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74x10-5M
EXAMPLE 5: (a) Find pH of 0.0500M CH3COOH; (b) the concentrations of the species; and (c) % dissociation of acetic acid.
(a)
Init. Change Eqm. 0.05 -x 0.05-x 0 +x x 0 +x x
TI-83
(b) (c)
[CH3COO-] = 9.24 x 10-4M [CH3COOH] = 0.05 -x = 0.05 - 9.24 x 10-4 = 0.0491M % CH3COOH dissociated = (x/[CH3COOH]0)(100%) = (9.24 x 10-4 /0.05)(100%) = 1.8%
Technique of example 5 works for [CH3COOH]0 > 2x10-5M Why not for smaller concentrations?
pKa Defined pKa = -log Ka pKa = -log Ka = -log(1.74E-5) = 4.76 for acetic acid
McQuarrie
BASES WITH LARGE VALUES OF Kb ARE STRONGER THAN BASES WITH SMALLER VALUES OF Kb
McQuarrie
BASES WITH LARGE VALUES OF Kb ARE STRONGER THAN BASES WITH SMALLER VALUES OF Kb
McQuarrie
McQuarrie
EXAMPLE 6: Calculate the pH and the concentrations of all the species in a 0.755 M hydroxylamine, HONH2(aq), solution.
0.755M -x 0.755-x
0 +x x
0 +x x
pOH = -log [OH-]= -log(8.99E-5) = 4.05 pH = 14 - pOH =14 4.05 = 9.95 [HONH3+] = x = 8.99 x 10-5M [HONH2] = 0.755 x = 0.755 - 8.99 x 10-5 = 0.755M
HB ( aq ) + H 2O ( l )
H 3O + ( aq ) + B
Conjugate Base
Acid
Base
Conjugate Acid
McQuarrie
Acid
Base
Conjugate Acid
Conjugate Base
SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE BASE OF STRONG ACIDS: ACIDIC, BASIC, OR NEUTRAL? NEUTRAL
Dissociates completely
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Dissociates completely Na+(aq) +H2O(l) No Reaction Na+(aq) has no tendency to grap OH- from H2O NaCl(aq) CaBr2(aq)
EXAMPLES
NEUTRAL NEUTRAL
SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE BASE OF WEAK ACIDS: ACIDIC, BASIC, OR NEUTRAL? BASIC
HCN(aq) +H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) +CN-(aq) Mostly undissociated HCN(aq) +OH-(aq) CN-(aq) can grab H+ from H2O CN-(aq) +H2O(l)
THE WEAKER THE ACID THE BETTER IT CAN GRAB H+ FROM H2O AND THE STRONGER THE BASE
SIMILARLY, SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE ACID OF WEAK BASES: ACIDIC
EXAMPLES
BASIC
Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) BASIC
ACIDIC NEUTRAL
If this slide and the last one are confusing, see analogy for salts of weak acids using dogs and bones found in the Supplemental Material.
SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE BASE OF WEAK ACIDS ARE BASIC EXAMPLE 8: Determine the pH of 0.400M NaCH3COO (aq). Kb = ?
2 H 2O ( l ) H 3O + ( aq ) + OH ( aq )
Kw Kb =
0.400M -x 0.4-x
0 +x x
0 +x x
= 5.75 x1010 M
SIMILARLY, SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE ACID OF WEAK BASES ARE ACIDIC EXAMPLE 9: Determine the pH of 0.400M NH4Cl (aq). Ka = ?
SIMILARLY, SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE ACID OF WEAK BASES ARE ACIDIC EXAMPLE 9: Determine the pH of 0.400M NH4Cl (aq). Ka = ?
+ NH 4 ( aq ) + OH ( aq ) H 2O ( aq ) + NH 3 ( aq )
K1 = Kw
1 Kb
2 H 2O ( l ) H 3O + ( aq ) + OH ( aq )
Ka =
Kw Kb
SIMILARLY, SALTS OF THE CONJUGATE ACID OF WEAK BASES ARE ACIDIC EXAMPLE 9: Determine the pH of 0.400M NH4Cl (aq). Ka = ?
+ NH 4 ( aq ) + OH ( aq ) H 2O ( aq ) + NH 3 ( aq )
K1 = Kw
1 Kb
2 H 2O ( l ) H 3O + ( aq ) + OH ( aq )
Kw Kb
x2 = 5.71x1010 0.4 x
x = 1.51x105
pH = -log [H3O+] = -log(1.51E-5) = 4.82
Kb =
Ka =
Kw Kb
HCl ( aq ) + H 2O ( l ) H 3O + ( aq ) + Cl ( aq ) NaOH ( aq ) Na + ( aq ) + OH ( aq )
K>>1
K>>1
Na+ and Cl- are neutral ions (pH does not change in their presence). Neutral cations are cations of strong bases. Neutral anions are anions of strong acids (except sulfuric acid). NaCl, KClO4, CsNO3 (2) The basic anions are the conjugate bases of weak acids. Because most acids are weak, most anions are basic. CH3COO-, F-, CO32(3) The acidic cations include the conjugate acids of weak bases. NH4+, CH3NH3+
The acidic cations include the cations of some solvated metal ions.
McQuarrie
The hydrogen sulfate ion and the dihydrogen phosphate ion are acidic anions because each undergoes a second acid-dissociation reaction:
EXAMPLE 10: Predict whether the following salts produce acidic, neutral, or basic solutions when dissolved in water: NaCl, NaCH3COO, NH4Cl, and NH4F.
McQuarrie
SUMMARY
McQuarrie
Acidic Neutral Basic Basic Acidic Neutral Neutral Basic Acidic Acidic
NH
+ 4
NH4Br NH4HCOO
HCOO