Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
__________________
A Paper
Presented to
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In Partial Fulfillment
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by
Wes Terry
April 1, 2009
THE MIND UNDER FIRE
The American mind is under attack and its citizens are at war. Authors,
throughout the last century, have sought to make that fact known in order to bring about a
resurgence of critical thinking. Sadly, there has been no lasting change. More troubling is
the role of the Christian mind in the American dilemma. Pulitzer Prize winner Richard
community.1 Writing in the same year, Harry Blamires addressed the Christian
community directly by saying that the Christian mind has joined in on the secular drift of
history.”2 In 1994, Mark Noll described the condition of the Evangelical mind as a
scandal because there is “not much of an evangelical mind.”3 Revivalism, the loss of the
eternal perspective, and a reckless devotion to technology have helped to weaken the
Christian mind and the following, using those categories, will illustrate that although the
Christian mind is part of the problem, only the Christian mind is uniquely equipped to
bring about the solution. The first area to be explored will be the aftermath of revivalism.
movements in the nineteenth century, it needs to be said that such efforts did a
1
Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage
Books, 1963), 85.
2
Harry Blamires, The Christian Mind: How should a Christian Think?
(Vancouver: Regent College Publishing, 1963), 3.
3
Mark A. Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids: William
B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1994), 3.
2
3
tremendous amount of good for churches across America. The criticisms that follow are
not meant to devalue or dismiss the work that was done in any way. However, there is a
sense in which the general tone of the revivalist spirit was one of subjectivism. Many
enthusiasts considered intellectual pursuits of knowing God as “at best intrusions and at
worst barriers to the pure and direct actions of the heart.”4 That mentality grew among the
laity and eventually spread to the clergy. There was a rise in pragmatic philosophy by
evangelists and a commonly held belief that since conversion was the end goal of
Over time, the revivalist focus on one’s subjective experience planted seeds of
individualism and immediatism. Church history and tradition were soon distrusted and
irrelevant. As Noll describes it, “They [the revivalists] insisted that what had gone on in
the churches through the centuries was irrelevant to what must be done with respect to
the faith now.” 6 This shift had a profound effect on Christian thinking because it
harvested a culture that had no use for the intellectual masterpieces of the great Christian
minds of old. Such literature was far too dated to add any value to the current
Lastly, it should be pointed out that the intellectual flabbiness that resulted
from the revivalist movement also paved the way for what Mark Noll calls a
fundamentalist filter.7 The general distrust in one’s reason and intellect led Evangelicals
to isolate themselves from the academic community and, in their reaction to modernism,
4
Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage
Books, 1963), 85.
5
Ibid.
6
Mark A. Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids: William
B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1994), 63.
7
Mark A. Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids: William
B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1994), 211.
4
created a subculture that stereotyped fundamentalists as scientifically infantile. The
Church was soon marginalized by culture, but, in many respects, the fundamentalists did
not care. This resulted with a decline in theological integrity and the loss of cultural
engagement. “The fundamentalist filter may have strained out enough atheism to preserve
strained out most of the ingredients required for a life of the mind.”8 In sum, the revivalist
intellect, culminated with an ill-equipped reaction to modernism, and resulted with the
Church being marginalized by popular culture. All of this paved the way for a general
attention on the immediate. Harry Blamires describes the loss of the eternal perspective
as Christian schizophrenia and claims it has permeated both the laity and the clergy.9 The
eternal used to inform how one thought about the temporal but these binaries have been
reversed and the temporal has “eaten up” the eternal.10 Particulars have eaten up the
he was writing on the influence of democracy in American life. “Not only are they
[Americans] occupied, but their occupations interest them passionately. They are
8
Ibid.
9
Harry Blamires, The Christian Mind: How should a Christian Think?
(Vancouver: Regent College Publishing, 1963), 71.
10
This description is borrowed from the insightful work of Francis Schaeffer
who explained these concepts using the words "upper story" and "lower story." Francis A.
Schaeffer, The Francis A. Schaeffer Trilogy: The Three Essential Books in One Volume
(Wheaton: Crossway Books, 1990), 215.
