Academic

Writing
Script

PRE-WRITING
Explore the problem not the topic
1. Who is your reader?
2. What is your purpose?
3. Who are you, the writer? (What image or persona do you want to project?)
Make your goals operational
1. How can you achieve your purpose?
2. Can you make a plan?
Generate some ideas
Brainstorm

Keep writing
Don't censor or evaluate
Keep returning to the problem

Talk to your reader

What questions would they ask?

What different kinds of readers might you have?

Ask yourself questions

Journalistic questions
Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? So What?

1. Freewrite
Without referring to the text or your notes, write for five to ten minutes on all the
images (or the device you have chosen to examine) you can recall. This will provide an initial list which will make up your body of evidence.

2. Review
Look back through the text and your notes to further identify evidence, keeping
focused on the particular device you want to discuss.

3. Research
Optional: Ask your instructor about outside sources before you use them.
Once you've identified enough textual evidence to support your thesis, you may
want to see what other writers have had to say about your topic. This kind of appeal to other authorities helps you back up and interpret your reading of the work.
2

4. Evaluate
You will probably generate more evidence than you can use. One way to decide
which evidence to take and which to leave is to limit your choices to the best,
most illustrative examples you can find. Focus on how the devices are used to
develop major characters, major scenes, and major turning points in the work.

PRE-WRITING QUESTIONS
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your
answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop
your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis)
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
3

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Definition

How does the dictionary define ____?

What do I mean by ____?

What group of things does ____ belong to?

How is ____ different from other things?

What parts can ____ be divided into?

Does ____ mean something now that it didn't years ago? If so, what?

What other words mean about the same as ____?

What are some concrete examples of ____?

When is the meaning of ____ misunderstood?

Comparison/Contrast

What is ____ similar to? In what ways?

What is ____ different from? In what ways?

____ is superior (inferior) to what? How?

____ is most unlike (like) what? How?

Relationship

What causes ____?

What are the effects of ____?

What is the purpose of ____? - What is the consequence of ____?

What comes before (after) ____?

Testimony

What have I heard people say about ____?

What are some facts of statistics about ____?

Can I quote any proverbs, poems, or sayings about ____?

Are there any laws about ____?

Circumstance

Is ____ possible or impossible?

What qualities, conditions, or circumstances make ____ possible or impossible?

When did ____ happen previously?

Who can do ____?

If ____ starts, what makes it end?

What would it take for ____ to happen now?

What would prevent ___ from happening?

Contrastive features

How is ____ different from things similar to it?

How has ____ been different for me?

Variation

How much can ____ change and still be itself?

How is ____ changing?

How much does ____ change from day to day?

What are the different varieties of ____?

Distribution

Where and when does ____ take place?

What is the larger thing of which ___ is a part?

What is the function of ____ in this larger thing?

Cubing (considering a subject from six points of view)

1. *Describe* it (colors, shapes, sizes, etc.)
2. *Compare* it (What is it similar to?)
3. *Associate* it (What does it make you think of?)
4. *Analyze* it (Tell how it's made)
5. *Apply* it (What can you do with it? How can it be used?)
6. *Argue* for or against it

ARGUMENTATION
The arguments here got jumbled.
Combine arguments with your own conjunctions and opinions into plausible argumentations.
1. More and more, smoking is becoming health risk number one for women.
2. The jurisdiction still has to change the evaluation of such crimes, as it has already
been carried out in society.
3. Such games are suspected to promote violence.
4. The internet is an indispensable communication tool of our time.
5. Shopliftings still keep our courts busy nowadays.
6. The political parties are risking the reputation of our parliamentary democracy.
7. Solar power is probably the most important energy supplier of the future.
8. The rain forests are dying.
9. The payment by instalment is today a popular means for the financing of consumer desires.
10. Teamwork is very important.
11. Therefore, legislators should act immediately.
12. Each school must go online.
13. Winter tires belong to the safety equipment of motor vehicles in the cold season
nowadays.
14. The industrialized countries use too much tropical wood.
15. The development of the future must be initiated today
16. The number of female smokers getting sick with lung cancer rises dramatically.
17. Ego Shooter games for the computer are regarded by many adults with concern.
18. Scandals over bribery and corruption of politicians have almost become part of
our everyday life.
19. Nowadays many tasks cannot be handled by one person alone.
20. Many humans insist on an immediate fulfillment of their desires.
21. Many accidents happen on snowy or icy roads.
22. Cloning of human genetic material must be forbidden.

How can I effectively present my argument?

Use an organizational structure that arranges the argument in a way that will make
sense to the reader. The basic format for the Toulmin Method of argumentation is as follows:
Claim: The overall thesis the writer will argue for.
Data: Evidence gathered to support the claim.
Warrant (also referred to as a bridge): Explanation of why or how the data supports
the claim, the underlying assumption that connects your data to your claim.
Backing (also referred to as the foundation): Additional logic or reasoning that may
be necessary to support the warrant.
Counterclaim: A claim that negates or disagrees with the thesis/claim.
Rebuttal: Evidence that negates or disagrees with the counterclaim.
Including a well thought out warrant or bridge is essential to writing a good argumentative essay or paper. If you present data to your audience without explaining how it supports your thesis they may not make a connection between the two or they may draw
different conclusions.
Don't avoid the opposing side of an argument. Instead, include the opposing side as a
counterclaim. Find out what the other side is saying and respond to it within your own
argument. This is important so that the audience is not swayed by weak, but unrefuted,
arguments. Including counterclaims allows you to find common ground with more of your
readers. It also makes you look more credible because you appear to be knowledgeable
about the entirety of the debate rather than just being biased or uniformed. You may
want to include several counterclaims to show that you have thoroughly researched the
topic.

Example
Claim: Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution.
Data1:Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air polluting activity.
Warrant 1:Because cars are the largest source of private, as opposed to industry produced, air pollution switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting pollution.
Data 2: Each vehicle produced is going to stay on the road for roughly 12 to 15 years.
Warrant 2: Cars generally have a long lifespan, meaning that a decision to switch to a
hybrid car will make a long-term impact on pollution levels.
Data 3: Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with a battery-powered electric motor.
Warrant 3: This combination of technologies means that less pollution is produced. According to ineedtoknow.org "the hybrid engine of the Prius, made by Toyota, produces
90 percent fewer harmful emissions than a comparable gasoline engine."
Counterclaim: Instead of focusing on cars, which still encourages a culture of driving
even if it cuts down on pollution, the nation should focus on building and encouraging
use of mass transit systems.
Rebuttal: While mass transit is an environmentally sound idea that should be encouraged, it is not feasible in many rural and suburban areas, or for people who must commute to work; thus hybrid cars are a better solution for much of the nation's population.

