Behaviour of steel-to-concrete joints

Ana Obolt Ulrike Kuhlmann

Institute of Structural Design, Universitt Stuttgart Germany

Jos Henriques Lus Simes da Silva

ISISE, Universidade de Coimbra Portugal

Current design of steel-to-concrete joints

Fastening for use in concrete
CC-Method / Elastic theory (ETAG 001, CEN TS 1992-4 Part 2-5)

Steel joint
Component method / Plastic theory (EN 1993-1-8)

Standard

Plastic design approach (CEN TS 1992-4-1 Annex B, CEB 1995)

Technical specifications

Goal: Component model considering resistance, stiffness and deformation capacity of the joint and its components

Current design of steel-to-concrete joints

According to EN 1993-1-8

Resistance and stiffness of new concrete components Without additional reinforcement

N N

Headed stud in tension

Resistance acc. CC-Method (CEN/TS 1992-4) Stiffness?

Resistance? Inadequate approach in CEN/TS 1992-4 Stiffness?

With additional reinforcement

N N w

RFCS InFaSo New Market Chances for Steel Structures by Innovative Fastening Solutions between Steel and Concrete
Aims to promote and encourage the wider use of steel in buildings where until now only concrete has been used Examination of new concrete components not given in current codes e.g. headed studs with/without stirrups in tension Modelling the resistance and deformation of steel-to-concrete joints Examinations in cracked concrete Extension of the component method to steel-to-concrete joints

Components headed stud with stirrups in tension

Acc. CEN/TS 1992-4: Reinforcement resistance is independent from concrete But component tests show: Concrete and steel together contribute to structural behaviour of the component !

2 headed studs with stirrups

total concrete reinforcement

Components headed stud with stirrups in tension

Pull-out failure of headed stud

Steel failure of headed stud

Concrete cone failure with stirrups in tension

Combined component model

CC + pull-out + steel elongation

Pinned joints - Experimental work

Test specimen B0-BS B1-BS B1-BS-R B2-C B2-C-R R1-C R1-C-R R2-C R2-C-R Eccentricity [mm] 53 53 53 139 139 139 139 139 139 Anchorage Length [mm] 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 210 210 Stirrups [mm] 8 8 8 8 Concrete condition non-cracked cracked cracked cracked cracked cracked cracked cracked cracked Disposition of studs 2x3 2x3 2x3 2x3 2x3 2x2 2x2 2x3 2x3

9 specimens - main parameters: Length of fasteners Eccentricity of shear load Disposition of the fasteners With and without stirrups Mostly cracked concrete Goal: Concrete failure

Pinned joints - Experimental work

step 1: initiation of cracks

step 2: applying of load

Pinned joints - Experimental work

In all tests concrete failure appeared

Influence of stirrups

High ductility and a remarkable increase of resistance of the joint by using stirrups

Pinned joints Numerical modelling

Numerical modelling of the joints with the non-linear Finite Element programme MASA Used for development/verification of mechanical models

Vu
Vf V2 Nu V1 Cu
x
c

ev tp d

Pinned joints Component model

Iterative Procedure 1. Evaluation of the tension component Nu,i

Vu Vf V2 Nu
z

V1Cu
x
c

ev tp d

Headed stud in tension Tension components Steel failure Pull-out failure Concrete cone failure

with stirups

Steel failure Pull-out failure Concrete failure

Pinned joints Component model

Iterative Procedure 1. Evaluation of the tension component Nu,i

Vu
ev tp d

2. Vertical equilibrium Consideration of overlapping of tension and comporession zone with m

Nu,i (m) = Cu = 3fcmxcb Mu = Nu,i (m) z Headed studs in tension Headed studs with stirrups in tension with

Cu Nu
z x
c

Pinned joints Component model

Iterative Procedure 1. Evaluation of the tension component Nu,i

Vu Vf V2 V1 Cu
x
c

ev tp d

2. Vertical equilibrium Consideration of overlapping of tension and comporession zone with m

Nu,i (m) = Cu = 3fcmxcb Mu = Nu,i (m) z

Nu

3. Horizontal equilibrium (shear) Interaction of tension and shear in the stud row on the non-loaded side!
Friction between steel and concrete Vf. Headed stud in shear (1st stud row) V1 Headed stud in shear (2nd stud row) V2

Pinned joints Component model

Test specimens without stirrups Test specimens with stirrups

Resistance
Test specimen B1-BS B2-C R1-C R2-C Vu,model/Vu,test [-] 1,10 1,05 0,86 1,04 1,01 Test specimen B1-BS-R B2-C-R R1-C-R R2-C-R Vu,model/Vu,test [-] 1,07 1,10 0,96 1,03 1,04

Good agreement with test results

Pinned joints Component model

Deformation model for the tension component Without additional reinforcement with additional reinforcement

Moment resistant composite joint

Solution proposed by project partners from practice, simple load transfer, components are standard solutions in practice

3 tests analyzing the ductile component slab reinforcement in tension 3 tests analyzing the ductile components anchor plate/steel failure of fasteners

Moment resistant composite joint

Component model
1 2

Comparison with tests

eq5,6,7

Joint components list

1 Longitudinal steel reinforcement 2 Slip of composite beam 3 Beam web and flange in compression 4 Steel contact plate in compression 5,6,7 - Anchor plate in bending, concrete in compression and anchor in tension

Summary

Simple and efficient steel-to-concrete joint solutions by using anchor plates with welded headed studs
Development of a component model describing the resistance, stiffness and ductility of the joints in a realistic way

Description of the behaviour of concrete components missing in the current codes

Proposal of a design model

Final report published in 2011 Free download: www.bookshop.europa.eu

Outlook
RFCS InFaSo+ Valorisation of knowledge for fastening solutions between steel and concrete Dissemination project Aims Implementation of results in standards (Eurocode programme) Handbooks and workshops for engineers in practice in English, German, French, Portugese and Czech language Workshops to be held in several European countries 2013/14

We thank the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) for funding the projects & our project partners for a good collaboration!

Outlook
RFCS InFaSo+ Valorisation of knowledge for fastening solutions between steel and concrete Dissemination project Aims Implementation of results in standards (Eurocode programme) Handbooks and workshops for engineers in practice in English, German, French, Portugese and Czech language Workshops to be held in several European countries 2013/14

We thank the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) for funding the projects & our project partners for a good collaboration!

Thank you for your kind attention!