5
perpetually in action, and each one of their actions absorbs their soul.”11 The eternal soul
is so preoccupied with its temporary surroundings that it can no longer contemplate that
which it was made for: eternity. It no longer allows the eternal perspective to inform the
temporal. The consequence has been a slow bleed of distinctively Christian thinking and
a nation of Christians who know neither how nor why they should use their minds.
“A man was meant to be doubtful about himself, but undoubting about the truth… the
part he doubts is exactly the part he ought not to doubt – the Divine Reason.”12
Chesterton is right. Yet, today many Christians are doubtful about both. However, the
ignorance of the age did not force the Christian mind into its downward spiral of
distrusting the truth. The Christian, by refusing to think in terms of the eternal
perspective, has voluntarily handed himself over to it. He has willingly submitted to
Technology has been the atomic bomb of this war on the mind. A 2005 survey
pointed out that “most Americans – including children – spend at least nine hours a day
watching TV, surfing the web, or talking on their cell phones. Of those hours, one-third of
the time is spent using two or more of those media at once.”13 Because of tools such as
and leisurely activities. However, technology comes with a bias that leads one to think
11
de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, trans. Stephen D. Grant
(Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), 294.
12
Chesterton, Gilbert K, Orthodoxy, ed. Craig M. Kibler (Lenoir: Reformation
Press, 2002), 56.
13
Mark Earley, "Breakpoint Commentaries: Get Unplugged," Break Point
Prison Fellowship, March 6, 2009,
http://www.breakpoint.org/listingarticle.asp?ID=11422/ (accessed March 9, 2009).
6
about the world only through the “kind of rationality that is technology-like.”14 It is the
poster child of pragmatism. Technology is all about means. As David Wells asserts, “Life
is flattened out, its height and depth surrendered as it is all reduced simply to process.”15
Nancy Gibbs quotes James Trunzo as saying, “We are inundated with
information. The mind can’t handle it all. The pace is so fast now, I sometimes feel like a
gunfighter dodging bullets.”16 The Christian mind is overwhelmed and, in reaction, it has
proper affections for God. Diversion naturally follows from subjectivism and
temporalism because when one only thinks about reality in terms of his experience and
his experience is solely tied to the temporal, diversion is the only thing left to placate his
sense of spirituality.
There is no reason for a person to think Christianly when he can satisfy his
longing for meaning by indulging his passions with diversion. However, diversion will
never satisfy one’s longing for meaning. “We face an incorrigible mortality that
reckless devotion to technology is just an age old appeal to diversion. It cannot satisfy the
Christian mind and, as Jonathan Edwards warned, it leaves the Christian mind void of the
meaningful and open to Satan. “For the devil often takes advantage of persons’ ignorance
14
David F. Wells, Above All Earthly Powers: Christ in a Postmodern World
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 36.
15
Ibid.
16
Nancy Gibbs, "How America Has Run Out of Time," Time magazine, April
24, 1989.
17
Douglas Groothuis, The Soul in Cyberspace (Grand Rapids: Baker Books,
1997), 80.
7
to ply them with temptations which otherwise would have no hold of them.”18 Reckless
devotion to anything other than Christ is dangerous for the Christian mind. Diversion is
The Christian who fails to think Christianly has lost his identity. He knows not
who he is, where he is from, nor where he is going. He has no idea what the true meaning
of life is because he fails to think of life from the eternal perspective. In his disparity he
identifies with the ignorance of his age. He is comfortable there but extremely unhappy.
So, in order to ease his unhappiness, he saturates his mind with the God of techno-driven
information. A simple pause would give the Christian rest but he refuses.19 There has been
no return to truly meaningful leisure. There has only been diversion. There has only been
thinking about the meaningless. Therefore, the Christian culture is left with shallow
Given the odds, there seems to be little hope for the Christian mind to come
back from the pit of despair. However, it is only the Christian mind that is equipped to
rescue the culture from that pit. Mark Noll gives Evangelicalism hope when he writes
that “striking gains have been made…significant steps have been taken toward promoting
a Christian mind, not only for theology but also for other aspects of existence.”20 Noll
further explains that hope does not even necessarily lie in the progress that has been made
18
Jonathan Edwards, On Knowing Christ (Carlisle: The Banner of Truth Trust,
1997), 27.
