.

Nazroo, James Y. 1998. ‘Genetic, Cultural or Socio-Economic Vulnerability? Explaining

Ethnic Inequalities in Health’. Sociology of Health and Illness, 20, 5, Sept, 710-
730.

NHS Ethnic Health Unit. 1996. Good practice and quality indicators in primary health
care: health care for black and minority ethnic people. London: NHS Ethnic
Health Unit.

Littlewood, Roland. 1997. Aliens and alienists: ethnic minorities and psychiatry. 3rd
ed. London: Routledge.

O’Brien, Oonagh and Robert Power. 1998. HIV and a migrant community: the Irish in
Britain. London: Action Group for Irish Youth.

Odell, S. M., Surtees, P.G., Wainwright, N. W. J, Commander, M. J. and Sashidharan, S.

P. 1997. ‘Determinants of General Practitioner Recognition of Psychological
Problems in a Multi-Ethnic Inner-City Health District’. The British Journal of
Psychiatry, 171, Dec, 537-541.

Okuyiga, A. 1998. ‘Reaching ethnic minorities: A project in Birmingham’. Journal Of

Dementia Care, 6, 3, 10.

87
Olajide, D. and Cox, J. 1997. ‘Mental health services for people from black and other
ethnic minorities’. Psychiatric Bulletin, 21, 5, 305.

van Os, J., Castle, D.J., Takei, N., Der, G. and Murray, R. M. 1996. ‘Psychotic illness in
ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census’. Psychological Medicine,
1996, 26, 1, 203-208.

Patel, N. and Mirza, N. 2000. ‘Care for ethnic minorities − the professionals’ view’.
Journal Of Dementia Care, 8, 1, 26-27.

Pearson, Geoffrey and Patel, Kamlesh. 1998. ‘Drugs, Deprivation, and Ethnicity:
Outreach among Asian Drug Users in a Northern English City’. Journal of Drug
Issues, 28, 1, winter, 199-224.

Pfeffer, N. and Moynihan, C. 1996. ‘Ethnicity and health beliefs with respect to cancer: a
critical review of methodology’. British Journal Of Cancer, 74, Sup//29, S66-
S72.

Rait, G. and Burns, A. 1998. ‘Screening for depression and cognitive impairment in older
people from ethnic minorities’. Age and Ageing, 27, 3, 271-276.

Raleigh, V. S. 1997. ‘Diabetes and hypertension in Britain’s ethnic minorities:

implications for the future of renal services’. British Medical Journal, 314,
7075, 209-212.

Roberts, A., Cullen, R. and Bundey, S. 1996. ‘The representation of ethnic minorities at
genetic clinics in Birmingham’. Journal Of Medical Genetics, 33, 1, 56-58.

Roderick, P. J., Raleigh, V. S., Hallam, I. and Mallick, N. P. 1996. ‘The need and demand
for renal replacement therapy in ethnic minorities in England’. Journal Of
Epidemiology and Community Health. 50, 3, 334-339.

Selby, P. 1996. ‘Cancer clinical outcomes for minority ethnic groups’. British Journal Of
Cancer, 74, SUP//29, S54-S60.

Sheldon, Helen. 1996. Consulting with local black and minority ethnic groups. London:
Health Services Research and Evaluation Unit, Lewisham Hospital NHS Trust.

Silvera, Mike and Kapasi, Rukshana. 2000. Health advocacy for minority ethnic
Londoners : putting services on the map? London: King’s Fund.

Small, Claire and Hinton, Teresa. 1997. Reaching out: a study of black and minority
ethnic single homeless people and access to primary health care. Lambeth
Health Care NHS Trust. London: Health Action for Homeless People.

88
Smith, Marcia Bayne.1999. ‘Primary Care: Choices and Opportunities for Racial/Ethnic
Minority Populations in the USA and UK − A Comparative Analysis’. Ethnicity
& Health, 4, 3, Aug, 165-188.

Webb, E. 2000. ‘Health care for ethnic minorities’. Current Paediatrics,10, 3, 184-190.

Wedderburn, C. 1996. ‘All talk and no action: The NHS fails to implement policies on
ethnic minorities’. Nursing Management, 3, 5, 7

Welshman, J. 2000. ‘Tuberculosis and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1950–70’.

Sociology of Health & Illness, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 858-882(25).

White, C. 1997. ‘Minority ethnic groups have poor cancer care’, British Medical Journal,
314: 358.

Williams, Lory and Russel Ecob. 1999. ‘Regional Mortality and the Irish in Britain:
Findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study’. Sociology of Health and Illness,
v.21, n.3, May, pp.344-367.

3.5 Housing

Berthoud, R. and Beishon, S. 1997. People, Families and Households. Research Report −
Policy Studies Institute, 843, 18-59.

Blackaby, Bob and Chahal, Kusminder. 2000. Black and minority ethnic housing
strategies: a good practice guide. Coventry: Chartered Institute Of Housing.

Bowes, Alison, Dar, Naira and Sim, Duncan. 2000. ‘Citizenship, housing and minority
ethnic groups: an approach to multiculturalism’. Housing, theory and society,
17, 2, 83-95.

Bowes, Alison, Neale, Joanne and Sim, Duncan. 1997. The housing preferences and
needs of minority ethnic commuters to Renfrew. Scottish Homes local research
report, Edinburgh: Research & Innovation Services, Scottish Homes.

Bowes, Elaine. 1998. A way from home: the housing and care needs of black and
minority ethnic elders in Tower Hamlets. London: Labo Housing Association
and Lemos&Crane.

Brooker, Mark and Davies, Jean. 1998. Homes for all? minority ethnic groups in
London’s care homes. London: London Research Centre.

Brownill, S. and Thomas, H. 1998. ‘Ethnic Minorities and British Urban Policy: A
Discussion of Trends in Governance and Democratic Theory’. Local
Government Policy Making, 24, 1, 43-56.

89
Buchanan, Ian. 1999. Survey of housing needs of minority ethnic communities in
Kettering Borough. Report for Kettering Borough Council.

Cameron, S. 2000. ‘Ethnic minority housing needs and diversity in an area of low
housing demand’. Environment and planning A, 32, 8, Aug.,1427-1444.

Carter, Sheron. 1998. Hidden crisis: a study of black and minority ethnic homelessness in
London. London: Frontline Housing Advice Limited.

Dalton, Mike and Hampton, Kay. 1996. Housing needs of ethnic minorities in Govanhill:
a community perspective. Scottish Ethnic Minorities Research Unit research
paper. Series 2 ; no. 3. Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian University: Scottish
Ethnic Minorities Research Unit.

Dorsett, Richard. 1998. Ethnic minorities in the inner city. Bristol: Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.

Dustmann, C. and Preston, I. 2001. ‘Attitudes to ethnic minorities, ethnic context and
location decisions’. Economic journal,111, 470, Apr., 353-373.

Franklin, Bridget and Passmore, Jon. 1998. Developing for diversity: the needs of
minority ethnic communities. Cardiff: Taff Housing Association.

Harrison, M. 1996. Black and minority ethnic housing associations: an evaluation of the
Housing Corporation’s black and minority ethnic housing assocation strategies.
Research series / Housing Management and Research Division of the Housing
Corporation, 16. London: Housing Corporation.

Harrison, M. 1998. ‘Minority ethnic housing associations and local housing strategies: an
uncertain future?’ Local government studies, 24, 1, Spring, 74-89.
Harrison, M. and Law, I. 1997. ‘Needs and empowerment in minority ethnic housing:
some issues of definition and local strategy’. Policy and politics, 25, 3, Jul., 285-
298.

Harrison, M. L., Robinson, David, and Gidley, Glen. 1999. Housing black and minority
ethnic people in Sheffield: a research report. Sheffield: Centre for Regional
Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University.

Hawtin, Murray. 1999. Housing integration and resident participation: evaluation of a

project to help integrate black and ethnic minority tenants. York : Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.

Housing Corporation Housing Management and Research Division. 1996. Black and
minority ethnic housing needs: an enabling framework. London: Housing
Corporation.

90
Jones, Adrian and Mullins, David. 1999. Out of sight, out of mind: the assessment of and
provision for black and minority ethnic housing needs in the South West.
Housing research at CURS no.3. Birmingham: CURS.

Karn, V. 1996. Ethnicity In The 1991 Census: Employment, Education, and Housing
Among The Ethnic Minority Populations In Britain. Volume 4. London: HMSO.

Karn, Valerie A. 1999. Tradition, change and diversity: understanding the housing needs
of minority ethnic groups in Manchester. Source research no. 37. Manchester:
Manchester University, Manchester Housing and The Housing Corporation.

Karn, Valerie A. 1996. Housing design and management for ethnic minorities. Occasional
papers in architecture and urban design (University of Manchester) no. 5.
Manchester: School of Architecture, University of Manchester.

Marsh, Alex and Sangster, Azra. 1998. Paving the way: supporting black and minority
ethnic housing associations. Bristol: Housing Associations Charitable Trust.

Owen, D. and Green, A.E. 2000. ‘Estimating commuting flows for minority ethnic groups
in England and Wales’. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 26, 4, Oct., 581-
608.

Peach, Ceri. 1997. ‘Contrasting patterns of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi settlement
in Britain’. Migracijske teme, Vol.13, No.1-2, pp.15-36.

Royce, Caroline. 1996. ‘Can Minority Associations Stand Alone?’ Inside Housing, 26
July 1996, 14-15.

Third, Hilary, Wainwright, Sally and Pawson, Hal. 1997. Constraint and choice for
minority ethnic home owners in Scotland: a report to Scottish Homes. Research
report, Scottish Homes (Agency) 54. Edinburgh: Scottish Homes.

Thomas, H. 1997. ‘Ethnic minorities and the planning system’: a study revisited. Town
Planning Review, 68, 2, 195-212.

Tomlins, Richard. 1999. Housing experiences of minority ethnic communities in Britain:

an academic literature review and annotated bibliography. Bibliographies in
ethnic relations no.15. Coventry: University of Warwick, Centre for Research in
Ethnic Relations.

Winstone, Paul. 1996. ‘Managing a Multi-Ethnic and Multicultural City in Europe:

Leicester’. International Social Science Journal, 48, 1(147), Mar, 33-41.

91
3.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Belonging, Language, Identity, Residential
Segregation and Acculturation

Anwar, M., Roach, P. and Sondhi, R. (Eds). 2000. From legislation to integration?:
race relations in Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Arrowsmith, Aidan. ‘Plastic Paddy: Negotiating Identity in Second-Generation ‘Irish-

English’ Writing’. Irish Studies Review, 8, 1, Apr, 35-43.

Asghar, M.A. 1996. Bangladeshi community organisations in East London. London:

Bangladeshi community organisations in East London.

Bastenier, Albert. 2000. ‘Secular Multiculturalism and the Muslims of Great Britain:
Reflections on the Communication of T. Modood’. Social Compas, v.47, n.1,
pp.57-60.

Baumann, Gerd. 1996. Contesting Culture: Discourses Of Identity In Multi-Ethnic

London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bhopal, Kalwant. 1998. ‘South Asian Women in East London: Religious Experience and
Diversity’. Journal of Gender Studies, v.7, n.2, July, pp.143-156.

Bourne, S. and Kyriacou, S. (Eds). 1999. A ship and a prayer: celebrating a hundred
years of the black presence in Hammersmith and Fulham. London: London
Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.

Bradley, Joseph. M. 1996. ‘Integration or assimilation? Scottish society, football and

Irish immigrants’. International journal of the history of sport, Vol.13, No.2,
pp.61-79.

Bradley, Joseph M. 1998. ‘Sport and The Contestation Of Cultural and Ethnic Identities In
Scottish Society’. Immigrants and Minorities, 17, 1.

Busteed, M. 1999. ‘Little islands of Erin: Irish settlement and identity in mid-
nineteenth-century Manchester’. Immigrants and minorities, Vol.18, No.2-3,
pp.94- 127.

Busteed, M. 1998. ‘Songs in a strange land − ambiguities of identity amongst Irish

migrants in mid−victorian Manchester’. Political geography, Vol.17, No.6,
pp.627-665.

Chessum, Lorna. 2000. From immigrants to ethnic minority : making black community
in Britian. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Daley, P.O. 1998. ‘Black Africans in Great Britain: spatial concentration and
segregation’. Urban studies, Vol.35, No.10, pp.1703-1724.

92
Dhindsa, K. S. 1998. Indian immigrants in United Kingdom: a socio-economic analysis.
New Delhi: Concept.

Gazioglu, S. 1996. ‘Assimilation, English language proficiency and the earnings of the
immigrant population in London’. Discussion paper, University of Aberdeen.
Department of Economics, no.96/16. Aberdeen : University of Aberdeen. Dept.
of Economics.

Ghuman, Paul A. Singh. 1999. Asian adolescents in the West. Leicester: BPS Books.

Glover, Stephen, Ceri Gott, Anais Loizillon, Jonathan Portes, Richard Price, Sarah
Spencer, Vasanthi Srinivasan and Carole Willis. 2001. Migration: an economic
and social analysis. RDS Occasional Paper No 67. London: Home Office,
Communications and Development Unit, Research, Development and Statistics
Directorate.

Jacobson, Jessica Liebe. 1996. ‘The persistence of religious and ethnic identities among
second-generation British Pakistanis’. Ph.D. thesis. LSE.

Karmi, Ghada. 1997. ‘The Egyptians of Britain: a migrant community in transition’.

Occasional papers series, no.57. Durham: University of Durham, Centre for
Middle Eastern & Islamic Studies.

Kothari, U. 1995-1996. ‘Migration, culture and identity: experiences of contemporary

migrants to Britain’. ESRC-funded research. Award No.R000221611.

Martin, Paul E. 1998. Black press, Britons, and immigrants: alternative press and
society. Kingston, Jamaica: Vintage Communications.

Neal, F. 1999. ‘The foundations of the Irish settlement in Newcastle upon Tyne: the
evidence in the 1851 census’. Immigrants and minorities, Vol.18, No.2-3,
pp.71- 93.

Nesbitt, E. 2000. ‘Celebrating and learning in community: the perpetuation of values

and practices among Hindu Punjabi children in Coventry, UK’. Indo-British
review, Vol.XXI, No.1, pp.119-132.

O’Leary, P. 2000. Immigration and integration: the Irish in Wales, 1798-1922. Cardiff:
University of Wales Press.

Panayi, Panikos (Ed.). 1999. The impact of immigration: a documentary history of the
effects and experiences of immigrants in Britain since 1945. Manchester:
Manchester University Press.

93
Parker, Kenneth. 1998. ‘Writing dis-location: Black writers and postcolonial Britain’.
Social Identities, v.4, n.2, pp.177-199.

Parolin, Gartano. 1998. ‘The Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the Italian
Fiesta in London. An Anthropological Letter’. Studi Emigrazione/Etudes
Migrations, 35, 129, Mar, 99-125.

Peach, Ceri. 1999. ‘Pluralist and assimilationist models of ethnic settlement in London
1991’. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Vol.88, No.2, pp.120-
134.

Peach, Ceri. 1997. ‘Contrasting patterns of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi settlement
in Britain’. Migracijske teme, Vol.13, No.1-2, pp.15-36.

Qureshi, K. and S. Moores. 1999. ‘Identity remix: tradition and translation in the lives
of young Pakistani Scots’. European journal of cultural studies, Vol.2, No.3,
pp.311-330.

Raj, Dhooleka Sarhadi. 1997. ‘Partition and Diaspora: Memories and Identities of
Punjabi Hindus in London’. International Journal of Punjab Studies, 4, 1, Jan-
June, 101-127.

Richards, B. and YamadaYamamoto, A. 1998. ‘The linguistic experience of Japanese

preschool children and their families in the UK’. Journal of multilingual and
multicultural development, Vol.19, No.2, pp.142-157.

Siddhisena, K.A.P. and Paul White. ‘The Sri Lankan Population of Great Britain:
Migration and Settlement’. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, v.8, n.4,
pp.511-536.

Singh, Ramindar. 2000. Sikhs & Sikhism in Britain: fifty years on, the Bradford
perspective. Bradford: Bradford Libraries.

Taylor, I. 2000. ‘European ethnoscapes and urban redevelopment: the return of Little
Italy in 21st century Manchester’. City, Vol.4, No.1, pp.27-42.

White, Paul. 1998. ‘The Settlement Patterns of Developed World Migrants in London’.
Urban Studies, 35, 10, Oct, 1725-1744.

Zhang, Ling. 1997. ‘Factors affecting the acquisition of English as a second language of
the first generation immigrants of Chinese origin’. Thesis (M.Phil.). University
of Nottingham.

3.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

94
Anwar, Muhammad. 1998. Ethnic Minorities and The British Electoral System: A Research
Report. Centre For Research In Ethnic Relations, The University Of Warwick.

Azmi, Waqar U. 1996. Ethnic Socialisation and Political Behaviour: The Case Of South
Asians In Britain. Southampton: Southampton Institute Of Higher Education.

Baumann, Gerd. 1998. ‘Body Politic or Bodies of Culture? How Nation-State Practices Turn
Citizens into Religious Minorities’. Cultural Dynamics, v.10, n.3, pp.263-280.

Geddes, Andrew. 1998. ‘Race Related Political Participation and Representation In The
UK’. Revue Europeenne De Migrations Internationales, 14, 2, 33-49.

Hickman, Mary J. 1998. ‘Reconstructing Deconstructing ‘Race’: British Political

Discourses about the Irish in Britain’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, v.21, n.2,
pp.288-307.

Rex, John and Yunas Samad. 1996. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in
Birmingham and Bradford’. Innovation, 9, 1, Mar, 11-31.

Saggar, Shamit and Heath, Anthony. 1999. ‘Race: Towards A Multicultural Electorate?’ In G.
Evans and P. Norris (Eds.). Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters In Long-
Term Perspective. London: Sage.

Saggar, Shamit. 1998. ‘British South Asian Elites and Political Participation: Testing
The Cultural Thesis’. Revue Europeenne De Migrations Internationales, 14, 2,
51-69.

Wrench, J. 2000. ‘British Unions and racism: organisational dilemmas in an

unsympathetic climate’. In R. Penninx and J. Roosblad (Eds). Trade Unions,
immigration, and immigrants. Oxford: Berghahn.

3.8 Women and Gender

Barot, Rohit, Harriet Bradley and Steve Fenton. 1999. Ethnicity, gender, and social
change. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Evans, S.L. and Bowlby, S. 2000. ‘Crossing boundaries: racialised gendering and the
labour market experiences of Pakistani migrant women in Britain’. Women’s
studies international forum, Vol.23, No.4, pp.461-474.

Grant, Joan (Ed.). 1996. Women, migration and empire. Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire,
England: Trentham Books.

Green, Gill S., Bradby, H., Lee, M. and Eldridge, K. 1999-2000. ‘The mental health of
Chinese women in Britain’. ESRC-funded research. Award No. R000222822.

95
Hall, R., Ogden, P.E. and Hill, C. 1996. ‘Gender variations in the characteristics of
migrants living alone in England and Wales 1991’. Conference paper for the
British Society for Population Studies Conference, University of St. andrews.

Sinha, Rachana. 1998. The cultural adjustment of Asian lone mothers living in London.
Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.

Walter, Bronwen. 2001. Outsiders inside : whiteness, place, and Irish women. London :
Routledge.

Whiteford, Elaine A. 1996. Adapting to change: occupational pension schemes, women

and migrant workers: an examination of the extent to which occupational
pension schemes in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany enable women and
migrant workers to accrue adequate pensions. The Hague and London: Kluwer
Law International.

3.9 Family and Children

Back, Les. 1996. New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture In
Young Lives. London: UCL Press.

Brooker, Mark and Jean Davies. 1998. Homes for all?: minority ethnic groups in
London's care homes. London: London Research Centre.

Chamberlain, Mary. 1999. ‘The Family as Model and Metaphor in Caribbean Migration
to Britain’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, v.25, n.2, Apr, pp.251-266.

Dosanjh, J.S. and Paul, A.S. Child-rearing in ethnic minorities. Clevedon, UK:
Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Goulbourne, H. and Chamberlain, M. 1995-1997. ‘Living arrangements, family structure

and social change of Caribbeans in Britain’. ESRC-funded research. Award
No.L315253009.

Lau, Annie (Ed.). 2000. South Asian children and adolescents in Britain: ethno-cultural
studies. London: Whurr.

Ralson, Helen. 1997. ‘Arranged, ‘Semi-Arranged’ and ‘Love’ Marriages among South
Asian Immigrant Women in the Diaspora and Their Non-Migrant Sisters in India
and Fiji: A Comparative Study’. International Journal of Sociology of the
Family, 27, 2, autumn, 43-68.

Williams, Ned. 1996. Midland fairground families. Wolverhampton: Uralia.

3.10 Justice and Legal System

96
 Hatton, T. J. and Stephen Wheatley Price. 1998. ‘Migration, migrants and
policy in the United Kingdom’. Discussion paper series for the Centre for
Economic Policy Research, no. 1960. London: Centre for Economic Policy
Research.

Leigh, Leonard Herschel and Chaloka Beyani. 1996. Blackstone’s guide to the Asylum and
Immigration Act 1996. London: Blackstone.

Poulter, Sebastian. 1998. Ethnicity Law and Human Rights: The English Experience.
Oxford: Claredon Press.

3.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Cox, Simon et al. 1997. Migration and social security handbook: a rights guide for
people entering and leaving the UK Edition. 2nd ed. London: Child Poverty
Action Group.

Dwivedi, Kedar Nath and Ved Prakash Varma (Eds). 1996. Meeting the needs of ethnic
minority children: a handbook for professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley.

3.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

Favell, Adrian. 1998. ‘Multicultural Race Relations in Britain: Problems of Interpretation and
Explanation’. Christian Joppke (Ed.). Challenge to The Nation State: Immigration in
Western Europe and The United States, 319-345. Oxford: OUP.

Fitzgerald, Marian and Sibbitt, Rae. 1997. Ethnic Monitoring In Police Forces: A Beginning.
London: Home Office Research Statistics Directorate.

Iganski, P. and Payne, G. 1996. ‘Declining Racial Disadvantage In The British Labour
Market’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 1, 113-134.

Jenkins, R. 1998. ‘Discrimination and Equal Opportunity In Employment: Ethnicity and

‘Race’ In The United Kingdom’ In Employment In Britain. Duncan Gallie, Editor.
London: Basil Blackwell.

Spencer, Ian R.G. 1997. British Immigration Policy Since 1939: The Making Of Multi-Racial
Britain. London and New York: Routledge.

Supperstone, Michael and O’Dempsey, Declan. 1996. Supperstone and O’Dempsey On

Immigration and Asylum. 4th Ed. London: Pearson Professional Ltd.

3.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

Ahmad, A. 1983. ‘Out of the dust of idols’. Race and class, Vol.41, No.1-2, pp.1-22.

97
Baumann, Gerd. 1998. ‘Body Politic or Bodies of Culture? How Nation-State Practices
Turn Citizens into Religious Minorities’. Cultural Dynamics, v.10, n.3, pp.263-
280.

Chilton, Tony and Peter Kilsby. 1999. ‘Persons granted British Citizenship – UK 1998’.

Hansen, Randall. 2000. Citizenship and Immigration in Post-War Britain. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

Gray, Peter. ‘‘Shovelling Out Your Paupers’: The British State and Irish Famine
Migration 1846-50’. Patterns of Prejudice, 33, 4, Oct, 47-65.

Jupp, J. 1998. ‘Creating multicultural societies: Australia, Britain, Sweden, and

Canada’. International Journal, Vol.LII, No.3, pp.508-523.

Kelly, D. 2000. ‘Multicultural citizenship: the limitations of liberal democracy’.

Political quarterly, Vol.71, No.1, pp.31-41.

Martiniello, Marco (Ed.). 1998. Multicultural policies and the state: a comparison of
two European societies. Utrecht : European Research Centre on Migration and
Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University.

Mattausch, John. 19983. ‘From Subjects to Citizens: British East African Asians’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, v.24, n.1, pp.121-141.

Rex, John and Yunas Samad. 1996. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in
Birmingham and Bradford’. Innovation, 9, 1, Mar, 11-31.

Winstone, Paul. 1996. ‘Managing a Multi-Ethnic and Multicultural City in Europe:

Leicester’. International Social Science Journal, v.48, n.1(147), Mar, pp.33-41.

3.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

Anwar, M., Roach, P., and Sondhi, R. (Eds). 2000. From legislation to integration?: race
relations in Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Cabinet Office, 2000. Minority Ethnic Issues in social Exclusion and Neighbourhood
Renewal. London: Cabinet Office, UK.

Chau, R.C.M. and Yu, S.W.K. 2001. ‘Social exclusion of Chinese people in Britain’.
Critical social policy, v.21, n.1, No.66-69, pp.103- 126.

London Boroughs Grants Committee. 1997. Vision & visibility: regeneration and ethnic
minority communities in London. London: London Borough Grants Unit.

98
Richardson, L and Hills, J. 2000. View of the National Strategy for Neighbourhood
Renewal. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, ESRC Research Centre,
London School of Economics, UK.

Walker, Alan and Walker, Carol. 1997. Britain Divided: The Growth Of Social
Exclusion In The 1980s and 1990s. London: CPAG.

3.15 Government Documents and Evaluation

Lord Chancellor’s Department Research Programme. 1997. Ethnic Monitoring Of

Defendants Appearing At Leicester Migistrates’ Court 1995. Research Series
No.11/97. London: Lord Chancellor’s Department Research Secretariat.

99
4. Immigrants – International

4.1 General

Alba, Richard D. 1999. ‘Thomas J. Espenshade, Keys to Successful Immigration:

Implications of the New Jersey Experience’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration
Studies, 25, 3, 537.

Alba, Richard. 2000. ‘Beyond the Melting Pot: 35 years later’. International Migration
Review, 34, 1, 243.

Alba, Richard. 1999. ‘Immigration and The American Realities Of Assimilation and
Multiculturalism’. Sociological Forum, 14, 1, 3-25.

van Amersfoort, Hans and Cortie, Cees. 1996. ‘Social Polarisation in a Welfare State?
Immigrants in the Amsterdam Region’. New Community 22, 4, 671-688.

Andaya, Leonard. 1996. ‘From American-Filipino to Filipino-American’. Social

Process in Hawaii, 37, 99-111.

Anderson, B. 1997. ‘Western Europe’ in Minority Rights Group (Ed.) The World
Directory of Minorities. London: MRG.

Anderson, Elijah. 2000. ‘Beyond the Melting Pot reconsidered’. International

Migration Review, 34, 1, 262-269.

Angelo, Michael. 1997. The Sikh Diaspora: tradition and change in an immigrant
community. New York: Garland Pub.

Barr, Jane, Myriam Mansour and Alan Nash. ‘Annotated Bibliography of Canadian
Immigration Research, 1982-1992’

Bousetta, Hassan. 1996. ‘The Destiny of Immigrants. Assimilation and Segregation in

Western Democracies’. New Community, 22, 2, Apr, 355.

Bremer, Katharina et al. 1996. Achieving understanding: discourse in intercultural

encounters. London: Longman.

Brubaker, Rogers. 1998. ‘Research note: Migrations of ethnic unmixing in the New
Europe’. International Migration Review, 32, 4, 1047-1065.

Burgers, Jack and Engberson, Godfried. 1996. ‘Globalisation, migration and

undocumented immigrants.’ New Community 22, 4, 619-636.

100
Carmon, Naomi (Ed.). 1996. Immigration and Integration in Post-Industrial Societies.
London: Macmillan.

Coulson, Anthony (Ed.). 1997. Exiles and migrants: crossing thresholds in European
culture and society. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.

Cronin, Mike and David Mayall (Eds). 1998. Sporting nationalisms: identity, ethnicity,
immigration, and assimilation. London: F. Cass.

Dale, Gareth and Mike Cole (Eds). 1999. The European Union and migrant labour.
Oxford: Berg.

Doomernik, Jeroen. 1997. ‘Adaptation Strategies among Soviet Jewish Immigrants in

Berlin’. New Community, 23, 1, Jan, 59-73.

Dörr, S. and Faist, T. 1997. ‘Institutional conditions for the integration of immigrants in
welfare states: a comparison of the literature on Germany, France, Great Britain,
and the Netherlands’. European journal of political research, 31, 4, 401-426.

Espenshade, Thomas J. (Ed.). 1997. Keys To Successful Immigration: Implications Of

The New Jersey Experience. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

Favell, Adrian. Forthcoming. ‘Integration Policy and Integration Research In Europe: A

Review and Critique’. Alex Aleinikoff and Doug Klausmeyer (Eds.).
Citizenship: Comparisons and Perspectives. Washington DC: Brookings
Institute.

Feld, Serge. 2000. Active Population Growth and Immigration Hypotheses in Western
Europe. European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de demographie, 16,
1, Mar, 3-40.

Fielding, T. 1997. ‘Migration and Poverty - a Longitudinal Study of the Relationship

between Migration and Social Mobility in England and Wales’. IDS Bulletin, 28,
2.

Foner, Nancy. 2000. ‘Beyond the Melting Pot three decades later: recent immigrants and
New York’s new ethnic mixture’. International Migration Review, 34, 1, 255-
261.

Geddes, andrew. 2000. Immigration and European integration: towards fortress

Europe?. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Glazer, Nathan. 2000. ‘On Beyond the Melting Pot, 35 years after’. International
Migration Review, 34, 1, 270-279.

101
Glytsos, Nicholas P. 1997. ‘Greek immigrants in Australia: Demographic developments
and economic integration’. International Migration, 35, 3, 421-454.

ter Haar, Gerrie. 1998. Halfway to paradise: African Christians in Europe. Fairwater,
Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press.

van Hear, Nicholas. 1998. New Diasporas: the mass exodus, dispersal and regrouping
of migrant communities. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Hing, Bill Ong. 1997. To be an American: cultural pluralism and the rhetoric of
assimilation. Critical America Series. New York, London : New York
University Press.

Hudson, Robert and Reno, Fred (Ed.). 2000. Politics of identity: migrants and minorities
in multicultural states. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Icduygu, Ahmet. 1996. ‘Becoming a new citizen in an immigration country: Turks in

Australia and Sweden and some comparative implications’. International
Migration, 34, 2, 257-272.

Icduygu, A. and Sirkeci, I. 1998. Changing Dynamics of the Migratory Regime between
Turkey and Arab Countries. Turkish Journal of Population Studies, 20, 3-16.

Jamous, Haroun. 2000. ‘From integration to “imaginary homelands”’. Societes

Contermporaines, 37, 71-88.

Joly, Daniele. 2000. ‘Some structural effects of migration on receiving and sending
countries’. International Migration, 38, 5, 25-40.

Joppke, Christian. 1999. Immigration and the nation-state: the United States, Germany,
and Great Britain. Oxford: OUP.

Joppke, Christian. 1998. Challenge to the nation-state: immigration in Western Europe

and the United States. Oxford: OUP.

Jupp, J. 1998. ‘Creating multicultural societies: Australia, Britain, Sweden, and

Canada’. International journal, LII, 3, 508-523.

Kamali, Masoud. 1999. ‘Distorted Integration: Problems of Monolithic Order’.

Innovation, 12, 1, Mar, 81-97.

Kasinitz, Philip. 2000. ‘Beyond the Melting Pot: the contemporary relevance of a
classic?’. International Migration Review, 34, 1, 248-254.

King, Russell and Black, Richard (Eds). 1997. Southern Europe and the New
Immigrations. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.

102
King, Russell, Lazaridis, Gabriella and Tsardanidis, Charalambos (Eds). 2000. Eldorado
Or Fortress? Migration In Southern Europe. London: Macmillan.

Koopmans, Rood. 1999. ‘Germany and its Immigrants: an Ambivalent Relationship’.

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 4, 627-648.

Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, Paul (Eds). 2000. Challenging immigration and ethnic
relations politics: comparative European perspectives. New York: Oxford
University Press.

Koser, Khalid and Lutz, Helma (Eds). 1998. The New Migration In Europe: Social
Constructions and Social Realities. London: Macmillan.

Koslowski, R. 1998. ‘European Migration Regimes: Emerging, Enlarging and

Deteriorating’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 40, 735-750.

Lobo, A.P. and Salvo, J.J. 1998. ‘Resurgent Irish Immigration to the US in the 1980s
and early 1990s: A Socio-demographic Profile’. International Migration, 36, 2,
257-280.

Martin, Denis and Guild, Elspeth. 1996. Free Movement Of Persons In The European
Union. London: Butterworths.

Martiniello, Marco. 1996. ‘The Existence of an Urban Underclass in Belgium’. New

Community 22, 4, 655-670

Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds.) 1998. ‘The New Migration in Europe: Social
Constructions and Social Realities’. London: Macmillan.

Menahem, Gila and Shimon E. Spiro. 1999. ‘Immigrants in a Restructuring Economy: A

Partial Test of Theories’. International Migration, 37, 3, 569-586.

Muenstermann, Ingrid. 1997. ‘Is This the Price for Integration? Some Thoughts on the
Limited Intergenerational Achievements of Second Generation Germans in
Australia’. European Journal of Intercultural Studies, 8, 2, July, 135-149.

Munz, Rainer. 1996. ‘A Continent of Migration: European Mass Migration in the

Twentieth Century’. New Community 22, 2, 201-116.

Nielsen, J.S. 1997. ‘Muslims in Europe: History Revisited or a Way Forward?’. Islam
and Christian-Muslim Relations, 8, 2, 135-143.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998. Immigrants,

integration and cities: exploring the links. Paris: OECD.

103
Palidda, Salvatore, Agozino, Biko et al. 1997. Immigrant delinquency: social
construction of deviant behaviour and criminality of immigrants in Europe.
Luxembourg: EOOPEC.

Peach, Ceri. 1997. ‘Postwar Migration to Europe: Reflux, Influx, Refuge’. Social
Science Quarterly, 78, 2, June, 269-283.

Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 2000. ‘Globalization and Human Integration: We Are All
Migrants’. Futures, 32, 5, June, 385-398.

Phalet, Karen and Hagendoorn, L. 1997. ‘Personal Adjustment to Acculturative

Transitions: The Turkish Experience’. International Journal of
Psychology/Journal International de Psychologie, 31, 2, Apr, 131-144.

Portes, A. 2000. ‘An enduring vision: The melting pot that did happen’. International
Migration Review, 34, 1, 243-247.

Raitz, K. 2000. ‘Rock fences and preadaptation’. Geographical review, 85, 1, 50-62.

Rodriguez, Gregory. 1999. From newcomers to new Americans: the successful

integration of immigrants into American society. Washington DC: National
Immigration Forum.

Roer-Strier, Dorit. 1997. ‘In the mind of the beholder: Evaluation of coping styles of
immigrant parents’. International Migration, 35, 2, 271-288.

Rumbaut, Ruben G. 1997a. ‘Introduction: Immigration and Incorporation’.

Sociological Perspectives, 40, 3, Fall, 333-338.

Rumbaut, Ruben G. 1997b. ‘Paradoxes (and Orthodoxies) of Assimilation’.

Sociological Perspectives, 40, 3, Fall, 483-511.

Samers, M. 1998. ‘Immigration, Ethnic Minorities and Social Exclusion in the European
Union: a Critical Perspective’. Geoforum 29, 2, 123-144.

Schuck, Peter and Munz, Rainer (Eds). 1998. Paths to inclusion: the integration of
migrants in the United States and Germany. Migration and refugees series, v.5.
New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books and American Academy of Arts and
Sciences.

Seifert, Wolfgang. 1997. ‘Admission Policy, Patterns of Migration and Integration: The
German and French Case Compared’. New Community, 23, 4, Oct, 441-460.

Shah, Nasra M. and Menon, Indu. 1999. ‘Chain migration through the social network:
Experience of labour migrants in Kuwait’. International Migration, 37, 2, 361-
382.

104
Smith, David M., Wistrich, Enid and Aybak, Tunc. 1999. The Migrants’ Voice in Europe.
London: Middlesex University Press.

SOPEMI. 1998. Trends In International Migration. Annual Report Of Continuous

Reporting System On Migration. Rome: OECD.

Taslim, M.A. 1998. ‘Do migrants worsen the current account?’. International
Migration, 36, 3, 409-426.

Thranhardt, Dietrich. 1996. ‘European Migration from East to West: Present Patterns and
Future Directions’. New Community 22, 2, 227-242.

Townsend, Alan R. 1997. Making a living in Europe: human geographies of economic

change. London: Routledge.

Vermeulen, Hans (Ed.). 1997. Immigrant Policy For A Multicultural Society: A

Comparative Study Of Integration, Language, and Religious Policy In Five
Western European Countries. Brussels: Migration Policy Group/IMES.

Vertovec, Steven. 1999. ‘Introduction’. In S.Vertovec. (Ed.), Migration and Social

Cohesion. Cheltenham: Elgar Reference Collection.

Webber, Frances. 1996. Crimes of arrival: immigrants and asylum-seekers in the new
Europe. London: Statewatch.

Weiner, Myron. 1996. ‘Determinants of immigrant integration: an international

comparative analysis’. In Naomi Carmon (Ed.). Immigration and Integration
in Post-industrial Societies: Theoretical analysis and policy-related research.
Houndmills: Macmillan.

Weiner, Myron and Hanami, Tadashi. 1998. Temporary Workers Or Future Citizens?:
Japanese and US Migration Policies. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Weiner, M. and Munz, R. 1997. ‘Migrants, refugees and foreign policy: Prevention and
intervention strategies’. Third World Quarterly, 18, March, 1, 25-51.

Young, Crawford (Ed.). 1998. Ethnic diversity and public policy: a comparative inquiry.
Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Zicone, Giovanna. 2000. ‘Documentation note: A model of ‘reasonable integration’:

Summary of the first report on the integration of immigrants in Italy’.
International Migration Review, 34, 3, 956-968.

Zulauf, Monika. 1997. ‘Time Organization and the Integration of EU Migrant

Professionals’. Time & Society, 6, 2-3, July, 151-170.

105
4.2 Education and Training

Bleich, Erik. 1999. ‘Re-imagined communities? Education policies and national

belonging in Britain and France’. andrew Geddes and Adrian Favell, The
Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe, 60-75.
Aldershot: Ashgate.

Bodi, Marianne. 1996. ‘Models of Multicultural Education. The Dynamics of Pluralistic

Integration and Social Accommodation’. Rainer Baubock, Agnes Heller and
Aristide R. Zolberg, (Eds.), The Challenge of Diversity: Integration and
Pluralism in Societies of Immigration, 259-278. Aldershot: Avebury European
Centre.

Broeder, Peter and Extra, Guus. 1998. Language, ethnicity, and education: case studies
on immigrant minority groups and immigrant minority languages. Multilingual
matters Series. No. 111. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.

Bushell, Waveney. 1996. ‘The Immigrant (West Indian) Child in School’. Kedar N.
Dwivedi and Ved P. Varma, (Eds.), Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority
Children: a Handbook for Professionals, 37-48. London: Jessica Kingsley
Publishers.

Cahill, Desmond. 1996. Immigration and schooling in the 1990s. Canberra: Australian
Government Publishing Service.

Glenn, Charles Leslie with de Jong, Ester J. 1996. Educating immigrant children:
schools and language minorities in twelve nations. Garland reference library of
social science Series, vol. 921. New York: Garland Pub.

Gray, Maryann Jacobi, Rolph, Elizabeth and Melamid, Elan. 1996. Immigration and
higher education: institutional responses to changing demographics. Santa
Monica: Rand.

Hudson, Dorothy and Debela, N.W. 1997. ‘Migrants’ Perceptions of Schools and Peers:
Australia’. Education and Society, 15, 1, June, 69-79.

Mcandrew, M and P. Lamarre. 1996. ‘The integration of ethnic minority students fifteen
years after Bill 101: some issues confronting Montreal’s French language public
schools’. Canadian ethnic studies, XXVIII, 2, 40-63.

Mouw, T. and Yu, X. 1999. ‘Bilingualism and the academic achievement of first- and
second- generation Asian Americans: accommodation with or without
assimilation?’. American sociological review, 64, 2, 232-252.

106
Portes, Alejandro and MacLeod, Dag. 1999. ‘Educating the Second Generation:
Determinants of Academic Achievement among Children of Immigrants in the
United States’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 3, 373-396.

Rong, Xue Lan and Preissle, Judith. 1998. Educating immigrant students: what we need
to know to meet the challenges. Thousand Oaks, Calif. and London: Corwin
Press.

Sagy, Shifra. 2000. ‘Factors Influencing Early Dropout: The Case of Russian Immigrant
Students Attending an Israeli University’. Journal of Applied Behavioral
Science, 36, 3, Sept, 362-375.

Sigsbee, David L., Speck, Bruce W. and Maylath, Bruce (Eds). 1997. Approaches to
teaching non-native English speakers across the curriculum. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Stolzenberg, R.M. and Tienda, M. 1997. ‘English proficiency, education, and the
conditional economic assimilation of Hispanic and Asian origin’. Social science
research, 26, 1, 25-51.

Tabors, Patton O. 1997. One child, two languages: a guide for preschool educators of
children learning English as a second language. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes
Pub.

Vermeulen, Hans and Perlmann, Joel. 2000. Immigrants, schooling and social mobility:
does culture make a difference? Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Zou, Yali and Trueba, Enrique T. (Ed.). 1998. Ethnic identity and power: cultural
contexts of political action in school and society. Albany : State University of
New York Press.

4.3 Labour Market

Agiomirgianakis, G.M. 1996. ‘International Macroeconomic Interdependence and

International Migration of Labour’. International Journal of Finance and
Economics, 1, 2, 133-147.

Anderson, B. 2000. Migrant Domestic Workers: a European Perspective. London: Zed

Press.

Anderson, B. and Phizacklea, A. 1997. Migrant domestic workers: A European

perspective. Brussels: Equal Opportunities Directorate DG5.

107
Avci, Gamze and McDonald, Christopher. 2000. ‘Chipping away at the fortress: unions,
immigration and the transnational labour market’. International Migration, 38,
2, 191-214.

Beijl, Roger Zegers de (Ed.). 2000. Documenting discrimination against migrant

workers in the labour market: a comparative study of four European countries.
Geneva: ILO.

Bevelander, Pieter. 1999. ‘The Employment Integration of Immigrants in Sweden’.

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 3, 445-468.

Blos, Michael, Fischer, Peter A. and Straubhaar, T. 1997. ‘The Impact of Migration
Policy on the Labour Market Performance of Migrants: A Comparative Case
Study’. New Community, 23, 4, Oct, 511-535.

Bolaria, B. Singh and Bolaria, Rosemary von Elling. 1997a. ‘Capital, Labour,
Migrations’. B. Singh Bolaria and Rosemary von Elling Bolaria, International
Labour Migrations, 1-17. Delhi: OUP.

Bolaria, B. Singh and Bolaria, Rosemary von Elling. 1997b. ‘Immigrants, Migrants and
Labour Market Opportunities’. B. Singh Bolaria and Rosemary von Elling
Bolaria, International Labour Migrations, 192-209. Delhi: OUP.

Boubakri, Hassen. 1997. Self employment and the ethnic economy in immigrant
communities in Western Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Broeck, Julien van den (Ed.). 1996. Economics of labour migration. Cheltenham: Elgar.

Brooks, Clive. 1996. Understanding immigrants and the labour market. Canberra:
Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research.

Burgers, Jack. 1998. ‘In the Margin of the Welfare State: Labour Market Position and
Housing Conditions of Undocumented Immigrants in Rotterdam’. Urban
Studies, 35, 10, Oct, 1855-1868.

Chang, Grace. 2000. Disposable domestics: immigrant women workers in the global
economy. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.

Chen, Shyh-Jer. 1998. ‘Characteristics and assimilation of Chinese immigrants in the

US labor market’. International Migration, 36, 2, 187-210.

Cholewinski, Ryszard Ignacy. 1997. Migrant workers in international human rights

law: their protection in countries of employment. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

108
CobbClark, D.A. 2000. ‘Do selection criteria make a difference? Visa category and the
labour market status of immigrants to Australia’. Economic record, 76, 232, 15-
31.

Colectivo Ioé: de Prada, Miguel Angel, Actis,Walter, Pereda, Carlos and Molina, R.
Pérez. 1996. Labour market discrimination against migrant workers in Spain.
International Labour Office, Geneva:

Dale, Gareth and Cole, Mike (Eds). 1999. The European Union and migrant labour.
Oxford: Berg.

Edwards, John. 1997. ‘On What ‘Ought’ to Be: The Flaw in Employment Equality
Practice for Minorities’. New Community 23, 2, 233-248.

EU Commission. 1999. Employment in Europe. Brussels: European Commission.

Fernandez, Marylin and K.C. Kim. 1998. ‘Self-employment rates of Asian immigrant
groups: An analysis of intragroup and intergroup differences’. International
Migration Review, 32, 3, 654-681.

Gazioglu, Saziye (Ed.). 1996. Migrants in the European labour market. Aberdeen: J-
Net.

Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. 1997. ‘The question of discrimination: skilled migrants’ access

to Australian employment’. International Migration, 35, 3, 395-420.

Iredale, Robyn R. 1997. Skills transfer: international migration and accreditation

issues: a comparative study of Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the
United States. Wollongong: University of Wollongong Press.

Jones, F.L. 1998. ‘Recent Trends in Labour Market Disadvantage among Immigrants to
Australia’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 1, 73-96.

Kloosterman, Robert, van der Leun, Joanne and Rath, Jan. 1998. ‘Across the Border:
Immigrants’ Economic Opportunities, Social Capital and Informal Business
Activities’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 2, 249-268.

Kossoudji, S.A. and CobbClark, D.A. 2000. ‘IRCA's impact on the occupational
concentration and mobility of newly-legalized Mexican men’. Journal of
population economics, 13, 1, 81- 98.

Letourneau, J. and Hallsworth, A. 1997. ‘The Migrant Economy in Canada and Britain’.
British Journal Of Canadian Studies, 12, 1, 92-111.

109
Maquire, Joseph and Stead, D. 1998. ‘Border Crossings: Soccer Labour Migration and
the European Union’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33, 1,
Mar, 59-73.

Marger, M. N. and Christine Dobbin. 1998. ‘Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities: Conjoint

Communities in the Making of the World Economy’. Ethnic and Racial Studies,
21, 4, 799.

Martens, Albert. 1999. ‘Migratory Movements: The Position, the Outlook. Charting a
Theory and Practice for Trade Unions’. John Wrench, andrea Rea and Nouria
Ouali, (Eds.), Migrants, Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market: Integration
and Exclusion in Europe, 219-228. London: Macmillan Press.

McCormick, Barry and Wahba, Jackline. 2000. ‘Overseas Employment and Remittances
to a Dual Economy’. Economic Journal, 110, April, 509-534.

Miller, P.W. and Neo, L.M. 1997. ‘Immigrant Unemployment: The Australian
Experience’. International Migration, 35, 2, 155-185.

Mingione, Enzo. 1999. ‘Introduction: Immigrants and the Informal Economy in

European Cities’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23, 2,
June, 209-211.

Model, Suzanne. 1997. ‘Migration, Ethnic Stratification, and Aging, An Occupational

Tale of Two Cities: Minorities in London and New York’. Demography, 34, 4,
Nov., 539-550.

Morokvasik, Mirjana. 2000. ‘“In and Out” of the Labour Market: Immigrant and
Minority Women in Europe.’ Katie Willis and Brenda Yeoh, (Eds.), Gender and
Migration. The International Library of Studies on Migration, 91-115.
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Özcan, V. and Seifert, W. 2000. ‘Self-employment of immigrants in Germany: exclusion

or path to integration?’. Soziale Welt, 51, 3, 289-302.

Pendakur, Ravi. 2000. Immigrants and the labour force: policy, regulation, and impact.
Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Rath, Jan (Ed.). 2000. Immigrant business: the economic, political and social
environment. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Rath, Jan and Kloosterman, Robert. 2000. ‘A critical review of research on immigrant
entrepreneruship’. International Migration Review¸ 34, 3, 657-681.

Reitz, Jeffrey G. 1998. Warmth of the welcome: the social causes of economic success
for immigrants in different nations and cities. Boulder: Westview.

110
Reyneri, Emilio. 1998. The Role of the Underground Economy in Irregular Migration to
Italy: Cause or Effect? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 2, 313-332.

Salaff, Janet W. 2000. ‘The Gendered Social Organization of Migration as Work’. Katie
Willis and Brenda Yeoh, (Eds.), Gender and Migration. The International
Library of Studies on Migration, 153-174. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Sales, R. and Gregory, J. 1996. ‘Employment, Citizenship and European Integration: the
Implications for ethnic Minority Women’. Social Politics, 3, 2.3, 331-350.

Seifert, Wolfgang. 1997. ‘Occupational and Economic Mobility and Social Integration
of Mediterranean Migrants in Germany’. European Journal of
Population/Revue europeenne de demographie, 13, 1, Mar, 1-16.

Stolzenberg, R.M. and Tienda, M. 1997. ‘English proficiency, education, and the
conditional economic assimilation of Hispanic and Asian origin’. Social science
research, 26, 1, 25-51.

Tienda, Martha and Raijman, Rebeca. 2000. ‘Immigrants’ pathways to business

ownership: a comparative ethnic perspective’. International Migration Review,
34, 3, 682-706.

Watts, Julie R. An Unconventional Brotherhood: Union Support for Liberalized

Immigration in Europe. CCIS Monograph 1. La Jolla: University of California,
2000.

Wilpert, Czarina. 1998. ‘Migration and Informal Work in the New Berlin: New Forms of
Work or New Sources of Labour?’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24,
2, 269-294.

Wrench, John. 1998. The EU, ethnic minorities and migrants at the workplace.
European Dossier Series. London: Kogan Page.

Wrench, John. 1999. ‘Employers and Anti-Discrimination Measures in Europe: Good

Practice and Bad Faith’. John Wrench, andrea Rea and Nouria Ouali, (Eds.),
Migrants, Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market: Integration and Exclusion
in Europe, 252-251. London: Macmillan Press.

Wrench, J. 2000 ‘Trade Unions, Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in an Intercultural

Europe’ in J. Gundara and S. Jacobs (Eds) Intercultural Europe: Cultural
Diversity and Social Policy in the European Union Aldershot: Ashgate.

Zulauf, Monika. 1997. ‘Time Organization and the Integration of EU Migrant

Professionals’. Time & Society, 6, 2-3, July, 151-170.

111
4.4 Health

Ballin, A., Somekh, E., Geva, D. and Meytes, D. 1998. ‘High rate of asthma among
immigrants’. Medical Hypotheses, 51, 4, 281-284.

Ben-Sira, Zeev. 1997. Immigration, stress, and readjustment. Westport, Conn. and
London: Praeger.

Berry, John. 1997. ‘Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation’. Applied Psychology:

An International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1,
Jan, 5-34.

Booth, Alan, A.C. Crouter, and N. Landale (Eds). 1997. Immigration and the family:
research and policy on U.S. immigrants. Mahwah, N.J : Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.

Carbalo, Manuel and Siem, Harald. 1996. ‘Migration, Migration Policy and AIDS’. Mary
Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.) Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity
and AIDS, 31-49. London: Taylor and Francis.

Carballo, M., Divino J.J., and Zeric D. 1998. ‘Migration and health in the European
Union’. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 3: (12) 936-944.

Chen J., Bauman, A., Rissel, C., Tang, K.C., Forreo, R. and Flaherty, B. 2000.
‘Substance use in high school students in New South Wales, Australia, in
relation to language spoken at home − The Bogalusa Heart Study’. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 26, 1, 53-63.

Cudd, Ann E. 1998. ‘Psychological Explanations of Oppression’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.),

Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate, 187-215. Oxford:
Blackwell.

Doktet, Ditty (Ed). 1998. Art Therapists, Refugees and Migrants: reaching across
borders, Jessica Kingsley.

van Duifhuizen, Rinske. 1996. ‘HIV/AIDS Prevention Programmes for Migrants and
Ethnic Minorities in Europe: A Challenge for Policy Makers, NGOs and Health
Educators’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.), Crossing Borders:
Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 118-135. London: Taylor and Francis.

Espin, Oliva M. 1999. Women crossing boundaries: a psychology of immigration and

transformations of sexuality. New York and London: Routledge.

Fassin, Didier. 2000. ‘The Politics of Ethnopsychiatry. The African Psyche, from
African Colonies to Parisian Suburbs’. L’Homme, v.153, Jan-Mar, 231-250.

112
Haour-Knipe, Mary and Rector, Richard (Eds.). 1996. Crossing borders: migration,
ethnicity and AIDS. London: Taylor and Francis.

Hernandez, Donald J. (Ed.). 1999. Children of immigrants: health, adjustment, and

public assistance. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Marks, Lara and Michael Worboys (Eds). 1997. Migrants, minorities, and health:
historical and contemporary studies. London: Routledge.

