What is LED

What is LED? LED, English in the word stands for Light Emitting Diode, and "Light Emitting Diode" means. An overview of the LEDs as follows:

Silikondur.zerinden current when semiconductor materials Leds malzemelerdir.Ana angle photon of light, revealing to give light retilebiliyorlar verirler.Dei ik. The most important part of the LED and the light-emitting LED chip of semiconductor material. LED chip is placed into the sheath by a point light source and a specific direction of the light is spread through the reflective element. Carefully judging an LED chip LED visible transparent sheath.

This resistance varies according to the current flowing through the LEDs dinamiktir.Yani resistance. Therefore, a current source Led Connected directly short-circuited. So I connect a resistor series circuit of a Zener diode, just like gerekir.Ledler a constant tension on the lowers.

ExampleConnectionType Light emitted by the LEDs, the LED chip in the semiconductor relates to additives. LEDs emit light which color is desired gallium, arsenide, aluminum, phosphate, indium, nitride semiconductor material, such as contribution rates are available from chemical materials (GaAIAs, GaAs, GaAsP, Gap, InGaAIP, SiC, GaN). Thus, to make the LED chip is provided in a desired wavelength radiation. For example, the color red (660nm) for the GaAlAs, yellow (595nm) for InGaAIP, green (565nm) for the Gap, blue (430nm) is used for the GaN. The wavelength of light emitted by the LED to LED offers the catalogs of the companies that manufacture. LED chip LEDs are used in the additive depending on the wavelength of the same color can be different. For example, doped InGaAlP LED at a wavelength of 640nm, 660nm wavelength LED doped GaAlAs; Gap is doped LED emits red light at a wavelength of 700nm. Differences according to the color of an LED operating voltages and currents are suffering the same operating voltage for gsterir.Yani LEDs of different colors under different operating voltages and the current drawn by the values of pre-resistors gerekir.Renklere is as follows. Red LED: ~ 1.8 V-15mA Yellow LED: ~ 2V-15mA Green LED: ~ 2.2 V-15mA Blue LED: ~ 3V-30mA White LED: ~ 3V-30mA Given these values in mind as you are more comfortable traffic light kalabilir.Ledler as serial and parallel resistance balanabilirler.Fakat is necessary to use for each connection type (LED resistors to be dynamic). This formula used to calculate the resistor value as follows: R = U-Uled / ilede Unit value of R ohm resistor to be used here. U-supply voltage, operating voltage according to the type Uled Ledin, ilede mA current shows you want to migrate through the Ledin. You can calculate the values by typing the following link automatically ndiren Also ....

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/led.htm In recent years, RGB lighting with LEDs is possible to use the blue light and has found application in many sectors. A resistive load of LEDs to be the main reason for the low energy sarfiyatlarndaki and heat losses can be shown to be less. which is quite a long life as well as filament bulbs tamadklarndan other because of these diodes can be used seamlessly in almost every case. Today, the lighting can be reached very high values, although not yet signaling costs for general lighting and decorative lighting as an element (object images, Wallwash, etc.). Interest. In addition, IR (infrared) LEDs provides remote controls, television communications. Why do we iTercih LED? Although conventional fluorescent lamp average 1/10 the power consumption. has a lifespan of 50,000 hours. Shock resistant. Mercury-free, reliable. Energy saving and does not require maintenance. Eye-catching and thought to a maximum of safety. has a very low temperature and low light pollution. Electromagnetic There is no conflict. Both the interior, as well as water resistant exterior. Single and multiple colors can be obtained. Diode because they are easier to blend in with the digital world. High density, high contrast, and even shine. Light color light source that delivers a unique and consistent colors. Low power consumption and heat dissipation characteristics. Extensive work voltage. Environment-friendly. Lightweight. Since the invention of electric light bulb 119 years ago, the first major breakthrough in lighting. LED light bulbs, electric light bulbs, more durable, longer lasting and energy efficient. LEDs, filament and not for breaking an ordinary electric light bulb, they are not damaged under these conditions. Green and red to preserve night vision is great, white is a good solution for general purposes, blue is usually used for decorative purposes. Nearly LED portable applications without the need to renew, the less money spent on batteries. Creates a natural light LEDs. The soft glow of the LEDs rough shadow, reflection and reduces eye-catching sparkle. olurlarken completely resistant to shock and vibration, in the middle of a filament is broken, nor what are the glass will shatter. As a general rule, LEDs, explosive liquids and gases for use in addition to where they may cause accidents or failed aydnlatmaclarn the best solution. LEDs light of the future. Of an LEDConnectionTypes: The main thing for us, and even a much-debated topic kkte geldik.LED ndiren necessarily for use with the necessity of using s anlatmtk.Yani "I connect the 12v a series of four, including one blue LED Might I?" The answers "NO" is now studying this yaz yo everybody knows.