19
Joe Carter, "Info-techno Sabbath: Unplugging The God Of Information
Technology," Boundless, September 27, 2007,
http://www.boundless.org/2005/articles/a0001584.cfm/ (accessed March 18, 2009).
20
Mark Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1994), 220.
8
but in the very nature of Christian religion.21 The true hope for solving the problem non-
Jesus has given the Church the keys of the Kingdom and not even the gates of
hell will overcome her progress. The truth of Christianity does not cease to be true just
because its adherents fail to exercise belief in it. What is needed is a revival. Not one of
inducing subjective experience but of one explaining objective reality. What is needed is
a revival of Christian thinking and responsible Christian minds. The soul was built for
eternity but the secular mind has silenced it. The Christian mind must rise up and refute
the idols of this age with a message that appeals to the whole of man: heart and mind.
Such ends will only be achieved when Christians look less like dummies and
more like Jesus. There needs to be a realignment of one’s affections from worldliness to
holiness. The Christian community must move from a culture of ignorance and death to
one of truth and life. They need to represent Christ accurately and this cannot be done
without knowing him truly. Thus, there needs to be a new appreciation for the life of the
mind and the search for truth. It must be sought after even when it not nice or democratic
because Jesus is more important than anything else. Peter Kreeft explains this well:
Saints are not nice. They are embroiled in controversy, necessarily, always. This is
because saints are as devoted to truth as they are to love; they will not be false
prophets who give the people what they want instead of what they need… their
double devotion to truth and love is the only weapon that can win the war against
the culture of death. Only saints can save the world.22
God more truly and knowing him more fully. When this happens, Christians take hold of
the equipment that is already available to them. As Mark Noll explained, “Christianity
21
Ibid., Pg 239.
22
Peter Kreeft, How to Win the Culture War: A Christian battle Plan for a
Society in Crisis (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2002), 102.
9
gives a conceptual foundation for creativity, comprehensiveness, and mystery, so that the
pursuit of all truth can be energized by the love of God.”23 Or, in the words of Christian
thinker C.S. Lewis, “It [Christianity] was never intended to replace or supersede the
ordinary human arts and sciences: it is rather a director which will set them all to the right
jobs, and a source of energy which will give them all new life.”24 Christians must reject
the ignorance of the age and the diversion it has to offer so that they can pursue the
Solutions
It will be submitted that this can be achieved in a few different ways. The first
is by returning oneself to reading the ancient philosophers and early church fathers. The
problems that Christians are faced with today are no different than those that have been
posed before. Christians would be wise to learn about their history and of the brilliant
men on whose shoulders they stand. Likewise, they would do well to train their minds to
think philosophically so they can competently challenge the faulting thinking of their age.
Men such as Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Aquinas, Augustine, Luther, Calvin, Chesterton, and
Lewis will give believers a good view of where they have come from and where they are
headed. Only then will they know how to act responsibly where they are.25
Secondly, Christians will be able to solve this problem by knowing and being
able to articulate a distinctively Christian worldview. They must be able to view their
theology, philosophy, and culture as a whole and be able to communicate it well. They
23
Mark Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1994), 220.
24
C.S Lewis, Mere Christianity (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1980),
83.
25
Thomas C. Oden, "On Not Whoring After the Spirit of the Age," in No God
But God, ed. Os Guinness and John Seel (Chicago: Moody Press, 1992), 202.
10
must know not only their own worldview but also the worldview of a culture in despair.
As Schaeffer suggests, “There is no use talking today until the presuppositions are taken
into account, and especially the crucial presuppositions concerning the nature of truth and
the method of attaining truth.”26 This means one must be able to take a person, regardless
of their worldview persuasion, be able to show that person the inconsistencies of their
worldview persuasion, and then convincingly illustrate the truth of the Gospel. Truth
must be shown for what it is before it can be fully embraced. The Christian has this
unique responsibility.
the liberal arts. Christians have been marginalized for far too long. Christian minds are
uniquely equipped to bring value to the academic community but they have been seen as
scientifically inept. In the same way, Christians are uniquely equipped to create beautiful
art but, instead, they have proved themselves to be quite dull. Why the dullness?
