Ethics in Project Management In project management, ethics are extremely important in gaining the support of the project team.

Ethics are defined as the moral values, beliefs, and rules that one upholds in their life on the job and personally to ensure right from wrong. Ethical Issues There are a number of different components of managing a project. While conducting project management, profit and staff motivation are often paramount. However, a project manager must also remember his obligation to be an ethical, responsible employer, employee and corporate citizen. Some of the ethical situations that one may face in the duration of project management could be the admission of wrongdoing, focus of blame, and hard choices regarding contracts. Admission of Wrongdoing Sometimes it is difficult for people to admit that they have done something wrong. This is especially true for a project manager, who may be responsible for a large project and for overseeing a staff. However, ethically, if the project manager is at fault for the unsuccessful venture of project completion, then that project manager must be able to admit this wrong. Not admitting wrongdoing can greatly damage the team relationship. The unethical practice will also most likely cause the team members you are in charge of to not trust the manager as well. Focus of Blame When a project fails, it is so much easier to point the fingers at this person or that person. However, ethically, no person should be singled out for project failure unless it is the project manager. In the end, he or she is the one assigned the ultimate task of ensuring the project is completed. However, there is no I in team. Although the project manager is in charge of ensuring the task gets completed, sometimes a task can fail despite the project managers best efforts. In these cases of project incompletion or failure, it should be said that the team failed. This is the most ethical outcome in this sense because it points the blame for failure on the team as a whole instead of just one or two people. Therefore, in a nutshell, it is ethically wrong to blame failure to complete a project on any one person. Hard Choices Regarding Contracts When working with contracts, there are often many stipulations and requirements between the two parties involved. Sometimes, these stipulations may violate ethical beliefs and values. This is a common ethical issue that arises in areas such as defense contracts for the U.S. military. For instance, a defense contract may stipulate that members of a project team cannot be of a certain race or origin to qualify to work on a project. Is this ethical or unethical? The answer may be debatable. To some, this is ethical in order to ensure the protection of the countrys top secret initiatives and projects. To others, however, this would be an example of discrimination based on race or ethnicity and labeled unethical. Therefore, before signing a contract with these types of stipulations, the company should make sure to ask questions and make sure they are willing to cut the ties with certain people on a project team to replace them with others given the new stipulations. Putting the Ethics in E-Business Computerworld - As technology in general and the Internet in particular become a more important part of how virtually all companies do business, many are finding themselves faced

with new ethical dilemmas. Take for example when New York-based Internet advertising company Double Click Inc. made plans to share customer information with an off-line marketing firm last year. Consumer advocates were up in arms that Double Click would betray such "confidential" information. The controversy not only tarnished the company's name, but also raised a host of Internet privacy issues that e-commerce companies could no longer avoid. When Toysmart.com Inc. pulled the plug on its operations this summer and offered its online customer list for sale, a similar situation arose. Regulators reacted by threatening to block any such sale because it would violate a privacy agreement with those customers. Examples like these explain why some firms are hiring people like ethics consultant Tom Shanks. Some companies, such as insurance firms, have long relied on the advice of professional ethicists to sort out thorny ethical problems that, if not nipped in the bud, can cause legal and financial disasters later on. Now an increasing number of companies are seeking the expertise of a new brand of ethicist - one who can apply abstract principles to quickly changing technologies. E-commerce firms, for example, might call on an ethicist like Shanks to help sort out issues like the ones that plagued Double Click: Just what limits should there be on how online businesses use the information they gather about their customers? And what responsibility do companies have. Legal & Ethical Issues Affecting E-Marketing The student will be able to: Distinguish between what is legal and what is ethical Define cyberlaw Define virus Define and evaluate SPAM as a form of advertisement Evaluate the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 2000 Explain the value of copyright laws for e-marketers Define Cyber law Describes the legal issues related to use of communications technology, particularly "cyberspace" i.e. the Internet. It is distinctly different from traditional field of law. An attempt to integrate the challenges presented by human activity on the Internet with a legacy system of laws applicable to the physical world. What is a virus? A computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer. Viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file

system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. What is Spam? The abuse of electronic messaging systems to indiscriminately send unsolicited bulk messages. While the most widely recognized form of spam is email spam, the term is applied to similar abuses in other media. Spam is also called junk mail. Spamming is economically viable because advertisers have no operating costs beyond the management of their mailing lists, and it is difficult to hold senders accountable for their mass mailings. Spam can be used to spread computer viruses.