Nesdale, Drew, Rooney, R. and Smith, L. 1997. ‘Migrant Ethnic Identity and
Psychological Distress’. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 5, Sept,
569-588.

Ponizovsky, Alexander and E. Perl. 1997. ‘Does Supported Housing Protect Recent
Immigrants from Psychological Distress?’. International Journal of Social
Psychiatry, 43, 2, summer, 79-86.

Shapiro, Johanna, Douglas, K., Rocha, O., Radecki, S., Vu, C. and Dinh, T. 1999.
‘Generational Differences in Psychosocial Adaptation and Predictors of
Psychological Distress in a Population of Recent Vietnamese Immigrants’.
Journal of Community Health, 24, 2, Apr, 95-113.

Turner, T. 1997. ‘Transcultural medicine: Ethnicity and psychiatry’. Practitioner, 241,

1579, 612-614.

Ugalde, Antonio and Cardenas, Gilberto (Eds). 1998. Health and social services among
international labor migrants: A comparative perspective. Austin: University of
Texas Press, Centre for Mexican American Studies.

Vinokurov, A., Birman, D. and Trickett, E. 2000. ‘Psychological and acculturation

correlates of work status among Soviet Jewish refugees in the U.S.’.
International migration review, 34, 2, 538-559.

Ward, Collen. 1997. ‘Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology:

Three Perspectives on Acculturation’. Applied Psychology: An International
Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1, Jan, 58-62.

4.5 Housing

Blank, Susan and Torrecilha, Ramon S. 1998. ‘Understanding the living arrangements
of Latino immigrants: A life course approach’ International Migration Review,
32, 1, 3-20.

Bolt, Gideon S. and van Kempen, Ronald. 1997. ‘Segregation and Turks’ Housing
Conditions in Middle-Sized Dutch Cities’. New Community, 23, 3, 363-384.

113
Burgers, Jack. 1998. ‘In the Margin of the Welfare State: Labour Market Position and
Housing Conditions of Undocumented Immigrants in Rotterdam’. Urban
Studies, 35, 10, Oct, 1855-1868.

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. 1996. Immigrants and the Canadian
housing market: living arrangements, housing characteristics, and preferences.
Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

Duncan, S. and Kleinman, Mark. 1999. ‘Housing, welfare and the state in Europe. A
comparative analysis of Britain, France and Germany.’ International Journal Of
Urban and Regional Research, 23, 2, 409.

Faist, Thomas and Haussermann, Hartmut. 1996. ‘Immigration, Social Citizenship and
Housing in Germany’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,
20, 1, Mar, 83-98.

Haegel, Florence. 2000. ‘Xenophobia on a Suburban Paris Housing Estate’. Patterns of

Prejudice, 34, 1, Jan, 29-38.

de Jong, Wiebe and Verkuyten, Maykel. 1996. ‘Urban Renewal, Housing Policy and
Ethnic Relations in Rotterdam’. New Community 22, 4, 689-706.

Kirszbaum, Thomas. 1999. ‘Immigrants in Local Housing Policies: Local Variations on

the Theme of Diversity’. Societes Contemporaines, 33-34, Jan-Apr, 87-110.

Lazin, Fred A. 1997. ‘The Housing Policies for Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel: Spatial
Segregation, Economic Feasibility and Political Acceptability’. Nationalism &
Ethnic Politics, 3, 4, winter, 39-68.

Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Semyonov, M. 2000. ‘Migration, Ethnicity, and Inequality:

Homeownership in Israel’. Social Problems, 47, 3, Aug, 425-444.

Murdie, Robert A. and Borgegard, L-E. 1998. ‘Immigration, Spatial Segregation and
Housing Segmentation of Immigrants in Metropolitan Stockholm, 1960-95’.
Urban Studies, 35, 10, Oct, 1869-1888.

Myers, Dowell and Woo Lee, Seong. 1998. ‘Immigrant trajectories into
homeownership: A temporal analysis of residential assimilation’. International
Migration Review, 32, 3, 593-625.

Peach, Ceri. 2000. The Consequences of Segregation. Frederick W. Boal, (Ed.), Ethnicity
and Housing: Accommodating Difference. Aldershot: Ashgate, 10-23.

Pechu, Cecile. 1999. ‘Black African Immigrants in France and Claims for Housing’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 4, Oct, 727-744.

114
Ponizovsky, Alexander and Perl, E. 1997. ‘Does Supported Housing Protect Recent
Immigrants from Psychological Distress?’. International Journal of Social
Psychiatry, 43, 2, summer, 79-86.

Ratcliffe, Peter. 1999. ‘Housing Inequality and “race”: Some Critical Reflections on the
Concept of “Social Exclusion.”’ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 1, 1-22.

Rosenbaum, E. and Schill, M.H. 1999. ‘Housing and neighborhood turnover among
immigrant and native-born households in New York City, 1991 to 1996’.
Journal of housing research, 10, 2, 209-234.

Tanter, Annick and Toubon, J-C. 1999. ‘Social Diversity and Population Policy: Genesis
of Spatial Ethnicization in Social Housing Renovations’. Societes
Contemporaines, 33-34, Jan-Apr, 59-86.

4.6. Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential

Segregation and Acculturation

Banton, Michael. 1999. ‘National Integration and Ethnic Violence in Western Europe’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 1, Jan, 5-20.

Baumann, Geerd. 1997. ‘Dominant and Demotic Discourses of Culture: Their Relevance
to Multi-Ethnic Alliances’. Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating
Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism,
209-225. London: Zed Books.

Baumann, Zygmunt. 1997. ‘The Making and Unmaking of Strangers’. Pnina Werbner and
Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities
and the Politics of Anti-Racism, 46-57. London: Zed Books.

Blank, Susan and Torrecilha, Ramon S. 1998. ‘Understanding the living arrangements
of Latino immigrants: A life course approach’. International Migration Review,
32, 1, 3-20.

Boal, Frederick W. 1996. ‘Immigration and Ethnicity in the Urban Milieu’. Curtis C.
Roseman, Hans Dieter Laux and Gunther Thieme. EthniCity: Geographic
Perspectives on Ethnic Change in Modern Cities, 283-303. London: Rowman
and Littlefield Inc.

Blom, Svein. 1999. ‘Residential Concentration among Immigrants in Oslo’.

International Migration, 37, 3, 617-641.

115
Brinker-Gabler, G. and Smith, S. 1997. Writing new identities: Gender, nation and
immigration in contemporary Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press.

Broeder, Peter and Extra, Guus. 1998. Language, ethnicity, and education: case studies
on immigrant minority groups and immigrant minority languages. Multilingual
matters Series. No. 111. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.

Burnley, I. 1999. ‘Levels of immigrant residential concentration in Sydney and their

relationship with disadvantage’. Urban studies, 36, 8, 1295-1316.

Caglar, Ayse S. 1997. ‘Hyphenated Identities and the Limits of “Culture.”’ Tariq Modood
and Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe:
Racism, Identity and Community, 169-185. London: Zed Books Ltd.

Callan, Eamonn. 2000. ‘Discrimination and Religious Schooling’. Will Kymlicka and
Wayne Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies, 45-67. Oxford: OUP.

Carens, Joseph H. 1994. ‘Cultural Adaptation and Integration. Is Quebec a Model for
Europe?’ Rainer Baubock, (Ed.) From Aliens to Citizens: Redefining the Status
of Immigrants in Europe, 149-186. Public Policy and Social Welfare vol.17.
Aldershot: Avebury.

Carliner, Geoffrey. 2000. ‘The language ability of US immigrants: Assimilation and

cohort effects’. International Migration Review, 34, 1, 158-182.

Carmon, Naomi. 1996. ‘Immigration and Integration in Post-Industrial Societies:

Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses.’ Naomi Carmon, (Ed.) Immigration and
Integration in Post-Industrial Societies: Theoretical Analysis and Policy-Related
Research, 13-29. London: Macmillan Press.

Council of Europe. 1999. Religion and the integration of immigrants. Consultants:

Hans Vocking and Jorgen Nielsen. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe, Group of Consultants on Religious and Cultural Aspects of Equality

of Opportunities for Immigrants. 1996. The integration of immigrants: towards
equal opportunities: study drawn up by the Group of Consultants on Religious
and Cultural Aspects of Equality of Opportunities for Immigrants. Strasbourg,
France: Council of Europe.

Cronin, Mike and Mayall, David (Eds). 1998. Sporting nationalisms: identity, ethnicity,
immigration, and assimilation. London: F. Cass.

Doomernik, Jeroen. 1997. ‘Adaptation Strategies among Soviet Jewish Immigrants in

Berlin’. New Community, 23, 1, 59-74.

116
Dunn, Kevin M. 1998. ‘Rethinking Ethnic Concentration: The Case of Cabramatta,
Sydney’. Urban Studies, 35, 3, Mar, 503-527.

Espenshade, Thomas J. and Fu, H. 1997. ‘An analysis of English-language proficiency

among U.S. immigrants’. American sociological review, 62, 2, 288-305.

Espinosa, K.E. and Massey, D.S. 1997. ‘Determinants of English proficiency among
Mexican migrants to the United States’. International migration review, XXXI,
1, 28-50.

Faist, Thomas. ‘Transnationalization in International Migration: Implications for the

Study of Citizenship and Culture’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 2, Mar, 189-
222.

Foner, Nancy. 1997. ‘The immigrant family: cultural legacies and cultural changes’.
International Migration Review, 31, 4, 961-974.

Fortier, Anne-Marie. 2000. Migrant belongings: memory, space and identity. Oxford:
Berg.

Freedman, Jane and Carrie Tarr (Eds). 2000. Women, immigration and identities in
France. Oxford: Berg, 2000.

Ghuman, Paul A. Singh. 1999. Asian adolescents in the West. Leicester: BPS Books.

Gillborn, D. and Gipps, C. 1996 Recent Research on the Achievements of Ethnic

Minority Pupils Office for Standards in Education, London.

Glenn, Charles Leslie with de Jong, Ester J. 1996. Educating immigrant children:
schools and language minorities in twelve nations. Garland reference library of
social science Series, vol. 921. New York: Garland Pub.

Graham, S., Taylor, A. Z. and Hudley, C. 1998. ‘Exploring Achievement Values Among
Ethnic Minority Early Adolescents’. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 4,
606-620.

ter Haar, Gerrie. 1998. Halfway to paradise: African Christians in Europe. Fairwater,
Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press.

Hudson, Robert and Reno, Fred (Eds.). 2000. Politics of identity: migrants and
minorities in multicultural states. Basingstoke : Macmillan.

Hunter, L.M. 2000. ‘The spatial association between U.S. immigrant residential
concentration and environmental hazards’. International migration review, 34,
2, 460-488.

117
Joseph, May. 1999. Nomadic identities: the performance of citizenship. Minneapolis,
Minn. and London: University of Minnesota Press.

Joly, Daniele, (Ed.) 1998. Scapegoats or Social Actors: the Exclusion and Integration of
Minorities in Western and Eastern Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Joly, Daniele. 1997. ‘An Agenda for Reception and Integration: the Western European
Experience and Central Europe’. Budapest: European Series, 3, 2, 119-137.

Kenny, Alex. 1999. ‘What Happened to Antiracist Education?’ Education and Social
Justice, 1, 3, 2-4.

Kepel, Gilles. 1997. ‘Islamic Groups in Europe: Between Community Affirmation and
Social Crisis’. Steven Vertovec and Ceri Peach, (Eds.), Islam in Europe: The
Politics of Religion and Community, 48-55. London: Macmillan Press.

Laux, Hans Dieter and Thieme, Gunther. 1996. ‘Introduction: Modern EthniCities’.
Curtis C. Roseman, Hans Dieter Laux and Gunther Thieme, (Eds.), EthniCity:
Geographic Perspectives on Ethnic Change in Modern Cities, xvii-xxviii.
London: Rowman and Littlefield Inc.

Lazear, E.P. 1999. ‘Culture and language’. Journal of political economy, 107, 6:2, 95-
126.

Loewenberg, M. and Wass, B. 1997. ‘Provision for the Development of the Linguistic
Proficiency of Young Immigrants in England and Wales and France: a
comparative study’. Comparative Education, 33, 3, 395-410.

Marcuse, Peter. 1996. ‘Of Walls and Immigrant Enclaves’. Naomi Carmon, (Ed.)
Immigration and Integration in Post-Industrial Societies: Theoretical Analysis
and Policy-Related Research, 30-46. London: Macmillan Press.

Martiniello, Marco. 1998. ‘Wieviorka’s View on Multiculturalism: a Critique’. Ethnic

and Racial Studies, 21, 5, 911-916.

Mcandrew, M. and Lamarre, P. 1996. ‘The integration of ethnic minority students fifteen
years after Bill 101: some issues confronting Montreal’s French language public
schools’. Canadian ethnic studies, XXVIII, 2, 40-63.

Model, Suzanne, Fisher, Gene and Silberman, Roxane. 1999. ‘Black Caribbeans in
Comparative Perspective’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 2, Apr,
187-212.

Modood, Tariq. 1997. ‘“Difference,” Cultural Racism and Anti-Racism’. Pnina Werbner
and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, 154-172. London: Zed Books.

118
Modood, Tariq. 2000. ‘Anti-Essentialism, Multiculturalism and the ‘Recognition’ of
Religious Groups’. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, (Eds.), Citizenship in
Diverse Societies, 175-195. Oxford: OUP.

Mouw, T. and Yu, X. 1999. ‘Bilingualism and the academic achievement of first- and
second- generation Asian Americans: accommodation with or without
assimilation?’. American sociological review, 64, 2, 232-252.

Musterd, Sako, Ostendorf, Wim and Breebaart, Matthijs. 1998. Multi-ethnic

metropolis: patterns and policies. The Geojournal library series, v. 43.
Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Nesdale, Drew, Rooney, R. and Smith, L. 1997. ‘Migrant Ethnic Identity and
Psychological Distress’. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 5, Sept,
569-588.

Neymarc, Kristen. 1998. Immigrants, Integration and Cities: a brief review of the recent
literature. OECD Proceedings. Immigrants, Integration and Cities: Exploring the
Links, 17-31. Paris: OECD.

Nielsen, Jorgen S. 1997. ‘Muslims in Europe into the Next Millennium’. Steven Vertovec
and Ceri Peach, (Eds.), Islam in Europe: The Politics of Religion and
Community, 263-272.

Nogle, June Marie. 1998. ‘Settlement assistance and intermarriage for immigrants to
Canada’. Immigrants and Minorities, 17, 2.

Ong, Aihawa. 1996. ‘Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making: Immigrants Negotiate

Racial and Cultural Boundaries in the United States’. Current Anthropology, 37,
5, Dec, 737-751.

Papajohn, J. 1999. The hyphenated American: the hidden injuries of culture. Westport
CT: Greenwood Press.

Phalet, Karen and Hagendoorn, L. 1997. ‘Personal Adjustment to Acculturative

Transitions: The Turkish Experience’. International Journal of
Psychology/Journal International de Psychologie, 31, 2, Apr, 131-144.

Phoenix, Ann. 1998. ‘Representing New Identities: ‘Whiteness’ as Contested Identity in

Young Peoples' Accounts’. Khalid Koser and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New
Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and Social Realities, 109-123.
London: Macmillan.

Rapport, Nigel and Dawson, andrew (Eds.). 1998. Migrants of identity: perceptions of
home in a world of movement. Oxford: Berg.

119
Ray B.K., Halseth, G. and Johnson, B. 1997. ‘The Changing “Face” of the Suburbs:
Issues of Ethnicity and Residential Change in Suburban Vancouver’.
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21, 1, 75-99.

Reno, Fred. 2000. ‘Caribbean Identities in Europe: a Comparative Perspective’. Robert

Hudson and Fred Reno, (Eds.), Politics of Identity: Migrants and Minorities in
Multicultural States, 25-43. London: Macmillan Press.

Seifert, Wolfgang. 1996. ‘Occupational and Social Integration of Immigrant Groups in

Germany’. New Community 22, 3, 417-436.

Seifert, Wolfgang. 1997. ‘Occupational and Economic Mobility and Social Integration
of Mediterranean Migrants in Germany’. European Journal of
Population/Revue europeenne de demographie, 13, 1, Mar, 1-16.

Spinner-Haley, Jeff. 2000. ‘Extending Diversity: Religion in Public and Private

Education’. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies,
68-95. Oxford: OUP.

Stevens, C.A. 1999. ‘Selection and Settlement of Citizens: English Language

Proficiency Among Immigrant Groups in Australia’. Journal of Multilingual
and Multicultural Development, 20, 2, 107-133.

Stiles, Deborah A., Gibbons, J.L., Lie, S., Sand, T. and Krull, J. 1998. ‘“Now I Am
Living in Norway”: Immigrant Girls Describe Themselves’. Cross-Cultural
Research, 32, 3, Aug, 279-298.

Stolzenberg, R.M. and Tienda, M. 1997. ‘English proficiency, education, and the
conditional economic assimilation of Hispanic and Asian origin’. Social science
research, 26, 1, 25-51.

Tabors, Patton O. 1997. One child, two languages: a guide for preschool educators of
children learning English as a second language. Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes
Pub.

van der Veer, Peter. 1997. ‘“The Enigma of Arrival”: Hybridity and Authenticity in the
Global Space’. Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural
Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, 90-105.
London: Zed Books.

Verkuyten, Maykel, van de Calseijde, Sofie and de Leur, Wieger. 1999. ‘Third Generation
South Moluccans in the Netherlands: The Nature of Ethnic Identity’. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 1, 63-80.

120
Wahlbeck, Osten. 1999. Kurdish Diasporas: a Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee
Communities. London: Macmillan.

Werbner, Pnina. 1997. ‘Introduction: the Dialectics of Cultural Hybridity’. Pnina Werbner
and Tariq Modood, (Eds.), Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism,1-26. London: Zed Books.

Xiao, H. 1998. ‘Chinese language maintenance in Winnipeg’. Canadian ethnic studies,

XXX, 1, 86-96.

Zavodny, Madeleine. 1999. ‘Determinants of Recent Immigrants’ Locational Choices’.

International Migration Review, 33, 4(128), winter, 1014-1030.

Zolner, Mette. 2000. Re-imagining the nation: debates on immigrants, identities and
Memories. Series multiple Europes, No. 11. New York : P.I.E.-Peter Lang.

Zou, Yali and Trueba, Enrique T. (Ed.). 1998. Ethnic identity and power: cultural
contexts of political action in school and society. Albany: State University of
New York Press.

4.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

Avci, Gamze and McDonald, Christopher. 2000. ‘Chipping away at the fortress: unions,
immigration and the transnational labour market’. International Migration, 38,
2, 191-214.

Back, Henry and Soininen, Maritta. 1998. ‘Immigrants in the Political Process’.
Scandinavian Political Studies, 21, 1, 29-50.

Barbieri, William A. 1998. Ethics of citizenship: immigration and group rights in

Germany. Durham: Duke University Press.

Ben-Tovim, Gideon. 1997. ‘Why “Positive Action” is “Politically Correct.”’ Tariq

Modood and Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New
Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, 209-222. London: Zed Books Ltd.

Brewin, Christopher. 1997. ‘Society as a Kind of Community: Communitarian Voting

with Equal Rights for Individuals in the European Union.’ Tariq Modood and
Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe:
Racism, Identity and Community, 223-239. London: Zed Books Ltd.

121
Carens, Joseph H. and Williams, Melissa S. 1996. ‘Muslim Minorities in Liberal
Democracies: the Politics of Misrecognition.’ Rainer Baubock, Agnes Heller and
Aristide R. Zolberg, (Eds.), The Challenge of Diversity: Integration and
Pluralism in Societies of Immigration, 157-186. Aldershot: Avebury European
Centre.

Council of Europe, Directorate of Social and Economic Affairs. 1999. Political and
social participation of immigrants through consultative bodies. Strasbourg:
Council of Europe.

Dutt, Mallika, Marin, Leni and Zia, Helen (Eds). 1997. Migrant women’s human rights
in G-7 countries: organizing strategies. San Francisco, Calif.: Family Violence
Prevention Fund and New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Women's Global
Leadership.

Favell, Adrian and Geddes, andrew. 2000. ‘Immigration and European Integration: New
Opportunities for Transnational Mobilization?’ Rood Koopmans and Paul
Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics:
Comparative European Perspectives, 407-428. New York: Oxford University
Press.

Fraser, Nancy. 1998. ‘From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a

"Post-Socialist" Age’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A
guide to the current debate, 19-49. Oxford: Blackwell.

Freeman, Gary P. 1998. ‘The Decline of Sovereignty? Politics and Immigration

Restriction in Liberal States’. Christian Joppke, (Ed.) Challenge to the Nation-
State: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States, 86-108. Oxford:
OUP.

Geddes, andrew. 1998. ‘The Representation of ‘Migrants’ Interests’ in the European

Union’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 4, Oct, 695-713.

Gran, Brian K. and Clifford, Elizabeth J. 2000. ‘Rights and Ratios? Evaluating the
Relationship between Social Rights and Immigration’. Journal of Ethnic and
Migration Studies, 26, 3, 412-448.

Ireland, Patrick. 2000. ‘Reaping What They Sow: Institutions and Immigrant Political
Participation in Western Europe’. Rood Koopmans and Paul Statham, (Eds.),
Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European
Perspectives, 233-282. New York: Oxford University Press.

Joppke, Christian. 1998. ‘Immigration Challenges the Nation-State’. Christian Joppke,

(Ed.) Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western Europe and the
United States, 5-46. Oxford: OUP.

122
Koopmans, Rood and Statham, P. 1999. ‘Challenging the nation-state?: postnationalism,
multiculturalism, and the collective claims-making of migrants and ethnic
minorities in Britain and Germany’. American Journal of Sociology, v.105,
p.652-696.

Koopmans, Rood and Statham, Paul. 2000a. ‘Challenging the Liberal Nation State?
Postnationalism, Multiculturalism and the Collective Claims-Making of
Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany’. Rood Koopmans and
Paul Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics:
Comparative European Perspectives, 189-232. New York: Oxford University
Press.

Koopmans, Rood and Statham, Paul. 2000b. ‘Migration and Ethnic Relations as a Field
of Political Contention: an Opportunity Structure Approach’. Rood Koopmans
and Paul Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations
Politics: Comparative European Perspectives, 13-56. New York: Oxford
University Press.

Lahiri, Sajal and Raimondos-Moller, Pascalis. 2000. ‘Lobbying by Ethnic Groups and
Aid Allocation’. Economic Journal 110, March, C62-C79.

Leman, Johan. 1997. ‘Undocumented Migrants in Brussels: Diversity and the

Anthropology of Illegality’. New Community, 23, 1, 25-42.

Majka, Lorraine and Le, S. 1997. ‘Southeast Asian Assistance Initiatives in Melbourne’.
Asian Migrant, 10, 1, Jan-Mar, 23-27.

Melotti, Umberto. 1997. ‘International Migration in Europe: Social Projects and Political
Cultures’. Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics of
Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, 73-92.
London: Zed Books Ltd.

Mitchell, K. 1998. ‘Reworking democracy: contemporary immigration and community

politics in Vancouver’s Chinatown’. Political geography, 17, 6, 729-750.

Modood, Tariq. 1997. ‘Introduction: The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe’.
Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the
New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, 1-25. London: Zed Books Ltd.

Schmitter, Barbara E. 1980. ‘Immigrants and Associations: Their Role in the Socio-
Political Process of Immigrant Worker Integration in West Germany and
Switzerland’. International Migration Review, 14, 2, 179-192.

Soininen, Maritta and Back, Henry. 1993. ‘Electoral Participation among Immigrants in
Sweden: Integration, Culture and Participation’. New Community, 20, 1, 111-
130.

123
Stasilius, D. 1997. ‘International Migration, Rights and the Decline of ‘Actually Existing
Liberal Democracy.’ New Community, 23, 2, 197-214.

Vertovec, Steven and Peach, Ceri. 1997. ‘Introduction: Islam in Europe and the Politics
of Religion and Community.’ Steven Vertovec and Ceri Peach, (Eds.), Islam in
Europe: The Politics of Religion and Community, 3-47. London: Macmillan
Press.

Waldron, Jeremy. 2000. ‘Cultural Identity and Civic Responsibility.’ Will Kymlicka and
Wayne Norman (Eds.), Citizenship in Diverse Societies, 155-174. Oxford: OUP.

Williams, Melissa S. 2000. ‘The Uneasy Alliance of Group Representation and

Deliberative Democracy’. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman (Eds.),
Citizenship in Diverse Societies, 124-152. Oxford: OUP.

Zou, Yali and Enrique T. Trueba (Ed.). 1998. Ethnic identity and power: cultural
contexts of political action in school and society. Albany: State University of
New York Press.

4.8 Women and Gender

Ackers, Louise. 1998. Shifting spaces: women, citizenship and migration within the
European Union. Bristol: The Policy Press.

anderson, B. and Phizacklea, A. 1997. Migrant domestic workers: A European

perspective. Brussels: Equal Opportunities Directorate DG5.

Anthias, Floya and Lazaridis, Gabriella (Eds). 2000. Gender and migration in Southern
Europe. Oxford: Berg.

Aswad, Barbara C. and Bilge, Barbara (Eds). 1996. Family and gender among
American Muslims: issues facing Middle Eastern immigrants and their
descendants. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Bjeren, Gunilla. 1997. ‘Gender and Reproduction’. Tomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann,
Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.) International Migration, Immobility and
Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 219-246. Oxford: Berg.

Brinker-Gabler, G. and Smith, S. 1997. Writing new identities: Gender, nation and
immgiration in contemporary Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press.

Chang, Grace. 2000. Disposable domestics: immigrant women workers in the global
economy. Cambridge, MA : South End Press.

124
Dutt, Mallika, Marin, Leni and Zia, Helen (Eds). 1997. Migrant women’s human rights
in G-7 countries: organizing strategies. San Francisco, Calif.: Family Violence
Prevention Fund and New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Women’s Global
Leadership.

England, K. and Stiell, B. 1997. ‘They think you are as stupid as your English is:
Constructing foreign domestic workers in Toronto’. Environment Planning A,
29, 195-215.

Fincher, R. 1997. ‘Gender, age and ethnicity in immigration for an Australian nation’.
Environment Planning A, 29, 217-236.

Freedman, Jane and Tarr, Carrie (Eds). 2000. Women, immigration and identities in
France. Oxford: Berg, 2000.

Hennink, Monique, Diamond, Ian and Cooper, Philip. 1999. ‘Young Asian Women and
Relationships: Traditional or Transitional?’ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 5,
867-891.

Hoskyns, C. 1996. Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Policy in the European Union.
London: Verso.

Indra, D. 1999. Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Berghahn.

Jain, Shobhita and Reddock, Rhoda (Eds). 1998. Women plantation workers:
international experiences. Oxford: Berg.

Kelson, Gregory A. and DeLaet, Debra L. (Eds). 1999. Gender and immigration. New
York: New York University Press.

Kofman, Eleonore. 1997. ‘In search of the missing female subject: Comments on French
immigration research’. In M. Cross and S. Perry (Eds). Population and social
policy in France. London: Pinter.

Kofman, Eleonore. 1998a. ‘Skilled female migrants: invisible international migrants in

European migratory spaces and state policies’. International Studies
Association Conference, Minneapolis.

Kofman, Eleonore. 1998b. ‘Whose city? Gender, class and immigration’. In R. Fincher
and J. Jacobs (Eds). Cities of Difference. New York: Guildford.

Kofman, Eleonore. 1999. ‘Female ‘Birds of Passage’ a decade later: Gender and
immigration in the European Union’. International Migration Review, 33, 2,
269-299.

125
Kofman, E. 2000. ‘The Invisibility of Skilled Female Migrants and Gender Relations in
Studies of Skilled Migration in Europe’. International Journal of Population
Geography, 6, 1, 1-15.

Kofman, E. and Sales, R. 1997. ‘Gender Differences and Family Reunion in the
European Union: Implications for Refugees’. Refuge 16, 4, 26-31.

Kofman, E. and Sales, R. 1998. ‘Migrant Women and Exclusion in Europe’. The
European Journal of Women’s Studies, 5, 3-4, 381-398.

Kofman, E. and Sales, R. 1999. ‘Migrant Women in Europe’. R. Rossilli, (Ed.), European
Union Policy and Women’s Equality. New York: Peter Lang.

Kofman, Eleonore, Phizacklea, Annie, Raghuram, Parvati and Sales, Rosemary. 2000.
Gender and International Migration in Europe: Employment, Welfare and
Politics. London and New York: Routledge.

Lutz, H. 1997. ‘The Limits of European-ness: Immigrant Women in Fortress Europe’.

Feminist Review, 57, 93-111.

Miller, Matthei L. 1996. ‘Gender and international labor migration: A networks

approach’. Social Justice, 23, 3, 38-53.

Phizacklea, A. 1996. ‘Women, Migration and the State’. S. Rai and G. Lievsley, (Eds.),
Women and the State: International Perspectives, 163-173. London: Taylor and
Francis.

del Rosariao, Virginia O. 1996. ‘Gina Buijs (Ed.), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries
and Changing Identities’. New Community 22, 1, 168.

Saharso, Sawitri. 2000. ‘Female Autonomy and Cultural Imperative: Two Hearts Beating
Together’. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies,
224-242. Oxford: OUP.

Shachar, Ayelet. 2000. ‘Should Church and State be Joined at the Altar? Women’s Rights
and the Multicultural Dilemma’. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, (Eds.),
Citizenship in Diverse Societies, 199-223. Oxford: OUP.

Sales, R. and Gregory, J. 1996. ‘Employment, Citizenship and European Integration: the
Implications for Ethnic Minority Women’. Social Politics, 3, 2.3, 331-350.

Truong, Thanh-Dam. 2000. ‘Gender, International Migration and Social Reproduction:

Implications for Theory, Policy, Research and Networking’. Katie Willis and
Brenda Yeoh, (Eds.), Gender and Migration. The International Library of
Studies on Migration, 65-90. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

126
Whiteford, Elaine A. 1996. Adapting to change: occupational pension schemes, women
and migrant workers: an examination of the extent to which occupational
pension schemes in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany enable women and
migrant workers to accrue adequate pensions. The Hague and London: Kluwer
Law International.

Zlotnik, Hania. 2000. ‘Migration and the Family: the Female Perspective’. Katie Willis
and Brenda Yeoh, (Eds.), Gender and Migration. The International Library of
Studies on Migration, 27-45. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

4.9 Family and Children

Aswad, Barbara C. and Bilge, Barbara (Eds). 1996. Family and gender among
American Muslims: issues facing Middle Eastern immigrants and their
descendants. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Baptiste, D.A., Hardy, K.V., Jr and Lewis, L. 1997. ‘Family therapy with English
Caribbean immigrant families in the United States: issues of emigration,
immigration, culture, and race’. Contemporary family therapy, 19, 3, 337-360.

Boucaud, Pascale. 1996. Migrant workers and their families: protection within the
European Social Charter. Social Charter monographs, no.4. Strasbourg:
Council of Europe Publishing.

Chen J., Bauman, A., Rissel, C., Tang, K.C., Forreo, R. and Flaherty, B. 2000.
‘Substance use in high school students in New South Wales, Australia, in
relation to language spoken at home − The Bogalusa Heart Study’. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 26, 1, 53-63.

Fontes, Lisa Aronson. 2000. Interviewing immigrant children & families about child
maltreatment. Thousand Oaks, Calif.:Sage Publications.

Glenn, Charles Leslie with de Jong, Ester J. 1996. Educating immigrant children:
schools and language minorities in twelve nations. Garland reference library of
social science Series, v. 921. New York: Garland Pub.

Hernandez, Donald J. (Ed.). 1999. Children of immigrants: health, adjustment, and

public assistance. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

McAdoo. Harriette Pipes (Ed.). 1999. Family Ethnicity: Strength In Diversity. 2nd
edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

127
Ralson, Helen. 1997. ‘ “Arranged,” “Semi-Arranged” and “Love” Marriages among
South Asian Immigrant Women in the Diaspora and Their Non-Migrant Sisters
in India and Fiji: A Comparative Study’. International Journal of Sociology of
the Family, 27, 2, autumn, 43-68.

Roer-Strier, Dorit. 1997. ‘In the mind of the beholder: Evaluation of coping styles of
immigrant parents’. International Migration, 35, 2, 271-288.

Tabors, Patton O. 1997. One child, two languages: a guide for preschool educators of
children learning English as a second language. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes
Pub.

Zhou, Min. 1997. ‘Growing Up American: The Challenge Confronting Immigrant

Children and Children Of Immigrants’. Annual Review Of Sociology, 23, 63-95.

Zhou, Min and Bankston, C.L. III. 1998. Growing Up American: How Vietnamese
Children Adapt To Life In The United States. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.

4.10 Justice and Legal System

Brochmann, Grete. 1999a. ‘Controlling Immigration in Europe’. Grete Brochmann and

Tomas Hammar. Mechanisms of Immigration Control: A Comparative Analysis
of European Regional Policies, 297-334. Oxford: Berg.

Brochmann, Grete. 1999b. ‘The Mechanisms of Control’. Grete Brochmann and Tomas
Hammar. Mechanisms of Immigration Control: A Comparative Analysis of
European Regional Policies, 1-27. Oxford: Berg.

Cicekli, Bulent. 1999. ‘The rights of Turkish migrants in Europe: Under international
law and EU law’. International Migration Review, 33, 2, 300-353.

Clarke, Harry. 1998. ‘International trade, labour migrations and capital flows: Long-
term evidence for Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United
States’. International Migration, 36, 3, 383-408.

Dorr, Silvia and Faist, Thomas. 1997. ‘Institutional Conditions for the Integration of
Immigrants in Welfare States: A Comparison of the Literature on Germany,
France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands’. European Journal of Political
Research, 31, 4, June, 401-426.

Dutt, Mallika, Marin, Leni and Zia, Helen (Eds). 1997. Migrant women’s human rights
in G-7 countries: organizing strategies. San Francisco, Calif.: Family Violence
Prevention Fund and New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Women’s Global
Leadership.

128
Engbersen, Godfried and van der Leun, Joanne. 1998. ‘Illegality and Criminality: The
Differential Opportunity Structure of Undocumented Immigrants’. Khalid Koser
and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New Migration in Europe: Social Constructions
and Social Realities, 199-223. London: Macmillan.

Greonendyk, Kees, Guild, Elspeth and Dogan, Halil. 1998. Security of Residence of
Long-Term Migrants: A Comparative Study of Law and Practice in European
Countries. Brussels: Council of Europe.

Itzigsohn, Jose. 2000. ‘European courts and foreigners’ rights: A comparative study of
norms diffusion’. International Migration Review, 34, 4, 1126-1154.

Meijers, H. et al. 1996. Democracy, migrants and police in the European Union: the
1996 IGC and beyond. Utrecht: Forum.

Staples, Helen. 1999. The legal status of third country nationals resident in the
European Union. European monographs series, no.22. The Hague and London:
Kluwer Law International.

United Nations, Centre for Human Rights. 1996. The rights of migrant workers. Human
rights fact sheet, no.24. Geneva, Switzerland and New York, N.Y: Centre for
Human Rights, United Nations.

Waldrauch, Harald and Hofinger, Cristoph. 1997. ‘An Index To Measure The Legal
Obstacles To The Integration Of Migrants’. New Community, 23, 2, 271-285.

4.11 Welfare and Social Policy

van Amersfoort, Hans. 1996. Migration: the Limits of Government Control. New
Community 22, 2, 243-258.

Geddes, andrew. 1998. ‘The Representation of ‘Migrants’ Interests’ In the European

Union’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 4, 695-714.

Geddes, andrew. 1999. ‘The development of EU immigration policy:

Supranationalisation and the politics of belonging’. andrew Geddes and Adrian
Favell, (Eds.), The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in
Contemporary Europe, 176-191. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Hernandez, Donald J. (Ed.). 1999. Children of immigrants: health, adjustment, and

public assistance. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

129
Koslowski, Rey. 1998. ‘European Union Migration Regimes, Established and Emergent’.
Christian Joppke, (Ed.) Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western
Europe and the United States, 153-188. Oxford: OUP.

Kurthen, Hermann, Fijalkowski, Jurgen and Wagner, Gert. 1998. Immigration,

citizenship and the welfare state in Germany and the United States. Stanford,
Conn: JAI.

Kurthen, Hermann. 1997. ‘Conference report: Immigration and the welfare state in
comparison: Differences in the incorporation of immigrant minorities in
Germany and the United States’. International Migration Review, 31, 3, 721-
731.

Martin, Michael T. 1999. ‘“Fortress Europe” and Third World Immigration in the Post-
Cold War Global Context’. Third World Quarterly, 20, 4, Aug, 821-837.

Poulter, S. 1997. ‘The Rights of Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities’. European
Human Rights Law Review, 1997, 3, 254-264.

Sales, R. and Gregory, J. 1999. ‘Immigration, Ethnicity and Exclusion: Implications of

European Integration’. J. Gregory, R. Sales and A. Hegewisch, (Eds.), Women,
Work and Equality: the Challenge to Equal Pay in a Deregulated Market.
London: Macmillan.

Sassen, Saskia. 1998. ‘The De Facto Transnationalizing of Immigration Policy’. Christian

Joppke, (Ed.) Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western Europe
and the United States, 49-85. Oxford: OUP.

Simon, Rita J. and Lynch, James P. 1999. ‘A Comparative Assessment of Public Opinion
toward Immigrants and Immigration Policies’. International Migration Review,
33, 2(126), Summer, 455-467.

Ugalde, Antonio and Cardenas, Gilberto (Eds). 1998. Health and social services
among international labor migrants: A comparative perspective. Austin:
University of Texas Press, Centre for Mexican American Studies.

Whiteford, Elaine A. 1996. Adapting to change: occupational pension schemes, women

and migrant workers: an examination of the extent to which occupational
pension schemes in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany enable women and
migrant workers to accrue adequate pensions. The Hague and London: Kluwer
Law International.

4.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

130
Angenendt, Steffen (Ed.). 1999. Asylum and migration policies in the European Union.
Europa Union Verlag for the Research Institute of the German Society for
Foreign Affairs.

Arrijn, P., Feld, S. and Nayer, A. 1998. Discrimination in access to employment on

grounds of foreign origin: the case of Belgium. Geneva: International Labour
Office.

de Beijl, Roger Zegers (Ed.). 2000. Documenting discrimination against migrant

workers in the labour market: a comparative study of four European countries.
Geneva: ILO.

Blos, Michael, Fischer, Peter A. and Straubhaar, T. 1997. ‘The Impact of Migration
Policy on the Labour Market Performance of Migrants: A Comparative Case
Study’. New Community, 23, 4, Oct, 511-535.

Bonnett, Alastair. 1996. ‘Anti-Racism and the Critique of ‘White’ Identities’. New
Community 22, 1, 97-110.

Bonnett, Alastair. 1998. ‘Who was White? The Disappearance of Non-European White
Identities and the Formation of European Racial Whiteness’. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 21, 6, 1029-1055.

Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. 1999. ‘On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason’ Theory,
Culture and Society Vol. 16 No.1.

Cachón, L. (1999) “Immigrants in Spain: From Institutional Discrimination to Labour

Market Segmentation” in J. Wrench, A. Rea and N. Ouali (Eds) Migrants,
Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market: Integration and Exclusion in Europe
Macmillan: London.

CobbClark, D.A. 2000. ‘Do selection criteria make a difference? Visa category and the
labour market status of immigrants to Australia’. Economic record, 76, 232, 15-
31.

Colectivo Ioé: de Prada, M. Angel, Actis, W. , Pereda, C. and Molina, R. Pérez 1996.
Labour market discrimination against migrant workers in Spain. Geneva:
International Labour Office

Collinson, Sarah. 1998. ‘Public policies towards immigrant minorities in Western

Europe’. C. Young. Ethnic diversity and public policy: a comparative inquiry.
Basingstoke: Macmillan.

131
Favell, Adrian. Forthcoming. ‘Integration Policy and Integration Research In Europe: A
Review and Critique’. Alex Aleinikoff and Doug Klausmeyer (Eds.).
Citizenship: Comparisons and Perspectives. Washington DC: Brookings
Institute.

Fetzer, Joel S. 2000. ‘Economic Self-Interest or Cultural Marginality? Anti-Immigration

Sentiment and Nativist Political Movements in France, Germany and the USA’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 1, 5-24.

Green, N. 1999. ‘Le Melting-Pot: Made in America, Produced in France’ Journal of

American History, 86, 3.

Haegel, Florence. 2000. ‘Xenophobia on a Suburban Paris Housing Estate’. Patterns of

Prejudice, 34, 1, Jan, 29-38.

Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. 1997. ‘The question of discrimination: skilled migrants’ access

to Australian employment’. International Migration, 35, 3, 395-420.

Hayter, Teresa. 2000. Open borders: the case against immigration controls. London:
Pluto Press.

Jain, Rajendra K. 1997. ‘Fortifying the “Fortress”: Immigration and Politics in the
European Union’. International Studies, 34, 2, Apr-June, 163-192.

Kossoudji, S.A. and CobbClark, D.A. 2000. ‘IRCA’s impact on the occupational
concentration and mobility of newly-legalized Mexican men’. Journal of
population economics, 13, 1, 81- 98.

Lloyd, Cathie. 2000. ‘Anti-Racist Responses to European Integration’. Rood Koopmans

and Paul Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations
Politics: Comparative European Perspectives, 389-406. New York: Oxford
University Press.

Martiniello, Marco (Ed.). 1998. Multicultural policies and the state: a comparison of
two European societies. Utrecht: European Research Centre on Migration and
Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University.

OOPEC. 2000. Towards employment for all: combating racism and promoting the
integration of migrants : the ADAPT and Employment Community initiatives
innovations. Employment and social affairs series, no.9. Luxembourg :
OOPEC.

132
Rathzel, Nora. 1997. ‘Migration and Articulation of Racism in Western Europe 1974-88’.
B. Singh Bolaria and Rosemary von Elling Bolaria, International Labour
Migrations, 18-42. Delhi: OUP.

Rea, andrea, Wrench, John and Ouali, Nouria. 1999. ‘Introduction: Discrimination and
Diversity’. John Wrench, andrea Rea and Nouria Ouali, Migrants, Ethnic
Minorities and the Labour Market: Integration and Exclusion in Europe, 1-18.
London: Macmillan Press

Reitz, Jeffrey G., Frick, J.R., Calabrese, T. and Wagner, G.C. 1999. ‘The Institutional
Framework of Ethnic Employment Disadvantage: A Comparison of Germany
and Canada’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 3, July, 397-443.

Samers, M. 1998. Immigration, ‘ethnic minorities’, and ‘social exclusion’ in the

European Union: a critical perspective. Geoforum, 29, 2, May, 123-144.

Seifert, Wolfgang. 1997. ‘Admission Policy, Patterns of Migration and Integration: The
German and French Case Compared’. New Community, 23, 4, Oct, 441-460.

Simon, Ratia J. and Lynch, James P. 1999. ‘Research note: A comparative assessment of
public opinion toward immigrants and immigration policies’. International
Migration Review, 33, 2, 455-467.

Tracy, Marshall. 2000. Racism and immigration in Ireland: a comparative analysis.

Dublin: Department of Sociology, Univiersity of Dublin, Trinity College.

Vertovec, Steven. 1996. ‘Berlin Multikulti: Germany, “foreigners” and “world-

openness.”’ New Community 22, 3, 381-400.
Westin, C. 2000. Settlement and Integration Policies towards Immigrants and their
Descendants in Sweden. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Wieviorka, Michel. 1998. ‘Racism and Diasporas’. Thesis Eleven, 52-55, Feb, 69-81.

4.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

Ackers, Louise. 1998. Shifting spaces: women, citizenship and migration within the
European Union. Bristol: The Policy Press.

Alba, Richard. 1999. ‘Immigration and The American Realities Of Assimilation and
Multiculturalism’. Sociological Forum, 14, 1, 3-25.

Aleinikoff, T. Alexander and Klusmeyer, Douglas (Eds). 2000. From migrants to

citizens: membership in a changing world. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace.

133
Barbieri, William A. 1998. Ethics of citizenship: immigration and group rights in
Germany. Durham: Duke University Press.

Baubock, Rainer and Rundell, J. (Eds). 1998. Blurred boundaries: Migration,ethnicity,

citizenship. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Bisogno, Enrico and Gallo, Gerardo. 2000. ‘The Acquisition of Citizenship, Instrument
or Result of the Integration Process: A Comparison among Some European
Countries in the Early 1990s’. Studi Emigrazione/Etudes Migrations, 37, 137,
Mar, 145-175.

Bryant, Christopher G.A. 1997. ‘Citizenship, National Identity and the Accommodation
of Difference: Reflections on the German, French, Dutch and British Cases’.
New Community 23, 2, 257-172.

Bousetta, Hassan. 1997. ‘Citizenship and Political Participation in France and the
Netherlands: Reflections on Two Local Cases’. New Community 23, 2, 215-233.

Castles, Stephen. 2000. Ethnicity and Globalisation: From Migrant Workers To

Transnational Citizens. London: Sage.

Castles, Stephen and Davidson, Alastair. 2000. Citizenship and Migration:

Globalization and The Politics Of Belonging. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Cesarani, David and Fulbrook, Mary (Eds). 1996. Citizenship, Nationality and
Migration In Europe. London: Routledge.

Clarke, James, E. Van Dam and Gooster, Liz. 1998. ‘New Europeans: Naturalisation and
Citizenship in Europe’. Citizenship Studies, 2, 1, Feb, 43-67.

Crowley, John. 1998. What Does Multiculturalism Add to Citizenship? Implications of

the French and British Cases. International Sociological Association (ISA).

Delanty, Gerard. 1998. ‘Dilemmas of Citizenship: Recent Literature on Citizenship and

Europe’. Citizenship Studies, 2, 2, July, 353-358.

Delanty, Gerard. 1996. ‘Beyond the Nation-State: National Identity and Citizenship in a
Multicultural Society-A Response to Rex’. Sociological Research Online
http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk /socresonline/, 1, 3, Sept.

Dijkstra, Steven, Genijen, Karn and de Ruijter, A. 2001. ‘Multiculturalism and social
integration in Europe’. International Political Science Review, 22, 1, 55-84.

Faist, Thomas. 2000. ‘Transnationalization in International Migration: Implications for

the Study of Citizenship and Culture’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 2, Mar,
189-222.

134
Favell, Adrian. 1997. ‘Citizenship and immigration: pathologies of a progressive
philosophy’. New Community, 23, 2, 173-195.

Favell, Adrian. 1998. Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of

Citizenship in France and Britain. London: Macmillan Press.

Feldblum, Miriam. 1998. ‘Reconfiguring Citizenship in Western Europe’. Christian

Joppke, (Ed.) Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western Europe
and the United States, 231-271. Oxford: OUP.

Feldblum, Miriam. 2000. Managing Membership: ‘New Trends in Citizenship and

Nationality Policy’. T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer, (Eds.)
From Migrants to Citizens: Membership in a Changing World, 475-499.
Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Fetzer, Joel S. 2000. ‘Economic Self-Interest or Cultural Marginality? Anti-Immigration

Sentiment and Nativist Political Movements in France, Germany and the USA’.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 1, 5-24.

Guild, Elspeth. 1996. ‘The Legal Framework of Citizenship of the European Union’.
David Cesarini and Mary Fulbrook, (Eds.), Citizenship, Nationality and
Migration in Europe, 30-54. London: Routledge.

Hansen, R. 1998. ‘A European Citizenship or a Europe of Citizens? Third Country

Nationals in the EU’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 4, 751-68.

Houston, M. R. W. 2000. ‘Birthright Citizenship in the United Kingdom and the United
States: A Comparative Analysis of the Common Law Basis for Granting
Citizenship to Children Born of Illegal Immigrants’. Vanderbilt Journal Of
Transnational Law, 33, 3, 693-738.

Ishtiaq, Ahmed. 1997. ‘Exit, Voice and Citizenship’. Tomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann,
Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, (Eds.) International Migration, Immobility and
Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 159-186. Oxford: Berg.

Jacobson, David. 1996. Rights Across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of
Citizenship. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Joppke, Christian. 1999. ‘How Immigration Is Changing Citizenship: A Comparative

View’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 4, July, 631-652.

Joseph, May. 1999. Nomadic identities: the performance of citizenship. Minneapolis,

Minn. and London: University of Minnesota Press.

135
Jupp, J. 1998. ‘Creating multicultural societies: Australia, Britain, Sweden, and
Canada’. International journal, LII, 3, 508-523.

Kagitcbasi, Cigdem. 1997. ‘Whither Multiculturalism?’. Applied Psychology: An

International Review/Psychologie Appliquee: Revue Internationale, 46, 1, Jan,
44-49.

Kelly, D. 2000. ‘Multicultural citizenship: the limitations of liberal democracy’.

Political quarterly, 71, 1, 31-41.

Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, P. 1999. ‘Challenging the nation-state?: postnationalism,

multiculturalism, and the collective claims-making of migrants and ethnic
minorities in Britain and Germany’. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 652-
696.

Kurthen, Hermann, Fijalkowski, Jurgen and Wagner, Gert. 1998. Immigration,

citizenship and the welfare state in Germany and the United States. Stanford,
Conn: JAI.

Labelle, M. and Midy, F. 1999. ‘Re-reading citizenship and the transnational practices of
immigrants’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 25, 2, 213-232.

Mackert, Jurgen. 1996. ‘Citizenship and Immigration: Heterogenization of the Nation-

State and New Forms of Belonging: Recent articles on the Discussion of
Citizenship’. Berliner Journal fur Soziologie, 6, 2, 261-275.

Martiniello, Marco. 2000. ‘Citizenship of the European Union’. T.A. Aleinikoff and
Douglas Klusmeyer (Eds). From migrants to citizens: membership in a
changing world. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace.

Outlaw, Lucius. 1998. ‘“Multiculturalism,” Citizenship, Education and American Liberal

Democracy’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the
current debate, 382-397. Oxford: Blackwell.

Rex, John. 1996. ‘National Identity in the Democratic Multi-Cultural State’.

Sociological Research Online, http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk /socresonline/, 1, 2,
June.

Rex, John. 1998. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in European Cities’.

Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, 105, July-Dec, 261-280.

Rubio, Ruth. 2000. Immigration as a Democratic Challenge: Citizenship and Inclusion

in Germany and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

136
Solomos, John and Shuster, Lisa, K. 2000. ‘Citizenship, Multiculturalism and the Politics
of Identity: Contemporary Dilemmas and Policy Agendas’. Rood Koopmans and
Paul Statham, (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics:
Comparative European Perspectives, 74-94. New York: Oxford University
Press.

Soorenson, Jens Magleby. 1996. The exclusive European citizenship: the case for
refugees and immigrants in the European Union. Aldershot: Avebury.

Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 1996. ‘Changing Citizenship in Europe: Remarks on

Postnational Membership and the National State’. David Ceasarani and Mary
Fulbrook, (Eds.), Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe, 17-29.
London: Routledge.

Stevens, C.A. 1999. ‘Selection and Settlement of Citizens: English Language

Proficiency Among Immigrant Groups in Australia’. Journal of Multilingual
and Multicultural Development, 20, 2, 107-133.

4.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

Anthias, Floya and Lazaridis, Gabriella (Eds). 2000. Into the margins: migration and
exclusion in Southern Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Wrench, John, Rea, andrea and Ouali, Nouria (Eds.). 1999. Migrants, ethnic minorities
and the labour market: integration and exclusion in Europe. Houndmills:
Macmillan Press.

4.15 Government Documents and Evaluations

Doomernik, Jeroen. 1998a. ‘Labour immigration and integration in low- and middle-
income countries: towards an evaluation of the effectiveness of migration
policies’. International Migration Paper #24 Geneva: International Labour
Office.

Doomernik, Jeroen. 1998b. ‘The effectiveness of integration policies towards

immigrants and their descendants in France, Germany and the Netherlands’.
International Migration Paper #27. Geneva: International Labour Office.

137
5. Refugees – International

5.1 General

Barnes, Diane. 1997. ‘Social Integration Of Refugees Into Countries Of Resettlement:

Motivations, Goals, and Incentives − A Case Study Of Young Vietnamese Men
In Australia’. Social Development Issues, 19, 2-3, 87-97.

Bertrand, Didier. 1998. ‘Refugees and Migrants, Migrants and Refugees: An

Ethnological Approach’. International Migration, 36, 1, 107-114.

Bloch, Alice and Levy, Carl (Eds). 1999. Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy In
Europe. London: Macmillan.

Boyd, Monica. 1999. ‘Gender, Refugee Status and Permanent Settlement’. Gender
Issues, 17, 1, Winter, 5-25.

Carlier, Jean-Yves and Vanheule, Dirk (Eds). 1997. Europe and Refugees: A Challenge?
The Hague and Boston: Kluwer Law International.