ARGUMENTATION TOPICS
Euthanasia is the right way to kill fatally ill people.
Marihuana is a soft drug and should become legal.
When parents hit their children it is child abuse.
Your own topics
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

THE ARGUMENTATION BUILDER

Be prepared to defend your argument
What is your (first) argument?

Which argument could work against it?

Do you have a second argument to support your view?

What is the basic nature of your first argument?

Moral
Political
Economical

Scientific proof
Personal point of view
Educational
Religious
Legal (laws)
Common sense
Other, which? _____________________________________

What is the basic nature of your second argument?

Moral
Political
Economical

Scientific proof
Personal point of view
Educational
Religious
Legal (laws)
Common sense
Other, which? _____________________________________

Do you understand your arguments? Check you arguments!

Ask three Why? questions about each of your two arguments. Can you answer them?
If no, why not?
1._____________________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________________________

1._____________________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________________________
D. What other points might support your arguments?
10

PRO AND CONTRA

What is the issue?

Collect arguments for both sides and send them through the argumentation
builder. Make notes.

Pro

Contra

11

CRITICAL THINKING

do not always state the obvious

read between the lines
try to understand structures
ask a lot of questions
read more to broaden your horizon

Reading

Learn how to scan text looking for information

learn to guess
read sometimes without a dictionary
crossreading

1. Answer the question, dont repeat the question

2. Learn how to paraphrase, so that your inability to come up with your own ideas is at
least covered up
3. If you use a dictionary, no misspelling is excusable, exception: grammatical constructs, but tenses and personal pronouns should be known
4. Try to have an opinion on things, if you dont have one, THINK, make up your mind
5. Read detective stories, connect Fact A + Fact B and come up with Fact C or a solution
6. Ask questions inside questions, uncover the layers of meaning behind words and
behaviour, for this you should study some philosophy, psychology, sociology, politics
etc. Nothing exists in a vacuum, try to discover what makes the world go round
7. Get rid of stereotyped ideas, clichs, racism, xenophobia, bias, prejudice, discrimination etc. that obstruct your ideas
8. Be critical of yourself, constantly analyze your shortcomings and try to get rid of them
9. Try to understand other peoples perspectives, you need your social, cultural, political
knowledge for thisand life experience
10. Know yourself and your culture

12

INTERTEXTUALITY
Intertextuality is a relationship between two or more texts that quote from one another,
allude to one another, or otherwise connect. In the work of Roland Barthes, intertextuality is the concept that the meaning of an artistic work does not reside in that work, but in
the viewers. In the work of Julia Kristeva (who coined the term in 1966), intertextuality
suggests the interdependence of texts, the continual deferment of meaning through and
between texts.
New Testament passages that quote from the Old Testament are one example of intertextuality. Another example is Old Testament books such as Deuteronomy or the prophets that refer to the stories found in Exodus. Whereas a redaction critic would use such
intertextuality to argue for a particular order and process of the authorship of the books
in question, literary criticism takes a synchronic view that deals with the texts in their final form, as an interconnected body of literature. Some postmodern theorists like to talk
about the relationship between "intertextuality" and "hypertextuality."

13

SOURCES
What kind of sources can you use for an academic paper?
.
..
.

What makes a source reliable?

.
..
.

What is an unreliable source?

.
..
.

Why do we need sources to write an academic paper?

.
..
.

What is plagiarism?
.
..
.

14

What will happen if you plagiarize in your paper?

.
..
.

What is the difference between copying and quoting?

.
..
.

What is a primary source?

.
..
.

What is a secondary source?

.
..
.

15

SOURCES
When you evaluate a source for possible inclusion in a research paper, ask yourself the
following questions:

Is the information accurate?

Has the author given sources for his/her information?

Is the article a scholarly or popular treatment?

What do you know about the author? Is he or she an authority on the topic addressed in the book?

Has the author interpreted information fairly? Is the basis for the interpretation
clearly stated?

Has the author defined terms clearly?

Has the author argued logically, or has he or she used ad hominem arguments,
faulty cause and effect, either/or reasoning or faulty generalizations?

Has the author made conclusions that go beyond the scope of his or her study?

What are the author's assumptions about his or her audience or subject? Are they
clearly stated or implicit?

What is the nature of the source? What is the political or critical stance of the
journal or book your source comes from?

Is the source current?

What do reviews have to say about the source?

Is the author's research design valid? What type of controls has he or she
used? Has he or she taken account of uncontrolled variables?

Is the article relevant to your topic?

When you begin doing graduate-level research papers, you have more to consider than
correct citation of source material. You must also use your sources in an ethical manner. The following are some guidelines for ethical use of research documents:
1. Never use information in a way that is contrary to the authors intentions.
2. Although it is not always necessary to quote an entire passage to make your point,
make sure that you have not changed the authors main idea through selective quoting
or use of ellipsis.
3. It is not ethical to prove your thesis by ignoring well-known information that conflicts
with or refutes it. A well-argued paper confronts such evidence.
16

QUOTING
What is a quote?
Quoting involves taking a word, phrase, or passage directly from the story, novel, or critical essay and working it grammatically into your discussion. Here's an example:
In his novel, The Secret Agent, Conrad describes Verloc as "undemonstrative and burly
in a fat-pig style.... "(69) The pig image suggests that Verloc is not a lean, zealous anarchist, but is actually a corrupt, complacent middle class man who is interested in preserving his comfortable status.
Notice three things about the example above:

The passage from the novel is enclosed in quotes and the page number is indicated in parentheses.
The passage is introduced in a coherent grammatical style; it reads like a
complete, correct sentence.
The quote is interpreted, not patched on and left for the reader to figure out
what it means.

When should I quote?

To make a particularly important point

When a passage or point is particularly well written
To include a particularly authoritative source

How should I quote?

All quotes must be introduced, discussed, and woven into the text. As you revise, make sure you don't have two quotes end-to-end.
A good rule of thumb: Don't let your quotes exceed 25% of your text.

