Soil Shear Strength - Lecture

PBWN302 CreditHours CEM/WEE/STE
Dr.AsmaaModdather
SoilMechanicsandFoundations FacultyofEngineering CairoUniversity
FALL2012
Introduction
Soil fail in shear. Shear strength of soil is the internal resistance that the soil mass offer to resist failure/sliding along any plane inside it. it
Sh Shear f il failure will ill occur at points i where h shear h stresses () exceeds soils shear strength g (S ) ).
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
Introduction
Shear stresses are generated into the soil mass due to adding external loads and/or excavations. excavations The engineer needs to know the nature of shearing resistance in the soil mass to analyze problems such as:
o bearing capacity of foundations. o stability of slopes. o lateral pressure on retaining walls.
Introduction
Stablemass Failuresurface
Bearingcapacityof Foundation
Introduction
Failuresurface Stablemass
S bili of Stability fslopes l
Introduction
Directionofmovement
Failuresurface
Stablemass Failuresurface
lateralp pressureonretaining gwalls
FailureMechanism
1. Local takes at points where shear stresses L l failure f il k place l i h h () > shear strength (S). 2. When local failure occurs at sufficiently large number of p points within the soil mass, , ag general failure takes place. 3. F Failure il t k the takes th form f of f sliding lidi of f a soil il block bl k over a Failure/Sliding/Slip surface within the soil mass.
To study shear failure at a point, we need to calculate:

1. Stresses (, ) on any plane through this point 2. Shear h resistance (S) at this h point
NormalandShearStressesinaSoilMass
Considering a certain C id i i point i inside i id the soil mass and knowing the normal l () and d shear h () stresses t acting on two planes at this point:
o What is the maximum and minimum normal stresses ( (magnitude and direction)? ) o What is the maximum stresses (magnitude direction)? shear and
x
y xy xy xy y xy x
o What is the normal () and shear () stresses acting on any plane?

MohrCirclePresentation
It I is i a graphical hi l method h d to present the state of stress along any plane passing i through th h any point i t within ithi the th soil mass. Need to define and sign x conventions:
o For :
Compression +ve sign Tension ve sign o
xy y
y xy x xy xy y
For :
Rotation clockwise ve sign g Rotation anticlockwise +ve sign

MohrCircle
Stresses onplane a:(x,xy) S l Stressesonplaneb:(y,xy)
Mohrs circle x xy
Pl Plane b xy Plane a P x xy
xy y a
y
xy xy
MohrCircle
Mohrs circle
x
xy
y Plane b xy Plane a x xy xy y
xy xy
a
y
Every point on the circle represents the state of stress acting on a

plane passing through the soil element.
There are infinite number of planes passing through the element.

MohrCircle
max
Minor principal plane (3, 0)
x Major principal plane (1, 0)
xy
a o
b d Maximumandminimumnormalstresses:
o o Majorprincipalplane(1,0) Minorprincipalplane(3,0) 0) Planec((1+3)/ )/2, ,max) Planed((1+3)/2,min) min
Maximumandminimumshearstresses:
o o
MohrCircle
x xy y Plane b xy Plane a x xy xy
( , ) a b Pole
Define: Pole A unique point on Mohr Mohrs s circle from which if we draw a line parallel to any plane, the line will intersect the circle at a point whose coordinates are and acting g on this p plane.
MohrCircle
x xy y Plane b xy Plane a x xy xy
Vertical plane
a b
Horizontal H i l plane
Pole
HowtofindthePole? Needtoknowthefollowingaboutasingleplane:
o Stateofstress( and) o Directionofplane
MohrCircle
max
x Major principal plane (1, 0)
xy
1 3 2 4 d
b
min
Pole
Knowingthelocationofthepole,determinethedirectionof:
o o o o Majorprincipalplane(1,withhorizontal, horizontal clockwise) Minorprincipalplane(2,withhorizontal,clockwise) Planewithmaximumshearstress(3,withhorizontal,clockwise) Planewithminimumshearstress(4,withhorizontal,anticlockwise)
Example
The Th stateof fstresson2perpendicular di l