Evidentially, Christians think the Gospel is dull. They do not see their faith as
intellectually credible, artistically beautiful, or culturally relevant. In turn, the church has
offered all kinds of ineffective strategies to engage a culture that has marginalized them.
In the words of David Wells, “What the Church needs is not more of these strategies but
more faith, more confidence that God’s Word is sufficient for this time, more confidence
in the power of the Holy Spirit to apply it, and more integrity in proclaiming it.”27
The Christian must quit being believing that the truth of Christianity is
somehow irrelevant to culture. If Christianity is true than it is the most relevant thing in
26
Francis A. Schaeffer, The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer: A
Christian Worldview, ed. Francis A. Schaeffer, A Christian View of Philosophy and
Culture (Westchester: Crossway Books, 1982), 138.
27
David F. Wells, Above All Earthly Powers: Christ in a Postmodern World
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 208.
11
the universe! As Pascal wagered, that chance alone should make the validity of Christian
faith a thing of discussion. If the Church would bring the claims of Christianity to the
kitchen table of universities, museums, art galleries, billboard top twenties, and political
Christianity, the raw data of the Christian faith would again be relevant. The Church
needs boldness and courage today more than ever because the culture has entered into
despair. If the Church will arise, Christians can provide light to a culture that is about to
Let me now speak quite personally with the reader. I have described a problem
that I very much believe in. However, I have not bought into the idea that nothing can be
done about it. I believe we will win because Christians “wield the world’s most
unconquerable weapon.”28 We mobilize the most powerful force in the universe. Yet, “he”
is more than a force. He is God: he is personal, he is there, and he speaks. Jesus turned
the world upside down with twelve committed men. I am not Jesus but I, like Jesus, am
one man. I, like Jesus, seek to do the will of my heavenly father. And I, like Jesus, have
faith that with God all things are possible. The beautiful thing about one is that it is not
zero. It is multipliable by any other digit. And, that digit, having already been multiplied
The first is through personal discipleship. As Oswald Sanders wrote, the spiritual leader
must “remain in front, giving guidance and direction to others. He does not wait for
28
Peter Kreeft, How to Win the Culture War: A Christian battle Plan for a
Society in Crisis (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2002), 102.
12
things to happen, but makes them happen.”29 Because I am a pastor I get to see people
come to Christ more often than many do. I get to visit with people who have spiritual
questions almost every week. Many of those people come to know Jesus. My resolution,
then, is to take every person that I lead to Christ and personally see to it that they are
taught how to love God with the entirety of their being: heart, soul, and mind.
Specifically, this entails creating discipleship programs that confront a person with
By that I mean providing content that the Bible deems as relevant and not what
the culture deems as relevant. Biblical morality should be emphasized over cultural
morality. Standing for truth often appears risky because it means that I might lose some
of my new “friends” if I offend them with God’s moral revelation. However, as Dennis
McCallum writes, “we, as Christians, are to minister with the power of God, not with
frightened promises to sinful humanity that they need not repent.”31 It has just been
argued that the truth of Christianity is what the culture needs more than anything so why
would I lay down my most powerful weapon? Again, if Christianity is true, then it is the
The Bible speaks for itself what it thinks is relevant. The Bible teaches that the
Gospel is “of first importance” (1 Corinthians 15:3). The Bible affirms that the mind and
Christian maturity are uniquely inseparable. Christians are transformed by the “renewal
of our minds.” (Romans 12:1) Godliness is offered “through the knowledge of him who
called us.” (2 Peter 1:3) Christians should “set their minds on things that are above, not
29
Oswald J. Sanders, Spiritual Leadership (Chicago: Moody Press, 1994), 127.
30
Dennis McCallum, The Death of Truth (Minneapolis: Bethany House
Publishers, 1996), 237.
31
Ibid.