17

Blending a quote into the text

Example 1
The author Tom Jones said in his book The Reading Student: I dont think students
study hard nowadays. (direct complete quote)
The author Tom Jones said in his book The Reading Student that he does not think that
students study hard nowadays. (indirect speech)
The author Tom Jones claims in his book The Reading Student that students [dont]
study hard nowadays. (direct incomplete and grammatically altered quote)
The author Tom Jones claims in his book The Reading Student that students [dont]
study hard nowadays is questioned by many people.
Many people question the author Tom Jones claim in his book The Reading Student
that students [dont] study hard nowadays. (direct incomplete and grammatically altered quote)
Example 2
Tom Jones writes: I think that reading is an important academic ability and should be
practiced a lot. It can be enhanced by borrowing books from the library. (one part cut
out of the quote)
Reading is important. We all agree. Tom Jones thinks, that reading is an important academic ability []. It can be enhanced by borrowing books from the library.
Example 3
I think that reading is an important academic ability and should be practiced a lot. It can
be enhanced by borrowing books from the library.
Tom Jones thinks: [R]eading is an important academic ability [which should be] enhanced by borrowing books from the library.
Example 4
I think that reading is an important academic ability and should be practiced a lot. It can
be enhanced by borrowing books from the library.
Tom Jones writes in his book about reading as an academic ability. (quoting a term or
expression)

18

QUOTING
Primary Source
Which text passages from your primary source do you want to use as examples in your
essay? Always state a reason Why?
Example 1 (page / top middle bottom)
Summary

..
.

...

Why do you want to use this quote?

.
..
.

Example 2 (page / top middle bottom)

Summary

..
.

...

Why do you want to use this quote?

.
..
.
..

19

Example 3 (page / top middle bottom)

Summary

..
.

...

Why do you want to use this quote?

.
..
.

..

Example 4 (page / top middle bottom)

Summary

..
.

...

Why do you want to use this quote?

.
..
.

..

20

QUOTING EXERCISE
I.

William Shakespeare

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia

This article is about the poet and playwright. For other persons of the same name, see
William Shakespeare (disambiguation). For other uses of "Shakespeare", see Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616)[a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the
world's pre-eminent dramatist.[1] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard
of Avon".[2][b] His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of 38 plays,[c]
154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been
translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of
any other playwright.[3]
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married
Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.
Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer,
and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as
the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died
three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been
considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.[4]
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. [5][d] His early
plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication
and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until
about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest
works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as
romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his
lifetime. In 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised
as Shakespeare's.
Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did
not rise to its present heights until the nineteenth century. The Romantics, in particular,
acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a
reverence that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry".[6] In the twentieth century, his
work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and
performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare

21

II.

Expertise understood through ethnography

[1.1] A recent increasing interest in the use of digital games for education has included a
look at designed games or virtual environments for specific content learning (Holland et
al. 2003) as well as a look at what players can learn from non-education-specific games
(Prensky 2000; Gee 2003). Researchers in the latter field argue that there are certain
processes (such as trial and error methods found in inquiry-based activity) to be learned
through playing in a rule-based system that may outweigh subject area knowledge acquisition. Yet other researchers look at game players and their literacy practices (Hawisher and Selfe 2007). This increasing interest among educational researchers in digital
games is part of a larger scholarly movement that includes humanistic debates on
whether games are essentially narratives, allowing for literary analyses, or essentially
systems with goals and constraints, begging for process-oriented analyses, and sociological/anthropological examinations of the culture and players around games. I take a
cue from this latter movement to reframe educational inquiry into the learning that happens with digital games by considering the social settings in which learning occurs.
When one thinks about learning, it cannot be disassociated from specific contexts, and
in fact, learning is only meaningful if it helps people participate in their activities of choice.
One way to examine the learning trajectory is to look at expertise development.
http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/72/98

22

READING
World's oldest noodles found in China
4,000-year-old pasta made from millet
LONDON - Italians are known for them and theories suggest they may have originated
in the Middle East but scientists said on Wednesday the world's oldest known noodles,
dating back 4,000 years, were made in China.
Houyuan Lu, of the Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing and his colleagues found the
ancient noodles preserved in an overturned, sealed bowl at an archaeological site near
the Yellow River in north-western China.
"Our discovery indicates that noodles were first produced in China about 4,000 years
ago," Lu said in an interview.
Until the discovery, reported in the science journal Nature, the oldest written account of
noodles was in a book written during the East Han Dynasty in China sometime between
25 and 220.
But there have been other suggestions that noodles were first made in the Middle East
and introduced to Italy by the Arabs during the Middle Ages.
"This is the earliest empirical evidence of noodles ever
found," said Lu.
The newly unearthed yellow noodles are very thin, delicate
and 50 cm (20 inches) in length. The scientists think a
large earthquake and catastrophic flooding probably destroyed the ancient settlement where they were discovered.
Unlike modern Chinese noodles or Italian pasta that are
made mostly of wheat, the 4,000-year-old variety consisted of millet which is indigenous to China.
Wheat was not introduced from central and western Asia
to northwestern China until about 5,000 years ago.
23

Chinese Academy Of Science / Reuters

The newly unearthed
noodles are made out of
millet, instead of wheat.

"Archaeological evidence suggests that even though wheat was present in northwestern China 4,500 to 5,000 years ago, it was not commonly cultivated until much later," Lu said. Prehistoric farmers knew how to pound and grind the hard millet seeds and
mix them to make noodles. The dough was probably repeatedly stretched by hand to
form long strands and cooked in boiling water to make noodles, according to the researchers.
"This study has established, for the first time, that the earliest noodle production occurred in China," Lu said.
Vocabulary
to originate to begin, to create
ancient very old, early
overturned upside down
archaeological digging out remains of old cultures
to indicate point out
empirical observed, collected scientifically
delicate subtle, fragile
catastrophic disastrous, terrible
millet some kind of grain
indigenous - native, original
to cultivate to grow
prehistoric of old times

24

PARAPHRASING
To Paraphrase is to say the same thing another way.
Copy three words in a row and youre out!
We can successfully paraphrase by using a combination of techniques.

Paraphrasing Techniques
Change to Synonyms
Change Word Forms
Change from a Clause to a Phrase
Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech
Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice
Interpret Meaning
Identify the underlying meaning of a statement.

Change to Synonyms
Replace the original words with words
that mean the same.
The stallion was content with the mare
The stallion was happy with the mare.