Copyright Laws for E-marketers Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to the authors of "original works of authorship" including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, architectural and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. What is protected on the WWW? The unique underlying design of a Web page and its contents, including: links original text graphics audio video html, vrml, other unique markup language sequences List of Web sites compiled by an individual or organization and all other unique elements that make up the original nature of the material. When Creating a Web Page, You CAN . . . Link to other Web sites. (It is wise to ask permission) Use free graphics on your Web page. If the graphics are not advertised as "free" they should not be copied without permission.

When Creating a Web Page, You CANNOT . . . When creating a Web page, you CANNOT: Put the contents of another person's or organizations web site on your Web page Copy and paste information together from various Internet sources to create "your own" document. [You CAN quote or paraphrase limited amounts if you give credit to the original source and the location of the source. The same principle applies to print sources, of course.] Incorporate other people's electronic material, such as e-mail, in your own document, without permission. Forward someone's e-mail to another recipient without permission Change the context of or edit someone else's digital correspondence in a way that changes the meaning Copy and paste others' lists of resources on your own web page Copy and paste logos, icons, and other graphics from other web sites to your web page (unless it is clearly advertised as "freeware." Shareware is not free). Some organizations are happy to let you use their logos with permission, because it is free advertising. But they want to know who is using it. They might not approve of all sites who want to use their logo. E-Marketing Marketing has pretty much been around forever in one form or another. Since the day when humans first started trading whatever it was that they first traded, marketing was there. Marketing was the stories they used to convince other humans to trade. The methods of marketing have changed and improved, and we've become a lot more efficient at telling our stories and getting our marketing messages out there. eMarketing is the product of the meeting between modern communication technologies and the age-old marketing principles that humans have always applied. What is eMarketing? eMarketing or electronic marketing refers to the application of marketing principles and techniques via electronic media and more specifically the Internet. The terms eMarketing, Internet marketing and online marketing, are frequently interchanged, and can often be considered synonymous.

eMarketing is the process of marketing a brand using the Internet. It includes both direct response marketing and indirect marketing elements and uses a range of technologies to help connect businesses to their customers. In other words, Email marketing is a form of direct marketing which uses electronic mail as a means of communicating commercial or fund-raising messages to an audience. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing. However, the term is usually used to refer to: sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers, to encourage customer loyalty and repeat business, sending email messages with the purpose of acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, adding advertisements to email messages sent by other companies to their customers, and sending email messages over the Internet, as email did and does exist outside the Internet (e.g., network email and FIDO). Researchers estimate that United States firms alone spent US $400 million on email marketing in 2006. Why is it important? When implemented correctly, the return on investment (ROI) from eMarketing can far exceed that of traditional marketing strategies. Whether you're a "bricks and mortar" business or a concern operating purely online, the Internet is a force that cannot be ignored. It can be a means to reach literally millions of people every year. It's at the forefront of a redefinition of way businesses interact with their customers

The benefits of eMarketing over traditional marketing Reach The nature of the internet means businesses now have a truly global reach. While traditional media costs limit this kind of reach to huge multinationals, eMarketing opens up new avenues for smaller businesses, on a much smaller budget, to access potential consumers from all over the world.