Cronin, Deirdre. 1997. Refugees Are Welcome Here!: The Case Against Immigration
Controls. Dublin: The Socialist Workers Party.

Cullen, Paul. 2000. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers In Ireland. Cork: Cork University
Press.

Duke, Karen, Sales, Rosemary and Gregory, Jeanne. 1999. ‘Refugee Resettlement In
Europe’. A. Bloch (Ed.). Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy In Europe.
London: Macmillan.

Haines, David W. 1996. ‘Patterns In Refugee Resettlement and Adaptation’. In D.W.

Haines (Ed.). Refugees In America In The 1990s: A Reference Handbook.
Westport, CT: Greenwood. 28-59.

Irish Commission For Justice and Peace. 1997. Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A
Challenge To Solidarity. A Joint Policy Document Of The Irish Commission
For Justice & Peace and Trocaire. Dublin: Trocaire/Irish Commission For
Justice & Peace.

Jacobsen, Karen. 1997. ‘Refugees’ Environmental Impact: The Effect Of Patterns Of

Settlement’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 10, 1, Mar, 19-36.

Jerusalem, Mattias, Hahn, A. and Schwarzer, R. 1996. ‘Social Bonding and Loneliness
After Network Disruption: A Longitudinal Study Of East German Refugees’.
Social Indicators Research, 38, 3, July, 229-243.

138
Joly, Danièle. 1996. Haven Or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees In Europe. London:
Macmillan.

Joly, Danièle. 1997. Refugees In Europe: The New Hostile Agenda. London: Minority
Rights Group.

Joly, Danièle.1999. ‘A New Asylum in Europe’. Francis Nicholson and Patrick Twomey,
(Eds.), Refugees Rights and Realities, 336-357. Cambridge: CUP.

Keely, Charles B. 1996. ‘How Nation-States Create and Respond To Refugee Flows’.
International Migration Review, 30, 4, 1046-1066.

Montgomery, J. Randal. 1996. ‘Components Of Refugee Adaptation’. International

Migration Review, 30, 3(115), Fall, 679-702.

Muus, P. (Ed.). 1997. Exclusion and Inclusion Of Refugees In Contemporary Europe.

Utrecht: ERCOMER.

Noll, Gregor and Vedsted-Hansen, Jens. 1999. ‘Non-Communitarians: Refugee and

Asylum Policies’. In Philip Alston (Ed.). The EU and Human Rights. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

O’Flynn, M. 1999. ‘Overseas: On The Airlift Of The First Group Of Kosovar Refugees
To Ireland’. World Of Irish Nursing, VOL 7, 6, 16-17.

Potocky, Miriam. 1996. ‘Refugee Resettlement In The United States: Implications For
International Social Welfare’. Journal Of Sociology and Social Welfare, 23, 1,
Mar, 163-174.

Refugee Trust. 1997. Ireland’s Link With The Global Refugee Crisis: Some Questions
and Points Of View. Dublin: Stillorgan and Refugee Trust.

Reilly, Rachael For UNHCR. 1997. The State Of The World's Refugees, 1997-98: A
Humanitarian Agenda. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scott, H. and Bolzman, C. 1999. ‘Age In Exile: Europe’s Older Refugees and Exiles’.
In A. Bloch and C. Levy (Eds.). Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy In
Europe. London: Macmillan.

Steiner, Niklaus. 2000. Arguing About Asylum: The Complexity Of Refugee Debates In
Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Trocaire (Organisation). 2000. Human Rights and Refugees: New Revised Resource For
Leaving Certificate Applied, Contemporary Issues. Dublin: Trocaire.

139
Valtonen, Kathleen. 1998. ‘Resettlement Of Middle Eastern Refugees In Finland: The
Elusiveness Of Integration’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 11, 1, Mar, 38-60.

Valtonen, Kathleen. 1999. ‘The Societal Participation of Vietnamese Refugees: Case

Studies in Finland and Canada’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 3,
469-492.

Wallace, Rebecca M. M. 1996. Refugees and Asylum: A Community Perspective.

London: Butterworths.

Waxman, Peter. 1998. ‘Service Provision and The Needs Of Newly Arrived Refugees In
Sydney, Australia: A Descriptive Analysis’. International Migration Review, 32,
3(123), Fall, 761-777.

Weiner, M. and Munz, R. 1997. ‘Migrants, refugees and foreign policy: Prevention and
intervention strategies’. Third World Quarterly, 18, March, 1, 25-51.

Whitaker, Reg. 1998. ‘Refugees: The Security Dimension’. Citizenship Studies, 2, 3,

Nov, 413-434.

5.2 Education and Training

Nil

5.3 Labour Market

Bulic, Kamenko and Dongieux, Henri. 1999. ‘Meaningful and Satisfactory Work As A
Pathway To Integration: Bosnian Refugees In The West’. Revija Za Sociologiju,
30, 1-2, Jan-June, 99-116.

Refugee Council. 1999. ECRE Task Force on Integration, Refugees and Employment: the
European Context, November.

Stevens, Christine A. 1996. ‘The Labour Market Experience Of Cambodians: Policy

Implications For Settlement Services’. Australian Journal Of Social Issues, 31,
3, Aug, 271-289.

Sultan-Prnjavorac, Fardus. 1999. Report Of A Survey: Barriers and Needs Of Bosnian

Refugee Women With Regard To Education, Employment and Social Inclusion.
Dublin: Zena Project.

Tress, Madeleine. 1998. ‘Welfare State Type, Labour Markets and Refugees: A
Comparison Of Jews From The Former Soviet Union In The United States and
The Federal Republic Of Germany’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 1, Jan, 116-
137.

140
Vinokurov, A., D. Birman and E. Trickett. 2000. ‘Psychological and acculturation
correlates of work status among Soviet Jewish refugees in the U.S.’.
International migration review, 34, 2, 538-559.

5.4 Health

Ahearn, Frederick L. Jr. 2000. Psychosocial Wellness Of Refugees: Issues In Qualitative and
Quantitative Research. Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Bennike, Margrethe. 1998. ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder: social work at a Danish

rehabilitation centre for refugees’, Social Work in Europe, 5, 1, 24-28.

Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. 1996. ‘AIDS and HIV, Migrants and Refugees: International Legal
and Human Rights Dimensions’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.)
Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 50-69. London: Taylor and
Francis.

Gushulal, B.D. 1998. ‘Tuberculosis control in refugees − policies and practices’,

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2, S87-93.

Hyman, Ilene, Vu, N. and Beiser, M. 2000. ‘Post-Migration Stresses Among Southeast
Asian Refugee Youth In Canada: A Research Note’. Journal Of Comparative
Family Studies, 31, 2, Spring, 281-293.

Jong, Joop T.V.M. De and Clark, Lucy. 1996. Mental Health Of Refugees. Geneva:
World Health Organization.

van der Kwaak, Anke and Wolffers, Ivan. 1996. Primary Health Care and Refugees.
Amsterdam: VU University Press.

Lucas, Sue. 1999. Refugees, Displaced People and Their Vulnerability To HIV/AIDS.
London: UK NGO AIDS Consortium.

Medicins Sans Frontieres. 1997. Refugee Health: An Approach To Emergency

Situations. London: Macmillan.

O’Flynn, M. 1999. ‘Overseas: On The Airlift Of The First Group Of Kosovar Refugees
To Ireland’. World Of Irish Nursing, 7, 6, 16-17.

Papadopoulos, R. 1998. ‘Destructiveness, Atrocities and Healing’, The Journal of

Analytical Psychology, 43, 4, 455-478.

141
Racine-Welch, T. and Welch, M. 2000. ‘Listening For The Sounds Of Silence: A
Nursing Consideration Of Caring For The Politically Tortured’. Nursing
Inquiry, 7, 2, 136-141.

Smith, A., O’ Flanagan, D., Igoe, D., Cronin, J., Forde, D., McArdle, E. and Ko, D.
2000. ‘Outcome Of Medical Screening Of Kosovan Refugees In Ireland’.
Communicable Disease and Public Health, 3, 4, 291-294.

van der Veer, Guus. 1998 (1992). Counselling and Therapy With Refugees and Victims
Of Trauma: Psychological Problems Of Victims Of War, Torture, and Repression.
2nd Ed. Chichester: John Wiley.

van Velsen, C., Gorst-Unsworth, C., and Turner, S. 1996. ‘Survivors of Torture and
Organised Violence: demography and diagnosis’, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9,
2, 181-194.

5.5 Housing

Clann Housing Association Ltd. 1999. From Bosnia To Ireland’s Private Rented Sector:
A Study Of Bosnian Housing Needs In Ireland. Dublin: Clann Housing
Association Ltd.

5.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential

Segregation, Acculturation

Corcoran, F. 1998. ‘The Refugee Challenge For Ireland: Cultural Globalisation Or

Identity Crisis?’. Media Development, 45, 3, 3-6.

Korac, M. 2001. “Cross-ethnic networks, self-reception system, and functional

integration of refugees from former Yugoslavia in Rome, Italy”. Journal of
International Migration and Integration, 2, 1.

Mcdowell, C. 1996. A Tamil Asylum Diaspora. Oxford: Berghahn.

5.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

Valtonen, Kathleen. 1999. ‘The Societal Participation Of Vietnamese Refugees: Case

Studies In Finland and Canada’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies,
1999, 25, 3, July, 469-491.

5.8 Women and Gender

142
Bhabha, J. 1996. ‘Embodied Rights: Gender Persecution, State Sovereignty and
Refugees’. Public Culture, 9, 3-32.

Bloch, Alice, Galvin, T. and Harrell-Bond, B. 2000. ‘Refugee Women In Europe: Some
Aspects Of The Legal and Policy Dimensions’. International Migration, 38, 2,
169-190.

Boyd, Monica. 1999. ‘Gender, Refugee Status and Permanent Settlement’. Gender
Issues, 17, 1, Winter, 5-25.

Giles, Wenona, Moussa, Helene, and van Esterik, Penny. 1996. Development &
Diaspora: Gender and The Refugee Experience. Dundas, Ont.: Artemis
Enterprises.

Indra, D. (Ed.). Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice. New York:
Berghahn Books.

Kofman, Eleonore and Sale, R. 1997. ‘Gender Differences and Family Reunion In The
European Union: Implications For Refugees’. Refuge, 16, 4, 26-31.

Kuttner, S. 1997. Gender Related Persecution as a Basis for Refugee Status: the
Emergence of an International Norm. Refuge, 16, 4, 17-21.

Neuwirth, Gertrud and Vincent, Christine (Eds). 1997. Women Refugees In International
Perspective, 1980−1990: An Annotated Bibliography. Ottawa: Research
Resource Division For Refugees, Centre For Immigration and Ethno-Cultural
Studies, Carleton University.

Osaki, K. 1997. When Refugees are Women: Emergence of the Issue on the International
Agenda. Refuge, 16, 4, 9-16.

Sultan-Prnjavorac, Fardus. 1999. Report Of A Survey: Barriers and Needs Of Bosnian

Refugee Women With Regard To Education, Employment and Social Inclusion.
Dublin: Zena Project.

5.9 Family and Children

Almqvist K. and Brandell-Forsberg, M. 1997. ‘Refugee Children in Sweden: Post

Traumatic Stress Disorder in Iranian pre-school children exposed to organised
violence’, in Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 4, 351-66.

Kofman, Eleonore and Sale, R. 1997. ‘Gender Differences and Family Reunion In The
European Union: Implications For Refugees’. Refuge, 16, 4, 26-31.

143
Montgomery, E. 1998. ‘Refugee Children from the Middle East’, Scandinavian Journal
of Social Medicine, Supp. l 54, 1-152.

Okitikpi, T. and Aymer, C. 2000. ‘The Price Of Safety: Refugee Children and The
Challenge For Social Work’. Social Work In Europe, 7, 1, 51-57.

Zhou, Min and Bankston , C.L., III. 1998. Growing Up American: How Vietnamese
Children Adapt To Life In The United States. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.

5.10 Justice and Legal System

Bloch, Alice, Galvin, T. and Harrell-Bond, B. 2000. ‘Refugee Women In Europe: Some
Aspects Of The Legal and Policy Dimensions’. International Migration, 38, 2,
169-190.

Boyd, Monica. 1999. ‘Gender, Refugee Status and Permanent Settlement’. Gender
Issues, 17, 1, Winter, 5-25.

Brochmann, Grete. 1997. ‘Bosnian Refugees In The Scandinavian Countries: A

Comparative Perspective On Immigration Control In The 1990s’. New
Community, 23, 4, Oct, 495-510.

Chakrabarty, Manik. 1998. Human Rights and Refugees: Problems, Laws and Practices.
New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications.

Cronin, Deirdre. 1997. Refugees Are Welcome Here!: The Case Against Immigration
Controls. Dublin: The Socialist Workers Party.

Egan, Suzanne and Costello, Kevin. 1999. Refugee Law Comparative Study: A
Comparative Study Of Irish Legislation and That Of Our E.U. Report
Commissioned By The Department Of Justice, Equality and Law Reform.
Dublin: Stationery Office.

Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. 1996. The Refugee In International Law. 2nd Ed. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.

Koser, Khalid and Black, Richard. 1999. ‘Limits To Harmonization: The ‘Temporary
Protection’ Of Refugees In The European Union’. International Migration, 37,
3, 521-543.

Kourula, Pirkko. 1997. Broadening The Edges: Refugee Definition and International
Protection Revisited. Refugees and Human Rights Series, V. 1. The Hague and
Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.

144
Krieken, Peter J. Van (Ed.). 1999. Refugee Law In Context: The Exclusion Clause. The
Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.

Noll, Gregor and Vedsted-Hansen, Jens . 1999. ‘Non-Communitarians: Refugee and

Asylum Policies’. Philip Alston (Ed.). The EU and Human Rights. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

Selm-Thorburn, Joanne Van. 1998. Refugee Protection In Europe: Lessons Of The

Yugoslav Crisis. The Hague and London: Martinus Nijhoff.

Sitaropoulos, Nicholas. 1999. Judicial Interpretation Of Refugee Status: In Search Of A

Principled Methodology Based On A Critical Comparative Analysis, With
Special Reference To Contemporary British, French, and German
Jurisprudence. Human Rights Series V. 2. 1st Edition. Athens: Baden-Baden.

Whitaker, Reg. 1998. ‘Refugees: The Security Dimension’. Citizenship Studies, 2, 3,

Nov, 413-434.

5.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Bloch, Alice, Galvin, T. and Harrell-Bond, B. 2000. ‘Refugee Women In Europe: Some
Aspects Of The Legal and Policy Dimensions’. International Migration, 38, 2,
169-190.

Bloch, Alice and Levy, Carl (Eds.). 1999. Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy In
Europe. London: Macmillan.

Brinkman, Jannie. 1998. ‘Social Work with Refugees: Overcoming Trauma and Cultural
Differences’. Social Work in Europe, 5, 1, 21-23.

Faughnan, Pauline. 1999. Refugees and Asylum Seekers In Ireland: Social Policy
Dimensions. Dublin: Social Science Research Centre, University College
Dublin.

Joly, D. 1996. Haven or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees in Europe. London:
Macmillan.

Joly, D. With Nettleton, Clive and Kelly, Lynette. 1997. Refugees in Europe: the Hostile
New Agenda. London: MRG

Okitikpi, T. and Aymer, C. 2000. ‘The Price Of Safety: Refugee Children and The
Challenge For Social Work’. Social Work In Europe, 7, 1, 51-57.

145
Potocky, Miriam. 1996. ‘Refugee Resettlement In The United States: Implications For
International Social Welfare’. Journal Of Sociology and Social Welfare, 23, 1,
Mar, 163-174.

Thorning, I. and Sinding, G. 2000. ‘A management plan for an Intercultural Center for
immigrants and refugees’. European Journal Of Pain, 4, Supp/A, S40-S41.

Tress, Madeleine. 1998. ‘Welfare State Type, Labour Markets and Refugees: A
Comparison Of Jews From The Former Soviet Union In The United States and
The Federal Republic Of Germany’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 1, Jan, 116-
137.

5.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

McVeigh, Robbie and Binchy, Alice. 1998. Travellers, Refugees and Racism In Tallaght.
Dublin: West Tallaght Resource Centre.

5.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

Bloch, Alice and Levy, Carl (Eds.). 1999. Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy In
Europe. London: Macmillan.

5.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

Koser, K. 1997. ‘Social Networks and The Asylum Cycle: The Case Of Iranians In The
Netherlands’. International Migration Review, 31, 3, 591-611.

5.15 Government Documents and Evaluations

Stevens, Christine A. 1996. ‘The Labour Market Experience Of Cambodians: Policy

Implications For Settlement Services’. Australian Journal Of Social Issues, 31,
3, Aug, 271-289.

146
6. Unspecific/Ethnic Minorities – International

NB: As mentioned earlier, empty categories, marked nil, do not mean there is no
research represented in the categories. International literature was not sought out
during our searches for this project but has been included as it has arisen in the
course of the project.

6.1 General

Alba, Richard D., Logan, J.R. and Crowder, K. 1997. ‘White Ethnic Neighbourhoods
and Assimilation: The Greater New York Region, 1980-1990’. Social Forces,
75, 3, 883-912.

Archibugi, Daniele, Held, David and Kohler, Martin. 1998. Re-Imagining Political
Community: Studies In Cosmopolitan Democracy. Oxford: Polity.

Bade, Klaus and Myron Weiner. 1997. Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and
The United States. Providence: Berghahn.

Bankson, Carl L., III and Zhou, Min. 1997. ‘The Social Adjustment Of Vietnamese
American Adolescents: Evidence For A Segmented Assimilation Approach’.
Social Science Quarterly, 78, 2, 508-523.

Banton, Michael. 1999. ‘National Integration and Ethnic Violence In Western Europe’.
Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 1, Jan, 5-20.

Blotevogel, H.H and Fielding, A.J. (Eds). 1997. People, Jobs and Mobility In The New
Europe. Chichester: Wiley.

Body-Gendrot, Sophie and Martiniello, Marco (Eds). 2000. Minorities In European

Cities: The Dynamics Of Social Integration and Social Exclusion At The
Neighbourhood Level. London: Macmillan.

Boyle, Paul, Halfacree, Keith and Robinson, Vaughan. 1998. Exploring Contemporary
Migration. London: Longman.

Brubaker, Rogers. 1998. ‘Research Note: Migrations Of Ethnic Unmixing In The New
Europe’. International Migration Review, 32, 4, 1047-1065.

Castles, Stephen. 2000. Ethnicity and Globalisation: From Migrant Workers To

Transnational Citizens. London: Sage.

Castles, Stephen and Miller, Mark. 1998. The Age Of Migration: International
Population and Movements In The Modern World. 2nd Edition. London:
Macmillan.

147
Cesarani, David and Fulbrook, Mary (Eds). 1996. Citizenship, Nationality and
Migration In Europe. London: Routledge.

Cohen, Robin. 1997. Global Diasporas. London: UCL Press.

Coughlan, James E. 1998. ‘Occupational Mobility In Australia’s Vietnamese

Community: Its Direction and Human Capital Determinants’. International
Migration Review, 32, 1, 175-202.

Dewind , Josh and Kasinitz, Philip. 1997. ‘Everything Old Is New Again? Processes and
Theories Of Immigrant Incorporation’. International Migration Review,
31(4)1096-1111.

Faist, Thomas. 2000a. The Volume and Dynamics Of International Migration and
Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Faist, Thomas. 2000b. ‘Transnationalization In International Migration: Implications

For The Study Of Citizenship and Culture’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 2,
Mar, 189-222.

Fleras, Augie and Elliott, Jean Leonard. 1996. Unequal Relations: An Introduction To
Race, Ethnic and Aboriginal Dynamics In Canada. Second Edition.
Scarborough: Prentice Hall.

Gans, Herbert J. 1997. ‘Toward A Reconciliation Of ‘Assimilation’ and ‘Pluralism’: The

Interplay Of Acculturation and Ethnic Retention’. International Migration
Review, 31, 4, 875-892.

Gearty, Conor A. 1999. ‘The Internal and External ‘Other’ In The Union Legal Order:
Racism, Religious Intolerance and Xenophobia In Europe’. In Philip Alston
(Ed.). The EU and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Geddes, andrew and Favell, Adrian. 1999. The Politics Of Belonging: Migrants and
Minorities In Contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Hammar, Tomas, Brochmann, Grete, Tamas, Kristof and Faist, Thomas (Eds). 1997.
International Migration, Immobility and Development. Oxford: Berg.

Hansen, Randall and Weil, Patrick (Eds). 2000. Towards A European Nationality?
London: Macmillan.

Herbert, Alicia and Kempson, Elaine. 1996. Credit use and ethnic minorities. PSI
research report 818. London: Policy Studies Institute.

148
Modood, Tariq and Werbner, Pnina (Eds). 1997. The Politics Of Multiculturalism In The
New Europe: Racism, Identity, and Community. London: Zed Books.

Phinney, J.S. 1996. ‘When we talk about American groups, what do we mean?’ American
Psychologist, 51, 9, 918-927.

Piper, Nicola. 1998. Racism, Nationalism and Citizenship: Ethnic Minorities In Britain
and Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Rex, John. 1996. Ethnic Minorities In The Modern Nation State: Working Papers In The
Theory Of Muticulturalism and Political Integration. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Rumbaut, Rubén G. 1997. ‘Paradoxes (and Orthodoxies) Of Assimilation’.

Sociological Perspectives, 40, 3, 483-511.

Sassen, Saskia. 1999. Guests and Aliens. New York: New Press.

Thalhammer, Eva, Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B. and Ogris, G. 2001. Attitudes
Towards Minority Groups In The European Union: A Special Analysis Of The
Eurobarometer 2000 Survey. Vienna: European Monitoring Centre On Racism
and Xenophobia.

Waldinger, Roger David and Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (Eds). 1996. Ethnic Los Angeles.
New York: Russell Sage.

Werbner, Pnina and Modood, Tariq. 1997. Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and The Politics Of Anti-Racism. London: Zed Books.

Wiener, Antje. 1998. ‘European’ Citizenship Practice: Building Institutions Of A Non-

State. Boulder: Westview Press.

Wrench, John, Rea, andrea and Ouali, Nouria (Eds). 2000. Migrants, Ethnic Minorities
and The Labour Market. London: Macmillan.

Zhou, Min. 1997. ‘Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research
On The New Second Generation’. International Migration Review, 31, 4, 975-
1008.

6.2 Education and Training

Bulmer, Martin and Solomos, John. 1996. ‘Introduction: Race, Ethnicity and the
Curriculum’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19, 4, 777-788.

149
German, Gerry. 1996. ‘Anti-Racist Strategies for Educational Performance: Facilitating
Successful Learning for All Children’. Kedar N. Dwivedi and Ved P. Varma,
(Eds.), Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority Children: a Handbook for
Professionals, 49-62. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers

Green, Judith M. 1998. ‘Educational Multiculturalism, Critical Pluralism and Deep

Democracy’. Cynthia Willet, (Ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A guide to the
current debate, 422-447. Oxford: Blackwell.

Zoccatelli, Barbara. 1996. ‘Between Tolerance and Integration: Islamic Schools in Great
Britain and the Netherlands’. La Critica Sociologica, 119, Oct-Dec, 53-67.

6.3 Labour Market

Blotevogel, H.H. and Fielding, A.J. (Eds). 1997. People, Jobs and Mobility In The New
Europe. Chichester: Wiley.

Castles, Stephen. 2000. Ethnicity and Globalisation: From Migrant Workers To

Transnational Citizens. London: Sage.

Castles, Stephen and Davidson, Alastair. 2000. Citizenship and Migration:

Globalization and The Politics Of Belonging. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Coughlan, James E. 1998. ‘Occupational Mobility In Australia’s Vietnamese

Community: Its Direction and Human Capital Determinants’. International
Migration Review, 32, 1, 175-202.

Eddy, S.W. Ng and Tung, Rosalie L.. 1998. ‘Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Organizational
Effectiveness: a Field Study’. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 9, 6, December, 980-995.

Liff, Sonia, 1997. ‘Two Routes to Managing Diversity: individual differences or social
group characteristics’. Employee Relations , 19, 1, 11-26.

Oc, T. and Tiesdell, S. 1999. ‘Supporting ethnic minority business: a review of business
support for ethnic minorities in city challenge areas’. Urban studies, 36, 10,
Sep., 1723-1746.

Phizacklea, Annie and Ram, Monder. 1996. ‘Being Your Own Boss: Ethnic Minority
Entrepreneurs in Comparative Perspective’. Work, Employment and Society, 10,
2, June, 319-339.

Reitz, Jeffrey G., Frick, J.R., Calabrese, T. and Wagner, G.C. 1999. ‘The Institutional
Framework of Ethnic Employment Disadvantage: A Comparison of Germany
and Canada’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, 3, July, 397-443.

150
Valentine, Sean R. 2001. ‘A Path Analysis of Gender, Race and Job Complexity as
Determinants of Intention to Look for Work’. Employee Relations, 23, 2, 130-
145.

Wrench, John, Rea, andrea and Ouali, Nouria (Eds). 2000. Migrants, Ethnic Minorities
and The Labour Market. London: Macmillan.

6.4 Health

Avlund, Kirsten, Luck, Mike and Tinsley, Rob. 1996. ‘Cultural Differences in Functional
Ability among Elderly People in Birmingham, England, and Glostrup,
Denmark’. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 11, 1, Mar, 1-16.

Bhugra, Dinesh. 1997. ‘Setting Up Psychiatric Services: Cross-cultural Issues in Planning

and Delivery’. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 43, 1, spring, 16-
28.

Chapman, N. 1999. ‘Cardiology − Hypertension: diagnosis and management in ethnic

minorities’. Geriatric Medicine, 29, 11, 43-47.

van Duifhuizen, Rinske. 1996. ‘HIV/AIDS Prevention Programmes for Migrants and
Ethnic Minorities in Europe: A Challenge for Policy Makers, NGOs and Health
Educatiors’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.), Crossing Borders:
Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 118-135. London: Taylor and Francis.

Gill, P. and Adshead, D. 1996. ‘Teaching cultural aspects of health: a vital part of
communication’. Medical Teacher, 18, 1, 61-4.

Loewenthal, K. M. and Bradley, C. 1996. ‘Immunization uptake and doctors’ perceptions

of uptake in a minority group: implications for interventions’. Psychology,
Health and Medicine, 1, 2, 223-230.

O’Brien, Oonagh and Khan, Shivananda. 1996. ‘Stigma and Racism as they Affect
Minority Ethnic Communities’. Mary Haour-Knipe and Richard Rector, (Eds.)
Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS, 102-117. London: Taylor and
Francis.

Smith, Marcia Bayne. 1999. ‘Primary Care: Choices and Opportunities for Racial/Ethnic
Minority Populations in the USA and UK − A Comparative Analysis’. Ethnicity
& Health, 4, 3, Aug, 165-188.

Zenilman, J. M. 1998. ‘Ethnicity and sexually transmitted infections’. Current Opinion In

Infectious Diseases, 11, 1, 47-52.

151
6.5 Housing

Nil

6.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Belonging, Language, Identity, Residential

Segregation and Acculturation

Castles, Stephen and Davidson, Alastair. 2000. Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and
The Politics Of Belonging. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Geddes, andrew and Favell, Adrian. 1999. The Politics Of Belonging: Migrants and
Minorities In Contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Modood, Tariq and Werbner, Pnina (Eds). 1997. The Politics Of Multiculturalism In The New
Europe: Racism, Identity, and Community. London: Zed Books.

Vertovec, Steve and Peach, Ceri (Eds). 1998. Islam In Europe: The Politics Of Religion and
Community. London: Macmillan.

Werbner, Pnina and Modood, Tariq. 1997. Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural
Identities and The Politics Of Anti-Racism. London: Zed Books.

6.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

Bousetta, Hassan. 1997. ‘Citizenship and Political Participation In France and The
Netherlands: Reflections On Two Local Cases’. New Community, 23, 2,.215-232.

Fennema, Meindert and Tillie Jean. 1999. ‘Political Participation and Political Trust In
Amsterdam: Civic Communities and Ethnic Networks’. Journal Of Ethnic and
Migration Studies, 25,4, 703-726.

Rex, John. 1996. Ethnic Minorities In The Modern Nation State: Working Papers In The
Theory Of Muticulturalism and Political Integration. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Togeby, Lise. 1999. ‘Migrants At The Polls: An Analysis Of Immigrant and Refugee
Participation In Danish Local Elections’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies,
25, 4, 665-684.

6.8 Women and Gender

Ackers, Louise. 1998. Shifting Spaces: Women, Citizenship and Migration Within The
European Union. London: The Policy Press.

152
6.9 Family and Children

Nil

6.10 Justice and Legal System

Gearty, Conor A. 1999. ‘The Internal and External ‘Other’ In The Union Legal Order:
Racism, Religious Intolerance and Xenophobia In Europe’. In Philip Alston (Ed.).
The EU and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Waldrauch, Harald and Cristoph Hofinger. 1997. “An Index To Measure The Legal Obstacles
To The Integration Of Migrants”. New Community, 23, 2, 271-285.

6.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Nil

6.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, and Migration and Settlement Policies

Fysh, Peter and Wolfreys, Jim. 1998. The Politics Of Racism In France. Houndmills:
Macmillan.

Gearty, Conor A. 1999. ‘The Internal and External ‘Other’ In The Union Legal Order:
Racism, Religious Intolerance and Xenophobia In Europe’. Philip Alston (Ed.). The
EU and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Modood, Tariq and Werbner, Pnina (Eds). 1997. The Politics Of Multiculturalism In The
New Europe: Racism, Identity, and Community. London: Zed Books.

Piper, Nicola. 1998. Racism, Nationalism and Citizenship: Ethnic Minorities In Britain and
Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Wal, Jessika and Verkuyten, Maykel (Eds). 2000. Comparative Perspectives On Racism.
London: Ashgate.

Waldrauch, Harald and Hofinger, Cristoph. 1997. “An Index To Measure The Legal Obstacles
To The Integration Of Migrants”. New Community, 23, 2, 271-285.

Vasta, Ellie and Castles, Stephen (Eds). 1996. The Teeth are Smiling: perspectives on racism
in Australia, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

153
6.13 Cirtizenship and Multiculturalism

Ackers, Louise. 1998. Shifting Spaces: Women, Citizenship and Migration Within The
European Union. London: The Policy Press.

Baubock, Rainer and Rundell, John (Eds). 1998. Blurred Boundaries: Migration, Ethnicity
and Citizenship. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Bousetta, Hassan. 1997. ‘Citizenship and Political Participation In France and The
Netherlands: Reflections On Two Local Cases’. New Community, 23, 2, 215-232.

Castles, Stephen. 2000. Ethnicity and Globalisation: From Migrant Workers To

Transnational Citizens. London: Sage.

Castles, Stephen and Davidson, Alastair. 2000. Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and
The Politics Of Belonging. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Cesarani, David and Fulbrook, Mary (Eds). 1996. Citizenship, Nationality and Migration In
Europe. London: Routledge.

Hansen, Randall and Weil, Patrick (Eds). 2000. Towards A European Nationality? London:
Macmillan.

Piper, Nicola. 1998. Racism, Nationalism and Citizenship: Ethnic Minorities In Britain and
Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Torpey, John. 2000. The Invention Of The Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and The State.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Weiner, Myron and Hanami, Tadashi. 1998. Temporary Workers Or Future Citizens?
Japanese and US Migration Policies. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Werbner, Pnina and Modood,Tariq. 1997. Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural

Identities and The Politics Of Anti-Racism. London: Zed Books.

Wiener, Antje. 1998. ‘European’ Citizenship Practice: Building Institutions Of A Non-State.

Boulder: Westview Press.

Vasta, Ellie. 2000. Citizenship, Community and Democracy, London: Macmillan.

6.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

154
Body-Gendrot, Sophie and Marco Martiniello (Eds). 2000. Minorities In European
Cities: The Dynamics Of Social Integration and Social Exclusion At The
Neighbourhood Level. London: Macmillan.

6.15 Government Documents and Evaluation

Nil

155
PART III − REFERENCES DATING FROM BEFORE 1996 [SELECTED
READINGS]

1. Immigrants − UK

Aldrich, H., Cater, J., Jones, T. and McEvoy, D. (1981) “Business development and self-
segregation: Asian enterprise in three British cities” in C. Peach, V. Robinson and
S. Smith (Eds) Ethnic Segregation in Cities Croom Helm, London.

Almas, T. 1992. ‘After Recruitment: putting the preparation and training of Asian carers
on the agenda’, Adoption and Fostering, 16, 3.

anderson, Bridget. 1993. Britain’s Secret Slaves: An Investigation Into The Plight Of
Overseas Domestic Workers In The United Kingdom. London: Anti-Slavery
International.

Baker, C. and Arseneault, A.M. and Gallant, G. 1994. ‘Resettlement without the support
of an ethnocultural community’ in Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20: 1064-72.

Baker, P., Hussain, Z. and Saunders, J. 1991. Interpreters in Public Services.

Birmingham: Venture Press.

Ballard, Roger (Ed). 1994. Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain. Hurst.

Banton, M. 1994. Discrimination. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Berry, J.W. 1980. ‘Acculturation as varieties of adaptation’, A. Padilla (Ed.),

Acculturation: Theory, Models, and Some New Findings. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Bhachu, Parminder. 1993. ‘Identities Constructed and Reconstructed : Representations

of Asian Women in Britain’. Gina Buijs (Ed.), Migrant Women: Crossing
Boundaries and Changing Identities, 99 - 117. Oxford: Berg.

Bhatti, N. et al. 1995. ‘Increasing incidence of TB in England and Wales: a study of the
likely causes’, British Medical Journal, 310: 967-9.

Bhavnani, R. 1994. Black Women in the Labour Market: A Research Review. Manchester:
Equal Opportunities Commission.

Bloch, A. 1994. Refugees and Migrants In Newham: Access To Services. London:

London Borough Of Newham.

Booth, H. 1992. Migration Processes In Britain and West Germany. Aldershot:

Avebury.

156
Brewin, C. 1980. ‘Explaining The Lower Rates Of Psychiatric Treatment Among Asian
Immigrants To The United Kingdom: A Preliminary Study’. Social Psychiatry,
15, 17-19.

Byron, M. 1994. Unfinished Cycle: Post-War Caribbean Migration To Britain.

Avebury: Edward Elgar.

CARF/SR. 1981. Southall: The birth of a black community. IRR and Southall Rights,
London.

Cesarani, David and Kushner, Tony (Eds). 1993. The Internment of Aliens in Twentieth
Century Britain. London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd.

Cheng, Yuan. 1994. Education and Class: Chinese In Britain and The United States.
Aldershot: Avebury.

Cochrane, R., Hashmi, F. and Stopes-Roe, M.. 1977. ‘Measuring Psychological

Disturbance In Asian Immigrants To Britain’. Social Science and Medicine, 2,
157-164.

Cohen, S., Hayes, D., Humphries, B. and Sime, C. 1995. The Report of a Survey of NHS
Trusts and GP Practices in Greater Manchester and Inner London, on the
Implementation of the NHS (Overseas Visitors) Rules. Manchester: Manchester
Metropolitan University.

Coleman, David. 1994. ‘The United Kingdom and International Migration: A Changing
Balance’. Heinz Fassmann and Rainer Munz, (Eds.) European Migration in the
Late Twentieth Century: Historical Patterns, Actual Trends, and Social
Implications, 37-66. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

Connolly, P. 1995. ‘Racism, masculine peer-group relations and the schooling of

African/Caribbean infant boys’. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 16, 1,
75-92.

Corsellis, A. and Crichton, J. 1994. ‘Crossing the language and culture barrier: why we
need a training scheme for specialist skills’. Psychiatric Care, Nov/Dec.

Cross, M. and Wilpert, C. 1988. ‘Ethnic Minority Youth In A Collapsing Labour Market:
The UK Experience’. C.Wilpert (Ed.). Entering The Working Worlds: Following
The Descendants Of Europe's Immigrant Labour Force. Aldershot: Gower.

D’Alessio, V. 1993. ‘Culture Clash: young Asian women commit suicide more than three
times as often as young women of British origin’. Nursing Times, 89, 38, 16-17.

157
Dummett, Ann. 1994. Acquisition of British Citizenship. From Imperial Traditions to
National Definitions. Rainer Baubock, (Ed.) From Aliens to Citizens: Redefining
the Status of Immigrants in Europe, 75-84. Public Policy and Social Welfare
vol.17. Aldershot: Avebury.

Dummett, Ann. 1995. British Migration Policy in the Twentieth Century. David Lowe,
(Ed.) Immigration and Integration: Australia and Britain, 97-103. Carlton and
London: Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research
(Australia) and Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies (London).

El-Solh, Camillia Fawzi. 1993. ‘Be True To Your Culture: Gender Tensions Among
Somali Muslims In Britain’. Immigrants & Minorities, 12, 1, 21-46.

Fielding, Anthony J. 1995. ‘Migration and Social Change: A Longitudinal Study of the
Social Mobility of Immigrants in England and Wales’, European Journal Of
Population, 11, 107-121.

Freeman, Gary. 1992. ‘The Consequences Of Immigration Politics For Immigrant Status:
A British and French Comparison’. In A. Messina et al. Ethnic and Racial
Minorities In Advanced Industrial Democracies. London: Greenwood Press.

Gilbert, Victor Francis and Tatla, Darshan Singh. 1986. Immigrants, Minorities and
Race Relations: A Bibliography Of Theses and Dissertations Presented At British
and Irish Universities, 1900-1981. London: Frank Cass.

Gilroy, P. 1982. ‘Steppin’ out of Babylon − Race, Class and Autonomy’. CCCS The
Empire Strikes Back Hutchinson, London.

Gordon, Paul. 1985. Policing Immigration: Britain’s Internal Controls. London: Pluto
Press Ltd.

Halfacree, K., Flowerdew, R.T.N. and Johnson, J.H. 1992. ‘The Characteristics Of
British Migrants In The 1990s’. Geographical Journal, 158, 2, 157-169.

Hall, Peter et al. 1993. ‘Release For The Captives: Report Of A Conference On The
Detention Of Immigrants and Asylum-Seekers In Britain’. Westminster: Churches
Commission For Racial Justice.

Hawkes, Nicolas. 1966. Immigrant Children In British Schools. London: Institute Of

Race Relations.

Heisler, Barbara Schmitter. 1992. ‘The Future of Immigrant Incorporation: Which

Models: Which Concepts?’ International Migration Review, XXVI, 2, 623-645.

Holmes, Colin. 1991. Tolerant Country: Immigrants, Refugees and Minorities In

Britain. London: Faber.

158
Johnson, M.R.D. and Shaw, A. 1995. ‘Centres and Archives For The Study Of
Communities Of Migrant Origin In Britain’. Migrance, 16.

Joly, Danièle. 1987. ‘Associations Amongst The Pakistani Populations In Britain’. In

John Rex (Ed.). Immigrant Associations In Europe. Aldershot: Gower.

Kelly, A.J.D. and Liebkind, K. 1989. ‘Ethnic Identification, Association and Re-
Definition: Muslim, Pakistanis and Greek Cypriots In Britain’. In K. Liebkind
(Ed.). New Identities In Europe: Immigrant Ancestry and The Ethnic Identity Of
Youth. London: Gower.

King, Russel. 1978. ‘Work and Residence Patterns of Italian Immigrants in Great
Britain’. International Migration, XVI, 2, 74-82.

Lambeth Council. 1988. Forty Winters On: Memories Of Britain’s Post War Caribbean
Immigrants. Lambeth.

Layton-Henry, Zig. 1985. ‘Great Britain.’ Tomas Hammar, (Ed), European Immigration
Policy: A Comparative Study, 89-126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Macdonald, Ian A. and Blake, Nicholas J. 1991. Immigration Law and Practice In The
United Kingdom. 3rd Ed. London: Butterworths.

Miles, Robert. 1989. ‘Migration Discourse in Post−1945 British Politics’, Migration, 6,

29-53

Miles, Robert and Cleary, Paula. 1994. ‘Britain : Post-Colonial Migration In Context’.
In Thranhardt, D. (Ed). Europe - A New Immigration Continent, 120-144. Lit
Verlag Books.

OPCS. 1993. 1991 Census: Ethnic Group and Country of Birth (Great Britain). HMSO,
London.

Ormerod, L.P. 1990. ‘Tuberculosis screening and prevention in new immigrants 1983-
88’. Respiratory Medicine, 84, 269-71.

Peach, Ceri. 1991. The Caribbean in Europe: Contrasting Pattern of Migration and
Settlement in Britain, France and the Netherlands. Research Paper in Ethnic
Relations 15, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.

Raftery, J., Jones, D.R. and Rosato, M. 1990. ‘Mortality Of First and Second Generation
Irish Immigrants In The UK’. Social Science and Medicine, 31, .5, 577-584.

Rex, John. 1992. ‘The Integration Of Muslim Immigrants In Britain’. Innovation In

Social Science Research, 5, 3, 91-108.

159
Rex, John and Tomlinson, Sally. 1979. Colonial Immigrants In A British City: A Class
Analysis. London: Routledge.

Roberts, K., Connolly M. and Parsell, G. 1992. ‘Black Youth in the Liverpool Labour
Market’. New Community, 18, 2 .

Rocheron, Y. and Dickinson, R. 1990. ‘The Asian Mother and Baby Campaign: A Way
forward in Health promotion for Asian Women?’ Health Education Journal, 49, 3,
128-33.

Salt, John. 1995. ‘Foreign Labour Immigration and the UK’. David Lowe, (Ed.)
Immigration and Integration: Australia and Britain, 133-154. Carlton and
London: Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research
(Australia) and Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies (London).

Spencer, Sarah (Ed.). 1994. Strangers and Citizens: A Positive Approach To Migrants
and Refugees. London: IPPR.

Stopes-Roe, M. and Cochrane, R. 1980. ‘Mental Health and Integration: A Comparison

Of Indian, Pakistani and Irish Immigrants To England’. Ethnic and Racial Studies,
3, 3, 316-341.

Strachan, D.P., Leon, D.A and Dodgeon, B. 1995. ‘Mortality From Cardiovascular
Disease Among Interregional Migrants In England and Wales.’ British Medical
Journal, 310, 423-427.

Summerfield, Hazel. 1993. ‘Patterns Of Adaptation: Somali and Bangladeshi Women In

Britain.’ Gina Buijs (Ed.). Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing
Identities. Berg. 83-98.

Thomas-Hope, Elizabeth M. 1994. Impact Of Migration In The Receiving Countries:

The United Kingdom. Geneva: Committee For International Cooperation In
National Research In Demography and International Organisation For Migration.

Troyna, B. and Siraj-Blatchford, I. 1993. ‘Providing support or denying access? The

experiences of students designated as ESL and SN in a multi-ethnic secondary
school’. Educational Review, 45, 1, 3-11.

Watson, James L. (Ed.). 1984. Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities In
Britain. Blackwell

Weil, Patrick and Crowley, John. 1994. ‘Integration in Theory and Practice: A
Comparison of France and Britain’. West European Politics, 17, 2, 110-126.

160
Werbner, P. 1990a. ‘Renewing An Industrial Part: British Pakistani Entrepreneurship In
Manchester.’ Migration, 8,90, 1-39.

Werbner, Pnina. 1990b. The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings Among
British Pakistanis. New York and Oxford: Berg.

Werbner, P. and Donnan, H. 1991. ‘Factionalism and Violence In British Pakistani

Politics’. H. Donnan and P. Werbner (Eds). Economy and Culture In Pakistan:
Migrants and Cities In A Muslim Society. London: Macmillan.

Wong, Grace and Raymond Cochrane. 1989. ‘Generation and Assimilation As

Predictors Of Psychological Well-Being In British-Chinese’. Social Behaviour, 4,
1, 1-14.

Zegers de Beijl, R. 1991. Although equal before the law... The scope of anti-
discrimination legislation and its effects on labour market discrimination against
migrant workers in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden. Geneva:
International Labour Office.

2. Refugees − UK

Al-Rasheed, M. 1994. ‘The Myth of Return: Iraqi Arab and Assyrian Refugees in
London’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 7, 2/3: 199-219.

Asylum Aid. 1993. Who Are We?: Experiences Of Iraqi Refugees In The UK and The
Government’s Official Response. London: Asylum Aid.

Awiah, J. 1992. Refugees and The National Health Service. Health and Ethnicity
Programme. London: North West and North East Thames Regional Health
Authorities.

Balloch, S. 1993. Refugees In The Inner City: A Study Of Refugees and Service
Provision In The London Borough Of Lewisham. London: Centre For Inner City
Studies, Goldsmith College, University Of London.

Bang, Suzanne and Finlay, Rosalind. 1987. Working To Support Refugees: A Report Of
A Training Project To Prepare Vietnamese & Chinese Field Staff To Work With
People From Vietnam Resettled In The UK. Oakwood, Derby: Refugee Action.

Bloch, A. 1994. Refugees and Migrants In Newham: Access To Services. London:

London Borough Of Newham.

Bracken, P. and Gorst-Unsworth, C. 1991. ‘The mental state of detained asylum seekers’
Psychiatric Bulletin, 15: 657-9.

161
British Refugee Council. 1988a. Refugee Agencies Call For a Fair and Just System For
People Seeking Asylum in Britain. London: Bondway House.

British Refugee Council. 1988b. Working For Success: a Unique Training and Work-
experience Scheme For Refugees in Britain. London: BRC.

Browne, Ann. 1979. ‘Latin American Refugees : British Government Policy and
Practice’. In Britain and Latin America: An Annual Review Of British-Latin
American Relations, 28-49. Latin American Bureau.

Buckley, Colin. 1993. Safe Havens: What Housing Associations Can Do To Assist
Asylum Seekers. A Report for The London Federation Of Housing Associations.
London: London Federation Of Housing Assocations.

Chile Democratico. 1991. A Proposal for the Resettlement of Chilean Refugees (Over
50s) Living in Britain. Chile Democratico and Committee for the Return to Chile.

Clinton-Davis, L. and Fassil, Y. 1992. ‘Health and social problems of refugees’, Social
Science and Medicine, 35, 4, 507-13.
Cohen, R. 1994. Frontiers Of Identity: The British and The Others. London: Longman.

Connelly, Maureen. 1983. Refugees and Asylum-seekers: Proposals For Policy

Changes. United Kingdom Immigrants Advisory Service (UKIAS) Refugee Unit.

Cross, M., Wrench, J., and Barnett, S. (1990) Ethnic Minorities and the Careers Service:
An Investigation into Processes of Assessment and Placement. Department of
Employment Research Paper No.73, London.

Dalglish, Carol. 1989. Refugees From Vietnam. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Dane, Penny. 1987. Lessons For a New Beginning: Report of an Education Programme
For Refugee Adults in a UK Reception Centre. Refugee Action.

Department of Employment. 1992. Ten Point Plan for Employers. Department of

Employment, London.

Dick, B. 1984. ‘Diseases of Refugees − Causes, effects and control, Transactions of the
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78: 734-41.

Duke, K. and T. Marshall. 1995. Vietnamese Refugees Since 1982. London: Home
Office.

Edholm, Felicity, Roberts, Helen and Sayer, Judith. 1983. Vietnamese Refugees in
Britain. London: Commission For Racial Equality.

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Elbedour, S., Bensel, R. and Bastien, D. 1993. ‘Ecological Integrated Model of Children
of War’ in Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 805-819.

Elliott, Charles. 1982. Real Aid: a Strategy For Britain: Report of The Independent
Group on British Aid. London: the Independent Group on British Aid.

Etchegaray, Roger. 1992. ‘Refugees: A Challenge To Solidarity, Briefings: The Bishops’

Conferences Of Great Britain, 22, 20, 8-14.

Finlay, Rosalind and Reynolds, Jill . 1987. Social Work and Refugees: A Handbook On
Working With People In Exile In The UK. Cambridge: National Extension
College and Refugee Action.

Forbes-Martin, S. 1992. Refugee Women, London, Zed Press.

Grosser, Kate and Sakho, Helen. 1970. Educating Nita: Education For Refugees In The
UK. Third World First.

Hale, Samantha. 1993. ‘The Reception and Resettlement Of Vietnamese Refugees In

Britain’. In V. Robinson (Ed.). The International Refugee Crisis: British &
Canadian Responses, 273 - 292. Macmillan.

Hassan, Mohamed Rashid. 1986. Study On Unemployment Of African Refugees In

Britain and The Role Of The Community Programme Sponsored By The British
Refugee Council. World University Service UK.

Hitchcox, L. 1986 ‘Some thoughts on assimilation and the resettlement of Vietnamese

refugees in Britain,’ Amnesty International 2,1, 18-27.

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Claiborne, Louis et al. 1983. Race and Law In Britain and The United States. London:
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CRE 1985. Positive Action and Equal Opportunity in Employment. London:

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Drew, D., Gray, J. and Sime, N. 1992. Against the Odds: The Education and Labour
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4. Immigrants − International

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Fassmann, Heinz and Munz, Rainer. 1994. ‘Patterns and Trends of International
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Freeman, Gary. 1992. ‘The Consequences Of Immigration Politics For Immigrant
Status: A British and French Comparison’. In A. Messina et al. Ethnic and Racial
Minorities In Advanced Industrial Democracies. London: Greenwood Press.

Freeman, Gary. 1995. ‘Modes Of Immigration Politics In Liberal Democratic Societies’.

International Migration Review, 29, 4.

Gächter, A. 1995. ‘Forced Complementarity: The Attempt to Protect Native Austrian

Workers from Immigrants’. New Community, 21, 3.

Gans, Herbert J. 1992. ‘Second-Generation Decline: Scenarios For The Economic and
Ethnic Futures Of The Post-1965 American Immigrants’. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 15, 2, 173-192.

Gellert, G.A. 1993. ‘International Migration and control of communicable diseases’,

Social Science and Medicine, 37, 12, 1489-99.

Goldberg, A., Mourinho, D., and Kulke, U. 1995. Labour market discrimination against
foreign workers in Germany Geneva: International Labour Office.

von Hagen, Jurgen and Walz, Uwe. 1994. ‘Social Security and Migration in an Ageing
Europe’. Centre for Economic Policy Research,
www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP1022.asp.

Hammar, Tomas. 1985. ‘Dual Citzenship and Political Integration’. International

Migration Review, XIX, 3, 438-450.

Hammar, Tomas (Ed.). 1985. European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hargreaves, Alec G. 1995. Immigration, ‘Race’ and Ethnicity In Contemporary France.

London and New York: Routledge.

Harris, Nigel. 1995. The new untouchables: immigration and the new world worker.
London: Penguin.

Hawkins, Fredda. 1988. Critical Years In Immigration: Canada and Australia

Compared. Kingston: Mcgill-Queens UP.

Hintjens, H.M. 1992. ‘Immigration and Citizenship Debates: Reflection on Ten Common
Themes’. International Migration, 30, 5-16.

Horowitz, Donald L. and Noiriel, Gerard. 1992. Immigrants In Two Democracies:

French and American Experience. NY: NY University Press.

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Hurh, Won Moo and Kim, Kwang Chung. 1984. ‘Adhesive Sociocultural Adaptation of
Korean Immigrants in the U.S.: an Alternative Strategy of Minority Adaptation’.
International Migration Review, XVIII, 2, 188-216

Hurh, Won Moo and Kim, Kwang Chung. 1990. ‘Adaptation Stages and Mental Health
Of Korean Male Immigrants In The United States’. International Migration
Review, 24, 3, 456-479.

Ireland, Patrick R. 1994. The Policy Challenge Of Ethnic Diversity: Immigrant Politics
In France and Switzerland. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Joppke, Christian. 1995. Multiculturalism and Immigration: A Comparison Of The

United States, Germany and Britain. Florence: European Uniuversity Institute.

King, Russell (Ed.). 1993a. Mass Migration In Europe: The Legacy and The Future.
London: Wiley.

King, Russell (Ed.). 1993b. The New Geography Of European Migrations. London:
Belhaven.

Layton-Henry, Zig. 1990. ‘Citizenship or Denizenship for Migrant Workers?’ Zig Layton-
Henry, (Ed.), The Political Rights of Migrant Workers in Western Europe, 186-
195. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Layton-Henry, Zig. 1992. The Politics Of Immigration. Oxford: Blackwell.

Leclere, Felicia B., Jensen, Leif and Biddlecom, Ann E. 1994. ‘Health Care Utilisation,
Family Context and Adaptation Among Immigrants To The United States’.
Journal Of Health and Social Behavior, 35, December, 370-384.

Light, Ivan. 1984. ‘Immigrant and Ethnic Enterprise in North America’. Ethnic and
Racial Studies, 7, 2, 195-216.

Martiniello, Marco. 1994. ‘Citizenship of the European Union’. A Critical View. Rainer
Baubock, (Ed.) From Aliens to Citizens: Redefining the Status of Immigrants in
Europe, 29-47. Public Policy and Social Welfare vol.17. Aldershot: Avebury.