When You cant find a Synonym

Replace the original word with a definition.
The stallion was content with the mare.
The male horse was happy with the female horse.

Change Word Forms

Use an adverb instead of an adjective
Use a verb to replace a noun.
John is an accurate typist.
John types accurately

25

Change from a Clause to a Phrase

After he ate lunch, John took a nap.
After eating lunch, John took a nap.
The house that is across the street is old.
The house across the street is old.

Combine Techniques
Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions
After he ate lunch, John took a nap.
After eating lunch, John slept a little.

Combine Techniques
Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions
The house that is across the street is old.
The house across the street is old.
The house on the other side of the street is old.
The dwelling on the other side of the road is ancient.

Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech

Mrs. Lee said, I am ready for lunch.
Mrs. Lee said she was ready for lunch.

Interpret Meaning
Identify the underlying meaning of a statement.
Mrs. Lee said, I am ready for lunch.
Mrs. Lee complained about being hungry.

Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice

A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

and replace with synonyms.

26

 A hotel employee will carry your bags.

Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.
Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

Change transitions
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

and change word forms

Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.

Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice

A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

and replace with synonyms.

A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.
Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

Change transitions
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

and change word forms

Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.
27

PARAPHRASING
Read the two paragraphs. The second one is a paraphrase of the first.
Example A
Original
Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a
bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.
Paraphrased
The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of
whom are school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).
Example B
Original
While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering
so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the
world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice
as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology
could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial
(May 1990): 15.
Paraphrased
How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the
Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the
boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to
build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).

28

Example C
Original
"The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of
our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the
camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water
from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity."
From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.
Paraphrased
According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity
could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the
important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and
atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).

Paraphrasing Exercise: Simple Sentences

Some examples of paraphrasing with synonyms:
1. "My car needs gasoline."
a. My automobile needs fuel.
b. My wheels need gas.
2. "The U.S. government has an enormous debt."
a. The federal government has an extremely large debt.
b. The national government has a huge debt.
Some examples of paraphrasing with definitions:
1. "A college student usually has homework to do."
a. A person going to college typically has to study at home.
b. People taking college courses usually have assignments to do
2. "Alcoholics drink more and enjoy it less than social drinkers."
a. A person who is addicted to alcohol consumes more but gets less
pleasure than a person who drinks just to be sociable.
b. People who really need to drink have a high level of intake but a
lower level of satisfaction than people who can take it or leave it.

29

Paraphrasing Exercise 2: Paraphrase the following sentences

by replacing the CAPITALIZED words with a definition or
synonym. (If necessary, you may rephrase.)
1. The way to a MALE'S heart is through his TUMMY.
2. A FLYING ANIMAL in the hand is AS VALUABLE AS two in the bush.
3. There's a FOOL WITH MONEY born every SIXTY SECONDS.
4. TO HELL with the torpedoes, full speed FORWARD.
5. A rolling ROCK COLLECTS no moss.

A. A penny SAVED is a penny EARNED.

B. Valuable GIFTS often come in SMALL packages.
C. You can't teach an OLD dog new TRICKS.
D. A BOY'S best friend is his DOG.
E. A fool and his MONEY are soon PARTED.
F. The EARLY bird GETS the worm.
G. HASTE makes WASTE.
H. HONESTY is the best POLICY.
I. You can't MAKE a silk purse OUT OF a cow's ear.
J. Better LATE than NEVER.

30

Paraphrasing exercise 3: For each of the following complex

sentences, extract three ideas and state them separately.
Keep the whole article in mind for this.
Example: Until the discovery, reported in the science journal Nature, the oldest written
account of noodles was in a book written during the East Han Dynasty in China sometime between 25 and 220.
a. The discovery in China was reported in the science journal Nature.
b. A book from Han Dynasty was the oldest written account of noodles before that.
c. East Han Dynasty in China lasted from 25 to 220 AD.
1. Italians are known for them and theories suggest they may have originated in the
Middle East but scientists said on Wednesday the world's oldest known noodles, dating
back 4,000 years, were made in China.
a._______________________________________________________________
b._______________________________________________________________
c._______________________________________________________________
2. The newly unearthed yellow noodles are very thin, delicate and 50 cm (20 inches) in
length. The scientists think a large earthquake and catastrophic flooding probably destroyed the ancient settlement where they were discovered.
a._______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
3. Unlike modern Chinese noodles or Italian pasta that are made mostly of wheat, the
4,000-year-old variety consisted of millet which is indigenous to China.
a._______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________

31

Paraphrasing exercise 4: Transform from direct to indirect

speech
1. "Our discovery indicates that noodles were first produced in China about 4,000 years
ago," Lu said in an interview.

2. "This is the earliest empirical evidence of noodles ever found," said Lu.

3. "Archaeological evidence suggests that even though wheat was present in northwestern China 4,500 to 5,000 years ago, it was not commonly cultivated until much later," Lu said.

4. "This study has established, for the first time, that the earliest noodle production occurred in China," Lu said.

Paraphrasing exercise 5: Change from passive to active voice

1. But there have been other suggestions that noodles were first made in the Middle
East and introduced to Italy by the Arabs during the Middle Ages.

2. Wheat was not introduced from central and western Asia to north-western China until
about 5,000 years ago.

Paraphrasing exercise 6: The text

1. Write down a summary of the noodles text.
2. Now paraphrase this summary.

32

Paraphrasing exercise 7:
Paraphrase the following statements in two different ways.
You may find it helpful to imagine rephrasing the statements as if you
were speaking to different audiences, such as another student, a parent,
or a teacher. Two examples are provided:
Example 1. "Even though many species of animals communicate, human verbal
communication is by far the most complex system."
a. While people are not the only animals who communicate, our system of communication is the most complex.
b. Other animals besides humans communicate, but their systems of communication are less complex.
Example 2. "By shifting the physical quality of one's voice, a person can
express varied emotional states."
a. A person can change the physical quality of his or her voice to express different emotions.
b. To express different feelings, people may use different voice tone, volume, or
emphasis.
1. "When speaking, a person combines sounds into complex structures,
and each different structure is a meaningful unit."

2. "Even dogs can express emotions, as when they growl at a postman or

bark to be let in or out of the house."

3. "One of the complicated ways animals describe their environment is

the dance done by bees to tell other bees where there is nectar."

33

4. "Many bird species sing long sequences of different songs in a way

that is analogous to humans combining words into sentences."