Now, not only for LEDs in general, the LEDs turn on konumuza elektiriki again to explain and explain the types of connections. 1 - Serial Port: This type of link elements by different ends of the (+ and -) connected to each other. The resulting 2 with three different power supply or connected to other circuit. 2 - Parallel Connection: This connection type, the elements are interconnected ends of the same name. As a result, the + and - as a second end connected to the power supply or other circuit. Sylenebilirki In general, different from the serial port, parallel port connection types are made by combining the inserts with the same name. After this general outline of an LED is now +, terminals, and series-parallel connection, let us go to the determination. 1 - Detection of LED Endings: Single-color LEDs + and - are the tip of the second one. Multi-colored LEDs olabilir.Bu terminal ends of the link more than 2 purchased the healthiest place to learn by looking at the catalog information. We are now just a single connector with two LEDs in color and look at the ends. That the visual appearance of LED circuit diagram below and in the longer leg verilmi tir.LED +, while the shorter one - dir.Fakat LED LED in this case have already been used in the legs and into the shortened one piece vardr.Bunlardan baklr. erde two smaller + connected to piece end, the larger end which is connected to piece - dir. Normal View Circuit Diagram View 2 - Single LED Connection: This connection is only one form of power source with LEDs balanr.Balanacak ndirenci bulunur.Genellikle ndiren calculated according to the above formulated 12v veriimiz 1K resistor when used with the use of a single LED uygundur.ndirencin + or - at the edge all the connection types are minor olamas ...

Example Connection Type

3 - Serial LED Connection: It's different ends of the connection in the form of an LED connected to each other. 1. and the latter exposed to the LED + and - ends of the front of a series resistance of the power supply LED balanr.Kullanlan, according to the input voltage from the link given above to calculate the value of ndiren.

4 - Parallel LED Connection: This connection of the LEDs with the same name as the input voltage on the ends together just to fall balan r.LED s led to the same one as in connection ndiren should be selected, and each led in its own ndirenci

If you are not in the way mentioned by underlining them in a cool front-resistance after connecting LEDs Connected in parallel with all the same color we want, even if the brightness of an LED every ledden alamamza internal resistance caused olamaz.Buda olur.Dijital identical, even in an environment when we make that connection with the last green LED fainter than the others ... led burns

Think outside of the connection of an LED is mounted on various types de inebileceklerimiz bunlar.Bunlarn alrz.Bir reminder to help any of the questions within the subject by making use of an LED-colored examples from the world of our article bitiriyoruz.Bilgisayarlardaki yellow cable to the power supply +12 v, +5 v red and black wires from the cable - from the voltage is ... Uses of an LED is limited by imagination ...

LED Constant Current Driver

Driven by long-life LED operating current work specified in the catalog. Increases in the supply voltage of this circuit serves to keep the LED current constant ...

Many manufacturers, especially for the lighting industry with LED lamps produce; LEDs used in the business as one would say wrong. Usually used in the building, tie series of LEDs and supply voltage and calculate the series resistance led by the work flow to where there is no problem eklindedir.Bir end. Constitute a simple solution to a problem that the supply voltage is constant. The error starts right here. Because many LED lamp, LED bar, LED tube, etc. with appropriate power supply voltage has been calculated, is not given, sold or used. There are many factors in this regard. As a result, the LEDs operate at a catalog to be broken within a very short life. LED lighting spots, composed of unintended consequences, such as weak spots. The most important thing when developing lighting fixtures with LEDs, LED operating voltage and operating current, is the attention. Specified in the catalog of the working life of LED is running at its current value is retained. This simple circuit LED operating current (If) a fixed amount corresponding increases in the supply voltage. Thus, the value of the catalog and operated lighting systems with LEDs is long life and works flawlessly. At the same time LED bar or LED lighting is usually done with a hose connected to a single long structures Ledin created a large number of on-line. Regional differences in brightness can occur if the line gets longer. If LEDs are used for this circuit, the long connections, each LED group, the same current will be drawn by the brightness differences occur. LEDs to the circuit current I = 0.7 / R 1 is calculated by the formula. Resistor R1 is that formula. R2 of the circuit ON / OFF engaged one way to determine the location. LED lighting can shape the future of lighting. EPROJE work on this issue as much as we can share with you and working on the job come certain standards. Please accept this article as a start on LED lighting. Discuss this matter with our country prepare for the fine work.