Miller, Mark J. 1989. ‘Political Participation and Representation of Noncitizens’. William

Rogers Brubaker, (Ed.), Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe
and North America, 129-43, 178. New York: University Press of America.

Peach, Ceri. 1991. The Caribbean In Europe: Contrasting Patterns Of Migration and
Settlement In Britain, France and The Netherlands. Coventry: Centre For
Research In Ethnic Relations, University Of Warwick.

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Pernice, R. and Brook, J. 1994. ‘Relationship of migrant status (refugee or immigrant) to
mental health’, The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 40, 3, 177-88.

Portes, A. 1981. ‘Modes Of Structural Incorporation and Present Theories Of

Immigration’, In M. Kritz et al. (Eds), Global Trends In Migration. Staten Island,
NY: CMS Press.

Portes, Alejandro. 1995. The Economic Sociology Of Immigration: Essays On

Networks, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship. NY: Russel Sage.

Portes, Alejandro. 1994. ‘Introduction: Immigration and Its Aftermath’. International

Migration Review, 28, 4, 632-639.

Portes, A. and Borocz, J. 1989. ‘Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives

On Its Determinants and Modes Of Incorporation’, International Migration
Review, 23, 3, 606-630.

Portes, Alejandro and Stepick, Alex. 1985. ‘Unwelcome Immigrants: The Labour
Market Experiences Of 1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian Refugees In South
Florida’. American Sociological Review, 50, 4, 493-514.

Portes, Alejandro and Zhou, Min. 1993. ‘The New Second Generation: Segmented
Assimilation and Its Variants’. Annals Of The American Academy Of Political
and Social Science, 530, 74-96.

Potts, L. 1990. The World Labour Market: A History Of Migration. London: Zed
Books.

Resnick, Melvyn C. 1988. ‘Beyond the Ethnic Community: Spanish Language Roles and
Maintenance in Miami’. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 69,
89-104.

Rex, John, Joly, Daniele and Wilpert, Czarina (Eds). 1987. Immigrant Association In
Europe. Aldershot: Gower.

Salt, John. 1989. ‘A Comparative Overview Of International Trends and Types 1950-
80’. International Migration Review, 23, 3, 431-456.

Salt, John et al. 1994. Europe’s International Migrants. London: HMSO.

Schmitter Heisler, Barbara. 1992. ‘The Future Of Immigrant Incorporation: Which

Models? Which Concepts?’. International Migration Review, 26, 2, 623-645.

Segal, A. 1993. An International Atlas Of Migration. London: Hans Zell.

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Shapiro, Michael J and Alker, Hayward R. (Eds). 1996. Challenging Boundaries:
Global Flows, Territorial Identities. Minneapolis, Minn. and London: University
Of Minnesota Press.

Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational

Membership in Europe. London: The University of Chicago Press.

Spencer, Sarah (Ed.). 1994. Strangers and Citizens: A Positive Approach To Migrants
and Refugees. London: IPPR.

Stephenson P.H. 1995. ‘Vietnamese Refugees In Victoria, B.C.: An Overview Of

Immigrant and Refugee Health Care In A Medium-Sized Canadian Urban Centre’.
Social Science and Medicine, 40, 12, 1631-1642.

Veltman, Calvin. 1988. ‘Modelling The Language Shift Process Of Hispanic

Immigrants’. International Migration Review, 22, 4, 545-562.

Waldinger, R., H. Aldrich and Ward, R. 1990. Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant

Business In Industrial Societies. Newbury Park: Sage.

Weil, Patrick and Crowley, John. 1994. ‘Integration in Theory and Practice: A
Comparison of France and Britain’. West European Politics, 17, 2, 110-126.

Weiner, Myron. 1995. The Global Migration Crisis. New York: Harper Collins.

Wrench, John and Solomos, John (Eds). 1993. Racism and Migration In Western
Europe. Oxford: Berg.

Wrench, J. and Taylor, P. 1993. A Research Manual on the Evaluation of Anti-

Discrimination Training Activities. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Zegers de Beijl, R. 1991. Although equal before the law... The scope of anti-
discrimination legislation and its effects on labour market discrimination against
migrant workers in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden. Geneva:
International Labour Office.

Zolberg. 1989, A. ‘The Next Waves: Migration Theory For A Changing World’.
International
Migration Review, 23, 3, 403-430.

5. Refugees − International

Bramwell, Anna C. 1988. Refugees in The Age of Total War. London: Unwin Hyman
Ltd.

181
Forbes-Martin, S. 1992. Refugee Women. London: Zed Press.

Joly, Daniele. et al. 1992. Refugees: Asylum in Europe. London: Minority Rights
Publication.

Joly, Daniele and Nettleton, Clive. 1990. Refugees in Europe. Nottingham: Minority
Rights Group.

Kemp, C. 1993. ‘Health services for refugees in countries of second asylum’,

International Nursing Review, 40, 1, 21-4.

Kuhlman, T. 1991. ‘The economic integration of refugees in developing countries: a

research model’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 4, 1, 1-20.

Kunz, E.F. 1981. ‘Exile and Resettlement: Refugee Theory’. International Migration
Review¸ 15, 1, 42-51.

Loescher, Gill. 1989. ‘The European Community and Refugees’. International Affairs,
65, 4.

Malkki, Liisa H. 1995. ‘Refugees and Exile: From “Refugee Studies” To The National
Order Of Things’. Annual Review Of Anthropology, 24, 495-523.

Muecke, M. 1992. ‘Nursing research with refugees, a review and guide’, Western Journal
of Nursing Research, 14, 6, 703-20.

Muecke, M. 1992. ‘New paradigms for refugee health problems’, Social Science and
Medicine, 35, 4, 515-23.

Murphy, A.W., Lynch, M. and Bury, G. 1994. ‘Caed Mile Failte − An assessment of the
screening of 178 Bosnian refugees to IrelandÆ, Irish Medical Journal, 87: 174-6.

Rogler, L.H. et al. 1991 ‘Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics:
convergence and new directions for research’. American Anthropologist, 46, 6,
585-597.

6. Unspecified/Ethnic Minorities − International

Baumgartl, Bernd and Favell, Adrian (Eds). 1995. New Xenophobia In Europe.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Benski, Tova. 1994. ‘Ethnic Convergence Processes Under Conditions Of Persisting

Socioeconomic-Decreasing Cultural Differences: The Case Of Israeli Society’.
International Migration Review, 28, 2, 256-280.

182
Brewster, C. 1995. ‘Towards a “European” model of human resource management.’
Journal of International Business Studies, 6, 1.

Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood In France and Germany.

Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.

Castles, Stephen, Booth, Heather and Wallace, Tina. 1984. Here For Good: Western
Europe’s New Ethnic Minorities. London: Pluto.

CEC. 1993. Legal Instruments to Combat Racism and Xenophobia. Luxembourg:

Commission of the European Communities, Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities.

Chiswick, Barry and Miller, P.W. 1995. ‘The Endogeneity Between Language and
Earnings: International Analyses’, Journal Of Labor Economics, 13, 246-288.

Cross, Malcom (Ed.). 1992. Ethnic Minorities and Industrial Change In Europe and
North America. Northamptonshire: Cambridge University Press.

D’Ardenne, Patricia and Mahtani, Aruna. 1989. Transcultural Counselling in Action,

London: Sage.

Denton, Nancy A. and Massey, Douglas S. 1988. ‘Residential Segregation Of Blacks,

Hispanics, and Asians By Socioeconomic Status and Generation’. Social Science
Quarterly, 69, 4, 797-817.

De Rudder, V., Tripier, M., and Vourc'h, F. 1995. Prevention of Racism at the Workplace
in France Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and
Working Conditions.

Ezorsky, G. 1991. Racism and Justice: The Case for Affirmative Action. Cornell
University Press, New York.

Fleras, Augie and Elliott, Jean Leonard. 1992. Multiculturalism In Canada: The
Challenge Of Diversity. Scarborough: Nelson Canada.

Forbes, Ian and Mead, Geoffrey. 1992. Measure For Measure: A Comparative Analysis
Of Measure To Combat Racial Discrimination In The Member Countries Of The
European Community. Sheffield: Employment Department.

Gans, Herbert J. 1979. ‘Symbolic ethnicity: the Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in
America’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2, 1, 1-20.

Gilbertson, G. A. and Gurak, D. T. 1993. ‘Broadening The Enclave Debate: The Labor
Market Experiences Of Dominican and Colombian Men In New York City’,
Sociological Forum, 8, 2, 205-220.

183
Glazer, Nathan and Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. 1963. Beyond The Melting Pot: The
Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish Of New York City. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.

Gordon, Milton M. 1964. Assimilation In American Life: The Role Of Race, Religion
and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gould, M. 1991. ‘The Reproduction of Labour-Market Discrimination in Competitive

Capitalism’ in Zegeye, A., Harris, L. and Maxted, J. (Eds) Exploitation and
Exclusion: Race and Class in Contemporary US Society. Hans Zell, London.

Grice, S. and Humphries, M. 1993. ‘Managing Diversity. A wolf in sheeps clothing?’ in

J. Collins (Ed) Confronting Racism in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
Volume 1. Sydney: University of Technology, Faculty of Business.

Gross, andrew B. and Douglas S. Massey. 1991. ‘Spatial Assimilation Models: A Micro-
Macro Comparison’. Social Science Quarterly, 72, 2, 347-360.

Jenkins, R. and Solomos, J. 1987. Racism and Equal Opportunity Policies in the 1980s.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Katz, J. 1978. White Awareness: Handbook for anti-racism training. Oklahoma:

University of Oklahoma Press.

Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory Of Minority Rights.

Oxford: Claredon Press.

Layton-Henry, Zig (Ed.). 1990. Political Rights Of Migrant Workers In Western Europe.
London: Sage.

Levinson, David. 1994. Ethnic Relations: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa

Barbara, CA:
ABC-CLIO.

MacEwen, M. 1995. Tackling Racism in Europe. Oxford: Berg.

Mason, D. 1994. ‘Employment and the Labour Market’ New Community, 20, 2.

Massey, Douglas. 1985. ‘Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Theoretical Synthesis and

Empirical Review’. Sociology and Social Research, 69, 3.

Modgil, Sohan et al. 1986. Multiculturalism: The Interminable Debate. London:

Falmer.

184
Nairn, Tom. 1994. ‘Is “Black” An Exportable Category To Mainland Europe?: Race and
Citizenship In A European Context’. In John Rex and B. Drury (Eds). Ethnic
Mobilisation In A Multicultural Europe. Aldershot: Avebury.

Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, the State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.

Padilla, A. 1980. ‘The role of cultural awareness and ethnic loyalty in acculturation’, A.
Padilla (Ed.) Acculturation: Theory, Models, and Some New Findings. Boulder,
CO: Westview.

Portes, A. and L. Jensen. 1989. ‘The Enclave and The Entrants: Patterns Of Ethnic
Enterprise In Miami Before and After Mariel’, American Sociological Review, 54,
6, 929-949.

Rex, John. 1996. Ethnic Minorities In The Modern Nation State. London: Macmillan.

Rex, John and Beatrice Drury (Eds). 1994. Ethnic Mobilisation In A Multi-Cultural
Europe. Aldershot: Avebury.

Sassen, Saskia. 1991. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.

Smith, S.J. 1989. The Politics of ‘Race’ and Residence, Cambridge: Polity.

Spinner, Jeff. 1994. The Boundaries Of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity and Nationality In
The Liberal State. Baltimore: Johns Jopkins University Press.

Soininen, M. and Graham, M. 1995. Persuasion Contra Legislation: Preventing Racism

at the Workplace. European Foundation for Improvement of Living and Working
Conditions, Dublin.

Thomas, R.Roosevelt Jnr. 1990. ‘From Affirmative Action to Affirming Diversity’.

Harvard Business Review, March/April.

Waldinger, R. 1993. ‘The Ethnic Enclave Debate Revisited’, International Journal Of

Urban and Regional Research, 17, 3, 444-452.

185
PART IV. ASYLUM SEEKERS [selected readings]

1. Asylum Seekers

Ayotte, Wendy. 1998. Supporting Unaccompanied Children In The Asylum Process.

London: Save The Children.

Bamford, Terry. 1998. Asylum is a Dirty Word. Professional Social Work, September, 6.

Bank, R. 2000. ‘Reception Conditions For Asylum Seekers In Europe: An Analysis Of

Provisions In Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and The United Kingdom’.
Nordic Journal Of International Law, 69, 3, 257-288.

Barer, Robin et al. 1999. Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Studies In London. London:
London Research Centre.

Bartlett, Peter and Wright, David. 1999. Outside The Walls Of The Asylum: The History
Of Care In The Community 1750-2000. London: Athlone Press.

Blake, Nicholas and Fransman, Laurie. 1999. Immigration, Nationality and Asylum
Under The Human Rights Act 1998. London: Butterworths.

Brewin, Michael and Demetriades, Athy. 1998. Raising The Profile Of Invisible
Students: Practical and Peer-Led Approaches To Enhancing Educational and
Emotional Support For Refugee and Asylum Seeking Children In Schools.
London: Children Of The Storm.

Bunce, C. 1997a. ‘Doctors complain about treatment of asylum seekers in Britain’.

British Medical Journal, 314, 396.

Bunce, C. 1997b. ‘Psychiatrists plan network to help asylum seekers’, British Medical
Journal, 314, 535.

Burnett, A. and Peel, M. 2001a. ‘Asylum Seekers and Refugees In Britain: Health
Needs Of Asylum Seekers and Refugees’. British Medical Journal, 322, 7285,
544-547.

Burnett, A. and Peel, M. 2001b. ‘Asylum Seekers and Refugees In Britain: The Health
Of Survivors Of Torture and Organised Violence’. British Medical Journal, 322;
7286, 606-609.

Burnett, A. and Peel, M. 2001c. ‘Asylum Seekers and Refugees In Britain: What Brings
Asylum Seekers To The United Kingdom?’. British Medical Journal, 322; 7284,
485-488.

186
Carter, Mary. 1996. Poverty and Prejudice: A Preliminary Report On The Withdrawal
Of Benefit Entitlement and The Impact Of The Asylum and Immigration Bill.
London : Commission For Racial Equality and Refugee Council.

Chapman, Nigel. 1999. Detention Of Asylum Seekers In The UK: The Social Work
Response. Social Work Monographs Series. Norwich: School Of Social Work,
University Of East Anglia.

Cohen, Steve. 1996. Another Brick In The Wall: The 1996 Asylum and Immigration Bill.
Manchester: Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit.

Coker, Jane et al. 1996. Asylum Seekers: A Guide To Recent Legislation. (Includes A
Directory Of London-Based Services For Refugees and Asylum Seekers.)
London: Resource Information Service.

Crawley, Heaven. 1997. Women As Asylum Seekers: A Legal Handbook. London:

Refugee Action.

Dunstan, Richard. 1996. Slamming The Door: The Demolition Of The Right To Asylum
In The United Kingdom. London: Amnesty International.

Ellery, Simon, 1996. ‘Ruling plunges asylum law into chaos’. Inside Housing, 11 October
1996, 1

Ellery, Simon and Combes, Rebecca. 1996. ‘High Court’s Double Blow to Asylum
Policy’. Inside Housing, 28 June 1996, p. 2.

Ellis, Rachael. 1998. Asylum-Seekers and Immigration Act Prisoners: The Practice Of
Detention. London: Prison Reform Trust.

Feria-Tinta, M.and Doebbler, C. F. 1999. ‘Surviving The Asylum Process In The United
Kingdom: Destitute Asylum Seekers and Their Rights Under International Human
Rights Law’. Tolleys Immigration and Nationality Law and Practice, 13, 2, 50-
62.

Ferriman, A. 1997. ‘Justice Denied: The Plight Of Asylum Seekers In The UK’. CJM,
29, 26.

Fiddick, Jane. 1999. ‘Immigration and Asylum’. Research Paper, No.99/16. London:
House Of Commons Library.

Garvie, D. 2001. ‘Welcome to Britain? One In Five Asylum Seekers Is Living In Slum
Conditions’. Chartered Institute Of Housing, Feb., 22-24.

Grimes, A. and Tennant, V. 1999. ‘Immigration and Asylum Issues In Northern Ireland’.
Tolleys Immigration and Nationality Law and Practice, 13, 3, 92-95.

187
Hansen, Randell (Ed.). 1996. The Decline Of Asylum: Citizenship, Migration and
Statelessness In Contemporary Europe. Oxford International Review, Special
Issue. Oxford.

Hargreaves, S. 1999. ‘Health-Care Provision For Asylum Seekers and Refugees In The
UK’. Lancet. 9163, 1497.

Harvey, C. 1997. ‘Restructuring Asylum: Recent Trends In United Kingdom Asylum

Law and Policy’. International Journal Of Refugee Law, 9, 1, 60-73.

Harvey, Colin. 2000. Seeking Asylum In The UK: Problems and Prospects. Law In
Context Series. London: Butterworths.

Hassan, L. 2000. ‘Deterrence Measures and The Preservation Of Asylum In The United
Kingdom and The United States’. Journal Of Refugee Studies, 13, 2, 184-204.

Havinga, Tetty and Bocker, A. 1999. ‘Country Of Asylum By Choice Or By Chance:

Asylum-Seekers In Belgium, The Netherlands and The UK’. Journal Of Ethnic
and Migration Studies, 25, 1, Jan, 43-61.

Henderson, Mark. 1997. Best Practice Guide To Asylum Appeals. London: Immigration
Law Practitioners’ Association.

Hudson, D. 1996. ‘Persecuted At Home: Excluded In The UK: The Impact Of The
Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 On The Education, Training and Employment
Prospects Of Asylum Seekers and Refugees’. Language Issues, 8, 2, 22-23.

Jobbins, D. 1997. ‘The Impact of the Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 on the health of
refugees and asylum seekers in the UK’, Share, 16, 5-6.

Johnston, P. 2000. ‘Welcome To Britain Not. In Opposition, Labour Appeared To

Consider Any Laws Controlling Asylum To Be Unreasonable and Racist.’ Public
Finance, 27 Apr. 2000, 18-21.

Joly, D. 1996. Haven or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees in Europe. London:
Macmillan.

Joly, Danièle, 1997. ‘An Analytical Framework for Decisions on Asylum’. Goran Rystad,
(Ed.), Encountering Strangers, 39-73. Lund: Lund University Press.

Joly, Danièle. 1998. ‘Temporary Protection within the Framework of a New European
Asylum Regime’. The International Journal of Human Rights, 2, 2, 49-76

188
Kaye, Ron. 1998. ‘Redefining the Refugee: the UK Media Portrayal of Asylum Seekers’.
Khalid Koser and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New Migration in Europe: Social
Constructions and Social Realities, 163-182. London: Macmillan.

Kaye, R. 1999. ‘The Politics Of Exclusion: The Withdrawal Of Social Welfare Benefits
From Asylum Seekers In The UK’. Contemporary Politics, 5, 1, 25-46.

Kelly, E. 2000. ‘Asylum Seekers In Scotland: Challenging Racism At The Heart Of

Government’. Scottish Affairs, 33, 23-44.

Khan, P. 1999. ‘Asylum-Seekers In The UK: Implications For Social Service

Involvement’. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 8, 2, 116-129.

Koser, Khalid. 1998. ‘Out of the Frying Pan and Into the Fire: A Case Study of Illegality
amongst Asylum Seekers’. Khalid Koser and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New
Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and Social Realities, 185-198.
London: Macmillan.

Lassalle, D. 2000. ‘The Right To Asylum In UK: Changes and Perspectives In The
European Context’. Population, 55, 1, 137-168.

Moore, R. 2000. ‘Access To Banking Services and Credit For UK Ethnic Minorities,
Refugees and Asylum Seekers’. Radical Statistics, 75, 16-24.

Nicholson, Frances and Twomey, Patrick. 1998. Current Issues Of UK Asylum Law and
Policy. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Pirouet, M. L. 2000. ‘The Vulnerability of East-African Asylum Seekers in Britain’.

International Review Of Mission, 89, 354, 313-319.

Pourgourides, C. 1979. ‘A Second Exile: The Mental Health Implications Of Detention

Of Asylum Seekers In The UK’. Psychiatric Bulletin − Royal College Of
Psychiatrists, 21, 11, 673-674.

Qureshi, R. 2001. ‘How Scotland Is Failing Asylum Seekers’. Roof, 26, 1, 12.

Roberts, K. 2000. ‘Lost In The System? Disabled Refugees and Asylum Seekers In
Britain’. Disability and Society, 15, 6, 943-948.

Shah, Prakash A. 2000. Refugees, Race and The Legal Concept Of Asylum In Britain.
Cavendish.

Shah, Prakash and Curtis Francis Doebbler (Eds). 1999. United Kingdom Asylum Law
In Its European Context. London: Platinium.

189
Shah, Sneh (Ed.). 1996. Refugees and Asylum Seekers and Higher Education: The
Context Of Re-Settlement. Aldenham: Centre For Equality Issues In Education,
University Of Hertfordshire.

Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V. and Steel, Z. 1997. ‘Anxiety,
depression and PTSD in asylum seekers: associations with pre-migration trauma
and post-migration stressors’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 170: 351-7.

Stanton, Richard. 1998. Refugees and Asylum Seekers In London: Financial Impact Of
Social Services and Housing Duties. London: London Research Centre.

Taylor, G. 1998. ‘Health care for refugees and asylum seekers in Britain.’ Papadopoulos,
I, Tilki, M. and Taylor, G. Transcultural Care: A guide for health care
professionals, Dinton: Quay Books.

Travers, M. 1999. ‘How Britain Imprisons Asylum-Seekers’. CJM, 35, 25-26.

Watson, M. and Danzelman, P. 1998. Asylum Statistics United Kingdom 1997. Statistical
Bulletin − Home
Office Research and Statistics Directorate, 14.

Watson, M. and Hooper, N. 1997. Asylum Statistics United Kingdom 1996. Statistical
Bulletin − Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate, 15.

Watson, M. and Mcgregor, R. 1999. Asylum Statistics United Kingdom 1998. Statistical
Bulletin − Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate, 10.

Webber, F. 1997. ‘UK: Asylum-Seekers: Caught By The Act’. Race and Class, 38, 3,
73-75.

Zetter, Roger and Pearl, Martyn. 1999a. Managing To Survive: Asylum Seekers,
Refugees and Access To Social Housing. Bristol: Policy Press.

Zetter, R. and Pearl, M. 1999b. ‘Sheltering On The Margins: Social Housing Provision
and The Impact Of Restrictionism On Asylum Seekers and Refugees In The UK’.
Policy Studies, 20, 4, 235-254.

Zetter, R. and Pearl, M. 2000. ‘The Minority Within The Minority: Refugee
Community-Based Organisations In The UK and The Impact Of Restrictionism
On Asylum-Seekers’. Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26, 4, 675-698.

2. Undocumented Migrants

Burgers, Jack. 1998. ‘In The Margin Of The Welfare State: Labour Market Position and
Housing Conditions Of Undocumented Immigrants In Rotterdam’. Urban Studies,
35, 10, Oct, 1855-1868.

190
Burgers, Jack and Engberson, Godfried. 1996. ‘Globalisation, migration and
undocumented immigrants’. New Community 22, 4, 619-636.

Duvell, Franck. 1998. Undocumented Migrant Workers in the UK: ‘Researching a

taboo’: An Interim Report. Exeter: University of Exeter.

Engbersen, Godfried and van der Leun, Joanne. 1998. ‘Illegality and Criminality: The
Differential Opportunity Structure of Undocumented Immigrants’ Khalid Koser
and Helma Lutz, (Eds.), The New Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and
Social Realities, 199-223. London: Macmillan.

Leman, Johan. 1997. ‘Undocumented Migrants In Brussels: Diversity and The

Anthropology Of Illegality’. New Community, 23, 1, Jan, 25-41.

Powers, Mary G. and Seltzer, William. 1998. ‘Occupational Status and Mobility Among
Undocumented Immigrants By Gender’. International Migration Review, 32, 1,
21-56.

Salt, John and Stein, Jeremy. 1997. ‘Migration As A Business: The Case Of Trafficking’.
International Migration Review, 35, 4, 467-494.

Woodrow-Lafield, Karen A. 1998. ‘Undocumented Residents In The United States In

1990: Issues Of Uncertainty In Quantification’. International Migration Review,
32, 1, 145-174.

191
Data Set 2

Publications and reports by NGOs and statutory bodies

PART I. REFERENCES DATING FROM 1996 ONWARDS – United Kingdom

1. Immigrants and Migrants (including ethnic minorities) 4

1.1 General 4
1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 4
1.4 Health 6
1.5 Housing 8
1.6a Social /Cultural/Religious 10
1.6b Community/Self-Help 10
1.7 Political Organisation/Participation 10
1.8 Women 10
1.9a Family Life 11

192
 1.9b Children 12
1.10 Police/Justice/Legal System 14
1.11 Welfare and Social Policy 15
1.12 Racism/Discrimination 15
1.14 Neighbourhood Renewal strategy and social exclusion 16
1.15 Evaluation 17

2. Refugees 18

2.1 General 18
2.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 20
2.4 Health 21
2.5 Housing 25
2.6a Social /Cultural/Religious 25
2.6b Community/Self-Help Initiatives 25
2.7 Political Organisation/Participation 26
2.8 Women 26
2.9a Family Life 27
2.9b Children 27
2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 30
2.12 Racism/Discrimination 31
2.15 Evaluation 31

3. Both Refugees and Migrants 33

3.1 General 33
3.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 32
3.4 Health 32
3.5 Housing 32
3.8 Women 32
3.9a Family 32
3.9b Children 32
3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 32
3.12 Racism 33

193
PART II. REFERENCES DATING FROM BEFORE 1996 – United Kingdom

1. Immigrants and Migrants 34

1.1 General 34
1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 34
1.4 Health 34
1.5 Housing 35
1.6a Social/Cultural/Religious 36
1.6b Community/Self-Help Initiatives 36
1.7 Political Organisation/Participation 36
1.8 Women 36
1.9a Family Life 37
1.9b Children 37
1.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 38
1.12 Racism 38
1.15 Evaluation 39

2. Refugees 40

2.1 General 40
2.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 41
2.4 Health 41
2.5 Housing 42
2.6a Social/Cultural/Religious 42
2.6b Community/Self-Help Initiatives 42

194
 2.8 Women 43
2.9b Children 43
2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 44
2.15 Evaluation 44

3. Both Refugees and Migrants 45

3.1 General 45
3.8 Women 45
3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 45
3.12 Racism 45

PART III. REFERENCES DATING FROM 1996 ONWARDS – International

1. Immigrants and Migrants 46

1.1 General 46
1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 47
1.4 Health 47
1.6a Social/Cultural/Religious 47
1.7 Political Organisation/Participation 47
1.8 Women 47
1.9a Family Life 48
1.9b Children 48
1.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 48
1.12 Racism 48
1.15 Evaluation 48

2. Refugees 49

2.1 General 49
2.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 50
2.4 Health 50
2.5 Housing 50
2.6b Community/Self-Help 50
2.8 Women 50
2.9a Family Life 50
2.9b Children 50
2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 51
2.15 Evaluation 51

3. Both Refugees and Migrants 52

3.1 General 52
3.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 52
3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 52

195
PART IV. REFERENCES DATING FROM BEFORE 1996 – International

1. Immigrants and Migrants 54

1.1 General 54
1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment 54
1.5 Housing 54
1.8 Women 54
1.9a Family Life 55
1.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 55
1.12 Racism 55

2. Refugees 53

2.4 Health 53
2.8 Women 53
2.9a Family Life 53
2.9b Children 53
2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 53

3. Both Refugees and Migrants 56

3.1 General 56
3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System 56

196
PART I. REFERENCES DATING FROM 1996 ONWARDS – United Kingdom

1. Immigrant and Migrants

1.1 General

Coleman, D. and Salt, J. (Eds), 1996, Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Volume One,
Demographic Characteristics of the ethnic minority populations, OPCS, HMSO.

Dorsett, Richard, 1998, Ethnic Minorities in the Inner City, P.P. Marston Books/Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.

Ethnic Response and Office of Fair Trade, 1999, Qualitative Research into Ethnic
Minorities and Financial Services: Report of Focus Group Studies.

Findlay, Allan M. 1999, The Economic Impact of Immigration to the UK: trends and
policy implications, Applied Population Research Unit, Glasgow University.

Modood, Tariq and Berthoud, R. 1997, Diversity and Disadvantage: Ethnic Minorities in
Britain. The Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities, Policy Studies Institute.

Office for National Statistics, 1996, Social Focus on Ethnic Minorities, London, HMSO.

Runnymede Trust, 1996, The Multi-Ethnic Good Society: Vision and Reality, London,
Runnymede Trust.

Runnymede Trust, 2000, Commission on the Future of Multiethnic Britain, London,

Profile Books/Runnymede Trust.

Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 2000, Researching Ethnic Minorities in

Scotland, SECRU.

Storkey, Marian, 1999, Ethnic Minorities in London: one city, many communities,
London Research Centre.

The Scottish Office, 1999, Study of the Impact of Migration on Rural Scotland, The
Scottish Office.

1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Berthoud, Richard, 1998, Incomes of Ethnic Minorities, University of Essex/Joseph

Rowntree Foundation.

197
Adand, T. and Azmi, W. 1998, ‘Expectation and reality: ethnic minorities in higher
education’, in Madood, T. and Adand T. (Eds) Race and Higher Education, Policy
Studies Institute.

Bank of England, 1999, The Financing of Ethnic Minority Firms in the United Kingdom:
A Special Report, London, Bank of England.

Berthoud, R. 1999, Young Caribbean Men and the Labour Market: A Comparison with
Other Ethnic Groups, York Publishing Services for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Bhavni, Reene, 1997, Black and Minority Ethnic Women in the Labour Market in
London: First Major London Review, London, Fair Play.

Blackaby et al., 1998, White/ethnic minority earnings and employment differentials in

Britain: evidence from the LFS, University of Wales and Manchester Metropolitan
University.

Carr-hill et al., 1996, Lost Opportunities: the language skills of linguistic minorities in
England and Wales, London, The Basic Skills Agency.

Chatrik, B., 1999, New Deal − Fair Deal? Black Young People in the Labour Market,
Barnardo’s/Children’s Society/Youth Aid, 1997 in SEU Bridging the Gap: New
Opportunities for 16−18 year olds not in Employment, Education or Training, TSO.

Commission for Racial Equality, We Regret to Inform You: Testing for Racial
Discrimination in the North of England and Scotland, London, CRE, 1996

Connor, H. et al., 1996, Ethnic Minority Graduates: Differences by Degree, IES Report
309.

Department for Education and Employment/Pathak, Shalini, 2000, Race Research for the
Future: Ethnicity in Education, Training and the Labour Market, DfEE Research Topic
Paper.

Duvell, F., 1998, Undocumented Migrant Workers in the UK Report No.1, Department of
Social Work and Probation Studies, University of Exeter.

Fitzgerald, R., Finch, S. and Nove, A. 2000, Black Caribbean Young Men’s Experiences
of Education and Employment, London, DfEE Research Report.

JCWI, 1998, A Guide to Studying in the UK as an International Student, London, JWCI.

London Development Partnership, 1999, From the Margins to the Mainstream, London,
LDP.

198
London Skills Forecasting Unit, 1999, Strength through diversity: ethnic minorities in
London’s economy.

Maxey, Kees, 2000, International Student Mobility in the Commonwealth, UKCOSA.

McCollin, S., 1997, ESOL research project: a dissertation on ESOL speakers in

Kensington and Chelsea.

Metcalf, H. and Forth, J., 2000, Business Benefits of Race Equality at Work, DfEE
Research Report 177.

National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, 1996, CAB evidence: prevention of

illegal working − response to the Home Office consultation document, London, NACAB.

Oc, Taner, Teisdell, Steven and Moynihan, David, 1997, Urban Regeneration and Ethnic
Minority Groups: Training and business support in City Challenge Areas, The Policy
Press.

Owen, David, et al., 2000, Minority ethnic participation and achievements in education,
training and the labour market, CRER and Institute for Employment Research,
University of Warwick, DfEE, Research Report 225.

Parker-Jenkins, M. et al., The Career Service: gatekeeper to career opportunities for

Muslim women, DfEE, Forthcoming Research Report

Platt, Lucinda and Noble, Michael, Race, 1999, Place and Poverty: ethnic groups and
low income distributions, YPS/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Policy Studies Institue/Metcalf, Hilary, Modood, Tariq and Virdee, Satnam, Asian Self-
Employment − The Interaction of Culture and Economics in England, date?

Reda, G. Survey on the Educational Needs of Ethiopian and Eritrean Women in London,
London, Africa Educational Trust, date?

Refugee Council, 1996, Response to Home Office consultation on ‘prevention of illegal

working’, London Social Services Select Committee, London, Refugee Council.

Runnymede Trust, 2000, Moving on Up: Racial Equality and the Corporate Agenda: a
study of FTSE 100 Companies, London, Runnymede Trust/Schneider-Ross.

Shropshire, J., Warton, R. and Walker, R., 1999, Unemployment and Jobseeking: the
experience of ethnic minorities, DfEE Research Report No. 106.

Sly, F. et al., 1999, Trends in the Labour Market Participation of Ethnic Minority Groups,
Labour Market Trends.

199
TUC, 1999, Qualifying for Racism: How Racism is Increasingly Blighting Career
Prospects, London, TUC.

TUC, 1996, Unfair and Unworkable − the case against workplace race checks, London,
TUC.

UKCOSA, 2000, Student Mobility on the Map: Tertiary Education Interchange in the
Commonwealth on the Threshold of the 21st Century, UKCOSA/Council for Education in
the Commonwealth.

Wrench, J. and Hassan, E., 1996, Ambition and Marginalisation: A Qualitative Survey of
Underachieving Young Men of Afro-Caribbean Origin, London, DfEE Research Series
No 31.

Wrench, J. and Qureshi, T., 1996, Higher Horizons: A Qualitative Study of Young Men of
Bangladeshi Origin, London, DfEE Research Series No 30.

1.4 Health

Acheson, D., 1998, Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report, The
Stationery Office.

Ahmed, Waqar et al., 1998, Deaf people from minority ethnic groups: initiatives and
services, P.P. Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Akram, Y., Anjum, I. and Ahmed, W., 1998, Improving Uptake of Respite Services by
Learning Disabled Asian Adults, Manchester Social Services Department.

Alexander, Z./DoH, 1999, Study of Black, Asian and Ethnic Minority Issues, Department
of Health.

Bariso, E.Y.U., 1997, The Horn of Africa Health Research Project: An assessment of the
accessibility and appropriateness of health care services to Horn of Africa (Eritrean,
Ethiopian, Oromo & Somali) communities in Camden and Islington, London, Healthy
Islington and Camden & Islington Health Authority.

Butt, Jabeer and Bignall, Tracey, 2000, Between Ambition and Achievement: the views of
young black disabled people on independent living, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.

Butt, Jabeer, Bignall, Tracey and Stone, Emma, 2000, Directing Support: Report from a
workshop on direct payments and black and minority ethnic disabled people, YPS/Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.

Chamba, Rampaul et al., 1999, On the Edge: Minority ethnic families caring for a
severely disabled child, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

200
Clark, C., 1997, Childbirth choice in a multi-cultural area, project final report, London,
Brent and Harrow Health Authority.

Commission for Filipino Migrant Workers, 1997, An assessment of the health

experiences and needs of overseas domestic workers in London and the South East of
England, London, CFMW.

Department of Health, 2000, Learning Difficulties and Ethnicity, Centre for Research in
Primary Care, University of Leeds/DoH.

Griffiths, P., 1998, Qat use in London: A study of qat use among a sample of Somali
living in London, London, Home Office Central Drugs Prevention Unit.

Hayward, A., 1998, Tuberculosis Control in London: the need for change − A report for
the Thames Regional Directors of Public Health, NHS Executive.

Health Education Authority, 2000, Black and Minority Ethnic Groups in England: The
second health and lifestyles survey, London, Health Education Authority.

Katbamna, S. et al., 1998, Practice Guidelines for Primary Health Care to Meet the
Needs of Carers from Asian Communities, NCCSU.

Leather, C. and Wirz, S., 1996, The Training and Development Needs of Bilingual
Support Workers in the NHS in Community Settings, Centre for International Child
Health, Institute of Child Health, NHS Executive, London.

Lindsay, J. et al., 1997, Knowledge, ‘Uptake and Availability of Health and Social
Services among Asian Gujarati and White Elderly Persons’, in Ethnicity and Health, 2
(1/2), pp.59−69.

London Black Women’s Health Action Project, 1996, Silent Tears, London, LBWHAP.

Marray, U. and Brown D., 1998, They Look After Their Own, Don’t They?, London,
Department of Health.

Mental Health Media, 1998, Time for Change: Black and Asian People with Learning
Difficulties, London, Mental Health Media (video)

Mugisha, R. and Nansukusa, S., 1998, ‘The African refugee experience’, in Rawaf, S. and
Bahl, V. (Eds), Assessing health needs of people from ethnic minority groups, London,
Royal College of Physicians.

Nas Farah, Asian Counsellors Working with the Asian Community, unpublished thesis,
date?

201
National Health Service Ethnic Health Unit, 1996a, Health care for Black and Minority
Ethnic People, Directory 1994/5, Leeds NHSEHU.

National Health Service Ethnic Health Unit, 1996b, Good practice and quality indicators
in primary health care. Health care for black and minority ethnic people, Leeds, NHS
Ethnic Health Unit, NAHAT, Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster Health Authority.
Nazroo, J., 1997, The Health of Britain’s Ethnic Minorities: Findings from a National
Survey London, Policy Studies Institute.

Netto, Gina et al., 2001, A Suitable Space: Improving counselling services for Asian
people, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Newham Asian Women’s Project, 1998, Growing up, Young, Asian and Female in
Britain: A Report on Self-harm and Suicide, London, Newham Asian Women’s Project.

Painter, M., 1997, The Medical Role with Regards to Immigrants: Health and
Immigration Control, Manchester, Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit/Manchester
Metropolitan University.

Patel, N., 1999, ‘Black and Minority Ethnic Elderly Perspectives on Long Term Care’,
Royal Commission on Long Term Care for the Elderly: With Respect to Age, Chaper 8
and Research Vol. 1, London, HMSO.

PRIAE, Care Needs of black and minority ethnic elders in Wales, Report to the Wales
Office, forthcoming, PRIAE (Policy Research Institute on Ageing and Ethnicity)

Radia, K., 1996 Ignored, Silenced, Neglected: Housing and mental health care needs of
Asian people, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Shokai, Sara, 1997, Needs Assessment: communication and access to health services: the
case of Sudanese women in Leeds, dissertation, Leeds Metropolitan University.

Small, C. and Hinton, T., 1997, A study of black and minority ethnic single homeless
people and access to primary health care, London, Health Action for Homeless People
and Lambeth Health Care NHS Trust.

Steele, B. Sergison, M. et al., 2000, Improving the Quality of Life of Ethnic Minority
Children with Learning Disabilities, Huddersfield, Huddersfield NHS Trust.

Tai, Kausher, Privacy, Dignity and Respect of Cultural and Religious Beliefs: A Patient’s
Standard Charter, Mancunian Community Health NHS Trust/South Manchester
University Hospitals NHS Trust, date?

Tait, T. et al., 1998, A Study to Consider the Accommodation Support and Care Needs of
Individuals with Learning Disabilities from the Asian Community in the City and County
of Leicester, Leicester, deMontfort University/The Housing Corportation.

202
Van den Bosch, C. and Brecker, N., 1997, ‘East London’s New Arrivals − Securing
effective health care’ in East London & The City Health Authority, Health in the East
End, Annual Public Health Report 1997−8, London, East London & The City Health
Authority.

Williams, L. et al., 1998, Experiences, Attitudes and Views of young, single Somalis
living in London, London Black Women’s Health Action Project and London School of
Tropical Hygiene.

1.5 Housing

ASRA Greater London Housing Association Ltd., 1998, The Housing and Care Needs of
Asian Elders in London, ASRA Greater London Housing Association.

Bate, Richard, Best, Richard and Holmans, Alan, 2000, On the Move: The housing
consequences of migration, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Bowers, Alison, Dar, Naira and Sim, Duncan, 1998, Too white, too rough, and too many
problems: Pakistani housing strategies in Britain, University of Stirling/Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.

Chahal, Kusminder, 2000, Ethnic Diversity, Neighbourhoods and Housing, Joseph

Rowntree Foundation.

Davies, J. et al., 1996a, Discounted Voices: homelessness amongst young black and
minority ethnic people in England, University of Leeds.

Davies, J. et al., 1996b, Homelessness amongst young black and minority ethnic people
in England, School of Sociology and Social Policy, Leeds University.

Dhooge, Yvonne and Barelli, Jill, 1996, Racial Attacks and Harassment: the response of
social landlords, HMSO.

Goodby, Gill, 1996, The case for sheltered housing for black and ethnic minority elderly
communities in West London, London, Inquilab Housing Association.

Hawtin, Marray et al., 1999, Housing Integration and Resident Participation: Evaluation
of a project to help integrate black and ethnic minority tenants, London, YPS/Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.

Housing Corporation, 1997, A Housing Plus Approach to Achieving Sustainable

Communities, Housing Corporation.

203
Housing Corporation, 1996a, Black and Minority Ethnic Housing Associations: an
evaluation of the Housing Corporation’s Black and Minority Ethnic Housing Association
Strategies, Housing Coporation.

Housing Corporation, 1996b, Black and Minority Ethnic Housing Needs: an enabling
framework, Housing Corporation.

Howes, Eileen and Mullins, David, 1998,Dwelling on Difference: Housing and Ethnicity
in London, London, London Research Council.

Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1996, Set up to fail? The experience of black housing
associations, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Kilpatrick, Alyson, 1997, Discrimination in Housing, Arden’s Housing Library.

London Federation of Housing Associations, 1996, Flair in the community: added value
housing services provided by black and minority ethnic housing associations, London
Federation of Housing Associations.

London Research Centre, 1997, Asian Housing Needs in London, London, London
Research Centre.

Marshall, Dawn et al., 1998, A Level Playing Field?: Rents, viability and value in black
and minority ethnic housing associations, Housing Management/Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.

National Housing Federation, 1998a, Equality in Housing: Guidance for tackling racial
discrimination and promoting equality, National Housing Federation.

National Housing Federation, 1998b, Race Equality is Access to Housing Services: A

Good Practice Guide, National Housing Federation.

Radia, K., 1996, Ignored, Silenced, Neglected: Housing and mental health care needs of
Asian people, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 2001, Housing Scotland’s Black and Ethnic
Minority Communities, SECRU.

Small, C. and Hinton, T., 1997, A study of black and minority ethnic single homeless
people and access to primary health care, London, Health Action for Homeless People
and Lambeth Health Care NHS Trust.

Tait, T. et al., 1998, A Study to Consider the Accommodation Support and Care Needs of
Individuals with Learning Disabilities from the Asian Community in the City and County
of Leicester, Leicester, deMontfort University/The Housing Corporation.

204
1.6a Social/Cultural/Religious

1.6b Community/Self-Help

Ahmed, I., 1998, Feeling Exclusion: A Survey of the Somali Community in Lewisham,
Commissioned by the London Borough of Lewisham.

Asghar, M.A., 1996, Bangladeshi community organisations in East London, Bangladeshi

community organisations in East London, London.

Farah, Leila Hassam and Smith, Matthew, 1999, Somali Support Initiative, Somalis in
London, 147pp.

Iraqi Community Association, 1996, Now We Are Here: a survey of the profile, structure,
needs, hopes and aspiration of the Iraqi community in Britain, London, Iraqi Community
Association.

London Borough Grant Unit, 1996, Research into the Requirements of Migrant
Organisations in Relation to a Secondary Body, London, LBGU.

McLeod, Mike, Owen, David and Khamis, Chris, 2001, Black and minority ethnic
voluntary and community organisations: Role in England and Wales, Policy Studies
Institute/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Newham Language Shop, 1999, The Information Needs of Gujerati Speakers in Newham,
Newham, Newham Language Shop.

Nesbitt, Steven and Neary, David, 2000, Ethnic minorities and their pensions: A study of
Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white men in Oldham, London, YPS/Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.

1.7 Political Organisation/Participation

Anwar, Muhammad, 2000, Ethnic Minorities and the British Electoral System, Centre for
Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.

Operation Black Vote, 1999, EU Parliamentary Elections Poll: hopes and fears of ethnic
minorities in Britain, Hothouse Market Research.

Owen, David and McLeod, Mike, 2000, Black and Asian Voters and the London Mayoral
Elections (confidential draft), Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of
Warwick.

205
1.8 Women

Barseghian, Joanne (Ed.), 2001, Daughters of Dispersal: Armenian Women’s Experiences

from Diaspora, Budden.

Bhavni, Reene, 1997, Black and Minority Ethnic Women in the Labour Market in
London: First Major London Review, London, Fair Play.

Clark, C., 1997, Childbirth choice in a multi-cultural area, project final report, London,
Brent and Harrow Health Authority.

Dattani, Bina, Devadason, Ranji, Kandola, Sunny and Raj, Thara, 2000, Collective
Identities, Diverse Lives: British Asian Women Speak, South Asian Women’s Lives and
Experiences Course Planning Group, Nottingham Women’s Centre.

Kelly, Liz and Regan, Linda, 2000, Stopping Traffic: Exploring the extent of, and
responses to, trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK, Policy Research
Series, paper 125, Home Office.

London Black Women’s Health Action Project, 1996, Silent Tears, London, LBWHAP.

Newham Asian Women’s Project, 1998, Growing up, Young, Asian and Female in
Britain: A Report on Self-harm and Suicide, London, Newham Asian Women’s Project.

Parker-Jenkins, M. et al., The Career Service: gatekeeper to career opportunities for

Muslim women, DfEE, Forthcoming Research Report

Rai, D.K. and Thiara, R.K., 1997, Redefining Spaces: The needs of Black women and
children in refuge support services and Black workers in Women’s Aid, Bristol, Women’s
Aid.

Reda, G., Survey on the Educational Needs of Ethiopian and Eritrean Women in London,
London, Africa Educational Trust, date?

Southall Black Sisters, 1996, A Stark Choice: domestic violence or deportation, London,
Southall Black Sisters.

1.9a Family Life

Beishon, Sharon, Modood, Tariq and Virdee, Satnam, 1998, Ethnic Minority Families,
Policy Studies Insitute/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Berridge, David, 2000, Where to Turn?: Family support for South Asian communities,
National Children’s Bureau/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

206
Bowes, A. and Dar, N., 1997, ‘Social work service and elderly Pakistani people’, in
Bowes and Sim (Eds) Perspectives on Welfare, Ashgate.

Bowes, A., Dar, N. with Srivastava, A., 2000, Family Support and Community Care: A
Study of South East Asian Older People, University of Stirling/Scottish Executive Central
Research Unit.

Bowes, A. and MacDonald, C., 2000, Support for Majority and Minority Ethnic Groups
at Home: Older Peoples’ Perspectives, University of Stirling/Scottish Executive Central
Research Unit.

Churches Commission for Racial Justice, 1997, Breaking up more families: case studies
of families awaiting deportation, London, CCRJ.

Lam, T., 1996, Parent−Children Communication Barriers and Mother Tongue Education
for Vietnamese Children in London, London, South Bank University.

Lindsay, J. et al., 1997, Knowledge, ‘Uptake and Availability of Health and Social
Services among Asian Gujarati and White Elderly Persons’, in Ethnicity and Health, 2
(1/2), pp.59−69.

Marray, U. and Brown D., 1998, They Look After Their Own, Don’t They?, London,
Department of Health.

National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, 1996, Failing the Test: CAB clients’
experience of the habitual residence test in social security, London, NACAB.

Pankaj, Vibja, 2001, Family Mediation Services for Minority Ethnic Families in Scotland,
Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.

Patel, N., 1999, ‘Black and Minority Ethnic Elderly Perspectives on Long Term Care’,
Royal Commission on Long Term Care for the Elderly: With Respect to Age, Chaper 8
and Research Vol. 1, London, HMSO.

Patel, Naina/PRIAE/Age Concern, 1999, Ageing Matters: Ethnic Concerns.

Scottish Office: Central Research Unit, 1996, Pathways to Welfare for Pakistani Elderly
People in Glasgow, Social Work Research Findings No. 8, SOCRU.

Warnes, T., 1996, ‘The age structure and ageing of the ethnic groups’ in Coleman, D. and
Salt, J. (Eds) Ethnicity in the Census, Vol. 1, London, HMSO.

Yu, Wia Kam, 2000, Chinese Older People: A need for social inclusion in two
communities, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

1.9b Children

207
Barn, R., Sinclair, R. and Ferdinand, D., 1997, Acting on Principle: an examination of
race and ethnicity in social services provision for children and families, BAAF.

Bourne, J. and Blair, M., 1998, Making the Difference: teaching and learning strategies
in successful multi-ethnic schools, London, DfEE Research Report No 59.

Butt, Jabeer and Bignall, Tracey, 2000, Between Ambition and Achievement: the views of
young black disabled people on independent living, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.

Cline, Tony and Shamsi, Tatheer, 2000, Language Needs or Special needs? The
assessment of learning difficulties in literacy among children learning English as an
additional language: a literature review, London, DfEE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1996, From Cradle to School: a practical guide to
racial equality in the early years, London, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 2000, Learning for All: standards for racial equality in
schools, London, CRE.

Department for Education and Employment, 2000a, National Literacy Strategy:

Supporting Pupils Learning English as an Additional Language, London, DfEE.

Department for Education and Employment, 2000b, Removing the Barriers: Raising
Achievement Levels for Minority Ethnic Pupils, DfEE.

Dyson, A., Lin, M. and Millward, A., Effective Communication between Schools, LEAs,
and Health and Social Services in the Field of Special Educational Needs, DfEE
Research Report 60, Newcastle, Special Needs Research Centre, University of Newcastle
upon Tyne

Gillborn, D. and Gipps, C., 1996, Recent Research on the achievements of Ethnic
Minority Pupils, London, OFSTED, HMSO.

Kahin, M., 1997, Educating Somali Children in Britain, Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books.

Lam, T., 1996, Parent−Children Communication Barriers and Mother Tongue Education
for Vietnamese Children in London, London, South Bank University.

Lane, J., 1996, Acting on the race relations and the Children Act in Travelling the Anti-
Racist Road, London, Early Years Trainers Anti Racist Network.

.Lane, J., 1998, Planning for Excellence: Implementing the DfEE guidance for the Equal
Opportunity Strategy in Early Years Development Plans and introducing a framework for
Equality, Early Years Trainers Anti Racist Network.

208
Leung, C. et al., 1997, The Idealised Native-Speaker, Reified Ethnicities and Classroom
Realities: Contemporary Issues in TESOL, Slough, CALR Occasional Paper in Language
and Urban Culture, Centre for Applied Linguistic Research, Thames Valley University.

Loftman, P. and Beazley, M., 2000, Race and Regeneration, LGIU, 1999 in SEU Report
of Policy Action Team 12: Young People, TSO.

London Borough of Camden, 1996a, Analysis of 1995 Key Stage, GCSE and London
Reading Test Result by Ethnic Group, London, London Borough of Camden.

London Borough of Camden, 1996b, Raising the Achievement of Bangladeshi Pupils,

London, London Borough of Camden.

Maxey, Kees, 2000, International Student Mobility in the Commonwealth, UKCOSA.

NALDIC, 1998, Provision in Literacy Hours for Pupils Learning English as an

Additional Language, NALDIC Literacy Paper, London, NALDIC.

NASUWT, 1999, Education and Race, Birmingham, NASUWT.

Ofsted, 1999, Raising the Attainment of Minority Ethnic Pupils: School and LEA
Responses, London, Ofsted.

Richardson, R. and Wood, A., 1999, Inclusive Schools, Inclusive Society: Race and
Identity on the Agenda, Race on the Agenda in partnership with Association of London
Government and Save the Children, Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books.

Runnymede Trust, 1997, Black and Ethnic Minority Young People and Educational
Disadvantage, London, Runnymede Trust.

Runnymede Trust, 2000, Equality Assurance in Schools, London, Runnymede Trust.

Runnymede Trust, 1998, Improving Practice: A Whole School Approach to Raising the
Achievement of African Caribbean Youth, London, Runnymede Trust/Nottingham Trent
University.

Social Work Inspectorate for Scotland, 1998, Valuing Diversity: Having Regard to the
Racial, Religious, Cultural and Linguistic Needs of Scotland’s Children, SWIS.

Steele, B. Sergison, M. et al., 2000, Improving the Quality of Life of Ethnic Minority
Children with Learning Disabilities, Huddersfield, Huddersfield NHS Trust.