planeswithinasoilelementisshownin p theoppositefigure.DrawMohrscircle, anddetermine:
whichtheyact. ii.Maximumshearstressandthe inclinationoftheplaneonwhichitacts. acts iii.Thestateofstressonaplaneinclined 20o anticlockwisewithhorizontal.
2 t/m2 1.5 t/m2 5 t/m2
5 t/m2
i Theprincipalstressesandtheplaneson i.
2 t/m2 Soil Element
Example
Plane b Stresses on plane a: a : (+5, (+5 1.5) 1 5) t/m2 Stresses on plane b: (+2, +1.5) t/m2 Note: horizontalandverticalaxesMUSTbedrawn withthesamescale 2 t/m2 (t/m2) 5 t/m2 Plane a 2 t/m2 1.5 t/m2 5 t/m2
b o
Pole
(t/m2) a
Example
( (t/m2) max b 3 o 3 2 Pole 1 1 (t/m2) a i. Principle stresses ( = 0): 1: Major principle stress = 5.62 t/m2, 1 = 68o clockwise, with horizontal 3: Minor principle stress =1.37 t/m2, 2 = 158o clockwise, with horizontal ii. Maximum shear stress: max = 2.12 t/m2, 3 = 23o anticlockwise, with horizontal
Example
( (t/m2)
b (1.39, 0.18) (t/m2)
20
Pole
(t/m2) a
iii. State of stress at plane inclined 20o anticlockwise with horizontal: = 1.39 t/m2 = 0.18 t/m2
ShearFailureCriterioninSoil
Shear resistance in soils is due to:

o FrictionandinterlockingbetweensoilparticlesFriction component o Interparticleattractionforces(duetoelectrochemicaleffects) Cohesioncomponent
The shear strength (S) of soil at a point is expressed as a linear function of the effective normal stress () acting on plane of failure:
S = c ' + ' tan '
where, c and are the shear strength parameters

c: effective cohesion : effective angle of shearing resistance
Mohr-Coulomb shear strength p failure envelope
f = S = c ' + ' tan '

Shear strength failure envelope
(f, f ) c Elastic equilibrium Pl i equilibrium Plastic ilib i
FactorsaffectingSoilShearStrength(S)
For coarse grained soils, soils S depends on friction and interlocking between particles ():
o Relativedensity: v.looseversusv.dense small o large
Gradation: poorl gradedversus poorly ersuswell ellgraded small large
Particleshape: roundedversusangular small large
Particlesurfaceroughness(as ( roughness increases,increases)

For F coarsegrained i dsoil: il

o o rangesfrom f 27o to45o dry ~ wet
,Sdepends p g Forfineg grainedsoils, onfrictionandinterlocking betweenparticles()aswellascohesion(c):

o Stresshistory y( (overconsolidation ratio): ) asOCRincreases,Sincreases Soilfabric(floculated, (floculated dispersed): floculated hashigherS Soildisturbance(affectssoilfabric): asdisturbanceincreases,Sdecreases Soil lpermeability b l (water ( drainage): d )
Shearstrengthofsoilloadedunderdrained conditions(slowly)isdifferentfromthat loadedunderundrained conditions(quickly) Drainedshearstrengthversusundrained shear g strength
ShearStrengthTests
Shear strength parameters for a particular soil are y means of laboratory y tests on specimens p determined by sampled from insitu soil. Great care is required in sampling, storage, and handling of f samples l prior i t testing, to t ti especially i ll in i case of f undisturbed samples where it is necessary to preserve the insitu structure and water content of soil.
DirectShearTest
Shearboxapparatus.
ld displacement l dial d lgage Vertical Motor,applieshorizontal displacementatconstantrate Shearbox Proving gring g
Weightstoapplynormalload
DirectShearTest
ProvingRing
Is It I a device d i used d to measure force. f I consists i of an elastic ring of known diameter with a measuring device located in the center of the ring i that h measures its i deflection. d fl i
Each proving ring has its calibration constant, constant by which we convert the readings of the measuring device (deflection) into force.
Force = proving ring reading x calibration constant.

DirectShearTest
Schematic S h ti of fshear h box b apparatus: t

L di plate Loading l t
Samplemaybecircularorsquare Areaofsampleis~ 3to4in2,1inchhigh Boxissplitinto2halves
DirectShearTestProcedure
1. 2. 3. Assemble filter A bl the th apparatus t (sample, ( l porousstones, t filt paper(if needed),shearboxparts)andfillshearboxwithwaterifneeded. A l normal Apply lf forceontopof fshear h b box(N1). ) Shearforceisappliedtospecimenbymovingonehalfofthebox relativetotheothertocausefailureinthesoilspecimen.Shearing forceismeasuredbyprovingringorloadcell.
Pictureofsampleafter failure
4. 5.
Vertical V i l(v)and dh horizontal i l(h)displacements di l aremonitored i d duringthetest. Repeatsteps2,3,and4fordifferentnormalforces(N2,N3).