The structure and characteristics of the capacitors, the use of

Capacitor Capacitance, DC current though, and the AC current pass circuit element. Structure of a capacitor:

Capacitor as shown in the two conductive plates is an insulating material between the placement or use of any insulating air gap is formed by prolonged exposure. Capacitors are named according to the type of insulating material.

Capacitor symbol: Structured according to different capacitors, the capacitor has some small changes in symbols.

Working Principle of the capacitor: DC source and a capacitor to be charged: Figure (a) empties, as shown, a DC capacitor connected, the circuit in Figure (b), as seen in the flow temporarily and flows gradually decreasing as the IC. Diagram showing variation in movement in the IC when the curve is called a capacitor. After the break the current between the capacitor plates, the voltage source, a VC consists of equal voltage Vk. In this event, be charged capacitor, the capacitor is called the rechargeable capacitor. "Charge" Turkish equivalent of the word "installation" or "filling" is.

How should flow Akim capacitor circuit? Figure (a) circuit in the S capacitor plate switch kapatildiginda electrons at the same time, drawn by the source, the positive pole, negative pole occurring source, electrons begin to flow towards the condenser. This process flow, kondnsatrn plate until it becomes more electrons can not continue. This is due to the movement of the electron current passes through an IC circuit. Movement in the opposite direction of the IC is that the movement of electrons. Disabling the internal flow, observed with a DC ammeter. Before the ammeter needle shows a deviation from the closure of the S key. Then, slowly, the pointer comes to zero. Not exceed any current shows off this situation. Charging current to the IC is called FLOW.

As stated above, after the cessation of movement in the circuit between the capacitor plates consists of VC = Vk. Charging voltage VC is the voltage. VC voltage control can also be done with a DC voltmeter. Voltmeter "+" terminal of the capacitor of the source positive pole is connected to plate release "-" end of the other plate dokundurulursa value of VC number that can be read volts. If the voltmeter is connected to the voltmeter needle ends in the opposite direction as described above proceeds in the opposite direction. Capacitor Charge, Energy and Capacity; Capacitor at the end of the charging process, Q is loaded and an EC electric overhead power wins. Specify the load capacity of the capacitor properties (cigarettes) is called. C is shown. Q, EC, C and V voltage is applied there is a link arsinda water. EC = Q = CV CV2 / 2 * Q: Coulomb (coulomb) * V: Volt C: farad (F) * EC: Joule (Jul) As is clear from the above recommendation, C V voltage is applied to the capacity and the higher the electric charge Q and consequently the greater will be the current IC flowing off. Capacity of the capacitor formula: C = 0.r. (A / D) 0: (epsilon 0): Spacing the dielectric coefficient (0 = 8.854.10-12) r (epsilon r): Plates used arsinda IZAFI1 insulating dielectric material (dielectric) constant. * A: Plaka area * D: distance between plates A and d values in Metric units (MKS) is expressed, ie, the "A" area (m), and "d" distance, in meters (m2) is defined as, C 'comes out of the value of the farad. For example: PLATE square plates of each edge between 3 cm and 2 mm, air-spaced capacitor compute capacity. MKS values of A and d 'is to be written could be given as:

A = 0.03 * 0.03 = 0.0009 m2 = 9.10-4 m2 d = 2mm = 2.10-3m 0 = 8,854.10-12 r = 1 for air and substitute in values: 8,854.10-12.4,5.10-1 = 39,843.10-13 F = 3.9 C = PF (Pico Farad) is 1. NOTE: The 1 Relative word dielectric insulating material is used because of its difference from boslugunkinden * functionality. Relativism, self lyrics, "relative" is.

Are some constants of insulating materials in Table Capacitors in AC circuits: DC circuit described above, current event, as two-way repeat the AC circuit. Therefore, the AC circuit, the capacitor, does not constitute a barrier to current flow. However, a resistance. Resistance of a capacitor is called capacitive reactance. Capacitive reactance, XC is indicated by. Unit Ohms () stop. XC = (1/C) = (1/2fC) is calculated as Ohm. * XC = capacitive reactance () * = angular velocity (Omega) * F = frequency (Hz) * C = Capacity (Farad) As is clear from the above recommendation, the capacitive reactance XC capacitor, C, and f the frequency is inversely proportional to capacity. In other words, the capacitor capacity and operating frequency increases, capacitive reactance, in other words, resistance is reduced. TYPES OF CAPACITORS Fixed Capacitors

1. Capacitor Papers 2. Plastic Film Capacitors 3. Mica capacitor 4. Ceramic Capacitor 5. Electrolytic Capacitor Adjustable Capacitors Variable Capacity Diodes (varicap) Capacitor Papers Between large and plates to increase the capacity of the capacitors, which finishes must be less than thickness of insulating material. Terms of the size of this capacitor is as you would be as small as possible is requested. Therfore the best paper, the capacitors capacitors. There is a very wide use. Connectors (electrodes), the figure ', as shown in soldered aluminum foil. Formed in the cylinder, which are isolated from the body by putting a metal mouth is closed with wax. Or above are plated with resin or lacquer. Dis-card images of the capacitors is given as soon as possible.