UKCOSA, 2000, Student Mobility on the Map: Tertiary Education Interchange in the
Commonwealth on the Threshold of the 21st Century, UKCOSA/Council for Education in
the Commonwealth.

209
 1.10 Police/Justice/Legal System

Barclay and Mhlanga, 2000, Ethnic differences in decisions on young defendants dealt
with by the Crown Prosecution Service, Section 95 Findings No. 1.

Bland, Miller and Quinton, 2000, Upping the PACE? An evaluation of the
recommendations of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry on stops and searches, Police
Research Series, Paper 128.

Dilton, Jason, 1999, Attitudes towards crime, victimization and the police in Scotland: a
comparison of white and ethnic minority views, The Scottish Centre for Criminality, The
Scottish Office.

FitzGerald and Sibbitt, 1997, Ethnic Monitoring in the Police Forces: A beginning, Home
Office Research Study No. 173.

HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, 2001, Without Prejudice? A thematic inspection of

police relations in Scotland, SECRU.

HM Inspectorate of Probation, 2000, Towards Race Equality: Thematic Inspection

Report, Home Office.

Home Office, 1997, Campsfield House Detention Centre: Report of an unannounced

short inspection 13−15 October 1997, London, HM Inspectorate of Prisons.

Home Office, 2000a, Race and the Criminal Justice System: joining up to promote
equality and encourage diversity, Criminal Justice Consultative Council Race Sub-
group/Home Office.

Home Office, 2000b, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System, Home
Office/National Statistics.

Leicester Ethnic Monitoring Project Board, 2000, Ethnic appearance monitoring of

defendants at Leicester Magistrates’ Court 1997−1998, LEMPB.

Maynard and Read, 1997, Policing Racially Motivated Incidents, Crime detection and
prevention series, Paper 84.

National Association of Probation Officers, 1997, Working with Racially Motivated and
Racist Offenders, NAPO.

NACAB, 2000, A Person before the Law: the CAB case for a statement of rights for
people with limited leave in the UK, London, NACAB.

210
NACRO, 1996, Black People and the Criminal Justice System, Race Issues Advisory
Committee.

NACRO, 2000, Let’s Get it Right − Race and Justice, NACRO.

Percy, 1998, Ethnicity and Victimisation: Findings from the 1996 British Crime Survey,
Home Office Statistical Bulletin 6/98.

The Stationery Office, 1999, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry − Report of an Inquiry by Sir
William Macpherson of Cluny, The Stationery Office.

Rison Erif, 2000, A person before the law: the CAB case for a statement of rights for
people with limited leave in the UK. National Association of Citizens Advice
Bureaux. London: NACAB.

Shutter, Sue, 1997, Immigration, nationality & refugee law handbook: a user's guide.
London: JCWI.

1.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Barn, R., Sinclair, R. and Ferdinand, D., 1997, Acting on Principle: an examination of
race and ethnicity in social services provision for children and families, BAAF.

Butt, J. and Mirza, K., 1996, Social Care and Black Communities: a review of recent
research studies, Race Equality Unit/HMSO.

Scottish Office: Central Research Unit, 1996, Pathways to Welfare for Pakistani Elderly
People in Glasgow, Social Work Research Findings No. 8, SOCRU.

1.12 Racism/ Discrimination

Arshad, Rowena, 1999, Anti-racist Community Work − A radical approach.

Cohen, Steve, 1996, Another brick in the wall: the 1996 Asylum and Immigration bill.
Manchester: Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1996a, From Cradle to School: a practical guide to
racial equality in the early years, London, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1996b, Roots for the Future, London, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1996c, We Regret to Inform You: Testing for Racial
Discrimination in the North of England and Scotland, London, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1997, Race, Culture and Community Care: an agenda
for action, London, Commission for Racial Equality.

211
Commission for Racial Equality, 2000, Learning for All: standards for racial equality in
schools, London, Commission for Racial Equality.

Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, 1997, Islamophobia: a challenge

for us all, The Runnymede Trust, London.

Dhalech, Mohammed, 1999, Challenging Racism in a Rural Idyll − Final Report of the
Rural Race Equality Project Cornwall, Devon and Somerset/NACAB.

FitzGerald and Hale, Ethnic Minorities, victimisation and racial harassment, Home
Office Research Findings, No. 39

Home Office, 1999, Race Equality − Developing Minority Representation within the
Probation Service, Home Office.

Institute of Race Relations/LBG/Bourne, Jenny, 2000, Counting the Cost: racial violence
since Macpherson, London, Institute of Race Relations.

Lane, J., 1996, Acting on the Race Relations and the Children Act in Travelling the Anti-
Racist Road, London, Early Years Trainers Anti Racist Network.

Lane, J., 1998, Planning for Excellence: Implementing the DfEE guidance for the Equal
Opportunity Strategy in Early Years Development Plans and introducing a framework for
Equality, Early Years Trainers Anti Racist Network.

Leeser, Richard et al., 2000, Without Prejudice: Exploring Ethnic Differences in London,
GLR.

Liberty/1990 Trust, 2000, Joint Submission by NGOs to the UN Committee of all forms of
Racial Discrimination (CERD), London, Liberty/1990 Trust.

Maynard and Read, 1997, Policing Racially Motivated Incidents, Crime detection and
prevention series, Paper 84.

Metcalf, H. and Forth, J., 2000, Business Benefits of Race Equality at Work, DfEE
Research Report 177.

National Association of Probation Officers, 1997, Working with Racially Motivated and
Racist Offenders, NAPO.

Richardson, R. and Wood, A., 1999, Inclusive Schools, Inclusive Society: Race and
Identity on the Agenda, Race on the Agenda in partnership with Association of London
Government and Save the Children, Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books.

212
Runnymede Trust, 1997, Islamophobia: A Challenge for us All, London, Runnymede
Trust.

Runnymede Trust, 2000, Moving on Up: Racial Equality and the Corporate Agenda: a
study of FTSE 100 Companies, London, Runnymede Trust/Schneider-Ross.

Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 2000, Equality in Scotland − Ethnic

Minorities, SECRU.

Sibbett, Rae, 1997, The Perpetrators of Racial Harrassment and Racial Violence, Home
Office Research Study 176.

The Stationery Office, 1999, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry − Report of an Inquiry by Sir
William Macpherson of Cluny, The Stationery Office.

TUC, 1999, Qualifying for Racism: How Racism is Increasingly Blighting Career
Prospects, London, TUC.

1.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

Brownhill, Sue and Darke, Jane, 1998, Rich Mix: Inclusive Stategies for Race and
Gender in Urban Regeneration, P.P Marston Books/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Cabinet Office Social Exclusion Unit, 2000, Minority Ethnic Issues in Social Exclusion
and Neighbourhood Renewal: A Guide to the Work of the SEU and the Policy Action
Teams so far, London, Cabinet Office.

1.15 Evaluation

ARVAC (Association for Research in the Voluntary and Community Sector), 2000,
Conference Paper Evaluation, ARVAC.

Bell, Michael and Gibson, Peter, Methodology for evaluating secondary advice services,
Scottish Homes, Thistle House, 91 Haymarket Terrace, Edinburgh, EH12 5HE

Health Action for Homeless People for Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster Health
Authority, 1999, An Evaluation of a Pilot Peer Education Project.

LBG A guide to user feedback methods

Migrants Resource Centre, 1999, Voices for Change evaluation project.

Meyrick, Jane and Sinkler, Paige, 1999, Healthy Living Centres: An Evaluation Resource,
Health Education Authority.

213
Scottish Community Development Centre, 1998 Measuring Community Development: a
handbook for practitioners. (0141 248 1924)

Woolf, Felicity, 1999, Partnerships for Learning: a guide to evaluating arts education
projects, Regional Arts Boards/Arts Council of England.

214
2. Refugees

2.1 General

Amnesty International, 1997, Refugees: Human Rights have no Borders, AI International

Secretariat.

Amnesty International, 2000, UK Foreign and Asylum Policy: Human Rights Audit,
AIUK.

Asylum Rights Campaign, 2000, Out of Sight, Out of Mind: A report on the dispersal of
asylum seekers in the UK, London, ARC.

Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the National Health Service in England and
Wales, 2000, A New City: supporting asylum seekers and refugees in London, a briefing.

Audit Commission, 2000, Another Country: implementing dispersal under the

Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, London, Audit Commission.

Barer, Robin et al., 1999, Refugees and asylum seekers, studies in London, London
Research Centre, London.

Bell, Micheal, Buchan, Sandy and Lukes, Sue, 1999, The Needs of Refugees and Asylum
Seekers in the London Borough of Hillingdon, London, Refugee Action/MBA
Consultancy and Research.

Bloch, A., 1997, Refugee Migration and Settlement: A case study of the London Borough
of Newham, London, Dept of Social Policy and Politics, Goldsmiths College.

Carey-Wood, J., 1997, Meeting Refugees’ Needs in Britain: the role of refugee-specific
initiatives, London, Home Office.

Green, Roger, 1996, Marginal Inclusion? A survey of refugees in the London Borough of
Redbridge, Essex, Redbridge Refugee Forum.

Haringey Council, 1997, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Haringey: report of the refugee
research and development project, London, Haringey Council.

Home Office, 2000a, Asylum Statistics 1999, London, Home Office.

Home Office, 2000b, Full and Equal Citizens: A strategy for the integration of refugees
into the United Kingdom, London, Home Office.

Humm, Jayne, 1996, Settling in Cambridge: The Refugee Experience, London, Refugee
Action/Community Development Foundation.

215
ILPA/Resource Information Service, 2001, Asylum Seekers: a guide to recent legislation,
London, ILPA/Resource Information Service.

Jesuit Refugee Service, 1996, Keeping hope alive: Who finds refuge in Britain?, London,
Andes Press.

Kelly, Lynette and Joly, Daniele, 1999, Refugees’ Reception and Settlement in Britain: A
Report for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Knox, Katharine, 1997a, A Credit to the Nation: A study of Refugees in the United
Kingdom, London, Refugee Council.

Knox, Katharine, 1997b, Changing Lives: stories of exile, London, Refugee Council.

London Borough Grants Committee, 1996, Building a lifeline for asylum seekers,
London, LBG.

London Research Centre, 1998, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in London: Financial
Impact, London Research Centre.

Lukes, Sue, Bell, Michael, and Lloyd, Hywel, 1997, Developments to assist refugees and
asylum seekers towards earlier self sufficiency: a report for Refugee Action, London,
Michael Bell Associates with Refugee Action.

Mercorios, Diana (Ed.), 1999, Refugee resources in the UK 1999: a nationwide directory
of services for asylum seekers and refugees, Refugee Council.

Newham Community Renewal Programme, 1996, Strategies for Refugee Work in the
London Borough of Newham: Report, London.

Oxfam/T&G/Refugee Council, 2000, Token Gestures: the effects of the voucher scheme
on asylum seekers and organisations in the UK, Oxfam/T&G/Refugee Council,
(www.oxfam.org.uk).

Redshaw, Jill and Wilson, Ruth, 1996, Research into Attitudes of Newly-Arrived Asylum-
seekers towards a possible Reception Centre in Derby, London, Refugee Action.

Refugee Council, 1996a, Refugee resources in the UK: contacts and addresses, London,
Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1996b, The State of Asylum: a critique of asylum policy in the UK,
London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1997a, An Agenda for Action: challenges for refugee settlement in the
UK, London, Refugee Council.

216
Refugee Council, 1997b, Just Existence: a report on the lives of asylum seekers who have
lost entitlement to benefits in the UK, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1997c,Update on the new government's policies relating to refugees

and asylum seekers, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1999a, Information Service: The Information Survivor Kit for Public
and Voluntary Sector Employees, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1999b, Unwanted Journey: Why Central European Roma are fleeing to
the UK, London, Refugee Council, (funded by Christian Aid).

Refugee Development Project, Justice and Peace Commission, 1997, Living in Limbo:
Asylum Seekers in Global and Local Context, Brentford, JPC.

Sianni, Areti, 1997, The development of a refugee settlement policy in the UK, Refugee
Council.

Stanton, R., 1998, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in London: Financial Impact of social
services and housing duties, London, London Research Centre.

Waissbein, C., 1998, Report of Refugee Populations in Lambeth, Southwark and

Lewisham, London, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham Health Authority.

2.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

a) Research

Africa Educational Trust, 2000, Do Study Grants Help Refugees Find a Job?, AET.

Africa Educational Trust, 1998a, Employment Issues Facing Young Refugees in Haringey,
commissioned by Strategic Planning Unit, Haringey Council.

Africa Educational Trust, 1998b, Refugee Education, Training and Employment in Inner
London: a baseline study, commissioned by FOCUS Central London for The Refugee
Training Partnership.

Ahipeaud, M.J., 1998, A Study of the Pan-London Refugee Training and Employment
Network: A survey analysis.

Allen, John Williams, 1998, The educational performance and employment expectations
of young Vietnamese who have received substantial British education.

Bloch, A., 1996, Beating the Barriers: The Employment and Training Needs of Refugees
in Newham, London, London Borough of Newham and the University of East London.

217
Brophy, M., Bird, P. and Omona, M., 1997, Vocational Training for Refugees from the
Horn of Africa, London, Africa Educational Trust.

Canadappa, M., 1999, Employers’ Experience of Job-Related Training Provided to

Refugees (Report to the Pan-London Refugee Training and Employment Network),
Thomas Coram Research Unit, University of London.

Cohen, Steve, 1996, Another Brick in the Wall, Manchester, Greater Manchester
Immigration Aid Unit.

Department of Health/Overseas Doctors Sub-group, 2000, Report of the Working Group

on Refugee Doctors and Dentists, DoH.

Gillet, L. and Gregg, A., 1999, Volunteering as a Route to Employment, London.

Gordon, Steve, 1998, On the Horizon: Refugees Learning and Earning, School of
Education Studies, Guildford Institute, University of Surrey.

Grosser, K. and Sakho, H. Educating Nita: Education for Refugees in the UK, Knowing
Women (Links), date?

Harker, A. and Gamaledin-Asham, M., 1996, Study of the Needs of Young Male Refugees
in London with Particular Reference to their Education and Training Needs, London,
City Parochial Foundation.

Information Forum and Refugee Mentoring Project, 2000, 16+ finder: helping young
refugees and asylum seekers access education, training and employment opportunities in
the UK, Information Forum and Refugee Mentoring Project and Africa Educational Trust.

Little, David and Lazenby Simpson, Barbara, 1996, Meeting the Language Needs of
Refugees, Centre for Language and Communication Studies, Trinity College, Dublin.

MbA, 1999, The London Borough of Greenwich Refugee Employment and Training
Study, London.

North of England Refugee Service/DfEE, 1996, Refugees: Real Assets (video).

Peabody Trust/London Research Centre, 1999, Refugee SkillsNet: the employment and
training of skilled and qualified refugees, London, Peabody Trust.

Refugee Council/MbA Training Research and Development Ltd, 1999, Creating the
conditions for Refugees to Find Work, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council Employment Working Group, Refugee Employment and Training: A

Positive Policy for the 1990s, London, Refugee Council, date?

218
Refugee Council/Shiferaw, Demedssew and Hagos, Hailu, Refugees and Progression
Routes to Employment, forthcoming 2001

Refugee Education and Training Working Group, Refugee Education Policy for the
1990s, London, Refugee Council/World University Service, date?

Refugee Women’s Association/Ayşe Bircan, 1998, IT Skills Audit: The Demand for
Information Technology Skills in Clothing and Cultural Industries in Hackney, London,
Refugee Women’s Association.

Salinas, Corinne/World University Service, 1997, Refugee Engineers in the UK: A study
of engineering employers and refugees qualified as engineers, London, World University
Service (RETAS).

Shuttle, A., 1996, Report on the Training, Guidance, and Employment Needs of Refugees
in West London, Focusing on Ealing, London, Refugee Employment Advice.

The Industrial Society, 1999, Turning Refugees into Employees: Research into the
Barriers to Employment perceived by Women Refugees in London, London, The
Industrial Society (in association with Fair Play).

Thomas Coram Research Unit/Candappa, M., 1998, Employers’ Experiences of

Vocational Training Provided to Refugees in London, Institute of Education/Refugee
Council.

Walters, N. and Egan, E., 1996, Refugee Skills Analysis (Brent and Harrow), Harrow,
Middlesex, North West London TEC.

b) Guides/Manuals

Peters, Helen/University of North London, Portfolio Building for the Purpose of AP(E)L:
A self-access pack for qualified and/or experienced refugees and asylum seekers in the
UK, Refugee Assessment and Guidance Unit, UNL, 1997 (revised 2001)

Prince, Baden (with Rutter, Jill and Kerrigan, Marie), 2000, Handbook on Education for
Refugees in the UK, Refugee Education and Training Advisory Service/WUS.

Rosenkranz, Hernan, 2000, A Concise Guide to Refugees’ Education and Qualifications,

London, World University Service/RETAS.

2.4 Health

a) Research

219
Ahearn, Frederick, L., 1997, Psychological Wellbeing of Refugees: the issue of
measurement, conference report from Refugee Studies Programme, 29 January 1997,
Oxford, RSP.

Aldous et al., 1999, Refugee Health in London: Key issues for public health, Health of
Londoners Project.

Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the National Health Service in England and
Wales, 2000, A New City: supporting asylum seekers and refugees in London, a briefing.

Croydon Community Health Council/Linx Social Policy Consultancy, 1997, Health

needs and experiences of refugees in Croydon, CCHC.

Davies, M. and Webb, E., 1998, The Health and Social Care of Somali Refugees in
Cardiff.

Dean, R., 2000, The Mental Health Status of Refugees from Kosovo at the London Park
Hotel, Kings College, University of London.

Department of Health/Schwartz, 2001, M. Survey of the Experience of three Refugee

Communities in Camden and Islington in accessing Health Care, DoH .

Directorate of Public Health/Croydon Health Authority, 1999, Refugee Health in

Croydon.

Directorate of Public Health, 1999, Health Needs of Refugees from Kosovo (various
materials), (copies obtained)

Elyas, Safwat. M., 1997, Psychological consequences of seeking asylum: a survey

conducted on the Sudanese Coptic refugees in East Sussex, Brighton, SCA.

Enfield and Haringey Health Authority, 1999, Report on the health implications of the
new Asylum and Immigration Bill, London, Enfield and Haringey Health Authority.

Evelyn Oldfield Unit, 1997, Guidelines for providers of counselling and training to
refugees and Guidelines for refugee community organisations providing counselling
services, London, Evelyn Oldfield Unit.

Gosling, Rachael, 2000, The Needs of Young Refugees in Lambeth, Southwark and
Lewisham, Community HealthSouth London NHS Trust.

Hargreaves, Sally/Hammersmith Hospital Infectious Disease Department, 1999,

Infectious Diseases and Health Issues of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in London.

Health Education Authority/ILPA/Refugee Health, 1998, Consortium Promoting the

Health of Refugees.

220
Healthy Islington, 2000, Islington Zairean Refugees Survey Report, Healthy Islington,
London.

Jobbins, D., 1997, New Arrivals Screening Information Pilot Project, Refugee Council
(unpublished).

Johnson, Mark R. D. and Akinwolere, Oladele, Augustin, 1996, Refugees and Primary
Health Care in the West Midlands, University of Warwick (Centre for Research in Ethnic
Relations)/Midlands Refugee Council.

London Borough of Lewisham, 1999, Addressing the needs of HIV and asylum seekers,
London Borough of Lewisham Social Services Conference, London.

Maharaj, K., Warwick, I. and Whitty, G., 1996, An Assessment of HIV Prevention and
Intervention with Refugees and Asylum Seekers, Institute of Education.

McAfee, Buffy, 1998, ‘… instead of medicine’: report of the Bosnian mental health pilot
project, London, Refugee Action.

McCallin, Margaret (Ed), 1996, The Psychological Wellbeing of Refugee Children:

research, practice and policy development, International Catholic Child Bureau.

Mental Health Foundation, 1999, Mental Healthcare for Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A
Guide for Advisory Workers, Mental Health Foundation.

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, 1996, Facing Persecution at
Home or Destitution in the UK, London, MF.

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, 1997a, Past Misery, Present
Muddle: council-by-council survey of assistance to asylum seekers, one year on, London,
MF.

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, 1997b, Survivors of Torture −
Hungry but not Starving, London, MF.

Migrants and Refugee Communities Forum, 1996, Refugees and the use of mental health
services in Kensington and Chelsea, Migrant and Refugee Communities Forum.

Mugerwa, F., 1997, Refugees in Hackney: a study of health and welfare − summary of
findings and recommendations, London, Public Policy Research Unit/Queen and
Westfield College.

Murshali, H. K., 1996, Sudanese Refugees’ Health Education/Promotion in the UK, MA

dissertation, Institute of Education, University of London.

221
Muzaffar, Saeher, Haque, Obaidul and Sugden, Judith, 1999, An Evaluation of the
Physical and Mental Health Standards at Campsfield Detention Centre, Kiddlington,
Oxford, Refugee Studies Programme.

Newham Refugee Centre, 1996, Refugees, torture and the health services − identifying
and treating refugee victims of torture, London, Newham Refugee Centre.

NHS Ethnic Health Unit, 1997, Report on the refugee and asylum seekers health project,
Barking and Havering Health Authority.

NHS Ethnic Health Unit/Midlands Refugee Council, 1996, Health Promotion Project.

Papadopoulos, R. Working with Bosnian Medical Evacuees and Their Familities:

Therapeutic Dilemmas, date?

Pourgourides, Bracken and Sashidharan, 1996, A Second Exile: The Mental Health
Implications of Detention of Asylum Seekers in the United Kingdom, North Birmingham
Mental Health Trust.

Rojas-Jaimes and Webster, Mental Health Needs of Refugee Communities in

Lambeth: Results of a consultation exercise with refugee community organisations, South
London and Maudsley NHS Trust, Community Health South London NHS Trust

Refugee Advisers Support Unit (RASU), 1996, Refugees and Access to Health Services,
London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1997, TB/Health Screening Project for newly arrived asylum seekers,
Progress report, Refugee Council, (unpublished).

Refugee Support Service, 1997, An Assessment of Refugee Mental Health Needs in

Waltham Forest, London, Refugee Support Service.

Richman, N., 1996, They Don’t Recognise Our Dignity: A Study of the Psychosocial
Needs of Refugee Children and Families in Hackney, London, City and Hackney
Community NHS Trust.

Routledge, John, 1996, Refugee Needs in Employment, Education, Health and Housing −
a preliminary investigation for Hackney, London, LBH.

Savcic-Sanders, D. and Dionisio, K., 1997, Psychological Needs of the Bosnian Refugee
Community in London − Initial Findings, London, Traumatic Stress Clinic.

Shackman, J. and Reynolds, J., 1996, Working with Refugees and Torture Survivors: Help
for the Helpers, Mental Health Matters

222
Shakya, D. and Wardell, J., 1999, Report on Medical Interviews of Displaced Young
Persons, CHSL.

SIREN/Roberts, Keri, 2000 Disabled Refugees Network, Disabled Refugees: Making

Contact, conference proceedings, Social Policy Research Unit, University of York.

Tavistock Clinic Series, 1997, Is Home Where the Heart Is?, Narratives of Oppositional
Discourse in Refugee Families (in Multiple Voices), Tavistock Clinic Series.

Vaskovic, Vesna, 1998a, Bosnian Refugees Health Project, final report, NHS Ethnic
Health Unit/Southern Derbyshire Health Authority.

Vaskovic, Vesna, 1998b, Bosnian Refugees’ Health, NHS Ethnic Health Unit/Southern
Derbyshire Health Authority.

Wilson, Ruth, 1998, Health in Exile: the experiences of refugees and evacuees in Leeds,
Leeds, Refugee Action.

Woodhead, David, 1999, The Health and Wellbeing of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in
the UK, Kings Fund.

b) Guidelines/Manuals

Levenson, R., 1999, The Health of Refugees: A Guide for GPs, Kings Fund.

Levenson, R. and Sharma, A., The Health of Refugee Children: Guidelines for
Paediatricians Kings Fund and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health

Mental Health Foundation, 1999, Mental Health Care for Refugees and Asylum Seekers:
A guide for advisory workers: London.

Mugerwa, F., 1995, An information pack for primary health care staff working with
refugees and asylum seekers, ELCILA.

Refugee Council, 1999, Refugee Council Health Directory.

2.5 Housing

Garvie, Deborah, 2001, Far from Home: The housing of asylum seekers in private rented
accommodation, London, Shelter.

Latin American Welfare Group, 1996, The Housing Situation of Latin American Refugees
Living in London, LAWG.

London Research Centre (LRC), 1998, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in London:
Financial Impact of Social Services and Housing Duties, London, LRC.

223
Refugee Council, 1998, Rent-in-advance Guarantee Scheme, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council/Association of London Government, 1996, No Place to Call Home:

Report and recommendations for London local authorities on the implementation of new
legislation affecting refugees and asylum seekers, London, Refugee Council/ALG.

Routledge, John, 1996, Refugee Needs in Employment, Education, Health and Housing −
a preliminary investigation for Hackney, London, LBH.

Tamil Community Housing Association, 1998, New Arrivals, New Communities: a

research report into the housing and support needs of Tamil people in London, London,
Tamil Community Housing Association.

Zetter, Roger and Pearl, Martyn, 1999a, Guidelines for Registered Social Landlords on
the Provision of Housing and Support Services for Asylum Seekers, Housing Corporation.

Zetter, Roger and Pearl, Martyn, 1999b, Managing to Survive: asylum seekers, refugees
and access to social housing.

2.6a Social/Cultural/Religious

Duke, K., 1996, ‘Refugee Community Groups in the UK: The role of the community
group in the resettlement process’, paper presented to the British Sociological Association
Conference, University of Reading.

Raddan, 1998, Rosemary/British Library Report, Information Needs of Refugee Groups,

BLB.

Social and Pastoral Action, 1997, Interfaith Refugee Network: Review and Strategy.

Social and Pastoral Action, 1996, Towards a co-ordinated strategy: the voluntary sector’s
response to the withdrawal of social security benefits.

2.6b Community/Self-Help Initiatives

Active Community Unit (Home Office), 1999, Community Self-Help, Report of PAT 9,
ACU, Home Office.

Evelyn Oldfield Unit, 1997, Unity is Strength: Somali Conference Report, London, EOU.

Field, Yvonne and Harrow, Marietta, 1999, Routes Across Diversity: developing the arts
of London’s Refugee Communities, London, London Arts.

London Arts, 2001, Arts and Refugees Directory, London, London Arts.

224
Lukes, Sue, Bell, Michael, and Lloyd, Hywel, 1997, Developments to assist refugees and
asylum seekers towards earlier self-sufficiency: a report for Refugee Action, London,
Michael Bell Associates with Refugee Action.

Maric, Tomislav, Refugees from Bosnia and their Support Network in the UK
(unpublished), date?

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, 1996, Lives under Threat: A study
of Sikhs coming to the UK from the Punjab, London, MF.

OXFAM/RSC, 1996, Refugee Participation: a tool for empowerment, Oxford,

OXFAM/RSC, (video).

Refugee Council, 1997a, Caught in the Crossfire: Colombian asylum seekers and the UK,
London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1997b, Protection Denied: Sri Lankan Tamils, the Home Office and the
forgotten civil war, London, RC.

Refugee Council, 1998, From Bosnia to Britain − A report by the Bosnia Project on the
resettlement of Bosnian refugees in West Yorkshire, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1999, Unwanted Journey: Why Central European Roma are fleeing to
the UK, London, Refugee Council, (funded by Christian Aid).

2.7 Political Organisation/Participation

Amnesty International, 1997, Respect my Rights: Refugees Speak Out, London, Amnesty
International.

2.8 Women

Ahmed, Manal, 1996, Refugee Women in East Sussex: a report into the experiences of
refugee women in East Sussex, London, Refugee Action.

Crawley, H., 1997 Women as Asylum Seekers: A Legal Handbook, London,

ILPA/Refugee Action/Refugee Women’s Legal Group.

Jesuit Refugee Service, 2001, War Has Changed Our Life, Not Our Spirit: Experiences of
Forcibly Displaced Women, London, JRS.

ILPA/Refugee Action, 1998, Women Asylum Seekers: A legal handbook, London,

ILPA/Refugee Action.

225
The Industrial Society, 1999, Turning Refugees into Employees: Research into the
Barriers to Employment perceived by Women Refugees in London, London, The
Industrial Society (in association with Fair Play).

Praxis, 1998, Research on childcare provision in refugee community organisations in

selected London boroughs, London, Praxis.

Rai, Dhanwant K. and Thiara, Ravi K., 1999, Strengthening Diversity: Good practice in
delivering domestic violence services to Black women and children, Bristol, Women’s
Aid.

Refugee Council, 1997, Women Refugees: The Challenge of Being Recognised as a

Refugee Woman, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1998, Refugee Women’s Directory 1998: a directory of resources

across the UK for women asylum seekers and refugees, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Women’s Association/Ayşe Bircan, 1998, IT Skills Audit: The Demand for
Information Technology Skills in Clothing and Cultural Industries in Hackney, London,
Refugee Women’s Association.

Refugee Women’s Legal Group, 1998a, Gender guidelines for the determination of
asylum claims in the UK, London, Refugee Women's Legal Group.

Refugee Women’s Legal Group, 1998b, ‘Refugee women and asylum seekers:
challenging for change in the UK’, Briefing paper, 5th February 1998, London, Refugee
Women’s Legal Group.

2.9a Family Life

Chile Democratico, 1991, A proposal for the resettlement of Chilean refugees (over 50s)
living in Britain, Chile Democratico and Committee for the Return to Chile (UK).

Kirby, P., 1999, Deptford Vietnamese Research Report into the needs of Vietnamese
parents, families and young people in Deptford, Commissioned by SCF and the Deptford
Vietnamese Family Support Project, (draft obtained).

Lam, T., 1996, Parent−Children Communication Barriers and Mother Tongue Education
for Vietnamese Children in London, London, South Bank University.

Papadopoulos, R. Working with Bosnian Medical Evacuees and Their Families:

Therapeutic Dilemmas, date?

Praxis, 1998, Research on childcare provision in refugee community organisations in

selected London boroughs, London, Praxis.

226
Tavistock Clinic Series, 1997, Is Home Where the Heart Is?, Narratives of Oppositional
Discourse in Refugee Families (in Multiple Voices), Tavistock Clinic Series.

Refugee Action, 1987, Last Refuge: Elderly People from Vietnam in the UK, London,
Refugee Action.

Refugee Council/Wilson, Ruth, 1988, Age in Exile: a report on elderly exiles in the UK,
London, Refugee Council.

Richman, N., 1996, They Don’t Recognise Our Dignity: A Study of the Psychosocial
Needs of Refugee Children and Families in Hackney, London, City and Hackney
Community NHS Trust.

2.9b Children

Aden, M., 1996, Somali Refugee Youth Development Project: Report, London.

Allen, John Williams, 1998, The educational performance and employment expectations
of young Vietnamese who have received substantial British education.

Arshad, R., Closs, A. and Stead, J., 1999, Doing our Best: Scottish School Education,
Refugee Pupils and Parents − a strategy for social inclusion, Edinburgh, Centre for
Education in Racial Equality in Scotland.

Ayotte, W., 1998, Supporting Unaccompanied children in the Asylum Process, Save the
Children.

Berhane, T., 1998, The Involvement of Young Refugees in the Lambeth Youth Refugees
Development Project, Lambeth Council, unpublished.

Blackwell, D. and Melzak, S., 2000, Far from the battle but still at war: Troubled
Refugee Children in School, London, The Child Psychotherapy Trust.

Brewin, M. and Demetriades, A., 1998, Raising the Profile of Invisible Students:
practical and peer-led approaches to enhancing educational and emotional support for
refugee and asylum seeking children in schools, Children of the Storm, London.

Camden and Islington Council, 1997, Meeting the Needs of Refugee Children: a checklist
for all staff who work with refugee children in schools, London, Camden Education.

Camden Education, 1996, Refugee Education Policy, London, Camden Education.

Davies, M. and Webb. E., 2000, Promoting the Psychological Well-being of Refugee
Children, in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Sage Publications, Vol 5, Number
4.

227
Daycare Trust, 1998, Refugee Children and Childcare: A Guide to help childcare staff
support refugee children in childcare and educational services, Daycare Trust.

Department of Health,2000, Guidance on the Education of Children being Looked After

by Local Authorities, Circular LAC, 13, London, Department of Health/DfEE.

Genc, Ufuk and Baycan, Feride, 1998, Hear Our Voice, Health Advocacy and
Counselling Services for Turkish and Kurdish Speaking Communities (HACS) (video).

Gosling, Rachael, 2000, The Needs of Young Refugees in Lambeth, Southwark and
Lewisham, Community Health South London NHS Trust.

Hamilton, Caroline and Mann, Nathalie, 1998, The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children
in Kosovo, Children in Armed Conflict, Essex University.

HAYS and SCF, 1998, Let’s Spell it Out: peer research on the educational support needs
of young refugees and asylum seekers living in Kensington and Chelsea, London,
HAYS/SCF.

Islington Council, 1997, Policy and Practice Guidelines for Unaccompanied Refugee
Children, London, Islington Council

Levenson, R. and Sharma, A. The Health of Refugee Children: Guidelines for

Paediatricians Kings Fund and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health

Lewisham Education and Community Services, 1998, Receiving asylum seeking and
refugee children: a resource booklet for schools, youth services and adult education,
London, LECS.

Massoud, R. and Dowling J., 1998, Report on a study into the Needs of Refugee Pupils at
North Westminster Community School (Marylebone Lower House) and Arrangements to
meet those needs, London, Westminster Psychological Service.

McCallin, Margaret (Ed), 1996, The Psychological Wellbeing of Refugee Children:

research, practice and policy development, International Catholic Child Bureau.

Mynott, E. and Humphries, B. The experiences of young separated asylum seekers in

Greater Manchester, Unpublished report for a national project sponsored by Save the
Children Fund (currently in second draft)

National Information Forum, 2001, Signposts: A guide for young asylum seekers and
refugees, London, NIF.

Norton, Ros and Cohen, Brian, Out of Exile: developing youth work with young refugees,
Youth Work Press, date?

228
Platt-Macdonald, S. and Smalling, B., 1998, The BEL Programme: A Study of Refugee
and Asylum seekers in Lambeth 0−5 year olds, Lambeth Healthcare NHS Trust.

Praxis, 1998, Research on childcare provision in refugee community organisations in

selected London boroughs, London, Praxis.

Refugee Council, 1996, Planning for children’s needs: asylum seeking children and
childcare policy, London, Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1997, Section 11 and Refugees: a policy paper on how section 11
funding should be used to meet the educational needs of refugee children, London,
Refugee Council.

Refugee Council, 1998a, Refugee Community Schools Directory, London, Refugee

Council.

Refugee Council, 1998b, Supporting Refugee Children: A policy for the next millennium.

Richman, N., 1998, In the Midst of the Whirlwind: a manual for helping refugee children,
Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books.

Richman, N., 1996, They Don’t Recognise Our Dignity: A Study of the Psychosocial
Needs of Refugee Children and Families in Hackney, London, City and Hackney
Community NHS Trust.

Routledge, John, 1996, Refugee Needs in Employment, Education, Health and Housing −
a preliminary investigation for Hackney, London, LBH.

Russell, Simon, 1999, Most Vulnerable of All: Unaccompanied child asylum seekers in
the UK, London, Amnesty International UK.

Rutter, J., 2001, Supporting Refugee Children in the 21st Century, Stoke on Trent,
Trentham Books.

Rutter, J. and Jones, C., 1998, Refugee Education: Mapping the Field, Stoke on Trent,
Trentham Books.

Rutter, J. and Hyder, T., 1998, Refugee Children in the Early Years: Issues for policy
makers and providers, Refugee Council and SCF.

Save the Children, Looking Forward: the Story of Young Refugees in Oxfordshire,
Oxford, Save the Children, date? (video)

Shakya, D. and Wardell, J., 1999, Report on Medical Interviews of Displaced Young
Persons, CHSL.

229
Stone, R., 2000, Children First and Foremost: Meeting the needs of unaccompanied,
asylum-seeking children, Barnardo’s.

Tarshish, Sally, 1997, The Care of Detained, Unaccompanied Children whose Age is
Disputed, London, Association of Visitors to Immigration Detainees (AVID).

Thomas Coram Research Unit/Candappa, M., 1998, Extraordinary Childhoods, Institute

of Education/ESRC.

Thomas Coram Research Unit/Candappal, M., 1999, The Social Lives of Refugee
Children, Institute of Education/ESRC.

Tolfree, D., 1996, Restoring Playfulness: different approaches to assisting children who
are psychologically affected by war or displacement, Stockholm, Radda Barnen.

2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

Amnesty International, 1996, Slamming the Door: the demolition of the right to asylum
in the UK, London, AI.

Amnesty International UK, 1996, Cell Culture: the Detention and Imprisonment of
Asylum Seekers in the United Kingdom, London, Amnesty International.

Amnesty International UK, 1997, Dead Starlings: An update to the AIUK report ‘Cell
Culture’, London, AI.

Asylum Aid, 1999, Still No Reason At All: Home Office decisions on Asylum Claims,
London, Asylum Aid.

Asylum Rights Campaign, 1996, The Short Procedure: an analysis of the Home Office
scheme for rapid initial analysis of asylum claims, London, ARC.

Asylum Rights Campaign and Churches Commission for Racial Justice, 1996, Why
Detention? Report of Conference, 6 November 1996, London, ARC.

Churches Commission for Racial Equality/Asylum Rights Campaign, 1997, ‘Why

Detention?’ 1996 Conference Report, London, CCRE/ARC.

Crawley, Heaven, 1997, Women as asylum seekers: a legal handbook, London, ILPA/
Refugee Action/Refugee Women’s Legal Group.

Harvey, Alison, 1996, “The risks of getting it wrong”: the Asylum and Immigration Bill
session 1995/6 and the determinations of special adjudicators, London, Asylum Rights
Campaign.

230
Henderson, M., 1997, Best Practice Guide to Asylum Appeals, London, ILPA, Law
Society, Refugee Legal Group.

Hornsby-Smith, Andrew et al., 1997, How Britain Imprisons refugees: Information on

Campsfield, Campaign to Close Campsfield.

ILPA/Crawley, Heaven, 1999, Breaking Down the Barriers: A report on the conduct of
asylum interviews at ports, London, ILPA.

ILPA/Refugee Action, 1998, Women Asylum Seekers: A legal handbook, London,

ILPA/Refugee Action.

Jagmohan, J., 1996, The Short Procedure: An Analysis of the Home Office Scheme for
Rapid Initial Decisions in Asylum Cases, London, Asylum Rights Campaign.

Justice/ILPA/ARC, 1997, Providing Protection: towards fair and effective asylum

procedures, London.

Kent County Constabulary, 2001, Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Policing Guide, Kent,
Kent County Constabulary.

Law Society, 2000, Community Legal Services Contracted Suppliers: A Survey of Asylum
Seekers and Completion of SEFs, London, Law Society.

Morrison, John, 1998, The cost of survival: the trafficking of refugees to the UK, Refugee
Council.

Refugee Legal Centre, 1997, Reviewing the Asylum and Determination Procedure − A
Casework Study, Parts 1 and 2, London, Refugee Legal Centre.

Turner, S., 1996, Discrepancies in histories presented by asylum seekers: implications for
assessment.

2.12 Racism/Discrimination

Carter, Mary, 1996, Poverty and Prejudice: a preliminary report on the withdrawal of
benefit entitlement and the impact of the Asylum and Immigration Bill, Commission for
Racial Equality/Refugee Council (funded by Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust and
Barrow Cadbury Trust).

Fekete, Liz, 2000, The Dispersal of Xenophobia: report on the UK and Ireland, London,
Institute of Race Relations.

2.15 Evaluation

231
Carpenter, Evelyn, 2000, Refugees and the Arts: external evaluation report on LBTH
‘Look Ahead Housing and Care and East London Somali Consortium Project’, London,
London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

Chatwin, Mick (Ed.). 1999. Immigration, Nationality & Refugee Law Handbook: A
User’s Guide. London: JCWI

Compass Partnership, 1997, The Bosnia Project: Stage 2 Evaluation: An External

Evaluation of Stage 2 of the Inter-agency Bosnia Project carried out by Compass
Partnership from September − December 1996, Compass Partnership.

Graessle, Lois and Gawlinski, George, 1996, Responding to a Humanitarian Emergency:

An evaluation of the UK’s Bosnia Project to offer ‘temporary protection’ to people from
Former Yugoslavia 1992−1995, Kings Lynn, Planning Together Associates.

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants. 1997. Immigration, Nationality and Refugee
Law Handbook. A User's Guide. London: JCWI

Leigh, Leonard Herschel and Beyani, Chaloka. 1996. Blackstone’s guide to the Asylum
and Immigration Act 1996. London: Blackstone.

Refugee Education and Training Advisory Service/Redbridge Signposting

Service/Charities Evaluation Services, 2000, What Worked For Us?: Empowerment
through Joint Evaluation, RETAS.

Refugee Council. 1998a. Briefing on the Government's Immigration & Asylum White
Paper. London: Refugee Council.

Refugee Council. 1998b. Response to ‘Fairer, faster and firmer − a modern approach
to immigration and asylum’. London: The Council.

Rison, Erif. 2000. A person before the law: the CAB case for a statement of rights for
people with limited leave in the UK. National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux.
London: NACAB

Scottish Refugee Council, Evaluation of the Bosnian Reception Centre in North Berwick.

Shutter, Sue. 1997. Immigration, nationality & refugee law handbook: a user’s guide.
London: JCWI.

232
3. Both Refugees and Migrants

3.1 General

London Borough Grants, Balancing the Act: a cross sectoral response to the Immigration
and Asylum Bill, 1999.

London Borough Grants, Review Report on LBG funding strategies for refugees,
migrants and asylum seekers, 1997−2002, London, LBG, 1997.

3.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Eversley, John and Watts, Helen, Refugee and Overseas Qualified Nurses Living in the
UK: Research Report April−December 2000, London, Praxis/Queen Mary, University of
London, 2000.

3.4 Health

Karmi, G. ‘Refugees’, in Rawaf, S. and Bahl, V. (Eds), Assessing Health Needs of People
from Minority Ethnic Groups, London, Royal College of Physicians and Faculty of Public
Health Medicine, 1998.

Migrant and Refugee Communities Forum, 1999, A Shattered World: Mental Health
Needs of Refugees and Newly-Arrived Communities, London, CVS Consultants.

3.5 Housing

London Housing Unit, 1996, Housing Asylum and Immigration, London, LHU.

3.8 Women

Kainth, A. K., 1997, The childcare experiences and needs of refugee women and other
black minority ethnic women whose first language is not English who live in Islington,
London, Women’s Equality Unit, Islington Council.

3.9a Family

NACAB, 1996, A right to family life: CAB clients’ experience of immigration and
asylum, London, NACAB.

3.9b Children

Hirson, Judith, 1998, New to Schooling: A Survey of Practice: Educational provision for
refugee and other students who come to England new to education or with very fractured

233
prior educational experience, Refugee Education Initiative, International Centre for
Intercultural Education, Institute of Education, London University.

Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, Working with Refugee and Immigrant
Children: Issues of Culture, Law and Development, New York, LIRS, date?

Minority Rights Group, 1998, Forging new identities: Young refugees and minority
students tell their stories; views from London and Amsterdam, London, Minority Rights
Group.

3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

ACLEC, 1998, Improving the Quality of Immigration Advice and Representation: A

report, London, ACLEC.

Asylum Rights Campaign, 1998, Campsfield Report, London, ARC.

Ghose, K., 1996, The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996: a compilation of ministerial
statements made on behalf of the government during the Bill’s passage through
Parliament, London, ILPA.

ILPA, 2000, The Amsterdam Proposals: The ILPS/MPG proposed directives on

immigration and asylum, London, ILPA.

JCWI, 1997, Manifesto for Change, basic principles for a just immigration policy,
London, JCWI.

JCWI, 2000, Immigration, Nationality and Refugee Law Handbook: A user’s guide,
London, JCWI.

3.12 Racism

Commission for Racial Equality, 1998a, A Culture of Suspicion: the impact of internal
immigration controls, London, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1998b, Racial Equality and the Asylum and
Immigration Act 1996, London, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1996, ‘Immigration Survey Research Report’ carried out
in Dec.

234
PART II. REFERENCES DATING FROM BEFORE 1996 – United Kingdom

1. Immigrants And Migrants

1.1 General

Amin. K with Oppenheim, 1992, C. Poverty in Black and White: Deprivation and Ethnic
Minorities, CPAG in association with Runnymede Trust.

Runnymede Trust, 1994, Multi-Ethnic Britain: Facts and Trends, London, Runnymede
Trust.

1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Akinwale, J.D. and Tjiueza, 1992, M.I. Ethnic Minorities in Further Education, Brighton
Polytechnic.

Bird, P.W., 1994, African Experiences of Education in the UK, MSc Dissertation, South
Bank University.

Education and International Development/Carr-Hill, Prof. R. A., 1995, English Language

Needs Amongst Linguistic Minority Populations, London, Institute of Education/Adult
Literacy and Basic Skills Unit.

Home Office, 1995, Prevention of Illegal Working: consultation document, London,

Home Office.

National Association for Citizens Advice Bureau, 1994, Unequal Opportunities: CAB
evidence on discrimination in employment, London, NACAB.

1.4 Health

Balarajan, R. and Soni Raleigh, V., 1993, Ethnicity and Health: A Guide for the NHS,
London, Department of Health.

Beliappa, Jayanthi, 1991, Illness or Distress? Alternative Models of Mental Health, CIO.

Dorkenoo, E. and Elworthy, S., 1994, Female Genital Mutilation: proposals for change,
Minority Rights Groups International.

Dorkenoo, Efua, 1995, Cutting the Rose: Female genital mutilation, the practice and its
prevention, London, Minority Rights Group.

Fenton, S., 1993, The sorrow in my heart … sixteen Asian women speak about
depression, London, Commission for Racial Equality.

235
Health Education Authority, 1994, Health related resources for black and minority ethnic
groups, London, Health Education Authority.

McIver, Shirley, 1993, Obtaining the Views of Black Users of Health Services, London,
King’s Fund.

Mental Health Foundation, 1995, Mental Health in Black & Minority Ethnic People: The
Fundamental Facts, Mental Health Foundation.

MIND/Fernando, 1991, Suman, Mental Health, Race & Culture, MIND.

MORI, 1994, Evaluation of bilingual health care schemes in East London, London,
MORI.

Pharoah, C., 1995, Primary Health Care for Elderly People from Black and Minority
Ethnic Communities, London, HMSO.

Shah, R., 1995, The Silent Minority: children with disabilities in Asian families, National
Children’s Bureau.

Smaje, 1995, C. Health, Race and Ethnicity: Making Sense of the Evidence, London,
King’s Fund Institute.

Webb-Johnson/CIO, 1991, A Cry for Change: An Asian Perspective on Developing

Quality Mental Health Care, CIO.

Williams, S., Watt, I. and Fong, C.L., 1992, Report of Conference on Chinese Health
Care in Britain, Leeds, Leeds Health Promotion Service.

Winn, L. and Chotai, N., 1992, ‘Community Development: Working with Black and
Ethnic Minority Groups’ in Winn, L. (Ed.) Power to the People: The Key to Responsive
Services in Health and Social Care, London, King’s Fund Centre.

1.5 Housing

Anchor Housing Trust, 1994, The Numbers Game: black and minority ethnic elders and
sheltered accommodation, Anchor Housing Trust.

Bell, W.S., 1998, Put in your place: Race and Council Housing in Enfield, London
Borough of Enfield Community Relations Council.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1991, Accounting for Equality: A handbook on ethnic
monitoring in housing, CRE.

236
Commission for Racial Equality, 1993a, Housing Associations and Racial Equality:
report of a formal investigation into housing associations in Wales, Scotland and
England, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1993b Room for All: tenants’ associations and racial
equality, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1987, Living in Terror: a report on racial violence and
harassment in housing, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1990, ‘Sorry it’s gone’: Testing for racial
discrimination in the private rented housing sector, London, CRE.

Drivers, Jonas, 1995, Communities within Communities: the role of black housing
associations in London, London Federation of Housing Associations.

Forbes, Duncan, 1988, Action on Racial Harassment: Legal Remedies and Local
Authorities, Legal Action Group and London Housing Unit.

Hackney Council, 1984, Race and Council Housing in Hackney: Report of a formal
investigation, CRE.

Harrison, M. and Davies, J., 1995, Constructing Equality: housing associations and
minority ethnic contractors, SAUS, Bristol University.

Kensington and Chelsea Race and Housing Action Group, 1989, Behind the Façade:
Migrant Workers and the Private Rented Sector in Kensington and Chelsea, KCRHAG.

LVSC (London Voluntary Sector Council, Migrant Services Unit), 1987, Migrants: the
invisible homeless: report on migrants’ housing needs and circumstances in London,
LVSC.

Mullins, Beverley, 1991, The Colour of Money: the impact of housing investment
decision making on black housing outcomes in London, Runnymede Trust.

National Federation of Housing Associations, 1994, Places Round the Table: Equal
Opportunities and Housing Association Committees, NFHA.

North Housing Trust, 1993, Accommodating Diversity: the design of housing for minority
ethnic, religious and cultural groups, London, North Housing Trust.

Phillips, Deborah, 1986, What Price Equality? A report on the allocation of FLC housing
in Tower Hamlets, GLC Housing Research and Policy Report No. 9.

Smith, Susan J. and Hill, Sara, 1991,‘Race’ and Housing in Britain, London, Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.

237
1.6a Social/Cultural/Religious

Ahmed et al., 1990, Social work with black children and their families, childcare policy
and practice, Batsford in Association with BAAF.

Barn, R., 1993, Black Children in the Public Care System, Batsford in Association with
BAAF.

Butt, J., Gorbach, P. and Ahmed, B., 1994, Equally Fair? A report on social services
departments’ development, implementation and monitoring of services for the black and
minority ethnic community, NISW/HMSO.

Butt, J., 1994, Same service or equal service? The second report on social services
deparments’ development, implementation and monitoring of services for the black and
minority community, NISW/HMSO.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1995, Report of Joint CRE/BA pilot study into the
provision of income support to Asian and non-Asian claimants in two local benefits
offices, London, CRE.

Jones, A. and Butt, J., 1995, Taking the Initiative: the report of a national study assessing
service provision to black children and families, NSPCC/REU/NISW.

Waters, H., 1993, Resource directory on ‘race’ and racism in social work, London,
Institute of Race Relations.

1.6b Community/Self-Help

Action Group for Irish Youth, 1990, Over here: young Irish migrants in London, London,
AGIY.

Bhatt, A. and Dickinson, R., 1993, A report on a survey of South Asian, Chinese and
Caribbean communities, Leicester, Centre for Mass Communication Research/University
of Leicester.

Winn, L. and Chotai, N., 1992, ‘Community Development: Working with Black and
Ethnic Minority Groups’ in Winn, L. (Ed.) Power to the People: The Key to Responsive
Services in Health and Social Care, London, King’s Fund Centre.

1.7 Political Organisation/Participation

Amin, K. and Richardson, R., 1992, Politics for All, London, Runnymede Trust, 1992

1.8 Women

238
Beheno, Belgrave, 1995, Beaten but not defeated: A report on Asian women and domestic
violence in Leicestershire, Leicester.

Dorkenoo, Efua, 1995, Cutting the Rose: Female genital mutilation, the practice and its
prevention, London, Minority Rights Group.

Fenton, S., 1993, The sorrow in my heart … sixteen Asian women speak about
depression, London, Commission for Racial Equality.

Greenwich Women’s Equality Unit, 1995, Asian Women and Domestic Violence:
Information for Advisors, London, London Borough of Greenwich.

Smith, P. and Berridge, D., 1994, Ethnicity and Childcare Placements, National
Children’s Bureau.

Southall Black Sisters, 1993, Domestic Violence and Asian Women: Collection of Reports
and Briefings, London, SBS.

Women Acting in Today’s Society, 1995, Freedom from Abuse: Domestic Violence in the
Asian, African Caribbean and Arab Communities, Birmingham, WAITS.

1.9a Family Life

ASHIA/Age Concern, 1992, Time for Action: consultation document on the needs of
Asian elders, ASHIA/Age Concern.

Askham, J. et al., 1995, Social and Health Authority Services for Elderly People from
Black and Minority Ethnic Communities, London, HMSO.

Bhalla, A. and Blakemore, K., 1981, Elders of the Minority Ethnic Groups, AFFOR.

Hall, S., 1988, Forty Winters On: memories of Britain’s post war Caribbean immigrants,
London, Lambeth Council.