DirectShearTestAnalysis
1. Foreachtest,calculate: Normalstress()=normalforce/areaofsample Shearstress()=shearforce/areaofsample Plot:
Changeinheightofsp pecimen,v Peak shear strength
2.
Shearstr ress,
Expan nsion
Dense sand
Densesand
Loose sand
f f ==constant
Compress sion
Sheardisplacement,h
Loosesand
Sheardisplacement,h
Loosesandandnormallyconsolidatedclayresultinsimilar(h andvh relationships) Densesandandoverconsolidated clayresultinsimilar(h andvh Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012 relationships)
DirectShearTestAnalysis
3. For F test t t1,get t1 and dmax1=f1. Fortest2,get2 andmax2=f2. Fortest3, 3 get3 andmax3=f3. Plot:
4.
Test (1) (1,f1) c
Test (2) (2, f2)
Test (3) (3, f3)
Note: N t horizontal h i t land dvertical ti l axesMUSTbedrawnwiththe samescale
RemarksonDirectShearTest
1. Generally, tests G ll direct di t shear h t t are conducted d t d on dry d sand, d saturated t t d sand, d and saturated clay. 2. For sands, soil has high permeability, water drains instantaneously d i the during th test, t t u = 0 during d i shearing, h i th f therefore, = throughout th h t the test. 3. For clays, to maintain = throughout the test (similar to sands), the t t is test i conducted d t d slowly l l so excess pore water t pressure (u) ) can drain d i during shearing. 4. Measured shear strength parameters: c, shear h strength t th parameters. t
called drained/effective
MohrCircleforDirectShearTest
For and which F each htest, t t weknow k df onfailure f il plane, l hi his i horizontal. h i t l
(, f) Pole
Major principal plane (1, 0)
Example
A shear h box b test carried i d out on a silty il clay l soil, il gave the h
g results: following
Verticalload(N) Proving gring gdialgauge g g reading g(mm) ( ) 58.9 3.2 3 117.7 5.3 5 3 176.6 235.6 7.1 7 8.9 9
If the shear box area is 36 cm2 and the proving ring constant is 15 kg/mm, determine the cohesion intercept and the angle of shearing resistance.
E Example l
Verticalload(kg) P i ring Proving i dial di lgaugereading di (mm) Horizontalforce, H(kg) 58.9 3.2 =3.2x15 =47.25 =58.9/36 58.9/36 =1.64 =47.25/36 =1 31 =1.31 117.7 5.3 176.6 7.1 235.6 8.9
78.75
105.75
132.75
(kg/cm2)
3.27
4.91
6.54
(kg/cm2)
2.19
2.94
3.69
E Example l
4.00 3.50 3 00 3.00 She earStress, (kg/cm2) 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0 50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 5 1.00 1.50 5 2.00 2.50 5 3.00 3 3.50 3 5 4.00 4 4.50 4 5 5.00 5 5.50 5 5 6.00 6.50 5 7.00 7 Normalstress, (kg/cm2)
c = 0.60 kg/cm2 = 25o

AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofDirectShearTest
Advantages:
1. Simple 2. Not expensive
Disadvantages:
1 Failure occurs at a predetermined plane, 1. plane not necessarily the weakest plane (might overestimate strength). 2 Cant 2. Can t measure u during the test, test therefore, therefore test conditions are adjusted such that u = 0. 3 Shear stress distribution over the shear surface of the 3. specimen is not uniform (stress concentration at corners).
Triaxial ShearTest
Loadframe Provingring Dialgagefor vertical displacement Triaxialcell
Testspecimen
Triaxialcell
Triaxial ShearTest
Filterpaper
Rubbermembrane
Top/bottom platens Porousstones
Orings
Triaxial ShearTest
Verticalload
Transparentcylinder
Orings Confiningpressure
Triaxial ShearTest
TestProcedure
Sample l Placement l
Air is released
Open valve Air release valve Loading ram Top drainage O ring Porous stone Specimen Membrane Porous stone Transparent cylinder Loading cap
Open valve Bottom drainage All around Pressure supply Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
TestProcedure
SamplePlacement:
1. Trimsampletorequireddimensions(h/d~ 2). 2. Place Pl sample l onb bottomfil filterpaperand dporousstone. 3. Place Pl t topfilt filterpaper,porousstone, t and dl loading di cap. 4 Placethinrubbermembranearoundsampleandorings. 4. rings 5. Fillcellwithwater. 6. Lowerloading gbarjust j torestonloading gcap. p
TestProcedure
Loading L di Stages: St o Stage g I
Applying pp y gconfining gp pressure(c)
Openvalve Allaround d Pressuresupply
Open/closedvalve
TestProcedure
Applyingaxialload(N) Deviatorstress(d)
Loading L di Stages: St o Stage g II
Applying pp y gconfining gp pressure(c)
Openvalve Allaround d Pressuresupply
Open/closedvalve
TestProcedure
LoadingStages:
o Stage1: Applyconfiningpressure(c)= cellpressure. o Stage g 2: Increaseaxialload(N)uptofailure.Axialload/areaofspecimen iscalleddeviatorstress(d) ).
c c+df
c
Stage(1)
c+df
Stage(2)
TypesofTriaxial Tests
Drainage conditions during 1 and D i diti d i stages t d 2 are set t according di to t required type of test.
c c + df
c
Valve (open/closed)
c
Valve (open/closed)
c Stage (1)
Valve opened Drainage allowed Consolidated, C Valve closed Drainage not allowed Unconsolidated, U Valve opened Drainage allowed Drained, D
c + df Stage (2)
Valve closed Drainage not allowed Undrained, U
c c c
Valve (open/closed)
c + df c c
Valve (open/closed)
c Stage (1)
Consolidated, C Unconsolidated, U Drained, D
c + df Stage (2)
Undrained, U
Possibletesttypes:
Stage 1 Stage 2 C C U U D U U D Test Type Consolidated-Drained (CD) Consolidated-Undrained (CU) (UU) ) Unconsolidated-Undrained ( Unconsolidated-Drained (UD)
N Never d done
MohrCircleforTriaxial
c c+df
c c
Stage(1)
c+df
Stage(2)
Stage 2
Stage 1
Note: c =3 c+df=1
Minor principal plane (c, 0)
Major principal plane
Pole
(c+df, 0)
ConsolidatedDrainedTest(CD)
c c c
Valve (open)
c + df c c
Valve (open)
c Stage (1)
Consolidated, C
c + df Stage (2)
Drained, D
3 = c 1 = c u = 0 3 = 3 1 = 1
3 = c 1 = c + df u = 0 3 = 3 1 = 1
StressstrainRelationships:
Change in volume of sp pecimen, V
OCC Deviator Stres ss, d
Expansion
OCC
NCC
df
Compression
df
Axial Strain, v
NCC
Axial Strain, v
Densesandandoverconsolidated clayresultinsimilar(dv andVv

relationships)
Loose L sand dand dnormally ll consolidated lid t dclay l result lti insimilar i il ( dv and dVv
relationships)

Mohr circle at failure S Stage II
c c
Stage I 3
1 df
1f
Normally Consolidated Clay (NCC) and Sands

c=0
3(1)
1f(1) 3(2)
1f(2)
Overconsolidated Clay (OCC)

OCC NCC 2
1 pc
ConsolidatedUndrained Test(CU)
c c c
Valve (open)
c + df c c
Valve (closed)
c Stage (1)
Consolidated, C
c + df Stage (2)
Undrained, U
3 = c 1 = c u = 0 3 = 3 1 = 1
3 = c 1 = c + df u = value l measured dd during test 3 = 3 - u 1 = 1 - u

StressstrainRelationships:
Change in pore water p pressure, u
OCC Deviator Stres ss, d
-ve -
OCC
NCC
df
+ve
df
Axial Strain, v
NCC
Axial Strain, v
Dense sand and overconsolidated clay y result in similar (dv and uv relationships) Loose sand and normally consolidated clay result in similar (dv and uv relationships)
Normally Consolidated Clay (NCC)

u = +ve 3 = 3 u 1 = 1 u
decreases decreases
Same diameter Mohr circle at failure (Eff (Effective stresses, calculated) l l d) Mohr circle at failure (Total stresses, measured)
c=0
3 '1f
1f
u
Overconsolidated Clay (OCC)

o If c<pc, soil behaves as OCC, OCC u = -ve 3 = 3 u 1 = 1 u increases increases
o If c>pc, soil behaves as NCC, u = +ve 3 = 3 u 1 = 1 u decreases decreases
y( ) Overconsolidated Clay (OCC)