Plastic Film Capacitors Paper, plastic film capacitors are used instead of a plastic material. These plastic materials are: Polystyrene, polyester, polypropylene can be. The production capacity can be made precise. Widely used in filter circuits. Same as paper capacitors in production form. Image has been resized. Click to view full size 748 852px File Size: 59KB.

Mica capacitor Mika, "r" lossy dielectric constant is an element with a very high and very low. Due to these characteristics, the high-frequency circuits may be used. 0.025 mm Mica in nature 'is located in thin layers up to. Capacitors are used in the production of this mica.

There are two types of mica capacitor: * Silver coated mica capacitor. * Aluminum foil coated mica capacitor. Silver coated mica capacitor: This type of silver is sprayed on both sides of mica capacitors. Soldered to electrodes for capacitors formed in wax or resin body is placed in the external link. Mica capacitor is shown in the diagram of different sizes. Image has been resized. Click to view full size 660 70px File Size: 8KB.

Aluminum foil coated mica capacitor: Silver plating is very thin, large currents dayanamamaktadir capacitors produced in this way. Great for CURRENT circuits, capacitors, mica coated with aluminum foil on the retilmektedir.Mikali adjustable capacitor (trimmer) is produced in the. Electrolytic Capacitors Large-capacity electrolytic capacitors capacitors. Alanani has a wide application. In particular, rectifier filter circuit, the voltage oklayicilarda, sound, frequency converter amplifiers, coupling and decoupling circuits, timing circuits are used. There are two types of electrolytic capacitors: 1. Plated aluminum 2. Tantalum (tantalium) plated Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Plate Plated aluminum electrolytic capacitor structure Figure 1.21 are given in. Capacitor as shown in the following structure: * Someone's face, and two electrodes which are connected to the oxidized aluminum plate strip seklindekiiki * Electrolytically impregnated paper plates between They are wrapped in a cylindrical capacitor olusturulmaktadir. Insulating oxide layer is insulation between plates provides.

Oxidized aluminum plate electrodes connected to positive (+), aluminum plate electrodes connected to the negative (-) is called. Connection to the circuit to the "+" electrode to the positive side of the circuit, "-" connected on the negative electrode. In connection oxide layer on the anode current rises and the reverse chemical reaction of the electrolytic capacitor is changing, and exploits warmed swell. Electrolytic paper which the impregnant, is a conductive material, the oxide layer on the body over time and valuable small interruption prevents excessive voltages. Electrolytic Capacitor Tantalyumlu This type of capacitor anode, cathode strip and the only tantalyumdur tantalum oxide coated. Making the same as aluminum electrolyte capacitor. Differences: tantalum oxide dielectric constant is greater. Advantages and disadvantages of the electrolytic capacitors: Advantages: Small volume, large capacity. Cost is low. Disadvantages: Leakage current byktr.Ters in connection deteriorates.

Capacitors of different images a. Variable capacitor b. Adjustable capacitors c. Paper capacitors d. Ceramic capacitors e. Electrolytic capacitors f. Mica capacitors

* 1ppm = 10-6 unit of capacity. * For example: 300 ppm / C, the meaning of each degree of temperature, under, increasing capacity of 300 * 10-6F. "+" Ppm = It means that the temperature increases the capacity is

increasing as well. "-" It means that the smaller the capacity ppm = the temperature increases. * Tan = RS / XC loss constant. Yalitkandaki between plates has come to symbolize the energy loss of Rs. There was an RS resistor connected in series are considered to be the capacitor. RS, and therefore the "tan" as good as it means that the smaller the capacitor. Preset Capacitors Preset Capacitors, capacitance values according to different methods of kondansatrlerdir.Kullanilma-changeable with different structures and are produced in various sizes. Can be symbolized in the three way as soon as possible.