Scope Internet marketing allows the marketer to reach consumers in a wide range of ways and enables them to offer a wide range of products and services. eMarketing includes, among other things, information management, public relations, customer service and sales. With the range of new technologies becoming available all the time, this scope can only grow. Interactivity Whereas traditional marketing is largely about getting a brand's message out there, eMarketing facilitates conversations between companies and consumers. With a two-way communication channel, companies can feed off of the responses of their consumers, making them more dynamic and adaptive. Immediacy Internet marketing is able to, in ways never before imagined, provide an immediate impact. Imagine you're reading your favourite magazine. You see a double-page advert for some new product or service, maybe BMW's latest luxury sedan or Apple's latest iPod offering. With this kind of traditional media, it's not that easy for you, the consumer, to take the step from hearing about a product to actual acquisition. With eMarketing, its easy to make that step as simple as possible, meaning that within a few short clicks you could have booked a test drive or ordered the iPod. And all of this can happen regardless of normal office hours. Effectively, Internet marketing makes business hours 24 hours per day, 7 days per week for every week of the year. By closing the gap between providing information and eliciting a consumer reaction, the consumer's buying cycle is speeded up and advertising spend can go much further in creating immediate leads. Demographics and targeting Generally speaking, the demographics of the Internet are a marketer's dream. Internet users, considered as a group, have greater buying power and could perhaps be considered as a population group skewed towards the middle-classes. Buying power is not all though. The nature of the Internet is such that its users will tend to organize themselves into far more focused groupings. Savvy marketers who know where to look can quite easily find access to the niche markets they wish to target. Marketing messages

are most effective when they are presented directly to the audience most likely to be interested. The Internet creates the perfect environment for niche marketing to targeted groups. Adaptivity and closed loop marketing Closed Loop Marketing requires the constant measurement and analysis of the results of marketing initiatives. By continuously tracking the response and effectiveness of a campaign, the marketer can be far more dynamic in adapting to consumers' wants and needs. With eMarketing, responses can be analyzed in real-time and campaigns can be tweaked continuously. Combined with the immediacy of the Internet as a medium, this means that there's minimal advertising spend wasted on less than effective campaigns. Maximum marketing efficiency from eMarketing creates new opportunities to seize strategic competitive advantages. The combination of all these factors results in an improved ROI and ultimately, more customers, happier customers and an improved bottom line. Comparison to traditional mail There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail. Advantages Email marketing (on the Internet) is popular with companies for several reasons: An exact return on investment can be tracked ("track to basket") and has proven to be high when done properly. Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic. Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in (i.e., consented) to receive email communications on subjects of interest to them. Over half of Internet users check or send email on a typical day. Email is popular with digital marketers, rising an estimated 15% in 2009 to 292m in the UK. Disadvantages A report issued by the email services company Return Path, as of mid-2008 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers. According to the report, legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 56%; twenty percent of the messages were rejected, and eight percent were filtered.

Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States' Controlling the Assault of NonSolicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM), the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003, or their Internet service provider's acceptable use policy. Opt-in email advertising Opt-in email advertising, or permission marketing, is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it. This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing. Opt-in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver. This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers. If opt-in email advertising is used, the material that is emailed to consumers will be "anticipated". It is assumed that the consumer wants to receive it, which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer. Ideally, opt-in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements. A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm's customers. Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions, or new products. In this type of advertising, a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter. With a foundation of opted-in contact information stored in their database, marketers can send out promotional materials automaticallyknown as Drip Marketing. They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments. Legal requirements In 2002 the European Union introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications. Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of email addresses for marketing purposes. The Directive establishes the opt-in regime, where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient. The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states. In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication.

The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient. Therefore, many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the Act. A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the Act. To comply with the Act's regulation of commercial email, services typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address, provide a one-click unsubscribe feature, and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission. In addition to satisfying legal requirements, email service providers (ESPs) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns. The service providers supply email templates and general best practices, as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically. Some ESPs will provide insight/assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers. They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened, and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages. The CAN-SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no fee provision for opting out, further definition of "sender", post office or private mail boxes count as a "valid physical postal address" and definition of "person". These new provisions went into effect on July 7, 2008. eMail Marketing (Newsletters) Email is an inexpensive yet effective way to reach an expansive audience relatively quickly. The basic email marketing definition is the use of email to promote products and/or services. A better definition of email marketing is the use of email to develop relationships with potential customers and/or clients. Business today is finding email marketing with newsletters attractive for several reasons: 1-The cost of sending a direct mail piece by postal service runs over a dollar, email marketing can cost pennies. 2- A one percent response rate from direct mail is considered terrific. An email marketing campaign can have a five to ten percent response rate. 3- According to DoubleClick's Email Consumer Study, over 78% of online shoppers have purchased because of permission-based emails and 59% of email recipients have bought in a

retail store as a result of a merchant email. 4-The benefits of email marketing range from increased sales and lead generation to stronger brand awareness and improved customer relationships.