5. "Other animals can express emotions, describe the environment, or

combine sounds into strings, but only humans can do all of these."

6. "It is possible to teach a chimpanzee to use sign language, but no

chimpanzee has proven able to construct a new sentence in the way
that humans do routinely."

7. "Nevertheless, there are still many mysteries of communication

among animals, including the 'songs' of whales and dolphins."

34

COMPUTER CLASS
Turn on the computer, English Windows XP!
1. Text Writing
1. Enter the TEXT you have prepared for this class and open it in English Word.
2. Use Tools/Spelling and Grammar to correct your text.
3. Use right click on several adjectives or verbs/Synonyms to change wording.
4. Send this file to your email-account.
2. Bibliography Writing - General
1. Go to http://citationmachine.net
2. On the left side, click on APA or MLA (according to your project content)
3. Enter various sources into the mask on the right and copy the results into a word file.
Listen to the instructions by the teacher first.
3. Please use the CITATION MACHINE http://citationmachine.net/ to create a bibliographic entry for the following book:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812694554/qid=1132366393/sr=11/ref=sr_1_2_1/202-3525190-1065464
MLA style

APA style

35

4. Now create a bibliographic entry for the essay The courageous Harry Potter,
page 9-21, by Tom Morris from the same book as above.
MLA style

APA style

5. Use the Citation machine to make a bibliographic entry for the following items:
This website: http://www.jkrowling.com/
MLA style

APA style

6. This article in an online journal: http://www.gamestudies.org/0501/gruenvogel/

A hint: you can rewrite the umlaut as ue.

MLA style

APA style

36

7. Now please explore the WIZARD TOOL http://21cif.imsa.edu/tools

8. Use the THESIS AND OUTLINE BUILDER at

http://www.ozline.com/electraguide/thesis.html to create a thesis for your essay and
then create an outline (you dont have to write down the outline here, just have a
look at it, maybe make some notes).
Write your thesis here:

___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
9. Use the ACRONYM FINDER http://www.acronymfinder.com/ and find out what do
the following acronyms mean, or what is their most common use.
DPP (Taiwan)
_______________________________________________________________
NASA (USA)
_______________________________________________________________
BRD (Germany)
_____________________________________________________________
AIDS
______________________________________________________________________
WHO
_____________________________________________________________________

10. Please explore the following websites and their usage.

Word Finder: http://www.faganfinder.com/words/
Thesaurus: http://thesaurus.reference.com/

37

COMPUTER SEARCH
1. Who was the third president of the USA?

2. When did Mahatma Gandhi die?

3. Who invented the steam engine?

4. What is the capital of Iceland?

6. How big is the population of Egypt?

7. When did Tyrannosaurus Rex live?

8. In which building did King Louis XIV reside most of his life?

9. Where is the longest bridge on earth?

10. Who was the first man on the moon? In which year?

Write down five of your own questions and hand the sheet to your neighbour to answer:
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________

38

PEER EDITING
Finding a Beta-Reader
A beta reader will be equally responsible for the quality of the final paper. 5% of your
own final grade will consist of the grade of the person you are beta reading for.
NAME _________________________________ No. ___________________________
Thesis title
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
My Beta reader is:
NAME ______________________________ No. _______________________________
Interaction Protocol
(document your discussions and text readings with your beta reader)

Date

Event

39

PEER EDITING
Paper draft check list
Item
page numbers ok?
headlines?

Your comments and suggestions

title page ok?

page layout
problems
index problems?
content ok?

do you understand
what they are
talking about
off-topic?

chapters
enough and
logical?
bibliography
style ok?

APA style?

quotes ok?

grammar???

other

40

Transcribing Chinese Characters

Hanyu Pinyin is a scheme for spelling Modern Standard Chinese with Latin letters.
Hanyu Pinyin is the internationally accepted standard, and with the exception of
some few cases outlined below, it is the only transcription to be used for transcribing Chinese characters.
Always use the appropriate Umlaut in l, n, and so on. It is an integral part of
Hanyu Pinyin. is fun, not *funu.
Hanyu Pinyin transcribes words. Although Chinese written by characters does not indicate word boundaries, the Hanyu Pinyin scheme is based on word formation. In Hanyu
Pinyin the characters are linked to form words, so becomes shehui (not *she hui)
and becomes gongchanzhuyi (not *gong chan zhu yi). See Chinese dictionaries like Xiandai Hanyu Cidian for word division.
Hanyu Pinyin replaces Chinese characters in non-Chinese academic and generalpurpose texts and should not be used alongside Chinese characters. It is normally
not advisable to use Chinese characters at all within such texts. If deemed appropriate a
list (glossary) of expressions with character equivalents can be placed at the end of the
text.
Use normal typeface when writing Hanyu Pinyin. Treat words and names in Hanyu
Pinyin like any other words; do not use quotation marks, bold, underline or italics unless
you would use these features writing words in English, as in headings or for emphasis.
Follow general English rules to decide when to capitalise Hanyu Pinyin and when
not to.
The correct Hanyu Pinyin form of personal names is surname{space}personal
name. Do not invert Chinese names to make them conform to western style. The correct form of is Deng Xiaoping, not *Xiaoping Deng.
If a person is professionally most active in a non-Chinese context, for example
published widely under a non-Pinyin name, and known in the general literature
under that name, this name should always be used. Cases include Philip C. C.
Huang, Wang Gungwu, Wong Siu-lun, Ambrose King, Mayfair Yang, Helen Siu, Lynn
Pan, Li Kah-shing, Lee Kuan Yew, Tan Ka Kee and many others. It is neither necessary
to list these with Chinese characters in glossaries, nor to provide Hanyu Pinyin forms in
parentheses.
Three names are conventionally always rendered in a non-Pinyin form, Sun
Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Koxinga.
Hyphenation in Hanyu Pinyin is only used with composites of short geographical
names. is Jing-Jiu-Jiu tielu (Beijing-Jiujiang-Kowloon Railway);
is Huang-Huai-Hai pingyuan (the plain formed by the Yellow, Huai and Hai rivers);
is Zhong-Dan youyi xiehui (Sino-Danish Friendship Association); is
Shaan-Gan-Ning bianqu (Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Area); and XiangGan bianjie (Hunan-Jiangxi border).
41

Official names of places in Hong Kong and Macau should be retained as they are,
like Kowloon and Shek Kip Mei.
A.