Miscellaneous: Adjustable capacitors are divided into three groups: Large size variable capacitors (capacitor Varyabl) Small-sized variable capacitors (Trimer), the variable-capacity diodes (varicap) Large Height Adjustable (Varyabl) Capacitors The capacitors in this group, with the English name varyabl (variable) also called. "Varyabl" Turkish equivalent of the word "variable" word. Condenser consists of multiple capacitors connected in parallel Varyabl. This capacitor is fixed a plate, other plates Figure 1.22 (a) and Figure 1.25 to be rotated by a shaft as shown in. Thus, the capacity of capacitors can be changed as desired. Plates are moving away from fixed plates, the surfaces will be reduced in the mutual capacity will shrink. Moving the rotor plates, hard plates, called the stator. Plates usually aluminum (Al) or silver-coated copper for special purposes. There are generally related to air as a dielectric between the plates. In some special cases, plastic and ceramic kullanilmaktaradir mica. Or vacuum (air) is made. Air insulated capacitors and a little leakage (leakage) current has. Not in those with no vacuum leak. Vacuum capacitors; working voltage 50 kV and 1000 MHz frequency converter could reach up to. If the value varies between 50-250 pF capacitance. The capacity 400pF Havalilarda possible up to. With large capacity capacitors Varyabl ulasilamamakla, as noted above can operate in a very large voltages and frekenslar. In some applications, in Figure 1.25 is used as shown in the same body with two varyabl capacitor. The rotor of one of them, while the other rotor stator uzaklastirilirken statoruna approached with an inverse mode of operation.

Varyabl capacitor areas of usage: * Radio receivers (very close to the plates and smaller). * Radio transmitters * Large strong and manufacturers of high-frequency (between plates is 2.5 m). Shears Small Capacitors (trimers) Small size adjustable capacitors, trimer (Trimmer), peddir (Padder) mentioned with different names such as. And this setting is used for accurate capacity adjustment is done with a screwdriver. However, they are also called adjustable capacitor. There are different types. The most common type figure 1.22 (b), as seen in square FORMED screw located on the side ones. The square of this kind between two aluminum plates have insulating mica or plastic. Bored with the help of a screwdriver to screw plates come close to each other, and C: eo.er.A / d relation accordance with the "d" capacity for shorter range (C) grows. In addition, Figure 1.26, as seen in the type of cylindrical or varyabl there are others. Acted in the center conductor and an insulator Silindiriklerde screw serves as a plate. Value grows inward capacitive screws are made. Trimers, and the capacity to work at very low values of 100-600 V voltage varies with the range between 1000 pF.

Principal areas of usage: Telecommunications circuits are used to fine-tune the capacitive values. Variable Capacity Diodes (varicap)

Junction diodes is working as a capacitor reverse voltage is applied. According to the voltage applied to the capacitive value changes. Capacitive value of the applied voltage grows smaller. Due to the change of capacity due to stress or VARIKAP varicap is named.

Areas of Use: 0-100 V, and 200 GHz between the voltages of up to frekenslarda used. 3-100 pF capacitance has a value between. Frequency control is used in telecommunications.

Detailed information about Lifts

link people involved in this work Thanks Part 1 General Description of 1-Lift and Control Criteria General structure of the 1.2-Drive pulley elevators 1.3-elevator safety systems 1.4-elevator electrical and control system 1.5-6-drive pulley, and studies the rules of types of elevators Part 2 2-Elevator Traffic Account and Preliminary Project Account Preparation of 2.2-concept project 2.3-4-lift traffic and an example of preliminary project account Placement of 2.5-escalators Example 2.6-Elevator preliminary project Part 3 4-Lift and Project Accounts 4.2-elevator design calculations