EMail Marketing (Newsletters) Tips And Tricks: 1- Catchy Subjects For Email Marketing: Writing catchy subject lines is a first step towards email marketing success. Subject lines forms an overall impression of an email. As you know, people decide to open an email or not just by reading a subject line. So to be successful with email marketing, you must learn how to write catchy subjects. 2-Include Current Date: This is a very effective way to put a current date in a subject line. Most people look for updated information. By looking at a date in subject field, you show them that the information in this email is up-to-date. Also a research shows that putting a current date instead of a subscribers' first name generates more hits. 3- Make it Short and Interesting: Just as you go through the list, including your name, your subscribers name and a current date all together will make a subject line too long. It is entirely up to you how to balance all of them. But make sure you write a short and an interesting subject material. Show them some interest depending upon your business category in your subjects to grab their attention. Only a few words of the subject line will appear in your recipient's reading pane so keep it under a total of 50 characters. This usually means about 5 to 8 words. Remember to keep the most important words first! The downfall of any email marketing campaign is SPAM. Avoid using items in your subject line that will increase the likelihood of being caught in spam filters. This means avoiding words such as "sale", "free", "advertisement". Also, avoid using excessive punctuation, ALL CAPS and symbols ($%*). 4-Write good headlines: The first thing that you need to remember is to write good headlines. Newsletters are basically made up of several articles put together. Each of these articles needs a headline, with

the main article being your primary headline. A headline should be a short but descriptive phrase that tells the reader what the article is all about. Besides being descriptive though, the header should also engage the interest of the reader. It should convey a kind of mystery or anticipation so that the readers can be tempted to read the whole article. 5-Be efficient with your word: Remember that most email programs offer a preview window of about 4 inches. If that space is taken up with a graphic header or a block of text, people are likely to delete it. Headers can graphically enhance email messages, but they also can be distracting. If you choose to use one, design it on a smaller scale so that the header and one or two lines of text are seen in the preview window. This increases the likelihood that the recipient will scroll down and read your email. Keywords in Newsletter Titles : guide, accents, advisory, advocate, alert, almanac, briefs, briefing, bulletin channel, connection, context, digest, dimensions, examiner, facts , file focus, forecast, forum, highlights, horizons, hotline, insider, interchange intercom, journal, keynote, letter, light, link, list, log, monthly, news notes, perspective, post, profile, report, reporter, resources, review, scene scope, spotlight, survey, tab, times, topics, trends, update, viewpoint views, voice, weekly, wire, world 6- Appeal to your readers: Of course, good headlines will not really matter if you articles do not appeal to your readers. Always make sure that all the articles in your newsletter are related to the overall theme or purpose of the said newsletter. For example, if you sell shoes, your newsletter can contain articles on jogging, fashion, back pain or even posture, and these are all topics that a reader may find interesting. By covering topics that indirectly or directly pertain to shoes, you are making a connection between your product and the articles. You can include a coupon in your newsletter, or simply insert a modest sized ad within the pages of your newsletter, and your prospects will be clever enough to make the connection between the article topics and your products.

7- Include Quality Content:

By focusing on the content of your newsletter, you will be supplying the prospects with information that they can use. Remember that this is not an overt sales mechanism. A newsletter should contain news, and it is another venue for you to get your brand in front of your customer. So by including information on topics related to your product, you are indirectly marketing your product, and you are providing the subscriber with interesting and relevant content that really interests them. If you always give your subscribers something of value, then they will look forward to receiving your email. Ideas for eMarketing Newsletters content: A- Problem / solution. B- How-to. C- Top tips. D- Opinion / analysis. E- Look into the future. F- Case study. G- Seasonality. H- Reviews. I- Educational content. J- "Best of". K- Surveys / feedback request. L- Event recommendations. M- Resource links. N- Amusing or inspirational stories and quotes. O- Answering feedback. P- Interviews. Q- Quizzes.