JCWI, 1990, Target Caribbean: the rise in visitor refusals from the Caribbean, London,
JCWI.

Jones, A. and Butt, J., 1995, Taking the Initiative: the report of a national study assessing
service provision to black children and families, NSPCC/REU/NISW.

Norman, A., 1985, Triple Jeopardy: Growing old in a second homeland, Centre for
Policy on Ageing.

Patel, Naina, 1990, A ‘Race’ Against Time? Social services provision to Black Elders,
London, Runnymede Trust.

239
Pharoah, C., 1995, Primary Health Care for Elderly People from Black and Minority
Ethnic Communities, London, HMSO.

PRIAE Care Needs of black and minority ethnic elders in Wales, Report to the Wales
Office, forthcoming, PRIAE (Policy R esearch Institute on Ageing and Ethnicity)

Smith, P. and Berridge, D., 1994, Ethnicity and Childcare Placements, National
Children’s Bureau.

1.9b Children

Action Group for Irish Youth, 1990, Over here: young Irish migrants in London, London,
AGIY.

Ahmed et al., 1990, Social work with black children and their families, childcare policy
and practice, Batsford in Association with BAAF.

Barn, R., 1993, Black Children in the Public Care System, Batsford in Association with
BAAF.

Caesar, G., Parchment, M. and Berridge, D., 1994, Black perspectives on services for
children in need, London, National Children’s Bureau and Barnardos.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1992, Set to Fail? Setting and Banding in Secondary
Schools, London, Commission for Racial Equality.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1995, Young and Equal: a standard for racial equality
in services working with young people, London, CRE.

Early Years Trainers Anti-Racist Network, 1994, Children without Prejudice: A Video
Pack, EYTARN.

Edwards, V., 1995, Speaking and Listening in Multilingual Classrooms, Reading,

University of Reading, Reading and Language Information Centre.

Jones, A. and Butt, J., 1995, Taking the Initiative: the report of a national study assessing
service provision to black children and families, NSPCC/REU/NISW.

Minority Rights Group, 1993, Voices from Eritrea, Voices from Somalia, Voices from
Kurdistan: autobiographical writings by secondary school children, London, Minority
Rights Group.

Shah, R., 1995, The Silent Minority: children with disabilities in Asian families, National
Children’s Bureau.

240
Siraj-Blatchford, I., 1994, The Early Years: laying the foundation for racial equality,
Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham Books.

Smith, D.J. and Tonlinson, S., 1989, The School Effect: A Study of Multi-Racial
Comprehensives, London, Policy Studies Institute.

Smith, P. and Berridge, D., 1994, Ethnicity and Childcare Placements, National
Children’s Bureau.

Swann, Lord, 1985, Education for All: Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry into
Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups, Cmnd 9453, London, HMSO.

Warner, Rachel, 1992, Bangladesh is my Motherland, London, Minority Rights Group.

1.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders, 1989, Race and
Criminal Justice: A Way Forward, NACRO.

Nuffield Interpreter Project, 1993, Access to Justice: Non-English Speakers in the Legal
System: A Report, London, The Nuffield Foundation.

1.12 Racism

Commission for Racial Equality, 1985, Positive Action and Equal Opportunities in
Employment, CRE.

Commission for Racial Equality, 1995, Young and Equal: a standard for racial equality
in services working with young people, London, CRE.

Early Years Trainers Anti-Racist Network, 1994, Children without Prejudice: A Video
Pack, EYTARN.

Runnymede Trust, 1994, A Very Light Sleeper: The persistence and dangers of anti-
semitism, London, Runnymede Trust.

Siraj-Blatchford, I., 1994, The Early Years: laying the foundation for racial equality,
Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books.

Waters, H., 1993, Resource directory on ‘race’ and racism in social work, London,
Institute of Race Relations.

1.15 Evaluation

241
Feuerstein, Marie Therese, 1986, Partners in Evaluation: Evaluating Development and
Community Programmes with Participants, London, Macmillan.

Guba, Egon G. and Lincoln, Yvonna S., 1989, Fourth Generation Evaluation, London,
Sage Publications.

Theis, Joachim and Grady, Heather M., 1991, Participatory Rapid Appraisal for
Community Development: a training manual based on experiences in the Middle East
and North Africa, International Institute for Environment and Development/Save the
Children/Ford Foundation, [used for Bosnian Programme evaluation].

242
2. Refugees

2.1 General

Balloch, S., 1993, Refugees in the Inner City: A Study of Refugees and Service Provision
in the London Borough of Lewisham, London, Centre for Inner City Studies, Goldsmiths
College, University of London.

Barnet Borough Voluntary Service Council, 1994, Refugees in Barnet, London, BBVSC.

Brent and Harrow Health Agency/Brent and Harrow Refugee Groups/Training and
Enterprise Council, 1995, Brent and Harrow Refugee Survey, London.

British Refugee Council, 1982, Programmes for Refugees, contribution from the British
Refugee Council to seminar on Action and Social Progress − the UK experience,
Brighton, BRC.

British Refugee Council, 1990, Refugees − where do Britain’s political parties stand?
London, BRC.

British Refugee Council, 1991, Statistics on Refugees and Asylum Seekers, United
Kingdom, 1989−1990, Extracted from Home Office statistics, London, BRC.

British Refugee Council, 1994, Refugees in Brent, London, BRC.

Baxter, Susan, 1992, Refugees in Hounslow, Prepared for Hounslow Equal Opportunities
Committee.

CAFOD, 1995, Refugees − a survey of the general public, London, CAFOD.

Carey-Wood, J., Duke, K., Karn, V., and Marshall, T., 1995, The Settlement of Refugees
in Britain, London, Home Office Research Study 141.

Chile Democratico, 1991, A proposal for the resettlement of Chilean refugees (over 50s)
living in Britain, Chile Democratico and Committee for the Return to Chile (UK).

Connelly, Maureen, 1983, Refugees and asylum-seekers: proposals for policy changes,
UK Immigrants Advisory Service (UKIAS), Refugee Unit.

Field, Simon, 1985, Resettling Refugees: the lessons of research, Home Office Research
Study 87.

Gambell, John et al., 1993, Welcome to the UK? The experiences of asylum seekers in
London, London, NACAB.

243
Goldsmiths College, 1992, Centre for Inner City Studies Refugees in the Inner City: A
study of refugees and service-provision in the London Borough of Lewisham, Report
prepared by the Lewisham Refugee Network.

Groupwork/Reynolds, J. and Shackman, J., 1994, Partnership in Training and Practice

with Refugees, Groupwork.

Islington Refugee Working Party, 1991, Report on Questionnaire Survey, London,

Islington Refugee Working Party.

Majka, Lorraine, Into the 90s: the needs of refugee-based organisations and refugees in
Britain, place, publishers, date

Mentesnot, Mengesha, 1995, Responding to Refugees’ Needs: a challenge for voluntary

agencies and churches in the London Borough of Newham, Newham Community
Renewal Programme/Refugee Support Centre.

MORI on behalf of CAFOD, 1993, ‘Refugees − A survey of the General Public’.

Newham Community Renewal Programme, 1995, Responding to Refugees’ Needs: The

Challenge for Voluntary Agencies and Churches in the London Borough of Newham.

Refugee Advisors Support Unit, 1995, Refugee resources in the UK: contacts and
addresses, Refugee Council.

UKIAS Refugee Unit, 1998a, Referral of asylum seekers to UKIAS refugee unit, UKIAS.

UKIAS Refugee Unit, 1998b, UKIAS Refugee Unit: a report for 1987, UKIAS.

2.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Bravo, Maria/Refugee Council, 1993, The Special Training Needs of Refugees, Refugee
Council, London.

British Refugee Council, 1988, Working for success: a unique training and work-
experience scheme for refugees in Britain, British Refugee Council, London.

Clark, G., 1992, Refugees and the Greenwich Labour Market, London, Local Economy
Policy Unit, South Bank Polytechnic.

Dane, Penny, 1987, Lessons for a new beginning: report of an education programme for
refugee adults in a UK reception centre, Refugee Action.

Fraser, Linsay/Refugee Action, 1988, Research into the Employment, Training and
Educational Needs of Refugees from Vietnam in Leeds and Bradford (commissioned by
Manpower Services Commission), Leeds, Refugee Action.

244
Hartnall, E., 1993, Refugee Educational and Training Needs, a Survey of Adult Refugees
in Brent, NES.

Hassan, Mohamed Rashid, 1986, Study on unemployment of African refugees in Britain

and the role of the community programme sponsored by the British Refugee Council,
World University Service UK, London.

Marshall, T., 1992a, Guidance with Refugees, Refugee Training and Education Centre.

Marshall, T., 1992b, Refugee Issues: The Cultural Aspect of Job-Hunting, Refugee
Council, London.

Shawcross, V., Grosser, K. and Goldsmith, J., 1987, Women in Mind: the education needs
of women refugees in the UK, World University Service.

Shirwa, A., 1994, Adult Community Education and Refugees, MA dissertation, Birkbeck
College.

World University Service, UK, 1989, The invisible students: Refugees and Further
Education, London, WUS UK.

2.4 Health

a) Research

Awiah, J., 1992, Refugees and the National Health Service, Health and Ethnicity
Programme, London, North West and North East Thames Regional Health Authorities.

Bernard-Jones, S., 1993, Qualitative Needs Assessment Study of Somali and Eritrean
Refugee Women in Haringey, London, Haringey Health Authority.

Gammell, Henrieta et al., 1993, Refugees, service provision and access to the NHS,
Newham Health Authority.

Grant, C. and Deane, J., 1995, Stating the Obvious: factors which influence the uptake
and provision of primary health care services to refugees, Brixton Challenge and LSL
Health Authority.

Karmi, G., 1992, Refugees and the National Health Service, The Health and Ethnicity
Programme, North West/North East Thames RHAs.

Michael, T., 1994, Health needs of Refugee Children Symposium on refugee health
issues, Selby Centre, Tottenham, London.

245
Newham Health Authority, 1993, Refugee (political asylum seekers) Service Provision
and Access to the NHS: a study by the College of Health for Newham Health Authority,
London.

Tang, My, 1994, Towards a Healthy Future: Vietnamese Refugees, Save the
Children/Optimum Heath Services.

Traumatic Stress Clinic, 1993, Access to NHS Services for Refugees and Asylum Seekers,
Traumatic Stress Clinic.

UNHCR, 1994, Guidelines on the Evaluation and Care of Victims of Trauma and
Violence, Geneva.

2.5 Housing

Bell, J. and Clinton, L., 1992, The Unheard Community: a report on the housing
conditions and needs of refugees from Vietnam living in London, Community
Development Foundation.

Citron, K.M, Southern, A. and Dixon, M., 1995, Out of the Shadow, London, CRISIS.

Housing Associations Charitable Trust, Housing Issues facing Refugee Communities in

London:

2.6a Social/Cultural/Religious

Bang, Suzanne, 1983, We Come as a Friend: Towards a Vietnamese Model of Social

Work, Refugee Action.

Finlay, Rosalind and Reynolds, Jill, 1987, Social work and Refugees: A handbook on
working with people in exile in the UK, National Extension College and Refugee Action,
Cambridge.

2.6b Community/Self-Help Initiatives

Asylum Aid, 1993, Who are we?: Experiences of Iraqi Refugees in the UK and the
government’s official response, Report, London, Asylum Aid.

Bang, Suzanne and Finlay, Rosalind, 1987, Working to Support Refugees: a report of a
training project to prepare Vietnamese & Chinese field staff to work with people from
Vietnam resettled in the UK, Refugee Action, Oakwood, Derby.

246
Committee for the Return to Chile (UK) and Chile Democratico, 1989, Report of a
survey of the Chilean exile community in Great Britain (GB) to evaluate the demand for
returning to Chile.

Edholm, Felicity, Roberts, Helen and Sayer, Judith, 1983, Vietnamese Refugees in
Britain, Commission for Racial Equality, London.

Graessle, Lois and Ung, Van Ly, Methods of Managing: a handbook for community
groups of refugees from Vietnam, Refugee Action, date?

Home Office Research and Statistics Department/Duke, K. and Marshall, T., 1995,
Vietnamese refugees since 1982, Research Findings No. 18, HMSO.

Jones, Peter, 1982, Vietnamese Refugees: a study of their reception and resettlement in
the United Kingdom, Research and Planning Unit Paper 13, London Home Office.

Lam, T. and Martin, C., 1994, The Settlement of the Vietnamese in London: official policy
and refugee responses, London, Refugee Action.

London Borough of Tower Hamlets, 1993, Somali Refugees in Tower Hamlets, Research
Paper, LBTH.

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, 1995, Zairean Asylum Seekers:
their experiences in two countries, London, MF.

National Democratic Front of Iran, 1990, Iranians in the UK: an appeal, NDFI.

Refugee Action, 1991, A guide to living in Britain for refugees from Vietnam, Refugee
Action, Oakwood, Derby.

Save the Children, 1994, Wales Division, The Somali Community in Cardiff, Cardiff,
Save the Children.

2.8 Women

Shawcross, V., Grosser, K. and Goldsmith, J., 1987, Women in Mind: the education needs
of women refugees in the UK, World University Service.

Women’s Education Group, 1988, Refugee women in Britain.

2.9b Children

Daycare Trust, 1995, Reaching First Base: Guidelines on good practice on meeting the
needs of refugee children from the Horn of Africa, London, Daycare Trust.

247
Department of Health, 1995, Practice Guidance and Training Pack on Working with
Unaccompanied Asylum-seeking Children, Department of Health.

Finlay, R. and Reynolds, J. (Eds), 1987, Children from Refugee Communities, London,
Refugee Action.

ILPA, 1992, Unaccompanied refugee children, ILPA conference report.

Macdonald, I., 1989, Murder in the Playground: the Burnage Report, London, Longsight
Press.

McDonald, J., 1995, Entitled to Learn? A report on young refugees experiences of access
and progression in the UK education system, London, World University Service UK.

Melzak, S., 1994, You can’t see your reflection when the water is always full of soap
suds: some considerations of the development of an integrated identity in refugee
children, Medical Foundation for the Care and Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture.

Melzak and Warner, 1992, Integrating Refugee Children into Schools, Minority Rights
Group, London.

Michael, T.,1994, Health needs of Refugee Children, Symposium on refugee health

issues, Selby Centre, Tottenham, London.

Save the Children, 1994, Directions UK: Working with Refugees, Save the Children, 1989
a survey, London, HACT.

2.10 Justice/Police/Legal systems

Amnesty International British Section, 1990, United Kingdom: deficient policy and
practice for the protection of asylum seekers, London, AI.

Amnesty International British Section, 1992, Towards a credible asylum process: a

model for fair and practicable procedures, London, AI.

Amnesty International UK, 1994, Prisoners without a Voice: asylum seekers detained in
the United Kingdom, London, Amnesty International.

Amnesty International British Section, 1995, Playing Human Pinball: Home Office
practice in ‘safe third country’ cases, London, AI.

Amnesty International UK/Asylum Rights Campaign, 1991, A Duty Dodged: The

Government’s Evasion of its Obligations under the 1951 Convention on Refugees, AI.

British Refugee Council, 1988, Refugee agencies call for a fair and just system for
people seeking asylum in Britain, British Refugee Council, London.

248
Lindsley, F., 1994, Best Practice Guide to the Preparation of Asylum Applications from
Arrival to First Substantive Decision, ILPA (second edition in preparation).

Stanley, A., 1997, ‘Political asylum interviews: the role of clerks and independent
interpreters’ Immigration and Nationality Law and Practice.

Wiltcher, D., 1982, Compulsory Deportations: the case of Cypriot refugees living in the
UK, Cypriot Community Workers Action Group.

2.15 Evaluation

Dane, Penny, 1987, Lessons for a new beginning: report of an education programme for
refugee adults in a UK reception centre, Refugee Action.

McFarland, Elaine, 1993, Bosnian Families in Glasgow: a report for the Bosnaian co-
ordinating group, Glasgow Caledonian University.
3. Both Refugees and Migrants

3.1 General

Bloch, A., 1994, Refugees and migrants in Newham: Access to services, London Borough
of Newham, London.

Spencer, S. (Ed.), 1994, Strangers and Citizens: a positive approach to migrants and
refugees, London, IPPR.

3.8 Women

Bhabha, J. and Shutter, S., 1994, Women’s Movement: Women under immigration,
nationality and refugee law, London, Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants.

Islington and Hackney Women’s Equality Units, 1991, The Effects of 1992 and the Single
European Market on Black, Migrant and Refugee Women, London.

3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

Detention Advice Service, 1993, Britain’s Forgotten Prisoners, London, DAS.

JCWI, 1993, Detained Without Trial: A Survey of Immigration Act Detention, London,
JCWI.

3.12 Racism

249
Commission for Racial Equality, 1985, Immigration Control Procedures: Report of a
Formal Investigation, CRE.

250
PART III. REFERENCES DATING FROM 1996 ONWARDS – International

1. Immigrants and Migrants

1.1 General

Council of Europe, 2000a, Diversity and Cohesion: new challenges for the integration of
immigrants and minorities, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

Council of Europe, 2000b, Framework of Integration Policies, Strasbourg, Council of

Europe.

Council of Europe, 2000c, Strategies for Implementing Integration Policies proceedings

(Prague 4−6 May 2000), Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

Doomernik, Jeroen, 1998, ‘The effectiveness of integration policies towards immigrants

and their descendants in France, Germany and the Netherlands’, International Migration
Papers, no. 27, Geneva, IOM.

Hix, S. and Niessen, J., 1996, Reconsidering European Migration Policies: The 1996
Intergovernmental Conference and the Reform of the Maastricht Treaty, Migration Policy
Group, Brussels.

International Organization for Migration, 1996, Round Table on Effective Respect for the
Rights and Dignity of Migrants: New Needs and Responses, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 1998a, Gains from Global Linkages: Trade in
Services and Movements of Persons, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 1998b, Huddled Masses and Uncertain Shores:
Insights into Irregular Migration, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 1998c, Migration Potential in Central and

Eastern Europe, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 1999, The Dynamics of Migration Seen from
the Perspective of Countries of Origin and Countries of Destination, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 2000a, International Migration Policies and

Programmes, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 2000b, Migrant Trafficking in Europe: A review

of migrant trafficking and human smuggling in Europe with case studies from Hungary,
Poland and Ukraine, Geneva, IOM.

251
International Organization for Migration, 2000c, Overview of International Migration,
Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 2000d, Perspectives on Trafficking of Migrants,

Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 2000e, World Migration Report 2000, Geneva,
IOM, 2000

International Organization for Migration, 2001, Return Migration: Journey of Hope or

Despair? Geneva, IOM.

Migration Policy Group, 1996, The Comparative Approaches to Societal Integration

Project, Brussels, Migration Policy Group.

Odysseus Network, 2000, Regularizations of illegal immigrants in the EU, Belgium,

Odysseus Network.

Papademetriou, D., 1996, Converging Paths to Restriction: French, Italian and British
Responses to Immigration, Washington DC, Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace.

Salt, J., 1997, Current trends in international migration in Europe, Council of Europe,
Strasbourg.

Smith, David, Wistrich, Enid and Tunc, Aybak, 1999, The Migrants’ Voice in Europe,
Middlesex University Press/Runnymede Trust.

United Nations, 2000, ‘Replacement Migration: Is it a solution to declining and ageing

populations?’, United Nations.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1998, ‘Managing Migration in the
wider Europe’ presentation to a Council of Europe Seminar, Strasbourg.

1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Council of Europe, 1996a, Temporary Migration for the Purposes of Employment and
Training, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

Council of Europe, 1996b, The Role of Management and Trade Unions in Promoting
Equal Opportunities in Employment, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

Council of Europe, 1999, Initiatives by Employers to Promote Employment and

Integration of Immigrants, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

252
Employment and European Social Fund, 2000, Towards Employment for All: Combating
racism and promoting the integration of migrants, Brussels, European Commission.

Hodges-Aeberhard and Raskin, C., 1997, Affirmative Action in the Employment of Ethnic
Minorities and Persons with Disabilities, ILO.

1.4 Health

International Organization for Migration, 1996, Report on Workshop on Medical

Screening of Migrants, Geneva, IOM.

1.6a Social/Cultural/Religious

Council of Europe, 1999, Religion and the Integration of Immigrants, Strasbourg,

Council of Europe.

1.7 Political Organisation/Participation

Council of Europe, 1999, Political and Social Participation of Immigrants through

Consultative Bodies, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

1.8 Women

Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women/Foundation Against Trafficking in

Women, Netherlands, 1997, Trafficking in Women: Forced labour and slavery-like
practices in marriage, domestic labour and prostitution, Bangkok.

International Organization for Migration, 1996, Trafficking of Women to the European

Union: Characteristics, trends and policy issues, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 1998, Trafficking in Women: A review of the

statistical data in Europe, Geneva, IOM.

National Network on Immigrants and Refugee Rights, 2000, Hands that Shape the
World: Report on the Conditions of Immigrant Women in the US: 5 years after the
Beijing Conference, US.

1.9a Family Life

253
Patel, N., Mirza, N. et al., 1998, CNEOPSA study: Dementia and Minority Ethnic Older
People: Managing Care in the UK, Denmark and France, Lyme Regis, Russell House
Publishing.

Patel, N. and Mertens, H. (Eds), 1998, Living and Ageing as a Minority in Europe:
Profiles and Projects, Netherlands (NIZW and CCETSW), London.

1.9b Children

Cummins, J., 1996, Negotiating Identities: Education for Improvement in a Diverse

Society, Ontario, USA, California Association for Bilingual Education.

1.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

Council of Europe/Greonendyk, Kess, Guild, Elspeth and Dogan, Halil, 1998, Security of
residence of long-term migrants − A comparative study of Law and Practice in European
Countries, Council of Europe.

Guild, Elspeth, 1999, The European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers
1977: an analysis of its scope and benefits, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

1.12 Racism

Employment and European Social Fund, 2000, Towards Employment for All: Combating
racism and promoting the integration of migrants, Brussels, European Commission.

European Year Against Racism, 1998, Projects in Practice, European Commission for
Employment and Social Affairs.

1.15 Evaluation

Council of Europe, 1997, Measurement and Indicators of Integration, Council of Europe.

254
2. Refugees

2.1 General

Black, R., Koser, K. and Walsh, M., 1997, Conditions for the return of Displaced Persons
from the European Union: Final Report, Luxembourg, European Commission.

European Commission, 1997, Budget Line B3-4113: Integration of Refugees: Report on

the Implementation and Selection of Projects in 1997, EC.

European Council of Refugees and Exiles, 1997, Position of the European Council on
Refugees and Exiles on temporary protection in the context of the need for a
supplementary refugee definition, London, ECRE.

European Council of Refugees and Exiles, 1999, Position on the Integration of Refugees
in Europe, London, ECRE.

ECRE Task Force on Integration, 1998, Report from the Conference on the Integration of
Refugees in Europe, Antwerp 12−14 November 1998, ECRE Task Force on Integration.

EU Networks on Integration of Refugees, 2000, Refugee Integration and Networking:

European Seminar Report.

France Terre d’Asile, 1996, Reception and Accommodation of Asylum Seekers in Europe:
summary and analysis, European Seminar on the Reception of Asylum Seekers.

Inter-governmental Consultations (IGC), 1997, Summary Description of asylum

procedures in states in Europe, North America and Australia, Secretariat of the Inter-
governmental Consultation of asylum, refugees and migration policies in Europe, North
America and Australia.

International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 1994, The Key to
Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Entry and Asylum Policies in Western Countries,
Report prepared by the ICMPD for the Swedish Parliamentary Immigrant and Refugee
Commission, Stockholm, Swedish Government Official Reports.

Joly, Daniele, 1996, Haven or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees in Europe, Centre of
Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, Macmillan.

Joly, Daniele, Kelly, Lynette and Nettleton, Clive, 1997, Refugees in Europe: The Hostile
New Agenda, London, Minority Rights Group International.

Liebaut, Fabrice, 2000, Legal and social conditions for asylum seekers and refugees in
Western European countries, Copenhagen, Danish Refugee Council and European
Commission.

255
Liebaut, F. and J.Hughes, 1997, Legal and social conditions for asylum seekers and
refugees in Western European countries, Copenhagen, Danish Refugee Council.

PERCO/Red Cross/EU Liaison Bureau, 1998, Traumatised Refugees: Lessons to be

learnt from the process from the pre-asylum period to integration in society, PERCO/Red
Cross/EU Liaison Bureau.

Refugee Trust, 1997, Ireland’s link with the global refugee crisis: some questions and
points of view, Dublin, Stillorgan and Refugee Trust.

Valtowen, Kathleen, 1999, The Integration of Refugees in Finland in the 1990s, Finland
Ministry of Labour.

2.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Kjeller, Johansen (Ed), 1998, Assessment and Recognition of Refugees’ Qualifications in

the European Community, Danish Refugee Council.

Lazenby Smith, Barbara, 1997, Refugee Language and Training Project: report on pilot
course and supported vocational training placements, Dublin, Refugee Agency.

McGivern, Alicia, 1997, Evaluation of English Provision for Asylum Seekers as provided
by the Irish Refugee Council, Dublin, IRC.

Refugee Council/ECRE, 1998, Background Information for Employment Working Group:

Employment Questionnaire on National Situations with Responses from Individual EU
States, ECRE/Refugee Council.

Refugee Council/ECRE Task Force on Integration, 1999a, Good Practice Guide on

Employment of Refugees in the European Union, ECRE/Refugee Council, London.

Refugee Council/ECRE Task Force on Integration, 1999b, Refugee Perceptions of

Employment (Report of Refugee Employment Working Group in Dalfsen), ECRE,
Brussels.

Refugee Council/ECRE Task Force on Integration, 1999c, Refugees and Employment:

the European Context, ECRE, London.

2.4 Health

Magumu, Moustapha, 2000, The Refugee Situation and the WHO Philosophy.

2.5 Housing

France Terre d’Asile, 1997, The Reception and Accommodation of Asylum Seekers in
Europe, Paris, FTA.

256
 2.6b Community/Self-Help

O’Regan, Cathal, 1998, Report of a survey of the Vietnamese and Bosnian refugee
communities living in Ireland, Dublin, The Refugee Agency.

2.8 Women

ECRE, 1997, Position on Asylum Seeking and Refugee Women, London, ECRE.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1996, Female Genital Mutilation:
position paper, Geneva, UNHCR.

2.9a Family Life

ECRE, 1999, Survey of provisions for Refugee Family Reunion in the European Union,
London, ECRE.

Scott, H. and Bolzman, C., 1999, ‘Age in Exile: Europe’s older refugees and exiles’, in
Bloch, A. and Levy, C. (Eds) Refugees, Citizenship and Social Policy in Europe,
Macmillan.

2.9b Children

Center for Social Policy Initiatives/Swedish Save the Children, 1998, Unaccompanied
Children in Exile, Zagreb, Center for Social Policy Initiatives/Swedish Save the Children.

Inter-Governmental Consultations on Asylum, Refugee and Migration Policies, 1997,

Report on Unaccompanied Minors: Overview of policies and practices in IGC
participating states, Geneva, IGC.

Omega Health Care Centre, 2000, European Guidelines on Empowerment and

Integration Programs for Refugee Children and Adolescents, Omega Health Care Centre,
Graz.

Ruxton, Sandy, 2000, Separated Children Seeking Asylum in Europe: A programme for
action, London, Save the Children and UNHCR.

Swedish Save the Children, 1997, Renewing Home Country Links: An Account of the
Journey of Five Unaccompanied Refugees back to the Horn of Africa, Stockholm,
Swedish Save the Children.

Swedish Save the Children, 1998, Separated Children and Voluntary Return: Ways of
Surviving, Swedish Save the Children.

257
UNHCR/Save the Children/European Commission, 1999, Separated Children in Europe
Programme: Statement of Good Practice, UNHCR/Save the Children/European
Commission.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2000, Untapped Potential:
adolescents affected by armed conflict, a review of programmes and policies, WCRWC.

2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

ILPA/Refugee Council, 1998, Mind the Gap! Ineffective member state implementation of
European Union asylum measures, London, ILPA/Refugee Council.

Morrison, John and Crosland, Beth, 2000, The trafficking and smuggling of refugees: the
endgame in European asylum policy, Geneva, UNHCR.

2.15 Evaluation

Berliner Institut fur Verleichende Sozialforschung, 1999, Measures to Assist Refugees

within The European Union (Budget Line B3 4113) Evaluation Report to the European
Commission, DGV, Berlin.

258
3. Refugees And Migrants

3.1 General

Papademetriou, D., 1996, Coming Together or Pulling Apart? The European Union’s
Struggle with Immigration and Asylum, Washington DC, Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace.

3.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Walters, N. (Ed.), 1996, On the Horizon: European Refugees and Migrants: Advice and
Guidance into Employment, HORIZON/University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey.

3.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

ILPA, 2000, The Alternative Scoreboard for EU Immigration and Asylum Law: Human
Rights and Basic Principles, London, ILPA.

259
PART IV. REFERENCES DATING FROM BEFORE 1996 – International

1. Immigrants and Migrants

1.1 General

Baubock, Rainer, 1994, The Integration of Immigrants, CMDG Report, Strasbourg,

Council of Europe.

Centro Italiano Di Formazione Europea, 1993, Migrants Integration Policies in some

European Countries, Final Report, Rom, CIFE.

Council of Europe, 1995, Parliamentary Assembly Report on Clandestine Migration:

Traffickers and Employers of Clandestine Migrants, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

European Council for Refugees and Exiles, 1998, Research Paper on the Social and
Economic Rights on Non-Nationals in Europe, London, ECRE.

International Organization for Migration, 1995a, International Migration Pressures,

Challenges, Policy Response and Operational Measures: An outline of the Main
Features, Geneva, IOM.

International Organization for Migration, 1995b, Profiles and Motives of Potential

Migrants from Albania, Geneva, IOM.

OECD, 1998, Immigrants, Integration and Cities: Exploring the Links, OECD.

Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants, 1995, Foreigners in
an Illegal Situation in Europe, PCPCMI.

Salt, J., 1994, Europe’s International Migrants: data sources, patterns and trends,
London, HMSO.

Salt, J. and Findlay, Allan, 1989, International Migrations of a highly skilled labour
force: theoretical and evolutionary considerations, in OECD, Development Centre: The
Impact of International Migration on Developing Countries, OECD.

1.2/3 Adult Education, Training and Employment

Fillmore, L., 1989, ‘Teaching English through Content: Instructional Reform in Programs
for Language Minority Students’, in Esling, J (Ed.) Multicultural Education and Policy:
ESL in the 1990s, Ontario, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

Stalker, Peter, 1994, The Work of Strangers: A Survey of International Labour Migration,
Geneva, International Labour Office.

260
Werner, Heinz, 1994, Integration of Foreign Workers into the Labour Market: France,
Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, Geneva, International Labour Office, World
Employment Programme, Working Paper.

1.5 Housing

(Pre-1996)
HABITAT International Coalition/European Union, 1993, Project coraux for (better)
immigrants’ housing policy, European Union.

1.8 Women

Cator, Julie (Ed), 1995, Immigrant Women and Integration: Towards Equal
Opportunities, Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe (CCME).

Council of Europe, 1995, Immigrant Women and Integration, Strasbourg, Council of

Europe.

European Women’s Lobby, 1995, Confronting the Fortress: Black and Ethnic Minority
Women in the European Union, Brussels, EWL.

International Organization for Migration, 1995, Trafficking and Prostitution: the growing
exploitation of migrant women, IOM.

1.9a Family Life

JCWI, 1993, The Right to Family Life for Immigrants in Europe, London, JCWI.

1.10 Justice/Police/Legal Systems

(Pre-1996)
Council of Europe, 1994, Police training concerning migrants and ethnic relations,
Strasbourg, Council of Europe.

1.12 Racism

Council of Europe, 1995, Tackling Racism and Xenophobia: practical action at the local
level, Council of Europe.

De Jong, Deny and Zwamborn, Marcel, 1991, Equal Treatment and Discrimination in
Europe: Feasibility Study on Co-operation of Organisations working in Europe
concerned with improving the position of migrants and ethnic minorities.

261
 2. Refugees

2.4 Health

World Health Organisation, 1993, Mental Health of Refugees, Geneva, WHO.

2.8 Women

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1990, The Special Needs of Refugee
Women, Geneva, UNHCR.

2.9a Family Life

International Social Service, 1995, Accommodating Ex-Yugoslavs in Europe: Settlement

or Return: The Issue of Reuniting Families, Paris, International Social Service.

2.9b Children

Ayotte, Wendy and Lown, Judy, 1992, Children or Refugees: A survey of west European
policies on unaccompanied refugee children, London, Children’s Legal Centre.

Jockenhovel-Schieke, Helga (Ed.), 1990, Unaccompanied Refugee Children in Europe:

Experiences with protection, placement and education, International Social Services,
German Branch.

Norstorm, Eva, 1992, ‘Children in space and time’ in Child Refugees in Europe: Report
from the European seminar on protection of refugee children, Swedish Refugee Council
Report Series, Stockholm.

Pearl, D. and Lyons, C., 1994, ‘The treatment by the European Union of unaccompanied
minors’, Immigration and Nationality Law and Practice, vol 8(4).

UNHCR, 1994, Refugee Children: Guidelines on protection and care, Geneva, UNHCR.

Williamson, Jan, 1993, Bosnian Children of War: The adoption question, International
Social Services and the US Committee for Refugees, New York.

2.10 Justice/Police/Legal System

Care, G., 1995, A guide to asylum law and practice in the European Union, London,
ILPA.

262
Gillespe, J., 1993, Report on the immigration and asylum procedure and appeal rights in
the 12 Member States of the European Community, London, ILPA.

JCWI, 1995, Shifting responsibility: carriers’ liability in the Member States of the EU
and North America, London, JCWI.

263
3 Both Refugees And Migrants

3.1 General

Bethlenfalvy, P. von, 1987, Specific Problems of Integration and Re-integration of Ethnic

Minorities and Refugees in Europe, European Programme to Combat Poverty.

JCWI, 1989, Unequal Citizens: the European Community’s Unequal Treatment of

Migrants and Refugees, London, JCWI/Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations.

3.10 Justice/Police/Legal Systems

Stevens, J., 1992, The case law of the European Convention on Human Rights relating to
immigration, asylum and extradition, London, Law Society.

264
Data Set 3

Recent And Current Research Since 1996

Research – UK

1. Immigrants – UK 3

1.1 General 3
1.2 Education and Training 4
1.3 Labour Market 5
1.4 Health 6
1.5 Housing 6
1.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, 6
Residential Segregation and Acculturation
1.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 8
1.8 Women and Gender 8
1.9 Family and Children 8
1.10 Justice and Legal System 9
1.11 Welfare and Social Policy 10
1.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 10
1.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 10
1.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 11
1.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 11

2. Refugees – UK 12

2.1 General 12
2.2 Education and Training 13
2.3 Labour Market 14
2.4 Health 14
2.5 Housing 14
2.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, 15
Residential Segregation and Acculturation
2.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation 15
2.8 Women and Gender 15
2.9 Family and Children 16
2.10 Justice and Legal System 17
2.11 Welfare and Social Policy 17
2.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies 18
2.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism 18
2.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion 18
2.15 Government Documents and Evaluations 18

3. Asylum Seekers – General 19

4. Ethnic Minorities − General 24

265
Research - International

1. Immigrants − General 40

2. Refugees − General 46

3. Ethnic Minorities − General 50

266
1. Immigrants

1.1 General
Project: ‘International Migration and the UK Economy since 1950’
Project description: To examine the causes and economic effects of international migration to and from
Britain in the last 50 years. The study will bring together existing data sources for Britain and abroad to
produce a deeper analysis of underlying factors than has previously been possible. It will use economic
methodology and quantitative analysis to address several key questions: (1) What are the major forces
influencing the volume and composition of migration to and from Britain in the short run and the long run?
(2) What are the effects of British immigration policy on the numbers and types of immigrants to Britain
and how have such effects changed over time? (3) What are the economic effects of changing patterns of
migration? Among these are effects on industry, on the welfare state, and on the migrants themselves.
Researcher: Tim Hatton
Funders:
Project dates: 2001−
Contact information: Tim Hatton
Essex University
Hatton@essex.ac.uk

Project: ‘At the margins of the Chinese world system: the fuzhou diaspora in Europe’
Researcher: F.N. Pieke
Funders: ESRC Transnational Communities Programme
Project dates: 25 November 1998 − 24 February 2002
Contact information:
Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology
University of Oxford
53 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 6JF
Email: frank.pieke@anthropology.ox.ac.uk
Website: http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘Thematic Network on Migrants and Minorities in European Cities’ aka ‘MigCities Network’.
Project aim: The network has the following five objectives: to draw together what is known on the social
integration and social exclusion of migrants and minorities in European cities from previous research
through supporting five ‘state-of-the-art’ scientific meetings and to disseminate this information through
books, articles and other means.
Network Members: Dr M. Cross (Centre for Ethnic and Migration Studies); Dr M. Martinello (University
of Liege); Professor S. Body-Gendrot (Sorbonne); Professor G. Martinotti (Milan); Professor R. Moore
(Liverpool); Professor C. Sole (Barcelona); Dr M. Rocha Trindade (Lisbon)
Contact information:
Dr M. Cross
Centre for Ethnic and Migration Studies
PO Box 4
Torpoint PL11 3YN
Email: director@cemes.org

Project: ‘Rights and controls in the management of migration: Germany, Italy and Britain’

267
My argument is that the politics of migration in the EU is best understood in terms of a set of contradictory
dynamics. Against a more open policy on immigration stand concerns about the national management of
welfare and the labour market; while encouraging entry there is continuing demand for labour at both ends
of the class spectrum, and a commitment to human rights which can be restricted by rarely completely
denied. In the face of these contradictory dynamics, and a common rhetoric of denial, most member states
are now developing strategies for the management of migration.
Researcher: Lydia Morris
Funders: Hansewissenschaftskolleg
Project dates: 1998 − 2000
Contact information:
Dr Lydia Morris
Dept of Sociology
University of Essex
Wivenhoe Park
Colchester CO3 4SQ
Email: morri@essex.ac.uk

Project: ‘Globalisation and Regional Development: the case of Bangladeshis’

Researcher: Sally Westwood and John Eade
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 2001 − 2003
Contact information: John Eade
Professor of Sociology and Anthropology
School of Sociology and Social Policy
Southlands College
University of Surrey Roehampton
80 Roehampton Lane
London SW15 5SL, UK
Tel: 00-44-(0)20-8392-3198

Project: ‘Directory of research in migration being carried out in Britain’

Researchers: KERSHEN, Anne J. and Shompa LAHIRI (eds)
Project dates: 1998
Contact information: Dr Anne Kershen
Director
Centre for the Study of Migration
Department of Politics
Queen Mary and Westfield College
University of London
Mile End Road
London E1 4NS
Tel: 020 7882 5009 (direct)
Email: a.kershen@qmw.ac.uk

Project: ‘Migration in Australia and Britain: Levels and trends in an age-period-cohort framework’
Researcher: Rees, P.H.
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1998 − 2000
Award No.000237375.

1.2 Education and Training

Project: ‘Pupil Mobility in Schools’ (emphasis on immigrant children)

268
Project description: Main aim is to identify the nature and causes of pupil mobility in schools and the
implications of high mobility for strategies to raise achievement through:
• Reviewing the current state of knowledge on child migration (international and internal), other causes
of children moving between schools and the experience of public mobility by LEAs and schools
• Establishing what is currently known about the implications of high mobility for the functioning of
schools and strategies to raise achievement
• Developing a better understanding of the incidence of high mobility in different types of LEA, the
policy issues arising from it and the precise scale of ‘high’ and ‘low’ mobility at school level
• Developing a detailed picture of the scale and nature of pupil mobility in some schools and its
implications for strategies to raise achievement.
Researchers: Janet Dobson, Kirsty Henthorne
www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/mru/hemthorne.html
www.geog.ucl.uk/mru/dobson.html
Commissioned by: Department for Education and Employment (DfEE); http://www.dfee.gov.uk
Funders: Nuffield Foundation
Project date: October 1999 – June 2000
Contact:
Migration Research Unit Department of Geography
University College London
Website: http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/mru/pupil.html

1.3 Labour Market

Project: ‘Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Manufacturing: The Garment Industry’ (in Amsterdam, London,
Birmingham, Paris, New York, Miami and Los Angeles)
Project Co-ordinator: Dr Jan Rath
Contact information: Dr Jan Rath
University of Amsterdam
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES)
Rokin 84,
1012 KX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Tel. +31 20 525.3623/3627
Fax +31 20 525.3628
Email: rath@pscw.uva.nl
Website: http://home.pscw.uva.nl/rath/imment/projects.htm

269
 for the case of London, England: Dr Prodromos I. Panayiotopoulos
University of Swansea
School of Social Sciences & International Development
Singleton Park
Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales
Tel. +44 1792 20.5678 x 4361
Fax +44 1792 29.5682
Email: m.pany@swansea.ac.uk

Project: ‘A Longitudinal Study of Training, Employment and Migration in the London Borough of
Hackney’
Researchers: Institute of Employment Research, Warwick
Funder: London Borough of Hackney
Project dates: 1997 − 2002
Contact information:
Institute of Employment Research
University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
Tel: (44) 24 76524127, Fax: (44) 24 76524241,
Email: ier@warwick.ac.uk

Project: ‘Borders, migration and labour market dynamics in a changing Europe’.

Researchers: Vickerman, R.W. and Papapanagos, H.
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1999 − 2001
Award No.L213252042.
Website: http://www.ukc.ac.uk/economics/1europe

Project: ‘Undocumented immigrant workers in London’

Project description: A qualitative study of undocumented immigrant workers from Turkey and Eastern
Europe in London, this project explores how they have come here, how they survive, and what they plan to
do in future. It will also investigate the policies and practices of the Home Office and support agencies in
the light of the increased focus on undocumented work in the new Asylum and Immigration Act and the
responses of public services to the issue
Researcher: W.J.O. Jordan
Project dates: 01 July 1997 − 30 June 1999
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: Dr W.J.O. Jordan
University of Exeter
Department of Social Work
Exeter

Project: ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship and the transnational circulation of assets’

Project description: A three-way comparison of the dynamics of the transnational networks sustained by
members of the Mirpuri/Pakistani, Jullunduri/Indian and Sylheti/Mipuri communities in Britain.
Researchers: Dr Roger Ballard and Dr Katy Gardner (University of Sussex)
Funder: ESRC (Transnational Communities Programme)
Project dates: 1999 − 2001
Contact information:
Dr Roger Ballard
Centre for Applied South Asian Studies
Department of Religions
University of Manchester
Manchester
M13 9PL
Tel: 0161-303 1709

270
Fax: 0161-303 1694
Email: R.Ballard@man.ac.uk
Website: www.art.man.ac.uk/casas

1.4 Health

1.5 Housing

1.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential Segregation and
Acculturation

Project: ‘Strangers, Aliens and Asians 1600 − 2000: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields’
Project description: A book which has a thematic format and explores the integration
and merger process experienced by the three groups. The themes explored are: religion; economic activity
and achievement; welfare and society; language; racism (or xenophobia, anti-alienism and racism). The
book seeks to define the timeless similarities in the migrant experience as well as the differences that time,
knowledge and technology may make.
Researcher(s): Anne Kershen
Project dates: Publication, late 2003/early 2004
Funders: Barnet Fine Foundation, Dorset Foundation and Queen Mary, University of London
Contact information:
Dr Anne Kershen
Director
Centre for the Study of Migration
Depart. of Politics
Queen Mary, University of London
Mile End Road
London E1 4NS
Tel: 020 7 882 5009
Email: a.kershen@qmw.ac.uk

Project: ‘Effectiveness of National Integration towards second generation Youth in a Comparative

European perspective’ (EFFNATIS)
Coordinators: Dr J. Doomernik and Dr M. Crul
UK Researchers: Dr Roger Penn, Dr Janet Perret and Dr P. Lambert LUCAS
Lancaster University
Fylde College
Lancaster LA1 4YE
Tel: 01524-594914
Email: r.penn@lancaster.ac.uk
Funders: European Commission
Project dates: January 1998 − December 2000
Contact information:
Dr J. Doomernik
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies
University of Amsterdam
Rokin 84 Amsterdam 1012KXA
Tel: 20-5353627
Fax: 20-5253628
Website: http://www.uni-bamberg.de/projekte/effnatis/pgitps.htm

Project: ‘West African Methodists in London’

Researchers: Dr Matt Wood and John Eade
Funders: Methodist Church

271
Project dates: 2000 − Dec 2001
Contact information:
Dr John Eade
Professor of Sociology and Anthropology
School of Sociology and Social Policy
Southlands College, University of Surrey Roehampton
80 Roehampton Lane
London SW15 5SL, UK
Tel: 00-44-(0)20-8392-3198
Email: J.Eade@roehampton.ac.uk

1.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

Project: ‘Diaspora Politics of immigrants and refugees from Turkey residing in Germany, the Netherlands,
the United Kingdom and Denmark’
Researcher: Eva Ostergaard Nielsen
Funder: ESRC Transnational Communities Program
Project dates: January 1999 − December 2000
Contact information:
Dr Ostergaard Nielsen
International Relations
LSE
Houghton Street
London WC2 A2AC
Tel: 0207-9556009
Email: e.ostergaard@lse.ac.uk

1.8 Women and Gender

Project: ‘The maternal health needs of Turkish speaking women in Hackney’.

Project description: An examination of the experience of the maternal health service of

Turkish-speaking mothers in Hackney.

Researchers: Rosemary Sales and L. Hoggart, I. Raman (Middlesex University) and Hackney Community
Psychology Team.
Project dates: Start date January 1998 (Two and a half years).
Funders: North Thames NHS Inner City Research and Development Initiative
Contact information: Dr Rosemary Sales
Reader in Social Policy
School of Social Science
Middlesex University
Queensway, Enfield, Middlesex, EN3 4SF
London, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 8411 5497
Fax: +44 (0)20 8362 6404
Email Rosemary5@mdx.ac.uk

Project: 'Immigration and Integration of East European migrants in Bradford’ (The project was directed
particularly towards a study of gender and ethnicity.)

272
Researchers: Dr Peter Jackson, Dr Colin Holmes, Dr G. Smith
Funders: Leverhulme Trust
Project dates: 1997 − 1998
Contact information:
Migration and Ethnicity Research Centre
Dept. of Geography, University of Sheffield
387 Glossop Road, Sheffield S1O 2TN
Tel.: ++44 114 2222000/22227908
Fax: ++44 114 2788304
Email: p.a.jackson@sheffield.ac.uk

1.9 Family and Children

Project: ‘The Impact of Legal Status and Children on transnational Household Strategies of Migrant
Domestics’
Researchers: Professor Annie Phizacklea and Dr Bridget Anderson
Funders: ESRC Transnational Communities Programme
Project dates: September 1998 − August 2001
Contact information:
Professor Annie Phizacklea
Sociology Department
Warwick University
Coventry CV4 7AL
Email: phizac@zetnet.co.uk

Project: ‘A Chance By Right: Forced Marriages among Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in the UK’
Researcher: Dr Yunas Samad (Bradford University) and John Eade (University of Surrey)
Funders: Foreign/Commonwealth Office
Project dates: April – October 2001
Contact information: Dr John Eade
Professor of Sociology and Anthropology
School of Sociology and Social Policy
Southlands College
University of Surrey Roehampton
80 Roehampton Lane
London SW15 5SL, UK
Tel: 00-44-(0)20-8392-3198

Project: ‘The Impact of the 1996 and 1999 immigration control legislation on families in Manchester’
(i) Policies of Manchester City Council (report completed 2000)
(ii) Experiences of families
Researchers: Dr Ed Mynott, Manchester Metropolitan University (research assistant)
Dr Beth Humphries, Lancaster University (project director)
Project dates: 1998 − 2001
Funders: Manchester Metropolitan University
Contact information:
Dr Ed Mynott
Dept of Applied Community Studies
Manchester Metropolitan University
799 Wilmslow Road
Manchester M20 2RR
Tel: 0161 247 2152
Dr Beth Humphries
Dept of Applied Social Science

273
Cartmel College
Lancaster University
Lancaster LA1 4YL
Tel: 01524 594125

1.10 Justice and Legal System

Project: ‘The Migration of Romanian Roma to the UK: A Study of Law and Policy’
Researcher: Dr Dallal Stevens, School of Law, University of Warwick, UK, Eugen Baican, Dept of Social
Work, University of Cluj Napoca, Romania
Project description: The project aims to:
• Examine the reasons for the legal and illegal migration and return of the Roma people from the region
of Transylvania in Romania to the UK
• Examine the political and media reaction to their arrival in the UK
• Examine the treatment of the Roma in the UK
• Examine the international and national law relating to the Roma
Provide a voice to the Roma on the issue of migration.
Project dates: April − September 2001 in first instance (the plan is to broaden it at a later stage)
Funders: University of Warwick
Contact information: Dallal Stevens
School of Law, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL
Tel: 024 765 23289
Fax: 024 765 24105
Email: Dallal.Stevens@warwick.ac.uk

1.11 Welfare and Social Policy

1.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

Project: ‘Future of UK migration policy’

Project description: Series of 6 seminars to explore the implications for UK immigration and asylum policy,
including post-entry integration policies, of recent research evidence on the impact of migration. Papers are
presented by government and EU officials and by academics. Seminar topics include the fiscal, labour
market and social impact in the UK of skilled, unskilled and illegal migration, the impact on developing
countries, and the impact which the EU will have on the future of migration to the UK and on the
development of UK policy. Seminars provide a forum for debate between officials, academics, employers,
trades unions, NGOs, think-tanks and international organisations.
Researcher(s): Sarah Spencer (project director), plus various contributors
Project dates: April − December 2001
Funders: Home Office and Barrow Cadbury Trust
Contact information:
Sarah Spencer
Institute for Public Policy Research
30−32 Southampton Street
London WC2E 7RA
Email: s.spencer@ippr.org.uk
Website: www.ippr.org

Project: ‘Civic Stratification, Exclusion and Migratory Trajectories in Three European States (UK, France
and Italy)’
Researchers: Dr E. Kofman, R. Sales, C. Lloyd
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1999 − 2001
Contact information:

274
Eleonor Kofman
Dept. of International Relations
Nottingham Trent University
Burton Street
Nottingham NG1 4BU
Email: eleonore.kofman@ntu.ac.uk

1.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

Project: ‘Migration, Citizenship and In/Exclusion: A Comparison of Trends in European Societies’

Project description: This research examines the interplay between policies relating to citizenship, migration
and the in/exclusion of minority groups and migrants in Europe. The project will review the main
theoretical debates surrounding these issues, as well as exploring the debates occurring within migrant,
minority, refugee/asylum seeker groups and pressure groups involved with this issue. A key concern of the
research is the significance of the acquisition of different bundles of rights – economic, social and political
– for the inclusion of migrant and minority groups, as well as the exclusion and racism experienced by
these groups. It will focus on a comparison of four European states (Britain, Germany, France and Italy)
and the ways in which new agendas on citizenship and immigration are emerging in all of them. It will also
explore policy developments and strategies relating to these areas at the level of the European Union.
Researcher: Dr Lisa Schuster and Dr John Solomos
Funder: Nuffield Foundation, Southbank University, LSE
Project dates: 1999 − present
Contact information:
Department of Sociology
LSE
Houghton Street
London WC2A 2AE
Tel: 0207 955 7648
Email: L.K.Schuster@lse.ac.uk

1.14 .Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

1.15 Government Documents and Evaluations

275
2. Refugees − UK

2.1 General

Project: ‘The Mobilisation and Participation of Transnational Exile Communities in Post-conflict

Reconstruction: A Comparison of Bosnia and Eritrea’
Researchers: Dr Richard Black, Dr Khalid Koser, Dr Nadje Al-Ali
Funder: ESRC Transnational Communities Programme
Project dates: 1 October 1998 to 30 September 2000
Contact information:
Dr Richard Black
Sussex Centre for Migration Research
University of Sussex
Arts C, Falmer
Brighton BN1 9SF
Tel: 01273 877090
Fax: 01273 623572
Email: r.black@sussex.ac.uk
Internet: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/CDE/research/migrate.html

Project: ‘Policy and practice in relation to refugees’

Project description: ‘This study will concentrate on Britain's absorption of refugees and will consider their
patterns of integration and alienation, particularly in relation to the legal and political institutions.
Researcher: Joly, Daniele
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: D. Joly
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 4869, Resources Centre Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3605.
Fax: +44 (0)24 7652 4324
Email: crer.resources@warick.ac.uk

Project: ‘Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Research Priorities in an era of policy transformation’
Researcher: R. Zetter
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 2001 − 2003
Professor R. Zetter
Deputy Head
School of Planning
Oxford Brookes University
Oxford OX3 0BP
Tel: 01865-483925
Fax: 01865-483559
Email: rwzetter@brookes.ac.uk
Web: www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/planning/dates

Project: ‘Refugee Resettlement in Scotland − a challenge doomed to fail?’