Mohr circle at failure ( (Total stresses, measured) ) Mohr circle at failure (Eff i stresses, calculated) (Effective l l d)
OCC NCC 2
1 pc
u1
u2 u = -ve u3 u = +ve
u4
Drainage conditions during stages 1 and 2 are set according to required q type yp of test.
c c + df
c
Valve (open/closed)
c
Valve (open/closed)
c Stage (1)
Valve opened g allowed Drainage Consolidated, C Valve closed Drainage g not allowed Unconsolidated, U Valve opened g allowed Drainage Drained, D
c + df Stage (2)
Valve closed Drainage g not allowed Undrained, U
UnconsolidatedUndrained Test(UU)
c c c
Valve (closed)
c + df c c
Valve (closed)
c Stage (1)
Unconsolidated, U
c + df Stage (2)
Undrained, U
3 = c 1 = c uc = increase in p.w.p p w p due to c 3 = 3 - u
3 = c 1 = c + df ud = increase in p.w.p p w p due to d

+ve (NCC), -ve (OCC)
Measured u during shearing = uc + ud 1 = 1 - u
UnconsolidatedUndrained Test(UU)
Same diameter One effective stress circle to all total stress circles ( (calculated) )
Mohr circle at failure (Total stresses, measured)
u= 0 cu
3(1) '3 1(1) 1 3(2) 1(2)
u(1) (-ve)
u(2) (+ve)
cu =undrained shearstrength g Note: increasingc doesntresultinanyincreasein3 Sinceall ll3priortoshearing h isthe h sameinall llsamples, l the h strength hof fthe h sampleswhenshearedwillbethesame.
UnconfinedCompressionTest
Loadingframe
Provingring (measuresaxialload)
Dialgage (measuresaxialdisplacement)
Sample
SpecialcaseofUUtest
o o c =0 Verysimpleandquick
Sample S l Placement: Pl t
1 Trim sample to required dimensions (h/d ~ 2). 1. 2) 2 Place sample on the loading device. 2. device Begin test immediately as drying will alter samples characteristics considerably. 3. Lower loading piston until it contacts specimen. 4. Begin the test, continue until load values decrease or until 20% % strain i is i reached. h d
Ao H
Bulging
Ho
Specimenbeforetest
Specimenaftertest
V = Constant Vafter test = Vbefore test AH = A o H o A(H o H) = A o H o AoHo Ao Ao A= = = (H o H) (1 H ) (1 ) Ho

Ao A= ( (%) ) (1 ) 100
Readings:Load(F),verticaldisplacement(H) DataReduction:
o Axialstrain: a =(H/Ho)x100 o where: Ho =initialsampleheight
where: Ac correctedarea=Ao/(1a) Ao =initialxsectionalareaofthesample
o Stress: =F/Ac
DataPlotting:
o Plotstress() versusaxialstrain(a)
Stress, S qu
a,f
Strain, (%)
qu =unconfinedstrength cu =undrained shearstrength=qu/2

qu c = 0 c = 0 u = 0 cu qu
qu 0.0
3 1
= =
0 qu
qu =unconfinedstrength cu =undrained d d shear h strength h=qu/2

UnconsolidatedUndrained (UU) ( )Test versusUnconfinedCompressionTest

Same diameter One effective stress circle to all total stress circles (calculated)
c = 3 = 0 Mohr circle at failure (Total stresses, measured)
u= 0 cu
3(1) '3 1(1) 1 3(2) 1(2)
u(UC)
u(UU1)
u(UU2)
cu =undrained shearstrength
Final Remarks
Drained D i dshear h strength t thparameters: t

o o c', , : OCC NCC,sand
Theseparametersareobtainedfrom:
o o CDTest CUTest(withporepressuremeasurements)
Applications
o Usedtodesignstructuresforlongtermcondition Drained.
Final Remarks
Undrained shearstrengthparameters:
o cu,u=0 OCC NCC OCC,
Th parametersareobtained These b i dfrom: f

o o UUTest T t UnconfinedCompressionTest
Applications
o Usedtodesignstructuresforshorttermcondition Undrained.
Example E l (1 (1)
The following results were obtained at failure in a series of

CD triaxial tests on specimens of fully saturated clay. clay
i. Determine the shear strength parameters of this soil. ii. If a specimen is subjected to a confining pressure of 150 kPa and a deviator stress of 200 kPa, kPa would it fail? Comment. Comment
D i t stress Deviator t (kN/m2) 350 410 4 C fi i pressure Confining (kN/m2) 100 210
Test 1 2
Example E l (1 (1)
Test 1
df (kN/m2) 350 410
c (kN/m2) 100 210