8-Create a Clear Call to Action in Email Marketing Campaigns: One of the crucial elements of an email marketing campaign is a clear call to action. A- Lay out exactly what you want the recipients of your message to do, and B- Design the message to make that path clear for the recipient, and easy to follow.

Also you must develop curiosity among your subscribers:

The general thumb of rule in writing a catchy subject lines is to bring curiosity in readers. Using words like Secrets, 7 steps to, Are You Satisfied etc. Are some of the example words you can include in your subject material to develop curiosity in your subscribers. Invoke their mind by putting such call to action words and phrases. For Example, User Questions Mean Great Content for Newsletters If you wonder about the "useful content" part, pondering what could be most interesting for your readers, Turn to your email archive and look for recent questions that your users had. Chances are you can answer them easily, and chances are the answers make highly useful pieces of information for not only the person who submitted the query but for all your newsletter subscribers. 9- Use images: Images are a good way to enhance the look of the message, but you should only use one or two per message. If there are multiple images or photos, include a link for the user to access them. Also, If you decide to include images, compress files to make them smaller (in storage size) so they don't take up a lot of space in the recipient's mailbox. Because email software varies, be sure to have an HTML version and a plain-text version to send. Most email marketing software is able to determine which version is better suited for the recipient's inbox. 10- How to Monitor Email Effectiveness: A- Experiment with Link Placement in Newsletters: The place a newsletter or email marketing campaign a link appears at can be crucial for click-through. Consequently, which link goes where can be crucial for the success (if measured in clickthrough rates) of any email marketing effort, That's why you should " Experiment with link placement in your newsletter" . Use consecutive issues to vary the placement of standard links. Monitor click-through rates closely to determine which link works best in a certain position, and in which position a link works best. B- Send the email to colleagues or friends:

Make them review the subject line and gain their opinions and insight., Use them as your test audience. Don't forget to send it to yourself - would you open it? Encourage everyone to be honest and objective. C- For additional tracking data: Send the same email out to random samples of your group with different subject lines. Track and evaluate which email generates more interest and use similar subject lines in future email marketing campaigns. D-Watch your numbers: Every time you send out a newsletter, you should get a nice report on how many people opened the email or clicked on a link etc. Use those reports to learn about reader interests. If a particular subject line caused open rates to rocket, you know where to focus more content in the future. Examine your website reports, too. Which parts of the website are most popular? What words and phrases do people use to find you in the search engines? What words and phrases do they use in your on-site search facility? All of this information gives clues as to the kind of content topics likely to interest people most. If your system is clever enough, you might even track which search terms brought those people to your site who then signed up for your newsletter.

E-Go where your readers go: Look at the pages they visit and learn what interests them. Check out relevant newsgroups, online forums, discussion lists, social networking sites, chatrooms, media sites, blogs etc. and pick out the topics that seem to generate a lot of interest and coverage among your readership. 11- At last Provide Clear Opt out Instructions:

A- Make it Easy for Subscribers to Change Their Email Address provide subscribers with an easy to way to change their address., The most simple approach is probably also the best: - on the page that allows readers to unsubscribe, offer another field where they can subscribe a new address (carrying over all their data) and change the link to that page in the newsletter from "unsubscribe" to "unsubscribe/change address". B- Any email marketing campaign is about building trust with your subscribers, so you always want to give them what they want. If your subscriber wants to opt out of your newsletter, do not make it hard for them to do so. All you will do is alienate them and very likely lose a customer prospect. If you let people opt out easily, then you will build a reputation that is respected in your niche. When people know that they are not trapped into receiving your newsletter, they may also decide to opt back in, Make Sure Unusbscriptions are Effective Immediately. Few Imprtnt Q:1.importance and scope of economics for engineers 2.elaborate pricing policies 3.different methods of depriciation 4.long term and short term financial institutions wd any of the two useful institutions 5.natural functions of management 6.explain pert and cpm 7.explain marketting mix variables 8.plant location &factors affecting it 9.role of industrial engineering and ita applications 10.ethical &legal issues of emarketting