Using Hanyu Pinyin in Transcribing Bibliographic Information

Hanyu Pinyin should be used as a true transliteration of the Chinese words as

they occur in bibliographical matter. This means that foreign (including Japanese)
and national minority place and personal names should be transcribed exactly as
they stand in Chinese characters. Numbers written in Chinese characters (both in
short or long form) should be treated as characters (and not as Arabic numerals).
Non-Chinese characters in bibliographic matter should be treated as such: Individual Latin alphabet letters and Arabic and Roman numerals should be kept.
Names of authors must be transcribed exactly as they stand in Chinese characters, including the names of national minority people and foreigners. In the case
of foreigners and national minority people, the name in foreign language or minority transcription (where known) is added in square brackets immediately after.
Use sentence case rather than title case in titles written in Hanyu Pinyin. Only
the first word and proper names begin with a capital letter.
Do not translate Chinese names of journals and publishers in the bibliographical
matter that follows the title. You refer to an article in Qiushi and not *Seek Truth
or *Qiushi (Seek Truth).

Chinese punctuation is transferred into common English punctuation. Chinese

quotation and title citation marks () become quotation marks and inverted
commas as appropriate, and the Chinese repetition comma, the dunhao () becomes a
comma.
In mixed-language bibliographies, the Chinese surname may be followed by a
comma, separating it from the personal name. This should be used for the name
that is sorted alphabetically only. In the case of multiple authors, the subsequent
names should be listed without commas.
Translate the title of books and articles into English and place them in parenthesis
after the title. The translation should be a proper translation, covering the exact
meaning of the words in the title. You are advised never to rely on translations of titles
supplied on the cover of books or in translated contents lists, as these are often wrong. If
a book is bi-lingual include both the Chinese and the non-Chinese titles as they appear
in the colophon or on the title page and treat them as one title (no parentheses):
Zhongguo tongji nianjian. China Statistical Yearbook 1995.
The proper style of a bibliographic entry of a Chinese book is as follows:
In the case of a work with the following Chinese bibliographical data:

1995 10
1
42

If an author has written works both in western languages and in Chinese or been
published in translation and the name appears differently on the respective title
pages, one may make a cross-reference in the bibliography, using square brackets:
the correct forms of bibliographic rendering in English academic writing is:

Qiao Jian and Pan Naigu (eds.), Zhongguoren de guannian yu xingwei (Perceptions and Behaviour of the Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe, 1995.
Or:
Qiao, Jian and Pan Naigu (eds.) (1995), Zhongguoren de guannian yu xingwei
(Perceptions and Behaviour of the Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe

The proper style of a bibliographic entry of a book contribution is as follows:

Gao Binzhong (1995), Xiandaihua yu shikong guannian ji qi shezhi de zhuanxing:

yi Tuzu wei lie (Modernisation, Time-Space Perceptions and the Transformation
of their Arrangement. The Tu Nationality Case). In: Qiao Jian and Pan Naigu
(eds.), Zhongguoren de guannian yu xingwei (Perceptions and Behaviour of the
Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe, pp. 96-107. Or:
Gao, Binzhong, Xiandaihua yu shikong guannian ji qi shezhi de zhuanxing: yi
Tuzu wei lie (Modernisation, Time-Space Perceptions and the Transformation of
their Arrangement. The Tu Nationality Case). In: Qiao Jian and Pan Naigu (eds.),
Zhongguoren de guannian yu xingwei (Perceptions and Behaviour of the Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe, 1995, pp. 96-107.

The proper style of a bibliographic entry of a journal article is as follows:

Song Linfei (1999), Jingji quanqiuhua de chongji yu yingdui cele (Assaults by

and Responses to Economic Globalisation). Jianghai Xuekan. No. 3, pp. 3-11. Or:
Song, Linfei, Jingji quanqiuhua de chongji yu yingdui cele (Assaults by and
Responses to Economic Globalisation). Jianghai xuekan, 1999, no. 3, pp. 3-11.

Mao Zedong [Mao Tse-tung] (1961).

43

ROMAN NUMERALS
I =1

XI = 11

XXX = 30

CL = 150

II = 2
III = 3

XII = 12
XIII = 13

XL = 40
XLIX = 49

CLIX = 159
CXC = 190

IV = 4
V =5

XIV = 14
XV = 15

L = 50
LX = 60

CC = 200
CCC = 300

VI = 6
VII = 7

XVI = 16
XVII = 17

LXX = 70
LXXX = 80

CD = 400
D = 500

VIII = 8

XVIII = 18

XC = 90

DC = 600

IX = 9

XIX = 19

XCIX = 99

CM = 900

X = 10

XX = 20

C = 100

Here you can convert Arabic Numbers into Roman Numbers:

http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/number.htm

44

M = 1000

LETTERS AND NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1: Numbers only
1. Text text text text
1.1 Text text text text
1.1.1 Text text text text
1.1.2 Text text text text
1.1.3 Text text text text
1.2 Text text text text
1.2.1 Text text text text
1.2.2 Text text text text
1.3 Text text text text
2. Text text text text
2.1 Text text text text
2.1.1 Text text text text
2.1.2 Text text text text
2.2 Text text text text
2.2.1 Text text text text
2.2.2 Text text text text
2.3 Text text text text
3. Text text text text
and so on

45

EXAMPLE 2: Numbers and letters

1) Text
a) Text
b) Text
c) Text
i) Text
ii) Text
iii) Text
2) Text
a) Text
b) Text
c) Text
i) Text
ii) Text
iii) Text
and so on
EXAMPLE 3: Numbers and letters
I. Text
A. Text
B. Text
C. Text
1. Text
2. Text
3. Text
D. Text
E. Text
II. Text
A. Text
B. Text
1. Text
2. Text
C. Text
1. Text
2. Text
III.
and so on

46

PROPOSAL
An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is
to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
so that you gain approval to proceed with the actual research. As well as indicating your
plan of action, an academic proposal should show your theoretical positioning and your
relationship to past work in the area.
An academic proposal is expected to contain these elements:

a rationale for the choice of topic, showing why it is important or useful within the
concerns of the discipline or course. It is sensible also to indicate the limitations of
your aims--don't promise what you can't possibly deliver.

a review of existing published work ("the literature") that relates to the topic. Here
you need to tell how your proposed work will build on existing studies and yet explore new territory.

an outline of your intended approach or methodology (with comparisons to the

existing published work), perhaps including costs, resources needed, and a timeline of when you hope to get things done.