'
3 = c 100 210
1 = c +df 450 620
i Shearstrengthparameters: i. c'=119kN/m2 '=12o
c'
100 210 450
620
Note: sincec>0,thisclayis OCC,andpc >210kN/m2

Example E l (1 (1)
ii. If a specimen is subjected to a confining pressure of 150 kPa and a deviator dev ato st stress ess o of 200 00 kPa, a, wou would d it t fail? a ? Co Comment. e t.

c
150 350
Elastic equilibrium The specimen will not fail

Example E l (2 (2 )
Aclayspecimenfailedatunconfinedstrengthvalueof400kN/m2
when w e p placed acedinan a u unconfined co edtestappa apparatus, atus,what w atwould wou dbethe t e undrained shearstrengthforthetestedspecimen?
u =0 cu
400 0.0
Undrained Shearstrength:
cu =qu/2=400/2=200kN/m2
Example E l (3 (3)
Inanunconfinedcompressiontest, test thefollowingdatawerecollected (sampleheight=10.4cm,samplediameter=4.2cm),Findtheunconfined strengthandtheundrained shearstrengthforthetestedsample.(Ao =13.85 cm2,Ho =10.4cm).

Load(kg) H (cm) =H/Ho (%) 0 0.0 0.0 4 0.013 =0.013x100/10.4 =0.125 9 13 16 17 0.111 12 11
0.034 0.053 0.080 8 0.327
0.300 0.350
0.510 0.769 1.067 2.885 3.365
Ao = (%) ) (1 100
Stress (kg/cm2)
A(cm2)
13.85
13.85 0.125 (1 ) 100
13.90
13.92
13.96
14.00
14.27
14.34
=13.87 4.0 = 13.87 =0.29
0.65
0.93
1.15
1.21
0.84
0.77
Example E l (3 (3)
1.40 1.20 Axial Stress, (kg/cm )
2
qu
1.00 0 80 0.80 0.60 0 40 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 Axial Strain, a (%) 3.00 3.50 4.00
Unconfinedstrength:qu =1.21kg/cm2 Undrained d i d Shear Sh strength: h cu =qu/2 / =0.61kg/cm k / 2


Soil Shear Strength - Lecture

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PBWN302 CreditHours CEM/WEE/STE

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

S bili of Stability fslopes l

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

lateralp pressureonretaining gwalls

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

To study shear failure at a point, we need to calculate:

o What is the normal () and shear () stresses acting on any plane?

Rotation clockwise ve sign g Rotation anticlockwise +ve sign

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Every point on the circle represents the state of stress acting on a

There are infinite number of planes passing through the element.

x Major principal plane (1, 0)

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

x Major principal plane (1, 0)

The Th stateof fstresson2perpendicular di l

2 t/m2 1.5 t/m2 5 t/m2

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

b (1.39, 0.18) (t/m2)

Shear resistance in soils is due to:

S = c ' + ' tan '

where, c and are the shear strength parameters

f = S = c ' + ' tan '

(f, f ) c Elastic equilibrium Pl i equilibrium Plastic ilib i

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Gradation: poorl gradedversus poorly ersuswell ellgraded small large

Particleshape: roundedversusangular small large

Particlesurfaceroughness(as ( roughness increases,increases)

For F coarsegrained i dsoil: il

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

,Sdepends p g Forfineg grainedsoils, onfrictionandinterlocking betweenparticles()aswellascohesion(c):

Shearstrengthofsoilloadedunderdrained conditions(slowly)isdifferentfromthat loadedunderundrained conditions(quickly) Drainedshearstrengthversusundrained shear g strength

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Force = proving ring reading x calibration constant.

Schematic S h ti of fshear h box b apparatus: t

Samplemaybecircularorsquare Areaofsampleis~ 3to4in2,1inchhigh Boxissplitinto2halves

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Vertical V i l(v)and dh horizontal i l(h)displacements di l aremonitored i d duringthetest. Repeatsteps2,3,and4fordifferentnormalforces(N2,N3).

Test (1) (1,f1) c

Test (2) (2, f2)

Test (3) (3, f3)

Note: N t horizontal h i t land dvertical ti l axesMUSTbedrawnwiththe samescale

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Minor principal plane (3, 0)

Major principal plane (1, 0)

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

c = 0.60 kg/cm2 = 25o

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Loadframe Provingring Dialgagefor vertical displacement Triaxialcell

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Top/bottom platens Porousstones

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Loading L di Stages: St o Stage g I

Applying pp y gconfining gp pressure(c)

Openvalve Allaround d Pressuresupply

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012