4.3-friction drive driven group of elevators 4.4-driven group of hydraulic elevators 4.5-Calculation of the guide rails 4.6-Example of friction-driven lift account General Description of elevators Needs arising from the construction of tall buildings in this century, brought about the development of vertical transport. Vertical transport industry developments, and won a technical achievement, the higher was effective in building construction. Affect each other within the two sectors growing more advanced technology, improved safety and comfort standards, the current level was reached. The first vertical transport in the 18th beginning of the century began to develop, 18th principle is still used as a mid-century mechanical system constituted by advances in electronics have become more comfortable and reliable. Today, which has a wide range of use in case of vertical transport is an integral part of everyday life, they can not be considered pendently of urbanization. Vertical transport is booming very fast because of this necessity, have become an important element of trade, industry and urbanization beyond. This requirement is needed between the vertical transport vehicles has led to the formation of an extremely broad diversity. In general, these systems with escalators and tape systems can be divided into two horizontal and vertical lift systems. Elevator systems according to the construction and propulsion systems can be divided into various classes. Development of elevators was a very short time at a great pace. The general structure of the drive pulley elevators General description of the elevator, Elevator Lift Directive: buildings and construction, serving specific levels, inflexible, and a horizontal plane forming an angle of more than 150 in a cabinet with a fixed and moving along the rails; - People, - And loads of people and - Accessible to the cabinet, the cabinet you do so without difficulty, and a person inside the cab or cab equipped with controls placed within easy reach of a person, only A device for transporting loads, as described. However, this definition also including curved lifts are mainly examined in this book does not define lifts. Includes vertical lifts EN 81/1-2 standards and standards of this definition, "Elevator, dimensions and construction as people with a cab or encompass a full 15 degrees to the vertical or horizontal direction may be less inclined, stops certain people and cargo between the guide rails with the tool "shaped. The point here is, vertical elevators. The main difference in horizontal lifts vertical lifts, rails laid skates avoid handling the task, is that not only guides. Elevator safety systems 10 922 people TSE EN 81-1 defines the security to be provided. a) Users b) Service and maintenance personnel, c) the space elevator, machine room, and if anyone other than pulley room. However, security will be provided the same standard as substances, a) install the cab, b) elevator or service elevator parts, c) the elevator or elevator service in the building sets are mounted. As you can see the elevator, their own security systems for all kind of possible undesirable situation establish. Lift the safety systems of the same standard to examine the possible types of accident need to examine the sequence. Here are the possible types of elevator accidents. a) Breakout, b) The Oppression c) Drop, d) to exceed the limits of the elevator, looking, e) Elevator falls, f) Impact, g) Mahsur exposure, h) of fire,

i) electric shock, j) damage to the materials, k) The results of wear and corrosion. Elevator electrical and control system Elevator control systems and propulsion engines work carried out using electrical energy. Move the elevator up to the control systems, such as may be required to take safety measures against electrical faults. The structure of control systems and the main subject of this study is not the way it works is very dangerous to them than by referring briefly discussed the status of the electrical failures. Be considered may include errors. 1. A short circuit or overload the system, 2. Metal body or earth leakage, 3. The voltage drop, 4. Phase sequence change, 5. Loss of conductivity of a line, 6. Interruption of the voltage, 7. A relay or contactor did not get or did not get full, 8. Brakamamas a relay or contactor, 9. Kapamamas does not open, or a contact. Security systems will be examined by specifying the errors that occur when the abovementioned place. Elevator control system design, materials provided below are provided as a summary of the standard will be accepted. These conditions are not safe and a lift system as a system to provide Types of elevators, and studies the rules of the drive pulley Classification of the purposes and possible use of the elevators themselves according to speed. According to the application showing the different manufacturing elevators, security systems require different according to speed. Classification according to the control systems and motor drive systems is possible. Principles of Design of Elevator Traffic Account and Preliminary Project Preparation Lifts Directive came into force February 15, 2003 in the elevator with the architectural design projects the basis of the architectural project will be prepared and brought judgment. The same regulatory architecture Before the construction of demonstration projects, appropriate to lift the structure features and traffic account would like to apply. Preliminary Design of Elevator traffic calculation based on the selections made by the following gaps in the tables upside down elevator gaps in the elevator cab and shaft sizes can be selected. Building measures that can be given for Manufacturing flee, taking into account the dimensions should be tolerant. Construction accounts necessarily need to dimensions should be determined in collaboration with mechanical engineers wells. The aim of preparing a concept design can be done is to create elevator to the appropriate wells and the engine room, the architect in this section projeci must work with a partner. The following classes are selected according to need elevators. Elevator traffic and an example of preliminary project account The first example is commonly used as a 8-story, 3 bedrooms, a living room suite with 4 units on each floor of a building, for example. Elevator to make the choice may be the most intense human traffic in 5 minutes before the number of people should be able to use the elevator. Which is the basis for the calculation of the traffic to use the elevator hacimlerdir . Therefore, the calculation of the traffic, the ground should be calculated on the seventh floor apartment in the 28.

Regulated Circuits

Regulated circuit is tuned circuit. This statement is used for a rectifier: "The output voltage or current of the circuit that maintains a certain level" means. At the same time, "regulator circuit" or "regulator" statements used. Regulated circuits will be examined include the following: +20 V output of the rectifier, capacitor C is the value of the peak AC voltage due to the effect. NPN silicon transistor transistor used in the roll. Zener diode selection: 11.4 V of output: VZ = 12V 'hood zener is selected. The reason for this is followed, B series base point with respect to ground voltage, the zener through both the transistor and a load resistance RL is equal to one. This equation can be written as follows: VB = VZ = VBE + VRL VBE = 0.6 V than that in silicon transistors, instead of the values placed; Is Vz = 0.6 +11.4 = 12V. Thus, the transistor series base voltage 12V input voltage may improve, 'remains constant and consequently in the IB base and emitter currents will remain fixed in IE. Therefore, the load current will remain constant. RB resistance selection: Zener diode conduction in the opposite direction when it passes, play off excess current value of the specified catalogs. This current value is determined by the resistor RB. For example: 12V, 1W 'health 1N4742A zener diode, reverse current is 21mA in transmission is. When the circuit is completed through the current RB Zener reverse transmission.