276
Project description: Previous attempts to settle substantial numbers of refugees outside London and the
South East have not been particularly successful. This research grows out of the need to assess the
experiences of those asylum seekers who are currently being dispersed to Scotland and to examine whether
long-term resettlement is a realistic possibility. Firstly, this research examines the actual experiences of
asylum seekers and refugees as they go through the social care and welfare process and the retraining and
employment process. Secondly, a study will be made of the agencies which work with refugees to assess
how these bodies are adapting to new demands from both government and refugees, how innovative they
are, and how refugees and organisations are empowered in resettlement. The final stage is to examine the
local refugee strategy and how local authorities and other statutory agencies are developing policies,
partnership arrangements, and social inclusion strategies aimed at the retention and resettlement of
refugees.
Researcher: Dr David Walsh
Funder: Scottish Ethnic Minority Research Unit
Project dates: Oct 1999 − present
Contact information: Dr David Walsh
Dept. of Social Science
Glasgow Caledonian University
Cowcaddens Road
Glasgow G4 0BA
Email: D.Walsh@gcal.ac.uk

2.2. Education and Training

Project: ‘Employment and training amongst refugees in the UK’

Researcher: Keri Roberts
Contact information: Professor Richard Jenkins
Department of Sociological Studies
Migration and Ethnicity Research Centre
University of Sheffield
Sheffield S10 2TN
Tel: +44 114 222 6443
Fax: +44 114 276 8125
Email: R.P.Jenkins@Sheffield.ac.uk

Project: ‘Beating the Barriers: The employment and training needs of refugees in Newham’
Researcher: Alice Bloch
Funders: European Commission and Stratford Development Partnership
Project dates: September 1995−August 1996 (fieldwork 1996)
Contact information: Alice Bloch
Department of Social Policy and Politics, Goldsmiths
College, University of London,
New cross, London, SE14 6NW
Email: a.bloch@gold.ac.uk

Project: ‘Refugees: Opportunities and Barriers to training and Employment’

Researcher: Alice Bloch

277
Project description: To determine whether the training and employment support for forced migrants, who
are eligible to work, is sufficient and appropriate. The average level of unemployment among people from
ethnic minority groups is over twice that of the white population. Very little is known about the labour
market experiences of refugees and asylum seekers though the little information that exists shows that they
experience much higher levels of unemployment than their ethnic minority counterparts. This research
examines in detail the various barriers to employment and training needs of refugees and asylum seekers, in
relation to the following key variables: qualifications, employment experiences, language skills, migration
patterns, immigration status, age, household composition, region of residence, gender, knowledge and
understanding of the UK system, cultural aspects of job seeking and cultural differences. Comparison will
be drawn with ethnic minority groups, and the impact of the dispersal policy will be reviewed. Will use
multiple approach to data collection, including national survey of 500 refugees and asylum seekers.
Funders: Department for Education and Employment
Project dates: April 2001−October 2002
Contact information: Alice Bloch
Department of Social Policy and Politics,
Goldsmiths College, University of London,
New Cross, London, SE14 6NW
Email: a.bloch@gold.ac.uk

2.3. Labour Market

2.4. Health

Project: ‘The Ethiopian Migrants, their Beliefs, Refugeedom, Adaptation, Calamities, and Experiences in
the UK' (EMBRACE UK)and how these impact on the refugees' health and social welfare’
Project description: The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the health and social care needs of
Ethiopian refugees in the UK in the context of their ethno and migration histories and the impact of these
factors on their culture, values and beliefs. This will provide the information needed for policy makers and
service providers to begin to address the needs of this marginalised group. The research will be carried out
in close collaboration with Ethiopian refugee community groups and will follow a participatory research
approach. It will provide information to identify risk groups, common health and social needs and involve
the group in determining and expressing their own needs, all of which are important processes contributing
towards empowerment and capacity-building. Semi-structured and individual interviews with around 100
people.
Researchers: Dr Rena Papadopoulos from the Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health in
collaboration with the Ethiopian Refugee Association of Haringey (ERAH),
Funders: National Lottery Charities Board.
Project dates: 2000−2002
Contact information:
Dr Rena Papadopoulos
The Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health
Middlesex University
10 Highgate Hill
London N19 3UA
Tel: 0181 362 6626
Fax: 0181 362 6106
E-mail: r.papadopoulos@mdx.ac.uk
Web site: http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/rctsh/embrace.htm

2.5. Housing

Project: ‘Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Housing Management for Housing Associations’
Researchers: R. Zetter and Martin Pearle

278
Funders: Housing Corporation and Housing Associations Charitable Trust
Project dates: 1997−1998
Contact information: Martin Pearl
School of Planning Oxford Brookes University
Email: mspearl@brookes.ac.uk

Project: ‘Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Housing Management for Housing Associations. Phase II, Final
stage and dissemination of findings’
Researchers: R. Zetter and Martin Pearle
Funders: Housing Corporation
Project dates: 1999
Contact information:
Martin Pearl
School of Planning Oxford Brookes University
Email: mspearl@brookes.ac.uk

Project: ‘Housing and welfare needs of the Vietnamese refugee-origin community in London’
Researchers: Centre for Comparative Housing Research and Warwick University
Sponsor: An Viet Housing Association (£15,000)
Contact information:
Professor Mel Chevannes
Mary Seacole Research Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery at De Montfort University
Tel: 0116.201 3878
Fax: 0116.270 9722
Email: vhreid@dmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘Social Housing Provision for refugees and asylum seekers in the UK’
Researcher: Professor Roger Zetter, Martyn Pearl, Dr Azim El-Hassan and David Griffiths
Funders: Housing Corporation and the HACT
Project dates: 1997−2000
Contact information:
Professor R. Zetter
Deputy Head
School of Planning
Oxford Brookes University
Oxford OX3 0BP
Tel: 01865-483925
Fax: 01865-483559
Email: rwzetter@brookes.ac.uk
Web: www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/planning/dates

2.6 Socio-Cultural Area: Religion, Community, Language, Identity, Residential Segregation and
Acculturation

Project: ‘Monocultural communities and their effect on asylum seekers and refugees in Humberside’
Researcher: Andrew Dawson
Funders: Save the Children
Project dates: June 2000
Contact information:
Dr Andrew Dawson
Sociology and Anthropology
University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX

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Tel 01482 466213
Fax 01482 466366
Email a.dawson@cas.hull.ac.uk

2.7 Political Area: Organisation, Self-Initiatives and Participation

2.8 Women and Gender

Project: ‘Refugee Women's Resource Project’

Project description: Research information available at www.asylumaid.org.uk. Research has been
undertaken on Kenyan women asylum seekers and human rights in Kenya. Current research includes work
on Roma refugee women and the impact that dispersal has had on their lives. Other issues includes asylum
seekers and domestic violence.
Researchers: Sophia Ceneda, Clare Palmer and Helen Smith, Research Assistant
Funders: The National Lottery Funding Board
Project dates: April 2000 −March 2002
Contact details: Sophia Ceneda,
28 Commercial Street, London E1 6LS
Tel: 0207 377 5123
Fax: 0207 247 7789
Email: rwrp2000@hotmail.com

Project: ‘Refugee Women’s Resource Project’

Project description: Examining the issue of domestic violence in selected countries. It considers the prevalence
of domestic violence, the availability and adequacy of legislation to protect women from domestic violence,
and the realities of women accessing such protection.
Researchers: Sophia Ceneda, Clare Palmer and Helen Smith
Funders: National Lottery Board
Project dates:
Contact details: Sopia Ceneda
Research and Information Officer
Refugee Women’s Resource Project
Asylum Aid
28 Commercial Street
London E1 6LS
Tel: 020 7377 5123
Fax: 020 7247 7789
Email: Rwrp2000@hotmail.com

2.9 Family and Children

Project: ‘The Impact of the 1996 and 1999 immigration control legislation on families in Manchester’ (i)
Policies of Manchester City Council (report completed 2000) (ii) Experiences of families
Researchers: Dr Ed Mynott, Manchester Metropolitan University (research assistant)
Dr Beth Humphries, Lancaster University (project director)
Project dates: 1998 − 2001
Funders: Manchester Metropolitan University
Contact information:
Dr Ed Mynott
Dept of Applied Community Studies
Manchester Metropolitan University
799 Wilmslow Road
Manchester M20 2RR

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Tel: 0161 247 2152
Dr Beth Humphries
Dept of Applied Social Science
Cartmel College
Lancaster University
Lancaster LA1 4YL
Tel: 01524 594125

Project: ‘Looking at the experiences of traumatized refugee children and their Families’
Project description: Includes:
• Welfare professional responses towards refugee children and their families
• To attempt to highlight the plight of these children within the existing children and family and
childcare framework and
• Looking at the shortfall in social work education and in teacher-training courses and to consider how
well prepared practitioners are in working with this group of people.
Although we have concentrated on African children and their families, our discussion is broader and our
ideas applicable to all refugees and asylum seekers.
Researchers: Toyin Okitikpi and Cathy Aymer
Funders: Brunel University’s brief award scheme
Project dates: 1999−2001
Contact information: Toyin.Okitikpi@brunel.ac.uk
Centre for Black Professional Practice
Brunel University
300, St Margaret’s Road
Twickenham, TW1 1PT
Tel: 0208-891-0121 ex 2282
Email: swsttto@brunel.ac.uk

Project: ‘Extraordinary childhoods: social roles and social networks of refugee children’
Researcher: Dr M. Candappa
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 02 December 1996 − 01 April 1998
Contact information: Dr M. Candappa
Thomas Coram Research Unit
University of London

Project: ‘Young Seperated Refugees in Yorkshire and Humberside’

Researcher: Andrew Dawson
Funders: Save the Children and Diana Foundation
Project dates: September 2000 − February 2001
Contact information: Dr Andrew Dawson
Sociology and Anthropology
University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX
Tel: 01482 466213
Fax: 01482 466366
Email: a.dawson@cas.hull.ac.uk

2.10 Justice and Legal System

2.11 Welfare and Social Policy

Project: ‘Meeting the resettlement needs of refugees: the role of social services'
Researchers: R. Sales, J. Dutton, R. Kohli, L. Hoggart

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Funders: NFFR Funding
Project dates: Start date January 1999 − 2000
Report: Sales, R. Hoggart, L and Hek, R. (2001) Meeting the resettlement needs of refugees: the role of social
services Report of a research project funded by Middlesex University (in press)
Contact information: Dr Rosemary Sales
Reader in Social Policy
School of Social Science
Middlesex University
Queensway, Enfield, Middlesex, EN3 4SF
London, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 8411 5497
Fax: +44 (0)181 362 6404
Email: Rosemary5@mdx.ac.uk

Project: ‘Disabled Refugees in Britain: entitlements to and needs for social and welfare services’
Project description: The Refugee Council and researchers at the University of York have come together to
conduct a study of disabled refugees living in Britain. Disabled refugees constitute a largely invisible
population whose social needs and circumstances are largely unknown. The research aims to redress this
through a mixed methods approach incorporating a quantitative survey, qualitative interviews and an
ongoing review of legislative changes. The quantitative survey has produced a minimum estimate of the
numbers of disabled refugees and asylum seekers in Britain (c. 6,000) and indicated that disabled refugees
are a heterogeneous group, for instance with regard to impairments, causal factors, and immigration status.
Eight first language interviews are currently interviewing c.40 disabled refugees and asylum seekers from
the Tamil, Sorani, Somali and Vietnamese communities about their experiences/needs of social services.
Interviews will also be held with 16 service providers.
Researchers: Keri Roberts, Jennifer Harris, Patricia Sloper (in collaboration with The Refugee Council)
Funders: National Lottery Charities Board, Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Project dates: September 1999 to April 2002
Contact information: Keri Roberts
Social Policy Research Unit
University of York
York YO10 5DD
Tel: 01904 433608
Fax: 01904 433618
Email: kr5@york.ac.uk

2.12 Discrimination, Racism, Race Relations, Migration and Settlement Policies

2.13 Citizenship and Multiculturalism

2.14 Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy and Social Exclusion

2.15 Government Documents and Evaluations

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3. Asylum Seekers − General
Project: ‘Dissemination of information about destination countries to potential asylum seekers in their
countries of origin/transit countries’
Project description: This study builds on previous research on social networks among asylum seekers,
which concluded that there are increasing similarities in the way that all migrants receive, evaluate and use
information in their decision whether and where to move, and which highlighted the growing role of
smugglers and other migration agents.
Researcher(s): Khalid Koser
Funder: Home Office
Project dates: draft report submitted 2001
Contact information: Dr Khalid Koser
Migration Research Unit
University College London
26 Bedford Way
London WC1H OAP
Email: Kkoser@geog.ucl.ac.uk

Project: ‘Asylum policy and process in Britain: mapping the field’

Researchers: Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, Lynette Kelly
Funders: Home Office
Project dates: completion April 2001
Contact information: Lynette Kelly
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry
CV4 7AL
Email: Errbr@snow.csv.warwick.ac.uk

Project: ‘The experiences of young separated asylum seekers in Greater Manchester’

Researchers: Dr Ed Mynott, Manchester Metropolitan University
Dr Beth Humphries, Lancaster University
Miranda Kauning, Save the Children Fund (North West)
Funders: Save the Children Fund
Project dates: 1 September 2000 − 31 May 2001
Contact information:
Dr Ed Mynott
Dept of Applied Community Studies
Manchester Metropolitan University
799 Wilmslow Road
Manchester M20 2RR
Tel: 0161 247 2152
Dr Beth Humphries
Dept of Applied Social Science
Cartmel College
Lancaster University
Lancaster LA1 4YL
Tel: 01524 594125

Project: Currently being commissioned from Central Office of Information by the Lord Chancellor’s
Department: To help our understanding of effective communication of the asylum process
Project description: Main aims:
• To provide a baseline of attitudes, knowledge and image of asylum process for on-going monitoring
and evaluation

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• To highlight misinformation and knowledge gaps among key audiences which need to be addressed
• To identify any key local trends or issues, and differences between age, gender, race and socio-
economic class
• To test within focus groups general public and stakeholder understanding of the key messages and
appropriateness of communication lines.
Researcher: Central Office of Information
Funders: Lord Chancellor’s Department
Project dates: currently being commissioned
Contact information:
Rachel Atkinson
Lord Chancellor’s Department
Selbourne House
54−60 Victoria Street
London SW1E 6QW
Tel: 020 7210 8830
Email: Rachel.atkinson@lcdhq.gsi.gov.uk

Project: Home Office/NASS/IND review of services for asylum seekers in the dispersal process (health
and social care)
Researcher: Dr Mark R. D. Johnson
Funders: Home Office
Project dates: April 2001 − ongoing
Contact information:
Dr Mark R. D. Johnson
Reader in Primary Care
Director, Evidence Based Centre on Ethnicity and Health
Mary Seacole Research Centre
266 London Road
De Montfort University
Leicester LE2 1RQ
Tel: 0116 201 3906
Email: johnsons@cv77dq.freeserve.co.uk

Project: ‘Monocultural communities and their effect on asylum seekers and refugees in Humberside’
Researcher: Andrew Dawson
Funders: Save the Children
Project dates: June 2000
Contact information:
Dr Andrew Dawson
Sociology and Anthropology
University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX
Tel: 01482 466213
Fax: 01482 466366
Email: a.dawson@cas.hull.ac.uk

Project: ‘Anthropologists as expert witnesses: the case of South Asian asylum seekers’
Project description:

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Aims: (1) Assessing the role of anthropological expert evidence in legal processes; (2) Comparing the
status and role of social scientific and medical evidence in legal decision-making; (3) Exploring the
professional and ethical dilemmas posed by such work; (4) Analysing legal use of key concepts such as
‘race’, ‘nationality’ and ‘particular social group’ in deciding asylum claims. The research will examine the
role of anthropologists and other expert witnesses in asylum appeals by South Asian asylum seekers in the
UK, especially Sri Lankan Tamils, and assess the role of both anthropological and medical evidence in
these legal processes. It will involve direct ethnographic observation of appeal hearings where expert
evidence is used; interviews with expert witnesses, solicitors, barristers, presenting officers, appeal
adjudicators, and tribunal chairs; and will make use of documentary and electronic legal archives.
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1 November 2000 − 31 October 2001
Researcher: Dr Anthony Good
Contact: Dr Anthony Good
Department of Social Anthropology
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH8 9LL
Tel: 0131 650 3941
Fax: 0131 650 3945
Email: A.Good@ed.ac.uk
agood@bluenote.demon.co.uk (home/travel)

Project: ‘The Impact of Asylum Policies in Europe: a Feasibility Study’

Researchers: Professor R. Zetter, Martyn Pearl, Dr David − and Silva Ferretti
Funders: Home Office (Research Development and Statistics Directorate)
Project dates: 2000 − 2001
Contact information:
Professor R. Zetter
Deputy Head
School of Planning
Oxford Brookes University
Oxford OX3 0BP
Tel: 01865-483925
Fax: 01865-483559
Email: rwzetter@brookes.ac.uk
Web: www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/planning/dates

Project: ‘Asylum Seeker Dispersal and Community Relations’ an analysis of development strategies’
Project description: This ESRC-funded project which commenced in January 2001 addresses some of the
problems facing asylum-seekers and the communities to which they are being dispersed. Intended to
provide a practical guide to strategies that have been used to shape positively local community responses to
the presence of asylum seekers newly arrived in their midst, the project will examine both good and bad
practice nationally. It will produce a practical overview of current practice intended to be of use to local
authorities and other agencies involved in the distribution and settlement process.
Funder: ESRC
Researchers: Dr Roger Hewitt, Dr Saulo Cwerner
Project dates: 2001 − 2003
Contact:
Centre for Urban and Community Research
Goldsmiths College
New Cross
London
SE14 6NW
Tel: 0207-919717 Ext 4434
Fax: 0207-9197383
Email: S.Cwerner@gold.ac.uk

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Web page: http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/cucr/asylumres.html

Project: ‘Surviving Asylum’ (working title)

Project description: Research uses unstructured interviews, drawing on issues that the interviewee identifies
as top priority.
Researchers: Jennifer Monahan, Caroline Howard, Katharine Flether, Angela Chatko
Funding body: Churches’ Commission for Racial Justice
Project dates: Jan − Sept 2001
Contact information: Jennifer Monahan
8, Sydney House, Woodstock Rd, London W4 1DP.
Tel: 020 8742 1617
Fax: 020 8995 5298
Email: jmonahan@netcomuk.co.uk

Project: ‘Asylum Policy and Practice in European States’

Project description: This research examines the links made and assumed in public and political discourse
between asylum seekers and welfare. Factors include racism and xenophobia, political opportunism and
political and economic ideologies.
Researcher: Dr Lisa Schuster and Dr John Solomos
Funder: Nuffield Foundation, Southbank University, LSE
Project dates: 1999 − present
Contact information: Lisa Schuster
Department of Sociology
LSE
Houghton Street
London WC2A 2AE
Tel: 0207 9557648
Email: L.K.Schuster@lse.ac.uk

Project: ‘The Meaning of Asylum in Britain’

Project description: Examines changes in the interpretation of asylum seeking in post-war Britain through
consideration of three particular agencies involved. The first part identifies parliamentary discourses
through an analysis of the record of debates and parliamentary questions. The second part reports on in
depth interviews with members of two particular asylum groups – Somalis and Bosnians. The third part
reports on interviews with ‘professionals; in asylum issues – immigration lawyers, Home Office officials,
MPs and lobbyists.
Researcher: Kate Day, Completed PhD thesis
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: Professor Paul White
Department of Geography
University of Sheffield
Sheffield
S10 2TN
Tel: 0114 222 7948
Fax: 0114 279 7912
Email: P.White@sheffield.ac.uk

Project: ‘A Review of Current Approaches to the Provision of Country of Origin

Information in the Asylum Determination Process’
Researchers: Dr Gareth A Jones, Laurence Vagassky
Funders: The Home Office, Immigration Research and Statistics Service
Project dates: March − May 2001
Contact information: Dr Gareth A Jones
Department of Geography
London School of Economics

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Houghton Street
London WC2A 2AE
United Kingdom
Tel: UK+ 020 7955 7610
Fax: UK+ 020 7955 7412
Email: G.A.Jones@lse.ac.uk

Project: ‘Guide for Registered Social Landlords and Local Authorities on the Provision of Housing
Support for Asylum Seekers’
Researchers: Professor Roger Zetter and Martyn Pearl
Funder: Housing Corporation
Project dates: 1999 – 2000
Contact information:
Professor R. Zetter
Deputy Head
School of Planning
Oxford Brookes University
Oxford OX3 0BP
Tel: 01865-483925
Fax: 01865-483559
Email: rwzetter@brookes.ac.uk
Website: www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/planning/dates

Project: 'The relationship between asylum policy and immigration movement in Canada and the UK'
Researcher: Dr M. Gibney, Dr E. Colson
Funders: Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade and the Foundation for Canadian
Studies UK
Project dates: January 2000 − December 2001
Contact information:
Dr M. Gibney
Refugee Studies Centre
Queen Elizabeth House
University of Oxford
St Giles
Oxford OX1 3LA
Tel: (0) 1865 270722
Email: matthew.gibney@qeh.ox.ac.uk

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4. Ethnic Minorities − General
Project: ‘Racialised Gendering, Locality and Youth Employment Opportunities’
Project description: This research is a comparative investigation of processes of racialised gendering
affecting young people in urban labour markets. The examination of these processes will focus on the role
of social linkages within different types of urban areas. The research proposed will investigate and compare
the employment situation of Afro-Caribbean, Pakistani Asian and White young men and women, from a
variety of class backgrounds, in three areas along the M4 Corridor (Reading, Slough and West London)
differing both in their position within the metropolitan region and the size of the minority communities
involved. We plan to (i) compare the racialised and gendered experience of both different ethnic groups and
of men and women, (ii) study the interaction of processes of racialised gendering in the home and
‘community’ setting and in the more formal institutions of the labour market and (iii) assess the importance
of local specificities to these processes.
Researchers:
Funders: ESRC CITIES project
Project dates:
Contact information: Dr Sophie Bowlby
Department of Geography
University of Reading
PO Box 227
Whiteknights
Reading RG6 6AB
Tel: 0118 931 8733

Project: ‘Best Practice in School−Business Mentoring for Ethnic Minority Pupils’

Project description: Working with 6 established schemes that service ethnic minority pupils in general or
specifically. We have employed qualitative and quantitative methods to question the following participants:
the mentoring project co-ordinators, the school co-ordinators, mentees, mentors and form tutors.
Researchers:
Funders: Runnymede Trust
Project dates: Handbook to be published end 2000
Contact information:
Runnymede Trust
133 Aldersgate Street
London EC1A 4JA
Tel: 020 7 600 9666
Fax: 020 7 600 8529
Email: runnymedetrust@trt.demon.co.uk
Website: www.runnymedetrust.org

Project: ‘Beyond Fragmentation and Exclusion: Realising innovative and cohesive economies in Inner
North East London’
Project description: The project is focused on Inner North East London, made up of Islington, Tower
Hamlets, Haringey and Hackney. Perceptions of the area might suggest that it is suffering from social
fragmentation. The project will challenge such a view by examining aspects of social differentiation in
INEL which already contribute positively to economic competitiveness and social cohesion and which can
be built upon for future policy. The project will describe and analyse particular local instances of economic
and social activity which have countered the processes of social fragmentation and economic inactivity,
focusing on three facets: the community sector, minority ethnic and cultural industries and pathways into
employment initiatives.
Researchers (include): Prof Norman Ginsburg, Dr Jane Lewis, Stephen Thake, Dr Jo Foord (School of
Social Sciences, University of North London); Prof Paul Joyce, The Business School, UNL; Josephine
Ocloo, School of Community Health, Psychology and Social Work, UNL
Funders: ESRC

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Project dates: not given
Contact information: Normal Ginsburg
School of Social Sciences
University of North London
62−66 Highbury Grove
London N5 2AD
Tel: 0207 753 3282
Email: n.ginsburg@unl.ac.uk

Project: ‘Living arrangements, family structure and social change of Caribbeans in Britain’
Researchers: Professor Mary Chamberlain, (Oxford Brookes University) and
Professor Harry Goulbourne (South Bank University)
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1.1.1996 − 31 Dec 1998
Contact information: Professor Mary Chamberlain,
School of Humanities,
Oxford Brookes University,
Oxford OX3 0BP
Tel: 01865 484130
Email:mcchamberlain@brookes.ac.uk
Professor Harry Goulbourne
Division of Sociology and Social Policy
South Bank University
103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA
Tel: 020 78158063
Email: goulbohd@sbu.ac.uk

Project: ‘The Sri Lankan Community in Britain’

Project description: Considers the growth of the Sri Lankan community in Britain since the second world
war, highlighting its distribution within London, and its demographic and economic characteristics. The
community is shown to be distinctive from the other South Asian groups present. Recent growth in the
numbers of those with a Sri Lankan birthplace reflects a change in the migration stream away from
traditional supplies of the educated and business people towards refugees.
Researcher: Paul White (plus colleague at the University of Colombo)
Contact information: Professor Paul White
Department of Geography
University of Sheffield
Sheffield
S10 2TN
Tel: 0114 222 7948
Fax: 0114 279 7912
E-mail: P.White@sheffield.ac.uk

Project: ‘The changing labour process, trade unions and equal opportunity policies’
Project description: This study will examine how black workers are affected by economic restructuring and
technological change with particular reference to how trade unionism and equal opportunity policy is
responding to their demands.
Researcher: Wrench, J.
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: J. Wrench
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 4869
Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3605 (Resources Centre)

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Fax: +44 (0)24 7652 4324

Project: ‘Handling Double Disadvantage: Minority Ethnic Women and Trade Unions’
Project description: Investigate the role of trade unions in promoting employment opportunities for ethnic
minority women, and the women’s perception and experience of such initiatives and practices. Recent
research has highlighted diversity between women of different ethnic groups in terms of employment status
and occupational grouping, but many non-white women continue to report ‘double disadvantage’ of
ethnicity and gender in the labour market and to experience discrimination at work. Case studies of 4
unions will provide information about unions equality policies and their impact on empowering women and
minority members in a range of occupational groups.
Researchers: Harriet Bradley and Geraldine Healy (University of Hertfordshire)
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: Prof Tariq Modood (Centre Director)
Department of Sociology
Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship
12 Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1UQ
Tel: (+44 117) or (0117) 928 8218
Fax: (+44 117) or (0117) 970 6022
Email: t.modood@bris.ac.uk

Project: ‘Ethnicity, Social Mobility and Public Policy in the US and UK’
Project description: The aim is to identify under what conditions racialised minorities and racialised
immigrant groups make socio-economic progress. The intention is to explore factors such as differential
racism, ethnic networks, educational opportunities, family support and intermarriage, class, political power,
religion and residential segregation by bringing together the leading scholars in their field at conferences in
Bristol and Boston and to publish the results in an edited volume in 2000.
Researches: Tariq Modood, Glenn Loury and Steven Teles (Institute of Race and Social Division,
University of Boston)
Funders: Kellog Foundation
Project dates: 1999
Contact information: Prof Tariq Modood (Centre Director)
Department of Sociology
Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship
12 Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1UQ
Tel: (+44 117) or (0117) 928 8218
Fax: (+44 117) or (0117) 970 6022
Email: t.modood@bris.ac.uk

Project: ‘The mental health of Chinese women in Britain’

Researchers: Green, Gill S, H. Bradby, M. Lee and K. Eldridge.
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1999 − 2000
Award No. R000222822

Project: ‘Ethnic Minorities In Higher Education’

Project description: The Department of Sociology has carried out research into the under-representation of
ethnic minorities in academic and related grades in HE in England, Scotland and Wales.
Researchers: Tariq Modood, Steve Fenton, and John Carter
Funders: consortium of the Association of University Teachers, the National Association of Teachers in
Further and Higher Education, the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals, the Commission on
University Career Opportunity, the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council, the Higher Education
Funding Council for England and the Commission for Racial Equality. A final report has now been
published.

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Contact information:
Prof Tariq Modood (Centre Director)
Department of Sociology Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship
12 Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1UQ
Tel: (+44 117) or (0117) 928 8218
Fax: (+44 117) or (0117) 970 6022
Email: t.modood@bris.ac.uk

Project: ‘Ethnicity, Class and Health’

Project description: The project examined the relationships between ethnicity and social class, with a view
to refining our understanding of the health-class nexus and the health-ethnicity nexus. The study was based
on social anthropological investigations in Bristol and Leeds which were designed to uncover relations
between ethnicity and economic position, especially where the nature of the ethnicity-class linkage may be
obscured in quantitative studies. This required locally based exploration of forms of employment, self-
employment and domestic economies. The longer term aim of the study was to incorporate findings of a
qualitative kind into quantitative measures of economic position, with particular attention to potential
differences between ethnic populations. The research included a survey study of ethnicity class and health
in Leeds.
Researchers: Steve Fenton, George Davey Smith, Waqar Ahmad and Helen Lambert
Funders: ESRC Research Project under the Health Variations (Inequalities in Health) Programme
Project dates: February 1997 – 2000
Contact information: Steve Fenton
Department of Sociology
12 Woodland Road
Bristol
BS8 1UQ
Tel: 0117 928 7689
Email: steve.fenton@bristol.ac.uk

Project: ‘Health Survey for England Research’ (sub-set on mental health and minority ethnic groups)
Funders: National Centre for Social Research
Contact information: Steve Fenton
Department of Sociology
12 Woodland Road
Bristol
BS8 1UQ
Tel: 0117 928 7689
Email: steve.fenton@bristol.ac.uk
`
Project: ‘Cancer Relief Ways to improve Palliative Care for Minority Ethnic Groups in Birmingham’
Funders: Birmingham Specialist Community Health Trust & Macmillan Cancer Relief Collaborative
project with Ashram Group, Birmingham
Project dates: 2000
Contact information: http://www.macmillan.org.uk/

Project: ‘The social mobilities of immigrant minorities in England and Wales 1971−1991’
Project description: This is a detailed quantitative analysis of the changing social (occupational) positions
of members of immigrant ethnic minorities based upon a seriously under-used data source − the ONS
Longitudinal Study. Overall conclusion: one cannot be satisfied with conceptualisations that (i) equate
immigrant ethnic minorities with the blue-collar proletariat (or worse still sub-proletariat; (ii) deny
convergence of social class structures with the host society; or (iii) fail to indicate stable middle class
presence and strong signs of upward mobility of specific ethnic minority groups.
Researcher: Tony Fielding
Funders: None

291
Project dates: 1995 − 98
Contact details: Prof. A. J. Fielding
University of Sussex
Brighton, BN1 9SN
Email: a.j.fielding@sussex.ac.uk

Project: ‘New and established political elites with a focuses on women and ethnic minorities’
Researcher: Professor John Scott
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: John Scott
Dept. of Sociology
University of Essex
Colchester, CO4 3SQ
Tel: 01206 873333
Fax: 01206 873333
Website: http//:www.essex.ac.uk

Project: ‘European Chinese, Chinese Europeans: strategies and identities’

Project description: Ethnic identification is the principal focus of this project, which develops a
comparative perspective on Chinese identity, integration, assimilation, and alienation in different European
settings. The project assumes that the particular structure of each Chinese community in Europe is born of a
complex interaction between Chinese and the European receiving society. The project also seeks evidence
of a pan- European Chinese spirit. Its central thrust is to understand Chinese ethnic identity in Europe, and
its links to immigrants’ native places. Chinese immigrants transcend Europe’s established national
boundaries; they must be viewed in a transnational perspective, as (arguably) the first and best
“Europeans”. It looks, too, at the economic role of these influential but largely unremarked communities.
These communities represent an economic asset whose potential is barely recognised by their host
societies, and form a bridge to the booming economies of East Asia. The project links together existing
research expertise in a broad range of European centres of East Asian studies and of anthropology and acts
as a focus for programmes of research across Europe. Award type: Substantive research contract
Researchers: Benton, Gregor, Christiansen, Flemming, Hook, B and Rimmington, D
Funders: ESRC Part of the ‘Pacific Asia’ ESRC Research Project
Project dates: 01 October 1995 − 30 September 1997
Contact information:
Dept of East Asian Studies
University of Leeds
Website: http://www.dialspace.dial.pipex.com/gsegal/pap.htm

Project: ‘Ethnic Diversity and Public Policy’

Project description: To develop elements of an applied political theory grounded in a British ethnic
relations context and developed explicitly to provide a framework for discussing and resolving some of the
political problems that are arising in that context. The specific focus of the project was to identify how
disadvantaged groups may be justly and effectively assisted; to clarify what aspects of ethnicity and
religion may legitimately be incorporated into policy; and to consider how the demands of multiculturalism
can be reconciled with the concept of citizenship. An initial publication from this work is ‘Anti-
Essentialism, Multiculturalism and the ‘Recognition’ of Religious Groups’, Journal of Political Philosophy,
Dec, 1998.
Researchers: Tariq Modood
Contact information:

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Prof Tariq Modood (Centre Director)
Department of Sociology Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship
12 Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1UQ
Tel: (+44 117) or (0117) 928 8218
Fax: (+44 117) or (0117) 970 6022
Email: t.modood@bris.ac.uk

Project: ‘Ethnic Minority Families’

Project description: The researchers revisited a number of respondents from the Fourth Survey of Ethnic
Minorities (T. Modood et al. Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage, PSI, 1997) to get
behind the statistical differences between white families and some ethnic minority groups through in-depth
interviews with a range of people in different kinds of families. The evidence gathered suggests that ethnic
minorities have values and norms which are sometimes different from those prevailing among the white
population, and these are partly behind the differences in household sizes and family formations found
amongst the minority groups. Some minority groups are perhaps more inclined than whites to favour short-
term, flexible relationships, female economic independence and single mothers. Other minorities are just
the opposite. The findings are published in Ethnic Minority Families, PSI, 1998.
Researchers: Tariq Modood, Sharon Beishon (Office of National Statistics) and Satnam Virdee (Strathclyde
University)
Funders: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Contact information:
Prof Tariq Modood (Centre Director)
Department of Sociology
Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship
12 Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1UQ
Tel: (+44 117) or (0117) 928 8218
Fax: (+44 117) or (0117) 970 6022
Email: t.modood@bris.ac.uk

Project: ‘Social Exclusion and the Policies of New Labour’

The project on New Labour and Social Exclusion (formally called ‘Discourses of Social Exclusion and
Integration in Emergent Labour Party Policy’). The project identifies three different discourses of social
exclusion − a redistributionist model typical of critical social policy, a social integrationist model focused
on paid employment, and a moral integrationist model embedded in discourses about the underclass. It
examines the implications of these different models, especially for the reduction of inequality and the
recognition of unpaid work. It looks at the development of Labour Party policy and rhetoric since Blair
assumed leadership in 1994, and the dominance of social and moral integrationist themes − and raises
questions about how much, and what kind of, social inclusion Labour’s new ‘Social Exclusion Unit’ will
deliver. The results will be published as The Inclusive Society? (Macmillan, 1998).
Researchers: Ruth Levitas and Gail Hebson
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1996 − 1997
Contact information:

Project: ‘Review of the Family Visit Appeal System’

Researcher: To be commissioned (review to be completed in December 2001)
Project description: To research the following:
• Identify why failed applicants had not appealed
• Information on the reasons for visits (i.e. for specific event or a general visit/holiday) as an indicator of
the extent to which the underlying policy objective of promoting family life was being achieved
• Data on the number of visitors who applied to stay in the UK and ideally the numbers who stayed
illegally.
Funders: Lord Chancellor’s Department

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Contact information:
Rachel Atkinson
Lord Chancellor’s Department
Selbourne House
54−60 Victoria Street
London SW1E 6QW
Tel: 020 7210 8830
Email: rachel.atkinson@lcdhq.gsi.gov.uk

Project: ‘Asian Elders in Leicestershire’

Researchers: Nick Jewson, Syd Jeffers and Virinder Kalra (University of Leicester)
Funders: Leicestershire Social Services
Project dates: 2000
Contact information: Syd Jeffers, Director
Ethnicity Research Centre, University of Leicester,
Leicester LE1 7RH
Tel: 0116-252-2768
Fax: 0116-252-5259
Email: saj6@le.ac.uk

Project: ‘Respite Care for Ethnic Elders’

Project description: The project has a number of objectives. It will highlight the contribution made by Asian
carers to the welfare of elders as well as assess their current and future needs for respite care. It will seek to
identify problems encountered by members of Asian communities in accessing respite care and assess
whether provisions reflect the cultural needs of different ethnic groups. It is intended that models of good
practice will be identified and disseminated, thereby enhancing future strategic planning of health care and
other support services for Asian elders and carers.
Researchers: at the Ethnicity Research Centre, University of Leicester
Comissioned by: Ethnic Elders 2000
Project dates: 2000
Funders: Leicestershire Health Authority and Leicester Social Services
Contact information: Syd Jeffers, Director
Ethnicity Research Centre
University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH
Tel: 0116-252-2768
Fax: 0116-252-5259;
Email: saj6@le.ac.uk

Project: ‘Survival strategies among black men in Canada and the UK’
Researcher: Wanda Thomas Bernard, doctoral student (Sociological Studies)
Contact information: Professor Richard Jenkins
Department of Sociological Studies
Migration and Ethnicity Research Centre
University of Sheffield
Sheffield S10 2TN
Tel: +44 114 222 6443
Fax: +44 114 276 8125
Email: R.P.Jenkins@Sheffield.ac.uk

Project: ‘State Policies towards Muslim Minorities in the European Union’

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Project description: Islam has become the third largest religious community in the European Union.
Although most European states have a strong interest in integrating Muslim communities into society, there
continue to be many obstacles at various levels of the political system, which are mostly due to the deep-
rooted traditions of European nation state formations. The aim of the project is to bring together national,
regional and local administrations, Muslim institutions, Islamic associations etc. in order to analyse the
different state traditions and policies as well as the multitude of concrete measures directed towards
Muslim communities in the three participating countries, namely Sweden, United Kingdom and Germany.
By doing so, the project seeks to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of exclusion on the basis
of religion and ethnicity. Policy recommendations will be formulated on the local, regional, national and
European level in order to develop a joint European policy of anti-discrimination and integration of Muslim
minorities into the social, religious and political life of the different Member States in the European Union.
Researchers: Prof. Åke Sander, Prof. Muhammad Anwar
Funding: European Commission
Project dates: current
Contact information: Prof. Åke Sander
Centre for the Study of International Migration and Cultural Contact
Göteborg University
Box 200
S - 40530 Göteborg
Tel: +46 31 773 1561
Fax: +46 31 773 1560
Or
Prof. Muhammad Anwar
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER)
University of Warwick
Arts Building
GB - Coventry CV4 7AL
Tel: +44 24 76 5248 70
Fax: +44 24 76 5243 24

Project: ‘Facilitating ‘Break-Out’: Ethnic Minority Business Development in an Inner-City Context’

Researchers: Professor Monder Ram (Leicester Business School, De Montfort University) and Dr Balihar
Sanghera (University of Central England Business School, Birmingham)
Project description: Research examines how different ethnic minority communities engaged in
entrepreneurial activities are attempting to grow their businesses. Working with 24 companies and key
enterprise support agencies in Birmingham, the project will provide practical encouragement for the
management, social and urban processes involved in the development of ethnic minority firms. A key
concern is the reliance of many ethnic minority firms on co-ethnic consumers for their survival; it is argued
that growth is only likely to be achieved by lessening reliance on co-ethnic trading patterns and moving
into wider markets. In short, ‘break-out’ is critical to ethnic minority firms’ continued development. The
research will provide a qualitatively-grounded longitudinal assessment of the ways in which ethnic
minority firms in Birmingham are attempting to operationalise the process of ‘break-out’.
Funders: ESRC ‘CITIES’ Project
Project dates: 1998 − 2000
Contact information: Professor Monder Ram
De Montfort University
Leicester Business School Business School
The Gateway
Leicester LE1 9BH
Tel: 0117 257 7912
Email: mram@dmu.ac.uk
Website: http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/cities/

Project: ‘Migration, Residential Preferences and the Changing Environment of Cities’

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Project description: The main aim is to improve understanding of the factors which bind, attract and repel
residents in the larger cities and their inner areas, in the context of official projections indicating an extra 4
million households in England by 2016. The project approaches this task from the perspective of migration
and residential mobility, including the recognition of the importance of studying residential preferences and
the factors constraining personal choice and action. An underlying goal is to discover how far the
anticipated household growth will automatically support attempts at urban regeneration and identify types
of policy intervention that could reinforce this process.
Researchers: Tony Champion and Tania Ford
Funders: ESRC ‘CITIES’ Project
Project dates: June 1998 – 31 August 2000
Contact information: Professor Tony Champion and Ms Tania Ford
Department of Geography
Newcastle University
Newcastle NE1 7RU
Tel: +44 191 222 6437 and 6436
Fax: +44 191 222 5421
Email: tony.champion@ncl.ac.uk or t.l.ford@ncl.ac.uk
Website: http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/cities/
Project: ‘Managing social cohesion and young people’s entry into the labour market in a multi-ethnic city’
Researchers: Professor Charles Husband (The Ethnicity and Social Policy Research Unit,
University of Bradford), Philip Baldwin (Economic Initiatives Division, City of Bradford
Metropolitan Council), Andrew Gell (Bradford and District Training and Enterprise Council) and Dr
Stephen Siimpson (Principal Research Officer, City of Bradford Metropolitan Council).
Funders: ESRC ‘CITIES’ Project
Project dates: 1998 − 2000
Contact information: Professor Charles Husband
The Ethnicity and Social Policy Research Unit
University of Bradford
Richmond Road
Bradford
West Yorkshire BD7 1DP
Tel: 01274 733466
Email: C.H.Husband@bradford.ac.uk
Website: http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/cities/

Project: ‘Towards segmented assimilation of second generation Bangladeshis’

Researcher: Martin Smith, doctoral student, 1997 − Continuing
Contact information: Martin Smith
Nuffield College Oxford

Project: ‘Emergent Citizens? African-Caribbean and Pakistani Young People in Birmingham and
Bradford’
Project description: Our concern is to explore how, amidst structure of inequality and power, young people
can feel a sense of control and exert their sense of belonging through their own networks and in the wider
society. The research will explore the relationship between unemployed African-Caribbean and Pakistani
young people, the local state, and other social structures and networks in Birmingham and Bradford. It will
record 80 life histories of unemployed minority ethnic young people, women and men, aged 19−25 using
qualitative methods such as life history interviews, other biographical material and focus group discussions.
Forty key personnel from services with specific responsibilities for young people in the two cities will also
be interviewed, including local authority education, youth and social services, TECs, health authorities,
police and probation services.
Researchers: Dr C.C.C. Harris (Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology, University of Birmingham)
Mr P. Roach (Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology, University of Birmingham) Dr R.K. Thiara,
(Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology, University of Birmingham)
Funders: ESRC

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Project dates: 1 April 1999 − 31 March 2001
Contact information: Dr C.C.C. Harris
Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology
University of Birmingham
Birmingham B15 2TT
Tel: 0121 414 6220
Fax: 0121 414 6061
Email Harriscc@css.bham.ac.uk
Website: http://www.tsa.uk.com/YCSC/P3.html

Project: ‘Spatial re-ordering and the growth of welfare dependency’

Project description: This is a study to examine the consequences of increased welfare dependency by ethnic
minorities through such factors as unemployment, the significance of the population age-structure etc. and
to examine the degree and the effectiveness of official provision as well as looking at the extent of minority
community response through self-help and other care agencies.
Researcher: Dr M.R.D. Johnson
Funder: ESRC
Contact information:
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry, CV4 7AL
General Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 4869
Resources Centre Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3605.
Fax: +44 (0)24 7652 4324.

Project: ‘Industrial change, ghettoization and urban policy’

Researcher: Dr M. Cross
Project description: This is a study to investigate the extent to which economic restructuring adversely
affected ethnic minorities and how urban policy can help prevent their marginalization.
Funder: ESRC
Contact information:
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations,
University of Warwick
Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
General Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 4869
Resources Centre Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3605
Fax: +44 (0)24 7652 4324

Project: ‘The provision of Section 11 funds’

Project description: This project investigates the provision of social services to the ethnic minorities with
reference to ‘Special Needs’, the level of provision and the administration of Section 11 funds.
Researchers: Cross, M., Johnson, M.R.D., Cox, B
Funders: ESRC and Home Office
Contact information: Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
General Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 4869
Resources Centre Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3605
Fax: +44 (0)24 7652 4324

Project: ‘Career Aspirations of Ethnic Minorities’/‘Career Trajectories and Ethnicity’

Funders: Manpower Services Commission and the Department of Employment
Researcher: Dr R. Penn
Project dates: 1992 − 1996
Contact information: Dr R. Penn

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Ethnicity Research Group
Department of Sociology
Lancaster University
Fylde College
Lancaster LA1 4YF
Tel: 01524- 593064
Email: R.Penn@lancaster.ac.uk

Project: ‘Let’s talk about cancer: An exploration of cancer beliefs and values of people from various ethnic
groups’
Researchers: A collaborative study involving Middlesex University’s Research Centre for Transcultural
Studies in Health, North Middlesex Hospital NHS Trust, Barnet & Chase Farm Hospital NHS Trust,
Whittington Hosptial NHS Trust, Cancer Black Care & St Joseph’s Hospice.
Project dates: 2000 − 2001
Funders: Jointly funded by all collaborators and the King’s Fund.
For further information visit the Project’s website:
http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/rctsh/cancer/homepage.htm

Project: ‘Researching (alcohol) drinking prevalence in minority ethnic communities’

Researchers: Mary Seacole Research Centre, Aquarius Alcohol Projects, Birmingham and Dept.
Psychology, Birmingham University
Sponsor: Alcohol Concern England (Total value £55,00)
Contact information: Professor Mel Chevannes
Mary Seacole Research Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery at De Montfort University.
Tel: 0116 201 3878
Fax: 0116 270 9722
Email: vhreid@dmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘The Health Needs of Greek Cypriots living in London’

Project description: This study aimed to identify the health needs of Greek Cypriots living in London by
investigating their health, their beliefs about health and health behaviours and comparing them with
existing studies of the indigenous population. Health workers were also interviewed to discover whether
they were able to meet these needs in a culturally sensitive and competent manner by assessing the level of
information in their possession and their understanding of the Greek Cypriot culture and lifestyle, and its
impact on health.
Researcher: Papadopoulos, R.
Funders: The Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health
Middlesex University
Contact information:
Dr Rena Papadopoulos
The Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health
Middlesex University
10 Highgate Hill
London N19 3UA
Tel: 0181 362 6626
Fax: 0181 362 6106
Email: r.papadopoulos@mdx.ac.uk
Website: http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/rctsh/grkcyp.htm

Project: ‘Evaluating black and ethnic minority management development’

Researchers: Mark Johnson, Naomi Watson, Asha Pawar, with CHESS, University of Warwick
Funders: NHS Executive and BaSE Consortium, North Birmingham Community Health
Contact information: Professor Mel Chevannes
Mary Seacole Research Centre

298
School of Nursing and Midwifery at De Montfort University
Tel: 0116 201 3878
Fax: 0116 270 9722
Email: vhreid@dmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘Black Achievers in Practice’

Researchers: Mel Chevannes and Naomi Watson
Funders: Department of Health
Contact information: Professor Mel Chevannes
Mary Seacole Research Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery at De Montfort University
Tel: 0116 201 3878
Fax: 0116 270 9722
Email: vhreid@dmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘An investigation into the needs of Irish men aged 45-64 living in London’
Researcher: M. Tilki
Funders: Irish Government
Project dates: 1996 − present
Contact information: The Research Centre for Transcultural
Studies in Health
Middlesex University
10 Highgate Hill
London, N19 3UA
Tel: 020 8411 6626/7
Fax: 020 8411 6106

Project: ‘Scoping study of the needs of ethnic minorities with visual impairment’
Researcher: M. Johnson
Funders: The Gift of Thomas Pocklington
Contact information: Professor Mel Chevannes
School of Nursing and Midwifery at De Montfort University.
Tel: 0116 201 3878
Fax: 0116 270 9722
Email: vhreid@dmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘Meeting needs of Black and Minority Communities through Registered Social Landlords’
Researchers: Collaborative project between Centre for Comparative Housing Research DMU and
University of Warwick through De Montfort Expertise
Funders: Housing Corporation
Contact information: Professor Mel Chevannes
Mary Seacole Research Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery at De Montfort University
Tel: 0116 201 3878
Fax: 0116 270 9722
Email: vhreid@dmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘Commuting Patterns and labour markets for minority ethnic groups’
Researchers: Dr David Owen and Anne Green (IER; University of Warwick)
Project dates: April 1998 to September 1999
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: Dr David Owen
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry CV4 7AL

299
Tel: 024 76524259
Fax: 024 76524324
Email: D.W.Owen@warwick.ac.uk
Website: http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~erac

Project: ‘Data Analysis for Widening Participation of people from minority ethnic groups in further
education in Birmingham and Solihull’
Researchers: Dr David Owen and Anne Green (IER; University of Warwick)
Funders: Birmingham and Solihull Partnerships
Contact information: Dr David Owen
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry CV4 7AL
Tel: 024 76524259
Fax: 024 76524324
Email: D.W.Owen@warwick.ac.uk
Website: http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~erac

Project: ‘Cataloguing rise of racism and fascism towards ethnic minorities in Europe’
Researchers: Institute of Race Relations
Funders: Joseph Roundtree Charitable Trust
Contact information: Institute of Race Relations
King’s Cross Road
London WC1 X91S
Tel: 020 7833 2010
Email: info@irr.org.uk

Project: ‘Ethnic minorities, party politics and voting behaviour’

Researcher: Shamit Saggar and A. Heath
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1997 − 1999
Contact information: Shamit Saggar
Reader in Politics
Department of Politics
Queen Mary-University of London
London E1 4NS
Tel: (+44) 020 7882 5003 (office)
Tel: (+44) 020 7882 3399 (direct)
Fax: (+44) 020 7882 7855
Email: S.Saggar@qmw.ac.uk

Project: 'Hindu Nationalism and Religious Education in the UK'

Researcher: Mary Searle-Chatterjee
Research dates: 2000 − present
Contact information: Mary Searle-Chatterjee
Department of Applied Community Studies
Manchester Metropolitan University
799, Wilmslow Road
Manchester M20 2RR
Tel: (+44) 0161-247-2000
Email: M.Searle-Chatterjee@mmu.ac.uk

Project: ‘Unavoidable Costs of Ethnicity’

300
Project description: This project aims to develop a methodology for estimating the likely additional costs to
Health Authorities in England for providing services resulting from the minority composition of their
populations.
Researchers: Dr David Owen (CRER Univ. of Warwick), Mark Johnson (CRER) and Ala Szcepura and
Mike Clark (CHSS, University of Warwick).
Funder: Department of Health
Contact information: Dr David Owen
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations
University of Warwick
Coventry CV4 7AL
Tel: 024 76524259
Fax: 024 76524324
Email: D.W.Owen@warwick.ac.uk
Website: http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~erac

Project: ‘Finding the way home: Young People, Community Safety and Racial Danger’
Researchers: M. Keith and Phil Cohen
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1996 − 98
Contact information: Phil Cohen
Centre for New Ethnicities Research
University of East London
Longbridge Road
Dagenham, Essex RM8 2AS
Email: P.A.Cohen@UEL.ac.uk
Michael Keith
Centre for Urban and Community Research
Goldsmiths College University of London
Email: m.keith@gold.ac.uk

Project: ‘Ethnic Enterprise, Class, and the State: Chinese in Britain, Southeast Asia and Australia’
Researchers: Professor G. Benton, Dr E. Gomez
Funders: ESRC, Transnational Communities Programme
Project dates: April 1999 − March 2002
Contact information: Professor G. Benton
School of History and Archaeology
University of Cardiff
PO Box 909
Cardiff CF1 3XU
Tel: 01222 874000
Email: Benton@cardiff.ac.uk

Project: ‘Gender and the Construction Industry’

Project description: The research will provide a qualitative analysis of the barriers to the inclusion of
women, particularly lone parents and women from black and minority ethnic communities and women
returners, in the construction industry manual trades. It will examine the attitudes and practices which
maintain the gender imbalance in the construction industry. The research will make practical
recommendations on the measures to overcome the current exclusion of women from the construction
industry labour force.
Researcher: Dr Les Back, Alison Rooke
Funders: Women’s Education in Building
Project dates: 2001 − 2003