Particular disciplines may have standard ways of organizing the proposal. Ask within
your department about expectations in your field. In any case, in organizing your material, be sure to emphasize the specific focus of your work--your research question. Use
headings, lists, and visuals to make reading and cross-reference easy. And employ a
concrete and precise style to show that you have chosen a feasible idea and can put it
into action. Here are some general tips:

Start with why your idea is worth doing (its contribution to the field), then fill in
how (technicalities about topic and method).

Give enough detail to establish feasibility, but not so much as to bore the reader.

Show your ability to deal with possible problems or changes in focus.

Show confidence and eagerness (use I and active verbs, concise style, positive
phrasing).

47

THE ACADEMIC PAPER (sample)

TITLE PAGE

Title of paper
(Subtitle of paper)

Author/s (first and last name, student number)

Purpose (Essay, MA, Ph.D. etc.)

Facilitator (incl. full title)

Institution

Date

48

BRAINSTORMING
What do I have to find out?

What do I already know about the topic?

Random ideas

49

THESIS
The title of my essay:
...
...
..

Subtitle (optional):
...
...
..

What is the purpose of this essay?

...
...
..

Who is the intended audience for this essay?

...
...
..

What are my research questions?

...
...
..
...
...
..
...
...
..
...
...
..

50

OUTLINE
Chapter I. Introduction

(enter keywords and subtopics)..

Chapter II. (give title).

a) (give headline) ....
o

(enter keywords and subtopics) .

..

b) (give headline) ....

o

(enter keywords and subtopics) .

Chapter III. (give title).

a) (give headline) ....
o

(enter keywords and subtopics).

b) (give headline) ....

o

(enter keywords and subtopics)..

Chapter IV. Conclusion

(enter keywords and subtopics).

51

INTRODUCTION
Introduce your topic and object of study

..

..

Introduce your thesis and research questions

..

..

Explain why this topic is worth writing about

..

..

Sum up what kind of material about this topic is available

..

..

Describe in short how you are going to proceed in this paper

..

..

52

DEFINITIONS
Which words do I need to define for my topic?
Which sources do I use to define my topic? Why?
TERM 1

..

..

TERM 2

..

..

TERM 3

..

..

TERM 4

..

..

TERM 5

..

..

53

LITERATURE REVIEW
MAIN SOURCE 1
Last name of the author, Year, Page numbers (or other bibliographical data)

..

What are the main arguments or data in this source?

..

Why is this a reliable source for my paper?

..

MAIN SOURCE 2
Last name of the author, Year, Page numbers (or other bibliographical data)

..

What are the main arguments or data in this source?

..

Why is this a reliable source for my paper?

..

MAIN SOURCE 3
Last name of the author, Year, Page numbers (or other bibliographical data)

..

What are the main arguments or data in this source?

..

54

Why is this a reliable source for my paper?

..

MAIN SOURCE 4
Last name of the author, Year, Page numbers (or other bibliographical data)

..

What are the main arguments or data in this source?

..

Why is this a reliable source for my paper?

..

MAIN SOURCE 5
Last name of the author, Year, Page numbers (or other bibliographical data)

..

What are the main arguments or data in this source?

..

Why is this a reliable source for my paper?

..

55

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
What information do I need to know BEFORE I can start to discuss my topic?
(Histories, Biographies, Summaries, etc.)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

56

ARGUMENTATION I
CLAIM

..

..

DATA

..

..

WARRANT

..

..

BACKING

..

..

COUNTERCLAIM

..

..

REBUTTAL

..

57

ARGUMENTATION II
CLAIM

..

..

DATA

..

..

WARRANT

..

..

BACKING

..

..

COUNTERCLAIM

..

..

REBUTTAL

..

58

CONCLUSION
What have I learned and found out from my research?

..

..

What did I prove and with which arguments?

..

..

Limitations of this research

..

..

Possible questions for future research

..

..

59

TOPIC LIST New Media

Topic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Facebook and the advantages, disadvantages and dangers of social

networking
Why people should have their own blog
How blogging changed the world
How the internet changed the world
How computers changed the world
A man who owns the world Bill Gates
Linux and the open source movement
Creativity and Youtube
Why people should have their own website
The good and bad of online gaming
Good product or just good marketing? Why everybody wants an
iPod
Copyright abuses on the internet
Using the internet in China
The internet as a teaching tool
The dangers of online dating
Apple a success story
Paying or stealing the music industry and its audience in the age of
the internet
World dancing and Matt Harding an internet phenomenon travels
around the world
Fan creativity on the internet
Our daily life with computers
How the internet improved career opportunities
How to behave in an internet forum
What do chat rooms do to our languages?
The dangers computers and the internet pose to peoples health
Why pay for it when you can get it for free? How computers change
the morale of the people
Opportunities for intercultural communication on the internet
How terrorists abuse the freedom of the internet
Are they becoming lazy and stupid? The internet and a change in
student work morale
Ebay a global success story
Why do they want to hurt us all? The lives and motives of computer
hackers
The problems with manners in cyberspace
Do Taiwanese students use computers efficiently?
60

Topic
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.

How the internet supports terrorism

A history of the mobile phone
The mobile phone craze in Taiwan
How instant messaging on the phone has become part of everyday
life
How people socialize in the age of the internet
The importance of knowledge in the age of the internet
The nature of knowledge bases on the internet
Knowledge for everyone how the internet gives freedom to the
world
Google more than a tool
Communication technology before the age of the internet
A great invention Podcasting
Growing up with computers what has changed between now and
then?
Computers and children dangers and directions
Who am I? Virtual and real identities
How the internet can mobilize the masses
How the internet can be poison to hypochondriacs
Get a life! Game worlds and their players
The internet as a drug
Loneliness and the internet
Lost in space how the internet overwhelms the earth
Sharing knowledge on the internet
The internet as a tool for discrimination
Enemies of the internet
You cannot stop the future why we need the internet
What it means to be a multimedia society
Computers and the generation gap
Can I be your friend? Friendship in the age of the internet
Social skills people can learn from the internet

61

TOPIC LIST Taiwan culture

Topic
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.