According to the above figure, the output of the rectifier with 20V, 12V zener voltage between 8V 'hood there is a difference. In this case the RB should be as follows: RB = VRB / IRB = 8/21 * 10-3 = 380 Regulatory Process: As long as the 20V collector transistor, the transistor, 21mA the resistor R 'series base current of the "flow control" runs. 20V input voltage for any reason 'on the case of flour, B point voltage 12V zener diode goes through u passes through transmission in the opposite direction. In this case, RB, from the current increases. Therefore, the RB in the voltage drop increases. This increase will be up to the rise in input voltage, the transistor voltage 12V oval 'ta remain constant.

Thus continues the normal operation of the transistor. Therefore, the load current and load voltage remains constant. In addition, the RS resistor prevents excessive voltage fluctuations. NOTE: The above figure shows a feature of the transistor mode of operation. Noting that the shape, although it is PNP transistor emitter is the +11.4 V. Series base voltage +12 V, +11.4 V is the voltage applied to emitter voltage than the emitter voltage is positive for the series base. Therefore, the transmission of the series base-emitter diode is to ensure that the correct polarlm. Thus, the transistor operates normally. Negative Regulator Series PNP transistor is used as shown below and in the reverse zener voltage regulator connected to the above figure consists of running in the opposite direction. So-circuit currents flowing in the opposite direction. Therefore, the output "+" and "-" is replaced by inserts. However, to achieve constant voltage output, it does not matter in terms of the direction of flow. The important thing here is to keep constant voltage of the transistor series base. Following the series base "12V 'ta" has been held constant. The output "+" side of the joint three. That is the tip of the soil. Thus, (-) an output voltage regulator, in other words, a negative voltage regulator is obtained. The way it works is based on the same system as a positive regulator.

Shunt (parallel) Regulator Parallel regulator "positive" and "negative" can be divided into. Here, "a positive regulator circuit in parallel" with the examples given. Regulated in parallel with the load voltage constant circuits can hold 1-20mV tolerance. The following are the two parallel circuit is regulated. Figure (a) the circuit: the input voltage falls off for any reason, the current flowing will be reduced. Therefore, the current flowing through the resistor RL load is reduced. As a result, the voltage VL between the ends of RL, is small. Regulated circuit to prevent this decline, a fixed amount of output voltage.

Regulated in parallel circuits a) Single-transistor regulator b) Error signal amplifier regulator Circuit current is low, the voltage drop across the transistor shrink resistance RB and RS, which is equal to Rs VBE voltage, input voltage is reduced. In this case, the IB series base current is reduced. Therefore, the collector current IC is reduced. Collector current of a decrease in the supply circuit at the same rate will increase from the current amount flowing through the load RL, the load current remains constant. Therefore, the load voltage will remain constant. The supply voltage increases, the reverse process as above with the load current, load voltage and therefore still remain constant. In addition, if the circuit current increase or decrease, increase or decreases the voltage drop resistance R, the change in output voltage than the voltage drop in the prevention of resistance are the factors of R. Figure (b) a regulator circuit is more sensitive working. In this circuit, the supply voltage drops in Q1 of IC1 series base voltage drop and hence the collector current will decrease. Q As a result 'of the base and collector currents will be reduced. The same proportion of the load voltage drop will increase the load current will be prevented, ie, kept constant. Input voltage rises, the reverse process as above with the Q2 collector current will increase and at the same rate will be reduced RL RL flow in the constant voltage rise will be prevented. Maintaining the output voltage constant, however, are the factors of resistance of R. Oval with a zener diode between the collector of transistor Q1, the voltage between the collector-series base provides great stability. Integrated Voltage Regulators

Small volume of the most important features are integrated regulators and various input voltages verebilmeleridir different output voltage. The integrated voltage regulator can be divided into the following three groups: Regulators 1.Pozitif Regulators 2.Negatif Regulators 3.Ayarlanabilir Positive Integrated Regulator Figure 5.19 A positive voltage regulators as shown in the input and output voltages are positive with respect to ground. The most common 78XX regulators LM340 and included in this group. The following are links to foot the LM340 regulator.