13
things that are on earth.” (Colossians 3:2) Those passages alone show that Scripture has
clearly addressed the problem of anti-thinking as it has been presented in this essay. Thus,
up a generation of believers who will take God seriously enough to think rightly about
However, this is not cultural engagement in the popularized sense of the word. Perhaps it
could be coined as worldview evangelism. This means that I would identify with
the same way that other missionaries identify with nationalities and people groups. It
means learning their language. As Schaffer pointed out, “Each generation of the Church
terms, considering the language and thought forms of that setting.”32 If the setting is the
university and I am targeting college aged intellectuals then that means I must learn and
articulate their worldview better than they do. Then, and only then, can I contextualize
the Gospel. Confrontation is a legitimate form of relevance. Relevance does not mean
packaging things in such a way that they are appealing or desirable. Rather, relevance
means showing something as necessary and needful. Unless one is conversant with a
culture, in the physical and metaphysical sense, the Gospel cannot be seen in this light.
Lastly, I am committed to telling anyone who will listen that the idols of our
age must be dealt with. For every listening audience there will be a warning and a
challenge. For every sermon there will be an illustration and application. I will address
the attitude of meaninglessness with a call to purpose. I will address Christian intellectual
32
Francis Schaeffer, The Francis A. Schaeffer Trilogy (Wheaton: Crossway,
1990), 270.
14
flabbiness as damnable sin. I will teach that objective truth informs emotion and that
Christ is lord over both. Like Paul Revere I will sound the trumpet and warn, “Our minds
are shrinking! Our minds our shrinking!” By whatever means available, I will enflame
people over ideas that matter: over ideas that glorify the Creator of this world. If God
gives me the pulpit, I will use it. If God gives me a book deal, I will use that. If God gives
me two listening ears, I will use that. Regardless of the opportunity or medium, I will use
what is available to engage people with the truth of Christianity. However, I am just one
Conclusion
Therefore, in light of these things, let the Christian stand up and think. May he
once again learn to love the Lord with all of his mind. A distinctively Christian mind is
essential for believers to function as distinctively Christian in society. The mind informs
the actions. Orthodoxy always precedes orthopraxy. However, it is even more important
than that. A resurrection of Christian thinking is needed if the Church wants to fulfill the
Great Commission that was given to her. The Christian mind is the only mind truly
equipped for bringing the culture out of its demise. The loss of the mind is not a uniquely
Only the Christian mind can correctly view the temporal from the eternal
perspective. Only the Christian mind can show the detriments of diversion. Only the
subjectivism. The Christian is uniquely equipped to stand for truth because only he is
under the lordship of the personified truth, Jesus Christ. So, this is a call to lordship. This
is a call for every believer to submit his mind to lordship of Christ: to look less like a
dummy and more like Jesus. Who will answer this call? The war against the mind
15
continues. The casualties are piling up and troops are entering a cold hard winter. Who
will stand up and fight? Stand, Christian! Your world needs you.
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Edwards, Jonathan. On Knowing Christ. Carlisle: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1997.
Gibbs, Nancy. "How America Has Run Out of Time." Time magazine, April 24, 1989.
Groothuis, Douglas. The Soul in Cyberspace. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1997.
Kreeft, Peter. How to Win the Culture War: A Christian battle Plan for a Society in Crisis.
Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2002.
McCallum, Dennis. The Death of Truth. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers, 1996.
Moody, Dwight L.. Billy Sunday Was His Real Name. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1955, 158. Quoted in Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American
Life. New York: Vintage Books, 1963.
Moreland, J.P.. Love Your God With All Your Mind: The Role of Reason in the Life of the
Soul. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1997.
Noll, Mark A. The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company, 1994.
Oden, Thomas C. "On Not Whoring After the Spirit of the Age." In No God But Godness
and John Seel, ed. Os Guinness and Michael Cromartie, 189-204. Chicago: Moody
Press, 1992.
Wells, David F. Above All Earthly Powers: Christ in a Postmodern World. Grand Rapids:
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005.Blamires, Harry. The Christian
Mind: How should a Christian Think?. Vancouver: Regent College Publishing,
1963.