The Yanshui fireworks festival in Taiwan

Taiwanese bethel nut beauties
Traffic rules and the dangers of driving in Taiwan
Made in Taiwan From junk to quality produced in Taiwan
Talking about a taboo The 228 incident in Taiwan
Ang Lee and the Taiwanese film industry
A controversial story Li Ang and her novel Shafu
Beauty commercials on Taiwanese television
Understanding democracy made in Taiwan
Environmental issues in Taiwan
The rigors of the Taiwanese education system
Aboriginal culture in Taiwan
Jay Chow, Wu Bai and Taiwanese popular music
Taiwanese people and their mobile phones
The predicament between Taiwan and China
Chen Shuibian Downfall of a president
Animal rights abuses in Taiwan
The Taiwanese strawberry generation
Crime and the Taiwanese Mafia
The forgotten generation Getting old in Taiwan
The catastrophic earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999
Building a landmark Taipeis 101
Policies and attitudes about homosexuality in Taiwan
Year 2003 and the SARS craze in Taiwan
Religions in Taiwan
Taiwan and the death penalty
A history of Taiwanese bubble tea
Armed forces and the military service in Taiwan
The international status of Taiwan
Teenage motorcycle street gangs in Taiwan
Female beauty and the cosmetics industry in Taiwan
The Yanshui fireworks festival in Taiwan

62

POP QUIZ Harry Potter

Name ____________________________ No. ___________________________
1. In the text The courageous Harry Potter the author uses ideas from
....... to understand the topic.
2. In academic , another word for approach
is ..
3. Courage is a ..
4. Confidence is an
5. Harry Potter is a member of , home of
the . .
6. Courage can only come from being ..
7. Aristotle is one of the
8. Harry has a to prepare himself for courage.
9. One good way to be courageous is to get the support of
10. The opposite of being courageous is being .
12. Harry feels in a lot of different parts of his .
13. Two ways to problems in the Harry Potter books are
.. and virtues.

methodology

fear

recipe

ancients

philosophy

reckless

magic

afraid

Gryffindor house

body

friends

brave

attitude

virtue

research

solve

63

TRANSCRIBING
Transcribe the Chinese text into Pinyin
Step one use lower case for all syllables first
Step two connect the syllables that form one word by underlining them
Step two mark the letters that need to be capitalized with red colour

_____ ______ _______ ______ ______

____

_______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ___

_______ ______ ______ _______ ______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ _____

____ ______ _______ ______ ______ ________

_______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ___

____ ______ _______ ______ ______ _____ _____

______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ____

_____ ______ _______ ______ ______ _______

_______ _______ _______ ______ ______ _____

____ ______ _______ ______ ______ ________ ______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ____

____ ______ _______ ______ ______ _______ ______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ _____

____

_______ ______ ______ ________ ______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ____

_____ ______ _______ ______ ______ ______

APA STYLE
Watch the tutorial at:
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
Download and print out the APA STYLE ESSENTIALS PDF-File
http://psychology.vanguard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/apastyleessentials.pdf

Bibliography
Sample for data collection, needs to be rewritten for print out
WEBSITES

You need
at least
one of
these
three

This information does not go into the final bibliography

This information does go into the final bibliography

Author/editor/organization (option-

Full name

al)

Title of article and/or journal title

Title of article, in Title of online journal/magazine

(optional)

Title of Website (optional)

Full website title

Date of publication:

Month/Day/Year

URL

http://

Retrieval date

Retrieved on (date)

Additional information (optional)

[Short information/keywords about the website content]

Later, a bibliographic entry has to be rewritten according to the APA style.

WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Why do you need to do it?

It helps you to find the resource again if you need it.

It helps others find the resource if they want to read more about what you have
found.
It helps to keep you honest in your research by requiring you to cite your sources.
It shows the depth and breadth of your research and knowledge.
It helps you develop competence in information literacy and organisation - which
help you take responsibility for your own learning.

How to do it?
The following instructions are a brief guide on what you need to include and when for
different resources to create a citation. It is called the APA style. APA stands for American Psychological Association which has created this style for use in all its publications.
After you have written the citations for the resources, you need to organise them into alphabetical order by the Authors surname at the end of your project - no matter what it is,
you need to have a bibliography. The date always goes after the first entry - author or
title. Great resources to help you is Citation Machine http://citationmachine.net or
http://www.bibme.org/ Remember to select APA style.
Book
Surname, Initial. (year). Title of book. Place of publication : Publisher.
One Author...
Gan, A. (2008). MYP for dummies, Beijing: Syllabus by Design.
Two authors....
Mather, F. Nightingale, M. (2006). Teaching English to young minds. Hong Kong: Discovery College.
Three or more authors....
Connor, O. et al. (2008). How to create an opening ceremony using the team approach.
London: Drama Queens Corp.
Article
Surname, Initials. (Year, month day). Title of article, Title of periodical or newspaper. Volume number / Issue number, start page - end page number.
Beach, M. (2008, Jan 2). How running helps me relax, Discovery Bay Magazine. Vol. 3,
Issue 4. pp. 6-8.
Use the same format for online articles, but place the name of the database at the end.
You can also use the same format for encyclopedias.

66

Website
Surname, Initials. (Year) (if you cant find the date write n.d.) Title of article/page, Title of website, Date site viewed, <site address>.
Kai Fong, A. (2008) Goalsetting, Discovery College Explorer, viewed 5th October 2008,
http://www.discovery.edu.hk/article.php?aid=61
If no author can be identified - use the title of the article.
Middle Years Programme (MYP) at Discovery College (2008).Discovery College, viewed
5th Oct. 2008, http://www.discovery.edu.hk/content.php?contentid=38
DVD, CD- ROM, TV, podcast, music
Surname, Initials.(Year),Title, [CD ROM, DVD etc] Place of publication: Publisher
McKenzie, D. (2008), Setting up a new library in a fabulous school. [DVD] Sydney: Libraries Inc. Chaytor, R. (2008),CD, Neil Diamonds greatest hits with commentary by a
serious fan, [CD] Los Angeles:
Music Lovers Inc.
Map
Issuing body, (Year). Title of map, series, [format] scale. Place of publication: Publisher
Discovery College Music Department, (2008). Shek Kong Junk Yard Locations, Alternative musical instruments series. [map] 25:1 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Printer
Speakers name, (Date). Topic, subject : place.
Wilson,J. 23rd Oct. (2008). Bending heavy metal, Design and Technology: Discovery
College.
Class, speaker or personal interview
Photographer / creator, Title, page or URL of image, Name of book / magazine or
website : publisher
Kay, D. Wild Lantau, p.34. Hong Kong Scenes : HK Printing

67