301
Contact information: Centre for Urban and Community Research
Goldsmiths College
University of London
New Cross
London SE14 6NW
Direct line: 020 7919 7390
Outside UK: +44 20 7919 7390
Fax: +44 20 7919 7383
Email: cucr@gold.ac.uk;
Website: http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/cucr/asylumres.html

Project: ‘Democratic Governance and Ethnic Minority Participation’

Project description: A joint CUCR/South Bank University ESRC funded project will address the question
of the changing forms of political participation among ethnic minority communities in contemporary
Britain. This project will study the participation of ethnic minorities in conventional forms of democratic
activity and the role of participation within the alternative public sphere of ethnic minority civil society.
The research will be focussed on three localities: two in London and one in Birmingham. The team will
also investigate the role of organisations and movements that have emerged within minority communities to
give voice to specific interests or concerns.
Researchers: Professor Michael Keith, Professor John Solomos, South Bank University, Dr Kalbir Shukra,
Dr Les Back, Azra Khan
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 2000 − 2005
Contact information: Centre for Urban and Community Research
Goldsmiths College
University of London
New Cross
London SE14 6NW
Direct line: 020 7919 7390
Outside UK: +44 20 7919 7390
Fax: +44 20 7919 7383
Email: cucr@gold.ac.uk;
Website: http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/cucr/asylumres.html

Project: ‘Community, area polarisation and regeneration’

Research description: What factors - individual, social and institutional - contribute to an area of change
leading to areas starting with similar levels of deprivation ending up on different trajectories? How do
physical and social conditions in marginal areas affect family life from the perspective of the families
themselves? To understand and answer these questions, we are following 12 areas closely over 5 years,
and interviewing 200 families every 6-9 months. This part of the Centre’s work includes the activities
carried out by the research and consultancy group, LSE Housing. Current research includes work on
community cycling projects (funded by the Ashden Trust); looking at how to raise levels of basic skills
(funded by the Basic Skills Agency); work on ethnic minority housing and integration in Bradford (funded
by Bradford City Council); and a pilot study looking at how to involve people with the Government’s new
Tenants Compacts. As part of its work, the Centre is collaborating with the National Tenant Resource
Centre at Trafford Hall, near Chester, to support and evaluate community initiatives in low income
neighbourhoods throughout the country.
Researchers: Prof A. Power, Prof H. Glennerster, Ms H. Bowman, Prof D. Downes, Mr J. Elster, Dr M.
Kleinman, Mr A. Lee, Ms R. Lupton, Ms K. Mumford, Ms C. Paskell, Ms M. Ravenhill, Ms E. Richardson,
Ms R. Tunstall
Funders: ESRC
Contact information: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion
LSE, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE
Tel: +44(0)20 7955 6679
Fax: +44(0)20 7955 6951,

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Website: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/case

Project: ‘Multiculturalism versus the Melting Pot’

Project description: The research proposal relates to immigration, assimilation, multiculturalism and
segregation of ethnic minority populations in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The
object of the research is to establish whether national policies with regard to assimilation or
multiculturalism have any discernible effect on the levels of segregation of similarly defined ethnic
minority populations. The aim of the project is to take an identical set of ethnic groups in three countries
with contrasting policies (UK, USA and Canada) and to establish whether their levels of segregation differ
in different settings. The set of ethnic groups comprises the Black, Indian, Chinese, Irish and Italian
populations. The study is largely computer but partly field based.
Researcher: Ceri Peach
Funders: Canadian Government
Project dates: 1.7.99 − 1.3.2001
Contact information: Ceri Peach
School of Geography
University of Oxford
Mansfield Road, Oxford
Email: ceri.peach@geog.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘Ethnicity Analysis: Competitive seminar competition’

Researcher: Ceri Peach
Funders: ESRC
Project dates: 1.6.98 − 31.5.2000
Contact information: Ceri Peach
School of Geography
University of Oxford
Mansfield Road
Oxford
Email: ceri.peach@geog.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘Ethnicity and Cultural Landscapes: Temples, Mosques and Gurdwaras in England and Wales’
Project description: The project has 3 main aims: (1) practical empirical cataloguing of the officially
recorded Muslim Mosques, Sikh Gurdwaras and Hindu Temples in England and Wales, in order to produce
an illustrated historic document on CD; (2) to register the main factual information about these buildings as
institutions (date of origin, sect, congregation size etc.); (3) to explore the wider social and cultural
significance of these religious buildings by placing them in the theoretical context of the ‘new’ cultural
geography. It will focus on three of the purpose-built religious edifices, including the Saddam Hussein
Mosque in Birmingham, the Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden and the Sri Guru Singh Sabha Gurdwara in
Southall. Through an examination of these conflicts and negotiations surrounding the evolution,
construction and use of these buildings, it will explore the contested nature of urban and suburban ethnic
identity in England and Wales. Method: largely survey work.
Researchers: Ceri Peach, Dr James Ryan
Funders: Leverhulme Foundation
Project dates: 1.10.97 − 31. 3. 2001
Contact information: Ceri Peach
School of Geography
University of Oxford
Mansfield Road
Oxford
Email: ceri.peach@geog.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘Evaluation of an intervention with self-harming Bangladeshi girls using personal and group
counselling’
Researcher: Rahki Hoque

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Contact: S.M.Hillier
Email: S.M.Hillier@mds.qmw.ac.uk

304
Research − International

1. Immigrants - General
Project: ‘Demographic behaviour of 19 migrant groups in the Netherlands’
Project description: Research focused on settlement patterns, partnership and the process of family
formation.
Researcher(s): Rob van der Erf, Helga de Valk
Project dates: June 2000 − April 2001
Funders: NIDI
Contact information: Rob van der Erf, Helga de Valk
NIDI
Lange Houtstraat 19
2511 CV Den Haag
Tel: 070 3565275
Website: www.nidi.nl

Project: ‘Long-term impact of migration networks on the socio-economic position of migrants in the host
society’
Project description: This work is based on data from a large international comparative research on the push
and pull factors of migration carried out by NIDI/Eurostat in the period 1994−1999 (see NIDI website).
Researcher(s): Rob van der Erf, Helga de Valk
Project dates: ongoing
Funders: NIDI
Contact information: Rob van der Erf, Helga de Valk
NIDI
Lange Houtstraat 19
2511 CV Den Haag
Tel: 070 3565275
Website: www.nidi.nl

Project: European directory of migrant and ethnic minority organizations

Researchers: European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht
Project dates: 1996 and ongoing
Published for Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants by European Research Centre on Migration and
Ethnic Relations
Contact information: European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht

Project: ‘Outside the protection of the law: the Situation of Irregular Migrants in Europe’ (summary report
and recommendations)
Researcher: Dr Matthew Gibney
Funders: Jesuit Refugee Service, Europe
Project dates: 1998 − 2000
Contact information: Dr M. Gibney
Refugee Studies Centre
Queen Elizabeth House
University of Oxford
St Giles
Oxford OX1 3LA
Tel: (0) 1865 270722
Email: matthew.gibney@qeh.ox.ac.uk

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Project: ‘Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Manufacturing: The Garment Industry’ (in Amsterdam, London,
Birmingham, Paris, New York, Miami and Los Angeles)
Project Co-ordinator: Dr Jan Rath
Contact information: Dr Jan Rath
University of Amsterdam
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES)
Rokin 84,
1012 KX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 20 525.3623/3627
Fax: +31 20 525.3628
E-mail: rath@pscw.uva.nl
Website: http://home.pscw.uva.nl/rath/imment/projects.htm
For the case of London, England: Dr Prodromos I. Panayiotopoulos (aka Mike Pany)
University of Swansea
School of Social Sciences & International Development
Singleton Park
Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales
Tel: +44 1792 20.5678 x 4361
Fax: +44 1792 29.5682
E-mail: m.pany@swansea.ac.uk

Project: ‘Multicultural Policies and Modes of Citizenship in European Cities’ (MPMC);

Sponsor/Funder: UNESCO
Project dates: March 1999 − March 2000
Contact information: Dr Nadia Auriat
UNESCO-MOST Programme
1, rue Miollis
F-75732 PARIS Cedex 15
France
Tel: +33 1 45 68 38 62
Fax: +33 1 45 68 57 24
Email: n.auriat@unesco.org
Website: http://www.unesco.org/most/p97.htm#description
Or
Prof. Dr. Rinus Penninx
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES)
1012 KX Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0) 20-525 3627
Fax: +31 (0) 20-525 3628
Email: penninx@pscw.uva.nl

Project: ‘International Comparative Studies of Ethnocultural Youth’ (ICSEY)

Project description: This is an international comparative study of ethnocultural youth, ethnic identity, and
acculturation. Studies will be carried out in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden,
United Kingdom and United States.
Coordinator: Prof. Charles Westin
Funders: Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations − CEIFO
Contact information: Charles Westin
Ceifo, Stockholm University
S-106 91 Stockholm
SWEDEN
Email: charles.westin@ceifo.su.se
UK Researcher: Dr Lena Robinson
The University of Birmingham, U.K.

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Email: ROBINSOE@bss1.bham.ac.uk

Project: ‘Immigrant political and social participation in the integration process’

Project aim: This project is a part of the Council of Europe’s activities in the field of Community Relations.
It includes a theoretical study on aspects of political participation and consultation of immigrants as well as
a number of case studies carried out in six European countries: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal and the United Kingdom.
Researchers: Professor H. Entzinger, Dr M. Bloomesteijn
Funders: Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Project dates: 1.4.97 − 31.12.97
Contact information: Professor H. Entzinger
Professor of Migration and Integration Studies
Erasmus University
Rotterdam
The Netherlands

Project: ‘Migration, Immigration and Labour markets in EU countries’

Researchers: Dr Philip Muus, Professor Carl-Ulrik Schierup
Project dates: 15/9/2000 − 15/12/2000
Funders: National Institute for Working Life, Unit Work and Culture, Norrkoping, Sweden
Contact information: Dr Philip Muus
Co-Director ERCOMER
ERCOMER - Utrecht University
Heidelberglaan 2
3584 CS Utrecht
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 30 253 4166 (secretary)
Fax: +31 30 253 4733
Email: ERCOMERsecr@fss.uu.nl

Project: ‘Models of immigrant incorporation in Europe. Harmonizing national ideas of citizenship and
immigration policy within the European Union’
Researcher: Han Entzinger
Funders: European Commission
Project dates: 01/05/97 − 01/05/99
Contact information: Professor H. Entzinger
Professor of Migration and Integration Studies
Erasmus University
Rotterdam
The Netherlands

Project: ‘Immigration Politics, Citizenship and the Mobilization of Ethnic Difference’

Researchers: Drs T. Duyvené de Wit, M. Fennema, H. Semetko and R. Koopmans
Project dates: 1997 − 2002
Funders: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES)
Contact information:
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies
University of Amsterdam
Rokin 84
Amsterdam 1012KXA
Tel: 20-5353627
Fax: 20-5253628

Project: ‘Identification of Legal Elements for European Integration Strategies’

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Project description: Presentation on the identification of legal elements – in particular relating to security of
residence – of a strategy for a successful integration of immigrants and ethnic minorities and for protection
from discrimination and violence on ethnic and racial grounds.
Researcher: Dr Elsbeth Guild
Funders: Council of Europe
Project dates: May 1999 − 2000
Contact information: Dr E. Guild
Centre for Migration Law
University of Nijmegen
Th. V. Aquinostraat 8
6500 KK, Nijmegen
The Netherlands
Tel: 31-24-3612087
Email: E.Guild@jur.kun.nl

Project: ‘Asian immigrants and entrepreneurs in the European Community’

Project description: The focus of the research project is the labour market participation of recent South-,
Southeast and East Asian migrant communities in the European Union. The extent to which Asian
immigrants gain access to labour markets, the sectors in which they are active, the factors fostering and
sustaining their socio-economic incorporation within the recipient countries, will be researched. A
particular focus will be on immigrant entrepreneurship and economic strategies including the mobilisation
of social and business networks. Attention will be paid to illegal migrants and the gender aspects of these
processes. Current and past policies at EU and national level pertaining to Asian immigrants and their
labour market participation/ entrepreneurship are to be reviewed.
Researchers: Dr Ernst Spaan (NIDI), Dr Ton vanNaerssen (School of Environmental Studies/Centre for
Border Research, University of Nijmegen), Dr Felicitas Hillmann (Wirtschafts- und
Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, Hans Böckler Stiftung, Düsseldorf, Germany), Dr David McEvoy (Centre
for Social Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Dr Natalia Ribas
(Centre d’Estudis Internacionals i Interculturals, Departament de Sociologia, Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Spain) and Dr Daniele Cologna, Centro de Richerche Synergia, S.R.L., Milano, Italy).
Project dates: 2001 − 2003.
Contact information: Dr Ernst Spaan
Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute
P.O. Box 11650
2502 AR The Hague
The Netherlands
Tel: 31 70 3565250
Email: spaan@nidi.nl

Project: ' Working on the fringes, immigrant businesses, economic integration and informal practices'
Project description: The objective of this programme is to establish an international network to compare
informal economic activities by taking immigrant entrepreneurship as the strategic starting point. The
project entails a comparison of the role of immigrant businesses in the underground economy as well as an
assessment and evaluation of rules and regulations and existing policy approaches related to informal and
criminal economic activities in European Union member stated and an affiliated member. By initiating a
thorough cross-border comparison, the general underlying dynamics as well national specifics with regard
to the role of immigrant businesses in the underground economy and the relationship with the formal
economy will be analysed.
Project dates: 1999 − 2002
Researcher: Dr J. Rath
Funders: European Community (TSER-programme), the European Social Foundation, Netherlands
Organization for Scientific Research. (NWO)

308
Associated: Delft University of Technology − the Netherlands, Centre for Social Innovation − Austria,
Université de Poitiers − France, Technical University of Berlin − Germany, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem − Israel, Fondazione Bignaschi −Italy, Liverpool John Moores University − United Kingdom.
Furthermore, the Catholic University of Leuven −Belgium and the South Danish University − Denmark
participate in this project.
Contact information: Dr J. Rath
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies
University of Amsterdam
Rokin 84
Amsterdam 1012KXA
Tel: 20 5353627
Fax: 20 5253628

Project: ‘The contract clothing industry. An international comparative study of immigrant business in the
clothing contract industry’
Researcher: Dr J. Rath
Funders: Social Research Fund, University of Amsterdam
Project dates: 1994 − 1999
Contact information: Dr J. Rath
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies
University of Amsterdam
Rokin 84
Amsterdam 1012KXA
Tel: 20 5353627
Fax: 20 5253628

Project: ‘Comparative Immigration Law of the EU Member States in the Perspective of a European
Immigration Law’
Project description: Comparative study of (a) conditions for entry and residence of third country nationals;
(b) illegal immigration and residence (including voluntary and involuntary repatriation); (c)
rights/conditions under which a Member State grants third nationals legally residing in another Member
State the right of residence; (d) asylum provisions (i.e. regarding the qualification of nationals of third
countries as refugees, standards on reception of asylum seekers and procedures for granting or withdrawing
refugee status; (e) provisions on displaced persons (i.e. standards for giving them temporary protection,
Researcher: Marion Schmid
Project dates:
Funders:
Contact information:
Marion Schmid
King’s College London
Hampstead Campus
Kidderpore Avenue
London NW3 7ST
Email: marionschmid@gmx.net

Project: ‘Effectiveness of National Integration towards second generation Youth in a Comparative

European perspective’ (EFFNATIS)
Coordinators: Dr J. Doomernik and Dr M. Crul
UK Researchers: Dr Roger Penn, Dr Janet Perret and Dr P. Lambert
LUCAS
Lancaster University
Fylde College
Lancaster LA1 4YE
Tel: 01524 594914
Email: r.penn@lancaster.ac.uk

309
Funders: European Commission
Project dates: January 1998 − December 2000
Contact information:
Dr J. Doomernik
Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies
University of Amsterdam
Rokin 84
Amsterdam 1012KXA
Tel: 20 5353627
Fax: 20 5253628
Website: http://www.uni-bamberg.de/projekte/effnatis/pgitps.htm

Project: ‘Obstacles to Immigrant Integration’

Project Directors: Demetrios Papademetriou and Kathleen Newland
Sponsor: International Migration Policy Program
To take further advantage of comparative research and study of policies and practices which facilitate (or
hinder) successful immigrant integration, the Program is applying the results of its research on citizenship
policies to the United States experience. The Program seeks to identify obstacles to successful integration
—in consultation with immigrants and the community-based and non-governmental organizations that
serve and represent them—and to develop recommendations for the most important steps toward
facilitating the successful incorporation of future Americans.
Contact information:
Demetrios Papademetriou and Kathleen Newland
International Migration Policy Program
1779 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202 483 7600
Fax: 202 483 1840
Email: demetri@ceip.org
Email: knewland@ceip.org

Project: ‘Comparative Citizenship Project’

Project description: With immigration benefits having become increasingly obscured behind law-and-order
fiscal concerns, the long-neglected part of the immigration policy agenda that deals with the successful
integration of immigrants demands renewed attention. The Comparative Citizenship Project seeks to
improve understanding of such concepts as economic and social integration, “membership” and
“citizenship” − always in the context of a country's unique history or traditions.
Project Directors: T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer
Sponsor: International Migration Policy Program
Contact information:
International Migration Policy Program
1779 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202 483 7600
Fax: 202 483 1840
Email: aaleinikoff@ceip.org
Website: http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/imp/CtiznProject.htm

310
 2. Refugees − General

Project: The Ethnics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democratic States and Responding to Refugees (book
project)
Researcher: Dr Matthew Gibney
Funders: Commonwealth Scholars and Fellowship Plan
Project dates: Forthcoming publication 2002 Cambridge University Press
Contact information:
Dr M. Gibney
Refugee Studies Centre
Queen Elizabeth House
University of Oxford
St Giles
Oxford OX1 3LA
Tel: 01865 270722
Email: matthew.gibney@qeh.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘Mental health care for refugees and asylum seekers’

Project description: This project investigates mental health service provisions for refugees and asylum
seekers in the Netherlands, paying special attention to the cultural appropriateness of the services provided
and the misunderstandings which can arise through culture-related differences in expectations. The project
comprises three phases:
1. Mapping of mental health services
2. A study of cultural differences in the interactions between mental health workers and refugees/asylum
seekers
3. In-depth studies of (a) the role of political factors in the way refugees experience problems, (b) service
provision for refugees in the context of provisions for other migrants
Researcher(s): Prof David Ingleby, Prof Arie de Ruijter, Sander Kramer, Rinske Boomstra
Project dates: 1996 − 2000
Funders: University of Utrecht
Contact information: David Ingleby
Professor of Intercultural Psychology
Department of Cross-Cultural Studies
Utrecht University, Postbus 80.140
3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
Direct line: +31 30 253 2979
Fax: +31 30 2534733
Email: d.ingleby@fss.uu.nl
Website: www.ercomer.org/research/39.html

Project: ‘The Relationship between Asylum Policy and Immigration Movements in Canada and the UK’
Researchers: Dr Matthew Gibney, Prof. Guy Goodwin-Gill, Dr Randall Hansen, Ms Sharon Rusu
Funders: Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade in Association with the
Foundation for Canadian Studies in the UK
Project dates: January 2000 − June 2001
Contact information:
Dr M. Gibney
Refugee Studies Centre

311
Queen Elizabeth House
University of Oxford
St Giles
Oxford OX1 3LA
Tel: (0) 1865 270722
Email: matthew.gibney@qeh.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘Communication in the Dutch Asylum Procedure’

Project description: In an observational study, the way the Immigration and Naturalization Department and
lawyers communicate with asylum applicants is analysed. During the procedure the applicants’ account is
transformed into a statement that complies (or doesn’t comply) with the Geneva Convention criteria. The
impact of communication processes on decisions is examined.
Researcher: Drs. N. Doornbos (Nienke)
Contact information: Drs. N. Doornbos
Instituut voor Rechtssociologie
Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
Postbus 9049
6500 KK Nijmegen
Tel: 31 (0) 24 3615533 b.g.g. 3612087
Fax: 31 (0) 24 3611423
Email: N.Doornbos@jur.kun.nl

Project: ‘Asylum Statistics in the Netherlands’

Project description: In the Netherlands, the Secretary of State estimated that 20% of all asylum applicants
receive a status. In the public debate it is often assumed that the other 80% concern ‘bogus asylum seekers’.
However, these figures are highly biased. They are based on the number of decisions taken in a certain
year, while in most cases more than one or two decisions are taken. In a longitudinal cohort-based analysis
the outcome of procedures of over 84,000 asylum seekers who entered the Netherlands in 1995, 1996 and
1997, was examined. By June 2000, not 20%,but 44% of these applicants had already received a temporary
or a permanent status. Some cases were still under study. The distortion in the use of statistics is not
typically Dutch. In other EU countries the same misconceptions about ‘bogus asylum seekers’ occur as a
result of a wrong analysis of statistics.
Researcher: Drs. N. Doornbos (Nienke)
Contact information: Drs. N. Doornbos
Instituut voor Rechtssociologie
Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
Postbus 9049
6500 KK Nijmegen
Tel: 31 (0) 24 3615533 b.g.g. 3612087
Fax: 31 (0) 24 3611423
Email: N.Doornbos@jur.kun.nl

Project: ‘Refugees on their way to Europe’

Project description: Small research carried out during one week in Beirut, Lebanon. 21 Iraqi and Sudanese
refugees were interviewed about their motives for travelling to Europe, their choice for a specific country
of destination, their knowledge and expectations of the asylum procedures and their (expected) travel
routes.
Researcher: Drs. N. Doornbos (Nienke)
Contact information: Drs. N. Doornbos
Instituut voor Rechtssociologie
Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
Postbus 9049
6500 KK Nijmegen
Tel: 31 (0) 24 3615533 b.g.g. 3612087
Fax: 31 (0) 24 3611423
Email: N.Doornbos@jur.kun.nl

312
Project: Constructions of ‘Home’ amongst Bosnians (Bosniac and Serb) at home and abroad (ex-
Yugoslavia, Netherlands, and UK)
Funders: Toyota Foundation
Researchers: Andrew Dawson, Stef Jansen
Project dates: July 2000 − December 2001
Contact information: Dr Andrew Dawson
Sociology and Anthropology
University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX
Tel: 01482 466213
Fax: 01482 466366
Email: a.dawson@cas.hull.ac.uk

Project: ‘Roma Migration to the EU (refugee status and treatment of Roma in EU)’
Researcher: Cristian Urse
Contact information: Cristian Urse
Visiting Researcher
Institute for the Study of International Migration
Georgetown University
Email: cristi74_99@yahoo.com

Project: ‘Persecution by Third Parties’

Project Description: A study into the legal concept of persecution in the context of refugee protection by
reference to the source of persecution, whether state or non-state. The study considers the position in law in
eight states: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK and draws
specific conclusions about the meaning of persecution in this context.
Researchers: Roel Fernhout, Thomas Spijkerboer, Ben Vermeulen, Karin Zwaan
Funders: WODC/Ministry of Justice, the Netherlands
Project dates: November 1997 − May 1998
Contact information:
Centre for Migration Law
University of Nijmegen
Th. V. Aquinostraat 8
6500 KK, Nijmegen
The Netherlands
Tel: 31-24-3612087

Project: ‘Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in Acute Crisis’

Researchers: Geoff Gilbert, Nigel Rodley, Francoise Hampson, Kate Mackintosh
Funders: Department for International Development
Project dates: 1997 − 1998
Contact information:
Human Rights Centre
University of Essex
Wivenhoe Park
Colchester
CO4 3SQ
Email: geoff:essex.ac.uk

Project: ‘Torture Reporting Handbook’

Researchers: Geoff Gilbert, Nigel Rodley, Camille Giffard
Funders: Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Project dates: 1999 − ongoing
Contact information:

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Human Rights Centre
University of Essex
Wivenhoe Park
Colchester
CO4 3SQ
Email: geoff:essex.ac.uk

Project: Current Issues in the Application of the Exclusion Clauses (Global Consultations Project)
Researcher: Geoff Gilbert
Funder: UNHCR
Project dates: 2000 − ongoing
Contact information:
Human Rights Centre
University of Essex
Wivenhoe Park
Colchester
CO4 3SQ
Email: geoff:essex.ac.uk

Project: ‘Refugee Voices in Europe: Refugees from Former Yugoslavia in Italy and the Netherlands -
Experiences of Integration’
Project description: The main aim of this research is to explore their experiences of integration with a
special focus on the role of gender in the process of refugee settlement. By focusing on exile communities
from former Yugoslavia in Italy and the Netherlands, the project addresses in a comparative way the
following issues: (1) the social conditions of refugees from former Yugoslavia in the two EU countries; (2)
the ideas of ‘successful integration’ as desired by the refugees themselves; (3) the policy contexts and their
relation to the needs and expectations of refugees.
Researcher(s): Dr Maja Korac
Project dates: June 1999−December 2001
Funders: Lisa Gilad Initiative, European Commission through ECRE, The British Council, Oppenheimer
Fund, Hayter Travel Fund
Contact information: Dr Maja Korac
Lisa Gilad Senior Research Officer
Refugee Studies Centre
Queen Elizabeth House
University of Oxford
21 St Giles Street
Oxford OX1 3LA
Email: maja.korac@qeh.ox.ac.uk

Project: ‘The role of assisted return programmes in facilitating the return of rejected asylum seekers’
Project description: This study evaluates existing programmes for the return of rejected asylum seekers and
other irregular migrants across five EU states. It develops a framework for policy evaluation, a series of
policy recommendations and a research agenda. This study compares the experiences of asylum seekers in
the Netherlands, France and Switzerland.
Researcher: Khalid Koser
Funder: International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Project dates: draft report submitted 2001
Contact information: Dr Khalik Koser
Migration Research Unit
University College London
26 Bedford Way
London WC1H OAP
Email: Kkoser@geog.ucl.ac.uk

314
3. Ethnic Minorities − General

Project: ‘State Policies towards Muslim Minorities in the European Union’

Project description: Islam has become the third largest religious community in the European Union.
Although most European states have a strong interest in integrating Muslim communities into society, there
continue to be many obstacles at various levels of the political system, which are mostly due to the deep-
rooted traditions of European nation state formations. The aim of the project is to bring together national,
regional and local administrations, Muslim institutions, Islamic associations etc. in order to analyse the
different state traditions and policies as well as the multitude of concrete measures directed towards
Muslim communities in the three participating countries, namely Sweden, United Kingdom and Germany.
By doing so, the project seeks to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of exclusion on the basis
of religion and ethnicity. Policy recommendations will be formulated on the local, regional, national and
European level in order to develop a joint European policy of anti-discrimination and integration of Muslim
minorities into the social, religious and political life of the different Member States in the European Union.
Researchers: Prof. Åke Sander, Prof. Muhammad Anwar
Funding: European Commission
Project dates: current
Contact information: Prof. Åke Sander
Centre for the Study of International Migration and Cultural Contact
Göteborg University
Box 200
S - 40530 Göteborg
Tel: +46 31 773 1561
Fax: +46 31 773 1560
Or
Prof. Muhammad Anwar
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER)
University of Warwick
Arts Building
Coventry CV4 7AL
Tel: +44 24 76 5248 70
Fax: +44 24 76 5243 24

Project: ‘CITNET Citizens Organise Networks Against Discrimination’

Project description: At the moment the realm of activities which are employed in
citizens’s mobilisation for integration- and anti-discrimination aspects is characterised
by a growing need for co-operation and networking on the regional, national and
European level. CITNET aims at serving this need. Therefore, existing co-operation
networks are to be re-activated and enlarged. Above that, the aim of CITNET is to initiate
a basic dialogue on different models of integration, which are exemplified through the
respective models typical for Berlin, Paris, Birmingham and Milan. These models are to
be discussed at a special conference. Via this debate innovative approaches to
integration which are characteristic for different regions should be made public and
applicable throughout Europe.
Funders: European Commission
Contact information: see website: http://www.emz-berlin.de/e/project/pj02_1.htm

315
Cooperating partners: Agence pour le Développement des Relations Interculturelles
Executive Director Marie Poinsot
Email: mpoinsot@adri.easynetbox.net
Website: http://www.adri.fr
Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations University of Warwick, U.K.
Prof. Dr Muhammad Anwar
Email: CRER@Warwick.ac.uk
Website: http://www.csv.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CRER_RC/

316
Current Research projects – information drawn from interviews*
*Note: Information about the current projects provided in this section is drawn from
interviews only, and therefore, it is incomplete. Nonetheless, the information is still
valuable, because it points to additional areas and topics covered.

Project: study about asylum seekers, use of social networks, and levels of control they
have on choosing their final destination. Potential funder: Nuffield Foundation (still at
the proposal stage). Contact: Dr Alice Bloch, Goldsmiths College, University of London.

Projects: 1. Study of black and ethnic minorities voluntary sector in the west Midlands – capacity building
for the voluntary sector. 2. Study of black and minority organisations and community organisations – a
survey in England and Wales. 3. Study about needs of black organisations and how they network together
to obtain funding (with Mike McLeod). Contact: Dr David Owen, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations,
University of Warwick.

Projects: 1. Study focuses on identity and citizenship with special reference to the UK, France, Germany
and Belgium. The study explores the political mobilisation and participation of Muslims, particularly the
role of community organisations in the process. 2. Study about ethnic minorities and the British electoral
system. This is a longitudinal research, began in 1997, it includes survey of candidates, survey of electors,
survey of voting patterns, survey of turn out patterns. 3. European Community projects consisting of: i) a
qualitative study about experience of discrimination of Muslim women in five countries – UK, Germany,
Spain, Italy, Denmark; ii) study about mobilisation of citizens to deal with social exclusion; iii) study about
state policies pertaining to Muslims in UK, Sweden and Germany. Contact: Dr Muhammad Anwar,
Department of Sociology, University of Warwick.

Project: Study about the relationship between migrant youth, ethnic minority youth and refugee/asylum
youth. Contact: Dr Les Back, Goldsmiths College, University of London.

Data Set 4

317
Research Centres

Research Centres – UK

Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism (ASEN, London School of
Economics and Political Science, http://www.lse.ac.uk/depts/european/ASEN/

Centre for European Migration and Ethnic Studies, Torpoint

http://www.cemes.org

Centre for Migration and Policy Research, University of Oxford

http://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk

Centre for New Ethnicities Research, University of East London

http://www.uel.ac.uk/cner/index.htm

Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick

http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CRER_RC/

Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship, University of Bristol

http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Sociology/main/frset.htm

Centre for the Study of Migration, Department of Politics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University
of London
http://www.politics.qmw.ac.uk/centre.htm

Electronic Immigration Network

http://www.ein.org.uk/

ERaM - Ethnicity, Racism and the Media Programme, Bradford, UK

http://www.brad.ac.uk/bradinfo/research/eram/eram.

ESRC Transnational Communities Programme, University of Oxford

http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk

Ethnicity Research Centre, Leicester University

http://www.le.ac.uk/sociology/ethnic/

Ethnicity Research Group, University of Lancaster

R.Penn@Lancaster.ac.uk

European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE), London

http://www.ecre.org

Institute of Race Relations

http:// www.irr.org.uk

Migration and Ethnicity Research Centre, University of Sheffield

http://www.shef.ac.uk/merc/

Migration Research Unit (MRU), Department of Geography, University College London

(UCL), http://geog.ucl.ac.uk/mru

Migration Unit, Department of Geography, University of Wales Swansea

318
http://ralph.swan.ac.uk/pgrdinfo/migratn.htm

Minority Rights Group, London

http://www.minorityrights.org

Race Relations Research Unit, University of Bradford

Ranjita@bik.ac.uk

Refugee Education Initiative; Institute of Education, University of London

http://www.ioe.ac.uk

Refugee Studies Centre, QEH, Oxford

http://qeh.ox.ac.uk

Sussex Centre for Migration Research

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/CDE/research/migration#cr

319
Selected Research Centres - International
European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University
http://www.ercomer.org/research

European forum for migration studies Institute, University of Bamberg http://www.uni-

bamberg.de:80/~ba6ef3

Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, (Ceifo), Stockholm University,
http://www.ceifo.su.se

Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES), University of Amsterdam

http://pscw.uva.nl

Centre for Migration Law, University of Nijmegen

http://www.jur.kun.nl/rit/cmr/home.html

European Migration Centre (EUROFOR), Berlin

http://www.emz-berlin.de

The Migration Policy Group (MPG), Brussels

http://www.migpolgroup.com/

International Center for Migration, Ethnicity and Citizenship, New School University, New York
http://www.newschool.edu/icmec/

Centre for Migration and Development, Princeton University

http://opr.Princeton.edu/cmd

Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego

http://www.ccis-ucsd.org

Bevölkerungswisenschaft, Humboldt University, Berlin

http://www.demographie.de
Data Set 5

Key Periodicals/Websites/Data Sets/Organisations

1. Key Periodicals
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citizenship Studies
Communal/Plural
Diaspora
Ethnic And Racial Studies
Ethnicities
Ethnicity and Health
European Journal of Intercultural Studies
Forced Migration Monitor
Forced Migration Review (Formerly Refugee Participation Network)
Global Networks
Identities

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Immigrants And Minorities
In Exile: The Refugee Council Magazine
Innovation in Social Science Research
International Journal Of Intercultural Relations
International Journal Of Refugee Law
International Journal Of Urban And Regional Research
International Migration
International Migration Review
Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies (Formerly New Community)
Journal Of International Migration And Integration
Journal Of Multilingual And Multicultural Development
Journal Of Refugee Studies
Link Up: Refugee Training & Employment Centre’s Newsletter
Migration
Migration News
Migration Report
Nationalism And Ethnic Politics
Nations And Nationalism
Patterns Of Prejudice
Population And Development Review
Public Culture
Race And Class
Refugee Survey Quarterly
Revue Européenne Des Migrations Internationales
Social Identities
Urban Studies
West European Politics

2. List of Relevant Websites

UK

Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (CARF)

http://www.carf.demon.co.uk/

Cashbah Project
http://www.casbah.ac.uk/

Centre for New Ethnicities Research, University of East London

http://www.uel.ac.uk/cner/index.htm

Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick

http://www.warwick.ac.uk/CRER

Centre for the Study of Migration, Department of Politics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University
of London
http://www.politics.qmw.ac.uk/centre.htm>

Electronic Immigration Network (EIN)

http://www.ein.org.uk/

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Ethnopolitics Mailing List Archive. Encourage scholarly research and exchange between academics on
issues related to (non-immigrant) ethnic minorities, minority rights, and the origin, development and
settlement of ethnic conflicts
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/ethnopolitics.html

Home Office
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/

Home Office – Immigration and Asylum

http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/immigration1.html

House of Commons
http://www.parliament.uk/commons/

House of Commons. Up-to-date. Health Committee

http://www.parliament.uk/commons/selcom/hlthhome.htm

Immigration Appellate Authority

http://www.iaa.gov.uk/

Immigration Advisory Service (IAS)

http://www.vois.org.uk/ias/

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (JCWI)

http://www.jcwi.org.uk/

Local Government Association (LGA).

http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/kosovo/index.htm

Migration and Ethnicity Research Centre, University of Sheffield

http://www.shef.ac.uk/merc/

Migration Research Unit, UCL, London

http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/mru

Migration Unit, Department of Geography, University of Wales Swansea

http://ralph.swan.ac.uk/pgrdinfo/migratn.htm

National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns (NCADC)

http://www.ncadc.org.uk/

New Vision (refugee journalists examine issues of refugees and media)

http://www.newvision.org.uk/

Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner

http://www.oisc.org.uk/

Refugee Council
http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk

Refugee Legal Centre

http://www.refugee-legal-centre.org.uk/index.html

Refugee Studies Centre (RSC), University of Oxford

http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/rsc/

322
Refugees Online (UNHCR resource)
http://www.refugeesonline.org.uk/

Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health, Middlesex University

http://www.mdx.ac.uk

Scottish Refugee Council.

http://www.scottishrefugeecouncil.org.uk/

Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/CDE/research/migration.html

ESRC Transnational Communities Research Programme, University of Oxford

http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk

Selected European/International
CEMES - Centre for European Migration and Ethnic Studies
http://www.cemes.org

Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego

http://www.ccis-ucsd.org/

Centre for Refugee Studies (CRS), York University, Toronto, Canada

http://www.yorku.ca/crs/

Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations (CEIFO), Sweden
http://www.ceifo.su.se/

European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht

http://www.ercomer.org

European Council for Refugees and Exiles

http://www.proasyl.de/ecre-e.htm

European Council on Refugees and Exiles

www.ecre.org

European Migration Information Network

www.emin.geog.ucl.ac.uk

European Union Networks on Integration of Refugees

www.refugeenet.org

European Refugee Fund

http://www.european-refugee-fund.org/

Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Amsterdam (IMES)

http://www.pscw.uva.nl/imes

Inter-governmental Consultations for Asylum, Refugee and Migration Policies (IGC)

http://www.igc.ch/

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ILODOC. International Labour Organization’s searchable database.
http://ilis.ilo.org/ilis/ilodoc/ilintrid.html

Joint Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement (CERIS), Canada.
http://ceris.metropolis.net/index_e.html

Metropolis - Research and Policy on Migrants in Cities

http://international.metropolis.net

Migration Dialogue, UC-Davis, California

http://www.migration.ucdavis.edu

Migration Policy Group, Brussels

http://www.migpolgroup.com

Stichting VADA (Dutch multiculturalism site with many links)

http://www.vada.nl

UNESCO-MOST project, Multicultural Policies and Modes of Citizenship in European Cities

www.unesco.org/most/p97.htm

UNHCR RefWorld (Refugee Research Network)

http://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/

3. List of Relevant Data Sets

- British Election Panel Study (immediaTel:y after every general election since 1964; Ethnic Minority
Survey in 1997)
- British Social Attitudes Survey (almost every year since 1983)
- Ethnic Minorities and the Police Survey, Leeds, 1987 (UK Data-archive N.2740)
- Eurobarometer 30: immigrants and out-groups in Western Europe, 1988 (UK Data-archive N.2857)
- European Election Study 1994 (UK data-archive No.3726)
- Labour Force Surveys (biennially from 1973 until 1983; annually from 1984 until 1991; quarterly
since 1992)
- National Surveys of Ethnic Minorities (1966, 1974, 1982 and 1993/4)
- UK Census (decennial)

4. List of Relevant, UK-based Organisations

AIRE Centre (Advice on Individual Rights in Europe)
74 Eurolink Business Centre, 49 Effra Road, London, SW2 1BZ
Tel: 020 7924 0927 (Mon-Thurs 2pm-5pm)
Fax: 020 7733 6786
Email: aire@btinternet.com

African Churches Council for Immigration and Social Justice (ACCIS)

Unit 108, 159-163 Marlborough Road, London, N19
Tel: 020 7272 2774
Fax: 020 7272 2765

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Amnesty International UK
99-119 Rosebery Avenue, London, EC1R 4RE
Tel: 020 7814 6200
Fax: 020 7833 1510
Email: information@amnesty.org.uk

Association of Visitors to Immigration Detainees (AVID)

C/o Sally Tarshish, Bartemas House, Oxford, OX4 2AJ
Tel: 01865 727795

Asylum Aid
28 Commercial Street, London, E1 6LS
Tel: 020 7377 5123
244 Upper Street, London, N1 1RU
Tel: 020 7359 4026
Email: info@asylumaid.org.uk
website: www.asylumaid.org.uk

Asylum Rights Campaign

46 Francis Street, London, SW1P 1QN
Tel: 020 7798 7027
Fax: 020 7798 9010

Asylum Welcome
276a Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1UR
Tel: 01865 722082

Avon Immigration and Nationality Advice Centre

118 Church Street, Bristol, BS5 9HH
Tel: 0117 955 1149

Bail for Immigration Detainees (BID)

28 Commercial Street, London, E1 6LS
Tel: 020 7247 3590
Fax: 020 7247 3550
Email: bailforimmigrationdetainees@yahoo.co.uk

Bellenden Neighbourhood
Advice Centre, Coplestone Centre
Coplestone Road, Peckham,
London, SE15 4AN
Tel/Fax: 020 7639 8447

Blackfriars Advice Centre

44-46 Nelson Square, London, SE1 0QA
Tel: 020 79289521
Fax: 020 7620 1409

Bosnian Information & Refugee Centre

60-62 Mill Lane, London, NW6 1NJ
Tel: 020 7433 3834

British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering (BAAF)

Skyline House, 200 Union Street, London, SE1 0LX
Tel: 020 7593 2000

325
Fax: 020 7593 2001
Websiste: www.baaf.org.uk

Campaign to Close Campsfield

c/o 111 Magdalen Road, Oxford, OX4 1RQ
Tel: 01865 558145/726804
Email: suke.wolton@sant.ox.ac.uk
Website: www.closecampsfield.org.uk

Cellmark Diagnostics
P O Box 265, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 1YX
Tel: 01235 528609
Fax: 01235 528141
Website: www.cellmark.co.uk

Central London Advice Service

Derry House, Penfold Street, London, NW8 8HJ
Tel: 020 7402 6750
Fax: 020 7224 8264

Children's Legal Centre

University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ
Advice: 01206 873820
Admin: 01206 872466
Fax: 01206 874206
Website: www2.essex.ac.uk/clc

Chinese Information Advice Centre

1st Floor, 53 New Oxford Street, London, W1V 7DF
Tel: 020 7692 3471
Fax: 020 7692 3476

Christian Action for Justice in Immigration Law

c/o Iona Community Peace Institute, Govan, Glasgow, G51 3UU

Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia

C/o Uniting Britain Trust, Elliot House
10−12 Allington Street, London, SW1E 5EH
Tel 020 7932 5368
Fax 020 7932 5436

Commission for Racial Equality

Elliot House, 10-12 Allington Street,
London, SW1E 5EH
Tel: 020 7828 7022
Fax: 020 7630 7605
Website: www.cre.gov.uk

CORE LAG
Newham Refugee Council, 728 Romford Road,
Manor Park, London, E12 6BT
Tel/Fax: 020 8478 1382

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Detention Advice Service
308 Seven Sisters Road, London, N4 2AG
Tel: 020 8802 3422
Fax: 020 8802 0684

East European Advice Centre

Room 12c, 238-240 King Street, London, W6 0RF

Educational Grants Advisory Service

501 Kingsland Road, London, E8 2DY
Tel: 020 7254 6251
Fax: 020 7249 5443

Electronic Immigration Network

The Progress Centre, Charlton Place, Ardwick Green, Manchester, M12 6HS
Tel: 0161 273 7515
Fax: 0161 274 3159
Email: info@ein.org.uk
Website: www.ein.org.uk

Ethnic Minorities Advice Project

Ethnic Minorities Representatives Council (EMRC), c/o Brighton Islamic Mission,
8 Caburn Road, Hove, Sussex, BN3 6EF
Tel/Fax: 01273 722438

European Commission
London Office, 8 Storey’s Gate, London, SW1P 3AT
Tel: 020 7973 1992
Fax: 020 7973 1900
Website: www.europe.org.uk

Foundation for Public Service Interpreting

1 Clements Court, London, EC4N 7HB
Tel: 020 7626 0220
Fax: 020 7283 3678
Website: www.nisuk.co.uk

Free Representation Unit

Peer House, 8-14 Verulam Street, London, WC1X 8LZ
Tel: 020 7831 0692
Fax: 020 7831 2398

Gatwick Detainees Welfare Group

225 Three Bridges Road, Three Bridges, Crawley, RH10 1LG
Tel: 01293 434 350
Fax: 01293 434 351

Ghana Union/Islington African Project

431 Caledonian Road, London, N7 2LT
Tel: 020 7700 5634
Fax: 020 7700 3225

Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit

400 Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester, M8 9LE
Tel: 0161 740 7722

327
Fax: 0161 740 5172
Email: gmiau@ein.org.uk

Haslar Visitors Group

Windmill House, Hambledon Road, Denmead, Hampshire, PO7 6PF
Tel/Fax: 02392 2231848

Home Office
Immigration & Nationality Directorate,
Block C, Whitgift Centre, Wellesley Road,
Croydon CR9 1AT.
National Asylum Support Service (NASS).
Voyager House, 30/32 Wellesley Road,
Croydon CR0 2AD
Helpline: 0845 602 1729

Human Rights Watch

2nd Floor, 33 Islington High Street, London, N1 9LH
Tel: 020 7713 1995
Fax: 020 7713 1800
Website: www.hrw.org

Immigration Appeals Advisory Service

190 Great Dover Street, London, SE1 4YB
Tel: 020 7357 6917 or 020 8814 1559

Immigration Law Practitioners’ Association

1st Floor Lindsey House, 40-41 Charterhouse Street,
London, EC1M 4JH.
Tel: 020 7251 8383
Fax: 020 7251 8384
Email: info@ilpa.org.uk

Independent Immigration Support Agency (formerly JCWI West Midlands)

3rd Floor, Spencer House, Digbeth, Birmingham, B5 6DD
Tel: 0121 622 7353

Institute of Race Relations

2-6 Leeke Street, London, WC1X 9HS
Tel: 020 7837 0041
Fax: 020 7278 0623
Website: www.irr.org.uk

Interights
Lancaster House, 33 Islington High Street, London, N1 9LH
Tel: 020 7278 3230
Fax: 020 7278 4334

International Social Service of Great Britain

Cranmer House, 39 Brixton Road, London, SW9 6DD
Tel: 020 7735 8941
Fax: 020 7582 0696
Email: issuk@charity.vfree.com

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Islington People’s Rights
2 St Paul’s Road, London, N1 2QN
Tel: 020 7704 2844 (admin)
020 7359 2010 (advice: 2pm - 4.30pm Monday to Friday)
Fax: 020 7354 3803
Email: advice@i-p-r.demon.co.uk
Website: www.islingtonpeoplesrights.co.uk

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants

115 Old Street, London, EC1V 9JR
Tel: 020 7251 8706

Justice
59 Carter Lane, London, EC4V 5AQ
Tel: 020 7329 5100
Fax: 020 7329 5055
Website: www.justice.org.uk

Kalayaan
St Francis Centre, 13 Hippodrome Place, Pottery Lane, London, W11 4SF
Tel: 020 7243 2942
Fax: 020 7792 3060

Law Centres Federation

Duchess House, 18-19 Warren Street, London, W1P 5DB
Tel: 020 7387 8570
Fax: 020 7387 8368

Law For All

PO Box 230, Brentford, TW8 9FL
Tel: 020 8758 0668
Fax: 020 8758 0669

Legal Action Group

242 Pentonville Road, London, N1 9UN
Tel: 020 7833 2931
Fax: 020 7837 6094
Email: lag@lag.org.uk

Liberty
National Council for Civil Liberties
21 Tabard Street, London, SE1 4LA
Tel: 020 7403 3888
Fax: 020 7407 5354
Website: www.liberty-humanrights.org.uk

London Asylum Seekers’ Consortium

Westminster City Hall, Victoria Street, London, SW1E 6QP.
Tel 020 7641 3469

London Detainee Support Group

77 Holloway Road, London, N7 8JZ
Tel: 020 7700 0606
Fax: 020 7700 4433

329
Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture
96-98 Grafton Road, London, NW5 3EJ
Tel: 020 7813 7777
Fax: 020 7813 0011
Website: www.torturecare.org.uk

Merseyside Immigration Advice Unit

34 Princes Road, Liverpool, L8 1TH
Tel: 0151 709 8360
Fax: 0151 709 4996

Migrants Resource Centre

24 Churton Street, London, SW1V 2LP
Tel: 020 7834 6650
Fax: 020 7931 8187

Minority Rights Group

379 Brixton Road, London, SW9 7DE
Tel: 020 7978 9498
Fax: 020 7738 6265
Website: www.minorityrights.org

Migrant Service Unit

6-20 John’s Mews, Holborn, London, WC1 2XN
Tel: 020 7916 1646

National Association of Citizens' Advice Bureaux

Myddleton House, 115-123 Pentonville Road, London, N1 9LZ
Tel: 020 7833 2181
Fax: 020 7833 4371
Website: www.nacab.org.uk

National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns

110 Hampstead Road, Birmingham, B20 2QS
Tel: 0121 554 6947
Fax: 0870 055 4570
Website: www.ncadc.org.uk

National Union of Students

461 Holloway Road, London, N7 6LJ
Tel: 020 7272 8900
Fax: 020 7263 5713

Newham Rights Centre

285 Romford Road, London, E7 9HJ
Tel: 020 8555 3331
Fax: 020 8519 7348

North of England Refugee Service

1st floor, 19 Bigg Market, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 1UN
Tel: 0191 222 0406
Fax: 0191 222 0239

Nucleus Advice Centre

298 Old Brompton Road, London, SW5 9JS

330
Tel: 020 7373 1379
Fax: 020 7835 1555
Website: www.nucleus.org.uk

Porishad - Justice for Over Age Children

31 Cornwall Road, Bradford, BD8 7JN
Tel: 01274 722069
Fax: 01274 729228

Praxis
1 Pott Street, London, E2 0EF
Tel: 020 7729 7985 Fax: 020 7729 0134

Refugee Arrivals Project

41b Crosslances Rd, Hounslow, TW3 2AD
Tel: 020 8607 6888/6900
Fax: 020 8607 6851
(Room 2005, 2nd floor, Queen’s Building, Heathrow Airport, TW6 1DL
Tel: 0181-759-5740)

Refugee Council
3 Bondway, London, SW8 1SJ
Switchboard: 020 7820 3000
Tel: 020 7820 3085
Fax: 020 7582 9929
Email: info@refugeecouncil.demon.co.uk
Website: www.refugeecouncil.org.uk
Panel of Advisors for Unaccompanied Refugee Children:
Tel: 020 7582 4947

Refugee Legal Centre

Sussex House, 39-45 Bermondsey Street, London, SE1 3XF
Tel: 020 7827 9090 (administration)
Tel: 020 7378 6242 (advice)
Tel: 0831 598057 (emergencies)
Tel: 0800 592398 (detention)
Fax: 020 7378 1979

Regional Refugee Forum for the North East

Contact: Georgina Fletcher
North of England Refugee Service, 2 Jesmond Road West,
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4PQ
Tel: 0191 245 7311
Fax: 0191 245 7320
Email: gf@refugee.org.uk
Website: www.refugee.org.uk

Royal College of Nursing Immigration Advisory Service

Immigration Dept., 20 Cavendish Square, London, W1M 0AB
Tel: 020 7647 3874
Website: www.rcn.org.uk

Runnymede Trust
133 Aldersgate Street, London, EC1A 4JA
Tel: 020 7600 9666

331
Fax: 020 7600 8529
Website: www.runnymedetrust.org

Scottish Refugee Council

Edinburgh Office, 1st Floor, Wellgate House,
200 Cowgate Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1NQ
Tel: 0131 225 9994
Fax: 0131 225 9997
Glasgow Office, 98 West George Street, Glasgow G2 1PG
Tel: 0141 333 1850
Fax: 0141 333 1860

Southall Black Sisters

52 Norwood Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB2 4DW
Tel: 020 8571 9595
Fax: 020 8574 6781
Email sbs@leonet.co.uk

Stonewall Immigration Group

C/o Central Station, 37 Warfdale Road, Islington, London, N1 9SE
Tel: 020 7713 0620
Fax/Admin: 020 7713 8864
Email info@stonewall-immigration.org.uk

Turkish Education Group

2 Newington Green Road, London, N1 4RX
Tel: 020 7226 8647
Fax: 020 7704 6506

UK Anti-Detention Network
(contact via Campaign to close Campsfield - details above)

UKCOSA, The Council for International Education

9-17 St Alban’s Place, London, N1 0NX
Tel: 020 7226 3762
Fax: 020 7226 3373
Website: www.ukcosa.org.uk

United Kingdom Council for Overseas Student Affairs

60 Westbourne Grove, London, W2 5SH
Tel: 020 7229 9268

United Nations High Commission for Refugees

21st floor, Millbank Tower, 21-24 Millbank, London SW1P 1QP
Tel: 020 7828 9191
Fax: 020 7630 5349
Email gbrlo@unhcr.ch

United Nations High Commission for Refugees

7 Westminster Palace Gardens, Artillery Row,
London, SW1P 1RR
Tel: 020 7222 3065

University Diagnostics Ltd

LGC Building, Queens Road,

332
Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0NJ
Tel: 020 8943 8400
Fax: 020 8943 8401
Website: www.udlgenetics.com

World University Service (Refugee Education and Training Advisory Service)

14 Dufferin Street, London, EC1Y 8PD
Tel: 020 7426 5800
Fax: 020 7251 1314

Produced by the Research Development and Statistics Directorate,

Home Office

This document is available only through the RDS website

Home Office
Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Communication Development Unit
Room 275
50 Queen Anne’s Gate
London SW1H 9AT

Tel: 020 7273 2084 (answerphone outside of office hours)

Fax: 020 7222 0211
Email: publications.rds@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk
ISBN 1 84473 063 8

Crown copyright 2003

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