LM340 integrated regulator Number 1 foot, Input 2 nd leg, Soil 3 from foot, Output Input voltage: 3-20Volt Output voltage: 5-12-15Volt () are models with 4%. Maximum output current: 1.5Amper is.

The figure below LM340 'ed is a regulator circuit.

Output current: IL = Vreq / RL is calculated by. Whether as a filter prevents fluctuations in input and output capacitors. 78XX Regulator As shown in the table below are in a series of 78 series regulators. Different input and output voltages and currents work. 78 'from the following two digits indicate the output voltage regulated.

78xx regulator is given as the foot links below.

Regulator 78xx base connections are as follows: No. 1 foot: Introduction Foot No. 2: Output No. 3 feet: Soil 78xx regulator with the above, it is possible to create a circuit similar to circuit LM340'l. Reinforced Flow Positive Regulator The figure below shows a 7805 regulator circuit output current of the transistor circuit is shown applied to upgrade. When running a load current of the transistor increases IL. R-series base-emitter resistance and the transistor polarmasn, as well as providing an integrated input connection. Operation of the transistor to be V = 0.6 VBE. This voltage across the resistor R, is composed by the voltage drop VR. That is, VR = VBE is. Calculation of the IR flow resistance R must pass transistor to work: Values as small as 4.7 resistor R is selected. IR = VR / R = 0.6 / 4.7 = 0.217 A is found. IR = 0.127 A 'works and a load current of the transistor reaches to the reinforcement. That, if selected, the transistor 10A is a powerful reinforcement to the exit. Reinforcement of the transistor current is entirely due to the regulator input current, this current remains constant as long as the input and output currents of the transistor to a certain extent remains constant and the load current IL will be reinforced. Therefore, the load voltage will remain fixed at certain values.

Current reinforced the positive voltage regulator Integrated Negative Regulator The negative voltage regulators, input and output voltages are negative with respect to ground. Parties to the positive voltage source and the load is grounded. There is no difference in terms of working principle of a positive voltage regulators. 79XX series, an example of such regulators. The most important difference between the chip 78XX series, 79XX series, No. 1 tip is ground. 79XX regulator feet below the links, below, Connection of the circuit shown.

Integrated regulator 79XX 1. Numbered leg: Soil No. 2 foot: Introduction No. 3 pillars: Output

Integrated Adjustable Regulator LM340 regulator circuit to establish a regulated output voltage as shown in the following way possible.

Output voltage adjustable regulator As with the operation of the above circuit is a sample calculation: Get a regulator regulator LM340 5V output. In this case, the output terminal (3) and the common terminal (2) between the 5V voltage is a fixed hood. On the other hand load resistors RL1 and RL2 as load current will flow through the IL. Constitute a voltage between the ends of the output current IL is calculated as follows: The output of the regulator: There VREG = 5V. Resistance RL1 output is connected in parallel between the common wire with the tip of the 5V on it 'hood is composed of the voltage drop. Then RL1 from current IL, which will be limited to 5 volts. In this case: is IL = 5/RL1. As well as for the completion of the circuit will flow through resistor RL2 current IL. Via RL2 also called the common end-to-current from 6-8 mA and tranquility in a small stream flows into a valuable Io. However, this current, IL remains a fraction of the often ignored in the calculations. However, it is desired to conduct a study sensitive, must take into account. A calculation is made taking into consideration the current Io: Output voltage: VC = 5 + RL2 (IL + I0) dir. Get RL1 = RL2 = 200 Let I0 = 7 mA. Vc = 5 +200 ((5/200) +0.007) = 5 +5 +1.4 from VC = 11.4 volts is found. I0 current, input flow fluctuations, and a quantity affected by the formation of temperature and load changes. 1mA changing. Let I0 = 8mA ..

In this case, the output voltage: Vc = 5 +5 becomes +1.6 = 11.6 volts. As we have seen, the output voltage of 0.2 V (200mV) has grown. In most cases, the output voltage 20mV 'tan 200mV in such a case will not be prompted to change more' hood changes are considered a major change. 100 variable resistor RL2 as possible to minimize this change 'is selected under un. RL2 resistance is changed, how to vary the output voltage Vc will be available with a similar computation is done above. Excerpt from regulated circuits is described in its simplest form, and ... I wish to be useful ... allowtransparency = "true" frameborder = "0" scrolling = "no" style = "border-top-style: none; border-rightstyle: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; overflow-x : hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 450px; margin-top: 5px; ">>

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